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c0.3,0.3,0.3,0.5,0.2,0.9c-0.1,0.3-0.3,1-0.3,1.3c-0.1,0.4-0.4,0.6-0.8,0.4c-2.2-0.9-3.3-3.4-3.3-6.1c0-4.5,3.8-10,11.4-10 c6.1,0,10.1,4.4,10.1,9.2c0,6.3-3.5,11-8.6,11c-1.7,0-3.4-0.9-3.9-2c0,0-0.9,3.7-1.1,4.4c-0.3,1.2-1,2.5-1.6,3.4 c1.4,0.4,3,0.7,4.5,0.7c8.8,0,16-7.2,16-16C48,23.2,40.8,16,32,16z" fill="white"></path></svg></button><button aria-label="email" class="react-share__ShareButton" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg viewBox="0 0 64 64" width="32" height="32"><circle cx="32" cy="32" r="31" fill="#7f7f7f"></circle><path d="M17,22v20h30V22H17z M41.1,25L32,32.1L22.9,25H41.1z M20,39V26.6l12,9.3l12-9.3V39H20z" fill="white"></path></svg></button><a class="print-wrap flex justify-center items-center cursor-pointer"><svg id="print" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="currentColor" class="print bi bi-printer" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M2.5 8a.5.5 0 1 0 0-1 .5.5 0 0 0 0 1z"></path> <path d="M5 1a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2H2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v3a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h1v1a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h6a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-1h1a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V7a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-1V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H5zM4 3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2H4V3zm1 5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h12a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-1v-1a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H5zm7 2v3a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H5a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z"></path></svg></a></div><style> .print-wrap { width: 32px; height: 32px; background: #7F7F7F; border-radius: 100%; } .print { background: #7F7F7F; color: white; padding: 2px; border-radius: 100%; } </style></div></div></div></div><div class=" lg:w-full flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-end"></div><p class="py-2 mb-2 text-sm italic text-gray-600">What is Zoom fatigue and is there a biopsychosocial explanation for this COVID-inspired phenomenon? The answer might surprise—and comfort—you.</p><div class="py-2"><div class="blockText_blockContent__TbCXh"><p class="pb-2"></p><div class="flex justify-center"><div style="width:90%;float:;max-width:525px;margin:0 auto 1rem;clear:both;cursor:pointer" class=" figure"><div class="flex-none relative text-center"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%27755%27%20height=%27641%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="" title="" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain"/><noscript><img alt="" title="" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.sanity.io%2Fimages%2F0vv8moc6%2Fpsychtimes%2Fc77158d4d046160bb642ca8ffa40a51cddecfdcc-755x641.png%3Ffit%3Dcrop%26auto%3Dformat&w=828&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.sanity.io%2Fimages%2F0vv8moc6%2Fpsychtimes%2Fc77158d4d046160bb642ca8ffa40a51cddecfdcc-755x641.png%3Ffit%3Dcrop%26auto%3Dformat&w=1920&q=75 2x" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.sanity.io%2Fimages%2F0vv8moc6%2Fpsychtimes%2Fc77158d4d046160bb642ca8ffa40a51cddecfdcc-755x641.png%3Ffit%3Dcrop%26auto%3Dformat&w=1920&q=75" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain" loading="lazy"/></noscript></span></div><p class="text-gray-500 italic text-sm">bagotaj/AdobeStock</p><div class="top-[-100%] block w-[1px] transition-opacity duration-500 ease-in-out opacity-0 overflow-hidden"><img class="m-auto absolute inset-0 max-w-[0%] max-h-[0%] border-[3px] border-solid border-white shadow-[0px_0px_8px_rgba(0,0,0,0.3)] box-border transition ease-in-out duration-500" src="https://cdn.sanity.io/images/0vv8moc6/psychtimes/c77158d4d046160bb642ca8ffa40a51cddecfdcc-755x641.png?fit=crop&auto=format"/></div></div><style> #image-caption p{ font-size: 12px; max-width: 525px; margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } </style></div><p class="pb-2">Zoom fatigue” describes the tiredness, worry, or burnout associated with <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-desk-the-mental-health-lawyer/202005/virtual-platforms-are-helpful-tools-can-add-our-stress">overusing</a> virtual platforms of communication.<sup class="text-inherit">1</sup> Like other experiences associated with the coronavirus (<a target="_blank" href="https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/topics/coronavirus">COVID-19</a>) pandemic, Zoom fatigue is widely prevalent, intense, and completely new.</p><p class="pb-2">In an effort to understand this <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-video-commn-encryption/zoom-says-it-has-300-million-daily-meeting-participants-not-users-idUSKBN22C1T4">new fatigue</a> that may tax the more than 300 million daily participants of Zoom<sup class="text-inherit">2,3</sup>, experts representing diverse disciplines including acoustics, business, and the social sciences have contributed their explanations. For instance, audio has been proposed as the main reason that video meetings are draining. It turns out that millisecond delays in virtual verbal responses negatively affect our interpersonal perceptions, even without any internet or technical issues.<sup class="text-inherit">4,5</sup></p><p class="pb-2">Other explanations attribute the fatigue to an underlying predisposition painted by the pandemic backdrop, such as increased financial stress and unemployment. Cognitive factors are also likely to contribute to fatigue, as an increased ability to virtually multitask threatens our attentional capacity. Exploring such multifactorial etiologies has delved us into a deeper understanding of the fragile intricacies that make up the precious in-person social interactions we had before COVID-19.</p><p class="pb-2">What is the psychological explanation of Zoom fatigue? Wecan start the exploration by revisiting the process of mental fatigue. A core psychological component of fatigue is a rewards-costs tradeoff that happens in our minds unconsciously.<sup class="text-inherit">6</sup> Basically, at every level of behavior, a tradeoff is made between the likely rewards versus costs of engaging in a certain activity.<sup class="text-inherit">7</sup> Even minor decisions, such as pressing the “Delete” versus “Backspace” button to erase a typed word, are made on the basis of these unconscious estimates to maximize reward (eg, time) over cost (eg, effort).<sup class="text-inherit">8</sup> The link between this reward assessment and fatigue then comes here: activation of the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/dopamine-receptors-human-brain">dopaminergic pathways</a> in brain structures associated with reward (eg, ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex [ACC], amygdala) increases subjective alertness, energy, and motivation<sup class="text-inherit">9,10</sup>—the opposite of fatigue.</p><p class="pb-2">Is a lack of perceived reward relative to cost during videoconferencing a primary psychological mechanism of Zoom fatigue? Indeed, social interactions are very much associated with our reward circuits, as oxytocin—the hormone involved in social bonding—modulates these same dopaminergic pathways involved in reward processing.<sup class="text-inherit">11</sup> Moreover, how that social interaction happens seems to matter. For instance, functional MRI data reveal that live face-to-face interactions, compared to viewing recordings, are associated with greater activation in the same brain regions involved in reward (ie, ACC, ventral striatum, amygdala).<sup class="text-inherit">12</sup> So, more active social connection is associated with more perceived reward, which in turn affects the very neurological pathways modulating alertness versus fatigue.</p><p class="pb-2">This neuropathophysiology may explain Zoom fatigue. For example, if the audio delays inherent intechnology are associated with more negative perceptions and distrust between people<sup class="text-inherit">4,5</sup>, there is likely decreased reward perceived when those people are videoconferencing. Another example is direct mutual gaze. There is robust <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8643334/">evidence</a> on how eye contact improves connection—faster responses<sup class="text-inherit">13</sup>, more memorization of faces<sup class="text-inherit">14</sup>, and increased likeability and attractiveness.<sup class="text-inherit">15</sup> These tools that make interactions organically rewarding are compromised over video. On video, gaze must be directed at the camera to appear like making eye contact with an observer, and during conferences with 3 or more people, it can be impossible to distinguish mutual gaze between any 2 people.</p><p class="pb-2">Not only are rewards lessened via these social disconnections during videoconferencing, but there are also elevated costs in the form of cognitive effort. Much of communication is actually unconscious and nonverbal, as emotional content is rapidly processed through social cues like touch, joint attention, and body posture.<sup class="text-inherit">16</sup> These nonverbal cues are not only used to acquire information about others, but are also directly used to prepare an adaptive response and engage in reciprocal communication, all in a matter of milliseconds.<sup class="text-inherit">17</sup> However, on video, most of these cues are difficult to visualize, since the same environment is not shared (limiting joint attention) and both subtle facial expressions and full bodily gestures may not be captured. Without the help of these unconscious cues on which we have relied since infancy to socioemotionally assess each other and bond, compensatory cognitive and emotional effort is required. In addition, this increased cost competes for people’s attention with acutely elevated distractions such as multitasking, the home environment (eg, family, lack of privacy), and their mirror image on the screen. Simply put, videoconferences can be associated with low reward and high cost.</p><p class="pb-2">Further yet, there are undoubtedly many other factors contributing to Zoom fatigue. The biopsychosocial model commits our field of psychiatry to holistically consider all the hidden influences that make up our experiences. Biologically, videoconferencing is confounded by a more sedentary daily rhythm experienced during the pandemic. Notably, physical activity is associated with about a 40% reduced risk of fatigue.<sup class="text-inherit">18</sup> Psychologically, a filtering of our stimuli through a fundamental rewards-costs analysis may explain how our dopaminergic pathways contribute. Socially, a perfect storm of vast unemployment, school shutdowns, racial injustices, political divisions, physical distancing, and loneliness predisposes everyone in our nation vulnerably.</p><p class="pb-2">The purpose of the biopsychosocial formulation, however, is to guide the treatment plan. Although the factors contributing to Zoom fatigue are complicated and multidimensional, a closer examination can lead to hope. The contributing factors, depending on their adjustability, serve as potential therapeutic targets to alleviate fatigue and salvage the aspects of social interaction that were once unconscious and taken for granted. Exploring alternative and more explicit ways to improve perceived reward psychologically during virtual communication may be a therapeutic approach for not only Zoom fatigue, but the mental and physical toll that come with it.</p><p class="pb-2"><strong>Dr Lee</strong><em> is Assistant Professor at the David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles and the Directorof the Pediatric Consult-Liaison Service and Pediatric Emergency Psychiatry at UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital. She has nothing to disclose regarding this article.</em></p><p class="pb-2"><sub class="text-inherit"><em>This article was originally posted on June 27, 2020, under the title<strong> </strong>"A Psychological Exploration of Zoom Fatigue," and has since been updated. -Ed</em></sub></p><p class="pb-2"><strong>References</strong></p><p class="pb-2">1. Wolf CR. Virtual platforms are helpful tools but can add to our stress. Psychology Today. May 14, 2020. Accessed October 19, 2020. <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-desk-the-mental-health-lawyer/202005/virtual-platforms-are-helpful-tools-can-add-our-stress">https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-desk-the-mental-health-lawyer/202005/virtual-platforms-are-helpful-tools-can-add-our-stress</a></p><p class="pb-2">2. Patnaik S, Malara N, Mukherjee S. Zoom says it has 300 million daily meeting participants, not users. Reuters. April 30, 2020. Accessed October 19, 2020. <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-video-commn-encryption/zoom-says-it-has-300-million-daily-meeting-participants-not-users-idUSKBN22C1T4">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-video-commn-encryption/zoom-says-it-has-300-million-daily-meeting-participants-not-users-idUSKBN22C1T4</a></p><p class="pb-2">3. Zoom Company News. 90-Day Security Plan Progress Report: April 22. 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The urge to stop: The cognitive and biological nature of acute mental fatigue. In: Ackerman PL, ed. Decade of Behavior/Science Conference. Cognitive fatigue: Multidisciplinary perspectives on current research and future applications. American Psychological Association; 2011: 149-164.</p><p class="pb-2">8. Dix A, Finlay J, Abowd G, Beale R. Human-computer interaction. Prentice Hall; 1993.</p><p class="pb-2">9. Lorist MM, Tops M. Caffeine, fatigue, and cognition. <em>Brain and Cognition. </em>2003; 53:82-94.</p><p class="pb-2">10. Lorist MM, Boksem MAS, Ridderinkhof KR. Impaired cognitive control and reduced cingulate activity during mental fatigue. <em>Cognitive Brain Research. </em>2005;24:199-205.</p><p class="pb-2">11. Donaldson ZR, Young LJ. Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality. <em>Science</em>. 2008;322:900-903.</p><p class="pb-2">12. Redcay E, Dodell-Feder D, Pearrow MJ, et al. Live face-to-face interaction during fMRI: A new tool for social cognitive neuroscience. <em>Neuroimage</em>. 2010;50:1639-1647.</p><p class="pb-2">13. von Grunau M, Anston C. <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8643334/">The detection of gaze direction: a stare-in-the-crowd effect</a>. <em>Perception.</em> 1995;24(11):1297-1313.</p><p class="pb-2">14. Mason MF, Hood BM, Macrae CN. Look into my eyes: gaze direction and person memory. <em>Memory.</em> 2004;12:637-643.</p><p class="pb-2">15. Nurmsoo E, Einav S, Hood BM. Best friends: children use mutual gaze to identify friendships in others. <em>Dev Sci. </em>2012;15(3):417-425.</p><p class="pb-2">16. Conty L, Dezecache G, et al. Early binding of gaze, gesture, and emotion: neural time course and correlates. <em>J Neurosci.</em> 2012;32(13):4531-4539.</p><p class="pb-2">17. Schilbach L. Eye to eye, face to face and brain to brain: novel approaches to study the behavioral dynamics and neural mechanisms of social interactions. <em>Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. </em>2015;3:130-135.</p><p class="pb-2">18. Puetz TW. Physical activity and feeling of energy and fatigue. <em>Sports Med. </em>2006;36:767-780. ❒</p></div></div><div class="flex items-center lg:w-3/4 mb-4 pb-12"></div><div class="jsx-19ede9f0a5a45918 py-4 relative bg-primary md:px-8 -ml-6 xs:ml-0 w-screen xs:w-auto"><div class="jsx-19ede9f0a5a45918 px-4 sm:px-0"><div class="flex justify-between items-center py-1 space-x-4 border-0 select-none sm:border-b border-secondary"><div class="text-3xl text-white text-lg sm:text-3xl">Related Videos</div></div></div><div style="scroll-snap-type:none" class="jsx-19ede9f0a5a45918 flex items-start overflow-x-auto space-x-4 py-4 relative mx-auto w-full pl-4"><a id="" class="w-[200px] h-fit space-y-3 flex-none select-none no-underline" style="scroll-snap-align:center;text-decoration:none" href="/view/prescription-digital-therapeutics-and-the-hunger-for-new-treatments"><div class="w-full shadow-md shadow-gray-800 overflow-hidden relative bg-white aspect-video"><span 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Hyler, MD</a></div><div class="jsx-ad50481d5ee26850 article-summary"><a class="jsx-ad50481d5ee26850" href="/view/join-the-conversation-introducing-chatbot-corner-?utm_source=www.psychiatrictimes.com&utm_medium=relatedContent"></a></div></div></div><div style="border-bottom:1px solid #CCCCCC" class="jsx-ad50481d5ee26850"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="pb-24"></div></div><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"A Neuropsychological Exploration of Zoom Fatigue","datePublished":"2020-11-17T19:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2020-11-17T22:45:32Z","inLanguage":"en-US","image":"https://cdn.sanity.io/images/0vv8moc6/psychtimes/5f1b68de9fced8f2a98dfd300391839f61e7ece5-755x641.jpg?fit=crop&auto=format","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychological-exploration-zoom-fatigue"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Psychiatric Times","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/PsychiatricTimesLogo.png"}},"articleBody":"\n\n\n\nZoom fatigue” describes the tiredness, worry, or burnout associated with overusing virtual platforms of communication.1 Like other experiences associated with the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, Zoom fatigue is widely prevalent, intense, and completely new.\n\nIn an effort to understand this new fatigue that may tax the more than 300 million daily participants of Zoom2,3, experts representing diverse disciplines including acoustics, business, and the social sciences have contributed their explanations. For instance, audio has been proposed as the main reason that video meetings are draining. It turns out that millisecond delays in virtual verbal responses negatively affect our interpersonal perceptions, even without any internet or technical issues.4,5\n\nOther explanations attribute the fatigue to an underlying predisposition painted by the pandemic backdrop, such as increased financial stress and unemployment. Cognitive factors are also likely to contribute to fatigue, as an increased ability to virtually multitask threatens our attentional capacity. Exploring such multifactorial etiologies has delved us into a deeper understanding of the fragile intricacies that make up the precious in-person social interactions we had before COVID-19.\n\nWhat is the psychological explanation of Zoom fatigue? Wecan start the exploration by revisiting the process of mental fatigue. A core psychological component of fatigue is a rewards-costs tradeoff that happens in our minds unconsciously.6 Basically, at every level of behavior, a tradeoff is made between the likely rewards versus costs of engaging in a certain activity.7 Even minor decisions, such as pressing the “Delete” versus “Backspace” button to erase a typed word, are made on the basis of these unconscious estimates to maximize reward (eg, time) over cost (eg, effort).8 The link between this reward assessment and fatigue then comes here: activation of the dopaminergic pathways in brain structures associated with reward (eg, ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex [ACC], amygdala) increases subjective alertness, energy, and motivation9,10—the opposite of fatigue.\n\nIs a lack of perceived reward relative to cost during videoconferencing a primary psychological mechanism of Zoom fatigue? Indeed, social interactions are very much associated with our reward circuits, as oxytocin—the hormone involved in social bonding—modulates these same dopaminergic pathways involved in reward processing.11 Moreover, how that social interaction happens seems to matter. For instance, functional MRI data reveal that live face-to-face interactions, compared to viewing recordings, are associated with greater activation in the same brain regions involved in reward (ie, ACC, ventral striatum, amygdala).12 So, more active social connection is associated with more perceived reward, which in turn affects the very neurological pathways modulating alertness versus fatigue.\n\nThis neuropathophysiology may explain Zoom fatigue. For example, if the audio delays inherent intechnology are associated with more negative perceptions and distrust between people4,5, there is likely decreased reward perceived when those people are videoconferencing. Another example is direct mutual gaze. There is robust evidence on how eye contact improves connection—faster responses13, more memorization of faces14, and increased likeability and attractiveness.15 These tools that make interactions organically rewarding are compromised over video. On video, gaze must be directed at the camera to appear like making eye contact with an observer, and during conferences with 3 or more people, it can be impossible to distinguish mutual gaze between any 2 people.\n\nNot only are rewards lessened via these social disconnections during videoconferencing, but there are also elevated costs in the form of cognitive effort. Much of communication is actually unconscious and nonverbal, as emotional content is rapidly processed through social cues like touch, joint attention, and body posture.16 These nonverbal cues are not only used to acquire information about others, but are also directly used to prepare an adaptive response and engage in reciprocal communication, all in a matter of milliseconds.17 However, on video, most of these cues are difficult to visualize, since the same environment is not shared (limiting joint attention) and both subtle facial expressions and full bodily gestures may not be captured. Without the help of these unconscious cues on which we have relied since infancy to socioemotionally assess each other and bond, compensatory cognitive and emotional effort is required. In addition, this increased cost competes for people’s attention with acutely elevated distractions such as multitasking, the home environment (eg, family, lack of privacy), and their mirror image on the screen. Simply put, videoconferences can be associated with low reward and high cost.\n\nFurther yet, there are undoubtedly many other factors contributing to Zoom fatigue. The biopsychosocial model commits our field of psychiatry to holistically consider all the hidden influences that make up our experiences. Biologically, videoconferencing is confounded by a more sedentary daily rhythm experienced during the pandemic. Notably, physical activity is associated with about a 40% reduced risk of fatigue.18 Psychologically, a filtering of our stimuli through a fundamental rewards-costs analysis may explain how our dopaminergic pathways contribute. Socially, a perfect storm of vast unemployment, school shutdowns, racial injustices, political divisions, physical distancing, and loneliness predisposes everyone in our nation vulnerably.\n\nThe purpose of the biopsychosocial formulation, however, is to guide the treatment plan. Although the factors contributing to Zoom fatigue are complicated and multidimensional, a closer examination can lead to hope. The contributing factors, depending on their adjustability, serve as potential therapeutic targets to alleviate fatigue and salvage the aspects of social interaction that were once unconscious and taken for granted. Exploring alternative and more explicit ways to improve perceived reward psychologically during virtual communication may be a therapeutic approach for not only Zoom fatigue, but the mental and physical toll that come with it.\n\nDr Lee is Assistant Professor at the David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles and the Directorof the Pediatric Consult-Liaison Service and Pediatric Emergency Psychiatry at UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital. She has nothing to disclose regarding this article.\n\nThis article was originally posted on June 27, 2020, under the title \"A Psychological Exploration of Zoom Fatigue,\" and has since been updated. -Ed\n\nReferences\n\n1. Wolf CR. Virtual platforms are helpful tools but can add to our stress. Psychology Today. May 14, 2020. Accessed October 19, 2020. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-desk-the-mental-health-lawyer/202005/virtual-platforms-are-helpful-tools-can-add-our-stress\n\n2. Patnaik S, Malara N, Mukherjee S. Zoom says it has 300 million daily meeting participants, not users. Reuters. April 30, 2020. Accessed October 19, 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-video-commn-encryption/zoom-says-it-has-300-million-daily-meeting-participants-not-users-idUSKBN22C1T4\n\n3. Zoom Company News. 90-Day Security Plan Progress Report: April 22. Accessed October 19, 2020. https://blog.zoom.us/90-day-security-plan-progress-report-april-22/\n\n4. Roberts F, Francis AL. Identifying a temporal threshold of tolerance for silent gaps after requests. J Acoust Soc Am. 2013;133(6):EL471-EL477.\n\n5. Johnson. Why zoom meetings are so dissatisfying. The Economist. May 16, 2020. Accessed October 19, 2020. https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2020/05/16/why-zoom-meetings-are-so-dissatisfying \n\n6. Boksem MA, Tops M. Mental fatigue: costs and benefits. Brain Research Reviews. 2008; 59:125-139.\n\n7. van der Linden, D. The urge to stop: The cognitive and biological nature of acute mental fatigue. In: Ackerman PL, ed. Decade of Behavior/Science Conference. Cognitive fatigue: Multidisciplinary perspectives on current research and future applications. American Psychological Association; 2011: 149-164.\n\n8. Dix A, Finlay J, Abowd G, Beale R. Human-computer interaction. Prentice Hall; 1993.\n\n9. Lorist MM, Tops M. Caffeine, fatigue, and cognition. Brain and Cognition. 2003; 53:82-94.\n\n10. Lorist MM, Boksem MAS, Ridderinkhof KR. Impaired cognitive control and reduced cingulate activity during mental fatigue. Cognitive Brain Research. 2005;24:199-205.\n\n11. Donaldson ZR, Young LJ. Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality. Science. 2008;322:900-903.\n\n12. Redcay E, Dodell-Feder D, Pearrow MJ, et al. Live face-to-face interaction during fMRI: A new tool for social cognitive neuroscience. Neuroimage. 2010;50:1639-1647.\n\n13. von Grunau M, Anston C. The detection of gaze direction: a stare-in-the-crowd effect. Perception. 1995;24(11):1297-1313.\n\n14. Mason MF, Hood BM, Macrae CN. Look into my eyes: gaze direction and person memory. Memory. 2004;12:637-643.\n\n15. Nurmsoo E, Einav S, Hood BM. Best friends: children use mutual gaze to identify friendships in others. Dev Sci. 2012;15(3):417-425.\n\n16. Conty L, Dezecache G, et al. Early binding of gaze, gesture, and emotion: neural time course and correlates. J Neurosci. 2012;32(13):4531-4539.\n\n17. Schilbach L. Eye to eye, face to face and brain to brain: novel approaches to study the behavioral dynamics and neural mechanisms of social interactions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 2015;3:130-135.\n\n18. Puetz TW. Physical activity and feeling of energy and fatigue. Sports Med. 2006;36:767-780. ❒","description":"What is Zoom fatigue and is there a biopsychosocial explanation for this COVID-inspired phenomenon? The answer might surprise—and comfort—you.","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Jena Lee, MD"}]}</script></div></div><div class="flex-none w-[300px] z-[9999] relative hidden md:block"><div style="top:5rem" class="sticky custom-spacing"><div class="collapse-container " style="overflow:hidden;max-height:900px;transition:max-height .4s ease-in-out"></div></div></div></div><div id="div-gpt-ad-pixel" style="width:1px;height:1px" class=""></div><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5V9L5PL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div id="footerOuterWrap" class="w-full bg-primary flex flex-col items-center justify-center"><div class="container w-[1340px]"><div id="footerInnerWrap" class="bg-primary w-full py-12"><div class="py-4 pl-4 flex flex-row items-center"><div class="flex flex-row flex-wrap w-[55%] h-full"><div class="w-[33%] p-1 my-0 cursor-pointer text-footer-text-color hover:text-footer-text-color/80 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For instance, audio has been proposed as the main reason that video meetings are draining. It turns out that millisecond delays in virtual verbal responses negatively affect our interpersonal perceptions, even without any internet or technical issues.","_key":"797f28d05fc7"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"4,5","_key":"77f16e4014d5"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"eac3376be7c4","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"df3a62bf43180","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Other explanations attribute the fatigue to an underlying predisposition painted by the pandemic backdrop, such as increased financial stress and unemployment. Cognitive factors are also likely to contribute to fatigue, as an increased ability to virtually multitask threatens our attentional capacity. Exploring such multifactorial etiologies has delved us into a deeper understanding of the fragile intricacies that make up the precious in-person social interactions we had before COVID-19."}],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2c13d84e374f","markDefs":[{"href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/dopamine-receptors-human-brain","_key":"6d0966fe75d6","blank":true,"_type":"link"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"What is the psychological explanation of Zoom fatigue? Wecan start the exploration by revisiting the process of mental fatigue. A core psychological component of fatigue is a rewards-costs tradeoff that happens in our minds unconsciously.","_key":"9fbd5ac7edf00"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"6","_key":"253143c6f6bb"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Basically, at every level of behavior, a tradeoff is made between the likely rewards versus costs of engaging in a certain activity.","_key":"e7632664c794"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"7","_key":"84390b14d691"},{"marks":[],"text":" Even minor decisions, such as pressing the “Delete” versus “Backspace” button to erase a typed word, are made on the basis of these unconscious estimates to maximize reward (eg, time) over cost (eg, effort).","_key":"7fb6f90fed70","_type":"span"},{"text":"8","_key":"9cbc405bd5d8","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" The link between this reward assessment and fatigue then comes here: activation of the ","_key":"4296a0de241b"},{"_type":"span","marks":["6d0966fe75d6"],"text":"dopaminergic pathways","_key":"20f8a565deb2"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" in brain structures associated with reward (eg, ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex [ACC], amygdala) increases subjective alertness, energy, and motivation","_key":"84226a097994"},{"text":"9,10","_key":"a8c72162ac58","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"marks":[],"text":"—the opposite of fatigue.","_key":"c556fb65ba0e","_type":"span"}]},{"style":"normal","_key":"c6e872c3df3c","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"e192e97c92940","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Is a lack of perceived reward relative to cost during videoconferencing a primary psychological mechanism of Zoom fatigue? Indeed, social interactions are very much associated with our reward circuits, as oxytocin—the hormone involved in social bonding—modulates these same dopaminergic pathways involved in reward processing."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"11","_key":"1b35b7720ea0"},{"_key":"5c33319f2440","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Moreover, how that social interaction happens seems to matter. For instance, functional MRI data reveal that live face-to-face interactions, compared to viewing recordings, are associated with greater activation in the same brain regions involved in reward (ie, ACC, ventral striatum, amygdala)."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"12","_key":"eed35bcca1ab"},{"marks":[],"text":" So, more active social connection is associated with more perceived reward, which in turn affects the very neurological pathways modulating alertness versus fatigue.","_key":"a526cf947125","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[{"_key":"30c0a110febf","blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8643334/"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"This neuropathophysiology may explain Zoom fatigue. For example, if the audio delays inherent intechnology are associated with more negative perceptions and distrust between people","_key":"a6d32f4286600"},{"text":"4,5","_key":"85476f2f73dd","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":", there is likely decreased reward perceived when those people are videoconferencing. Another example is direct mutual gaze. There is robust ","_key":"d7735ba3831c"},{"_type":"span","marks":["30c0a110febf"],"text":"evidence","_key":"80f1e696765d"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"7b8f2637b20d"},{"marks":[],"text":" on how eye contact improves connection—faster responses","_key":"1d5dc1fb74fa","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"13","_key":"92bee529e2a6"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":", more memorization of faces","_key":"056862d3111e"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"14","_key":"75df939d9cc9"},{"marks":[],"text":", and increased likeability and attractiveness.","_key":"5bcbeb7150ae","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"15","_key":"5d9096cb1f49"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" These tools that make interactions organically rewarding are compromised over video. On video, gaze must be directed at the camera to appear like making eye contact with an observer, and during conferences with 3 or more people, it can be impossible to distinguish mutual gaze between any 2 people.","_key":"5ea642a01d3d"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d25b6a53a619","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null},{"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"style":"normal","_key":"93b5337d8b1b","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Not only are rewards lessened via these social disconnections during videoconferencing, but there are also elevated costs in the form of cognitive effort. Much of communication is actually unconscious and nonverbal, as emotional content is rapidly processed through social cues like touch, joint attention, and body posture.","_key":"7e48b7246aa60"},{"text":"16","_key":"93b153a82010","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" These nonverbal cues are not only used to acquire information about others, but are also directly used to prepare an adaptive response and engage in reciprocal communication, all in a matter of milliseconds.","_key":"53317ddd2c99"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"17","_key":"767871d1a9e8","_type":"span"},{"marks":[],"text":" However, on video, most of these cues are difficult to visualize, since the same environment is not shared (limiting joint attention) and both subtle facial expressions and full bodily gestures may not be captured. Without the help of these unconscious cues on which we have relied since infancy to socioemotionally assess each other and bond, compensatory cognitive and emotional effort is required. In addition, this increased cost competes for people’s attention with acutely elevated distractions such as multitasking, the home environment (eg, family, lack of privacy), and their mirror image on the screen. Simply put, videoconferences can be associated with low reward and high cost.","_key":"018ca05e9f1f","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block"},{"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Further yet, there are undoubtedly many other factors contributing to Zoom fatigue. The biopsychosocial model commits our field of psychiatry to holistically consider all the hidden influences that make up our experiences. Biologically, videoconferencing is confounded by a more sedentary daily rhythm experienced during the pandemic. Notably, physical activity is associated with about a 40% reduced risk of fatigue.","_key":"a8c0dae53cd90"},{"_key":"ccff9ab563ab","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"18"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Psychologically, a filtering of our stimuli through a fundamental rewards-costs analysis may explain how our dopaminergic pathways contribute. Socially, a perfect storm of vast unemployment, school shutdowns, racial injustices, political divisions, physical distancing, and loneliness predisposes everyone in our nation vulnerably.","_key":"ee427cc4819f"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"587636e3f4c1","markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null},{"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_key":"24e59fd7fc09","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"The purpose of the biopsychosocial formulation, however, is to guide the treatment plan. Although the factors contributing to Zoom fatigue are complicated and multidimensional, a closer examination can lead to hope. The contributing factors, depending on their adjustability, serve as potential therapeutic targets to alleviate fatigue and salvage the aspects of social interaction that were once unconscious and taken for granted. Exploring alternative and more explicit ways to improve perceived reward psychologically during virtual communication may be a therapeutic approach for not only Zoom fatigue, but the mental and physical toll that come with it.","_key":"702d1227e57d0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"0bf9b9822a57","markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[{"marks":["strong"],"text":"Dr Lee","_key":"0bf9b9822a570","_type":"span"},{"text":" is Assistant Professor at the David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles and the Directorof the Pediatric Consult-Liaison Service and Pediatric Emergency Psychiatry at UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital. 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These technologies offer unprecedented opportunities to enhance clinical trials, streamline the dissemination of pharmaceutical information, and accelerate drug discovery.","_key":"5f4fce00491b0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"1","_key":"2729b7a1f0ee"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" In this manuscript, we explore how AI is being utilized to improve efficiency, ensure better patient outcomes, and revolutionize communication strategies in the pharmaceutical landscape. 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Traditionally, these trials are complex, time-consuming, and costly.","_key":"3428c6b3488e0"},{"_key":"f34c814f590e","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"1"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Generative AI and LLMs are poised to revolutionize this process in several key ways:","_key":"e2af3e80700a"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Participant recruitment and retention.","_key":"e0a39f67f1b80"},{"text":" Recruiting and retaining participants is one of the primary challenges in clinical trials. Generative AI can analyze vast datasets to identify potential participants who meet trial criteria, considering factors such as medical history, genetic data, and social determinants of health. AI-powered chatbots can maintain engagement with participants through personalized communication, reminders, and support, thereby improving retention rates.","_key":"e0a39f67f1b81","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"86dbf3c18631"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3205ce294622","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Data analysis and interpretation.","_key":"912d21a1f6420","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" The volume of data generated during clinical trials can be overwhelming. LLMs can process and analyze this data more efficiently than traditional methods, identifying patterns and correlations that might be missed by human analysts.1 This capability accelerates the decision-making process, allowing researchers to make informed decisions more quickly.","_key":"912d21a1f6421"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"762e42c5af2a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"95c454f2275e0","_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Real-time monitoring and reporting."},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" AI-driven tools can monitor clinical trial data in real-time, providing immediate insights and alerts for any anomalies or adverse events. This real-time capability ensures that issues are promptly addressed, enhancing patient safety and the reliability of trial outcomes.","_key":"95c454f2275e1"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"a091469230cb","_type":"span"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"03b2daa81223","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Automated documentation and compliance.","_key":"b4e81518c4c90"},{"_key":"b4e81518c4c91","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Generative AI can automate the creation and management of trial documentation, ensuring that all regulatory requirements are met. This automation reduces the administrative burden on researchers and minimizes the risk of human error."}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"25683687b70f","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"c2df44af39eb0"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Recent studies indicate that using AI in clinical trials could lead to cost savings of up to 70% per trial and a reduction in timelines by 80%.","_key":"32f9d397ff3d0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"3","_key":"d68b21ee1ce3"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" This transformation is significant, considering the traditional time frame of 5 to 6 years for drug discovery, which AI technology is now shortening to just 1 year.","_key":"4ba64ca15c53"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8f4c8f93c288"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a3b6e1024a03","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"e24b19fcef7c0"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"d9d91bdf6d070","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Streamlining Communication with Health Care Professionals and Patients"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"43437e897d33"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Effective communication is crucial for the successful launch and ongoing use of pharmaceutical products. 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AI accelerates the identification of potential drug candidates and optimizes molecular design by analyzing biological data, predicting drug efficacy and safety profiles, and shortening the time from laboratory to market.","_key":"48aa5d77d0c40"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"4","_key":"903a991f517b"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"38136cca376c"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"517a6f55ac270","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2a22439214d6"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The first stage of drug discovery typically takes up to 6 years, with only 1 out of 10 medical products entering clinical trials and gaining US Food and Drug Administration approval.","_key":"8286cd0921dc0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"1","_key":"3185c00f820b"},{"marks":[],"text":" AI revolutionizes this process through virtual screening, molecular modeling, and predictive analytics, enabling more efficient and effective medications.","_key":"4227ce4fb8d3","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f385b043cc13","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"d647dae3c23c","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"","_key":"14fe689da8be0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"dd9f66613b3c","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"c743beb97e4b0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Pharmaceutical companies like Alexion AstraZeneca are leveraging AI to identify drug targets for rare neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases. Their work demonstrates AI's capability to comb through genomic datasets derived from human tissue, accelerating the drug discovery process and enhancing precision."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"7","_key":"e45aaf500061"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"ef4a087b00fe0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8f754a623a05","markDefs":[]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4b66e65cb253","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Furthermore, the development of AI model tools such as DeepChem, RDKit, ChemBERTa, and others has enabled virtual screening, molecular modeling, and predictive analytics in drug discovery. These models can analyze vast amounts of chemical and biological data to identify potential drug candidates, optimize lead compounds, and predict their properties. AI's capabilities in this domain are becoming indispensable, with some studies indicating that AI can reduce the time to develop a drug by 4 years, saving the industry up to $26 billion.","_key":"cfef088c1c650"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"3","_key":"eaa9f5d579c8"}]},{"style":"normal","_key":"c3aea7811f99","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"087448b085cb0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"98932f43ffb8","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"c7bc9ae8e7f80","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Operations and Supply Chain Management"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"normal","_key":"d02f1347d233","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"AI's predictive analytics model and automation capabilities play a crucial role in supply chain management. Supply chain optimization with AI integration enables accurate demand forecasting, efficient inventory management, and optimized production schedules. These enhancements lead to more efficient distribution networks, reduced waste, lower costs, and a more resilient supply chain.","_key":"ec6c3fc3b2990"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"d3bcf198d423"}],"_type":"block"},{"style":"normal","_key":"42bcda4c2dcf","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"","_key":"9ec6d57308f20","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"text":"AI's integration into the pharmaceutical supply chain results in end-to-end process visibility, enabling the identification of process inefficiencies and generating actionable insights in real-time. AI can optimize inventory management, keep stock levels as low as possible, and improve decision-making based on warehousing and demand. AI's predictive capabilities also aid in predictive maintenance, generating strategic insights from IoT sensors and improving operational accuracy, repeatability, and throughput.","_key":"b7f7ee1ce2900","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c3f9cdd73e04","markDefs":[]},{"style":"normal","_key":"be02951dfa7e","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"7b1f4e4671e60","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"7657d815ba7c0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The economic value AI applications could bring to the pharmaceutical industry is estimated to be between $350 billion and $410 billion annually by 2025."},{"_key":"a2117a5870ac","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"6"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" This integration not only ensures the timely delivery of medications but also maintains the integrity of sensitive products, contributing to patient safety and health care efficiency.","_key":"19267c617ef5"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6ad4345d02dd"},{"_key":"8cb5107f6ef6","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"d8a13049fbdb0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"normal","_key":"f6c621faf896","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Noteworthy Pharma AI Investments in 2023","_key":"7ac865ccf6d30"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Several major pharmaceutical companies have made significant investments in AI, illustrating the industry's commitment to leveraging AI's emerging capabilities:","_key":"cad48396b2e70","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"5aef01db6969"},{"style":"normal","_key":"d2a8657c5b4f","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Sanofi","_key":"b19940dfb8a60"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":".","_key":"b19940dfb8a61"},{"text":" The French pharma giant rolled out its AI app, plai, which aggregates the company's internal data across all activities and functions. Sanofi uses AI to accelerate mRNA research and identify clinical trial sites for more diverse participation. Sanofi's CEO, Paul Hudson, emphasized their goal to become \"the first pharma company powered by artificial intelligence at scale.\"","_key":"b19940dfb8a62","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"7","_key":"4417a739b10e"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease.","_key":"1836ca7d41770"},{"text":" In collaboration with Verge Genomics, Alexion AstraZeneca is leveraging machine learning to identify drug targets for rare neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases. This 4-year, multi-target deal exemplifies AI's potential in target identification and the acceleration of drug discovery for complex conditions.","_key":"1836ca7d41771","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"text":"7","_key":"045d2eb2d991","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f8d6222cb77e"},{"style":"normal","_key":"9c60bc19fe2a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Boehringer Ingelheim.","_key":"b0f2c4ec8a080","_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Partnering with Phenomic AI, Boehringer Ingelheim is using AI and machine learning to discover stroma-rich cancer targets. Their use of AI to analyze single-cell RNA datasets for novel therapeutic targets showcases the potential of AI in oncology research.","_key":"b0f2c4ec8a081"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"7","_key":"7813961e5c40"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"09082b6d0e74","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"e6167779bb150","_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Pfizer."},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" As an early adopter of Google Cloud's Target and Lead Identification Suite, Pfizer uses AI-powered tools to streamline the drug discovery process. This partnership highlights how tech giants and pharmaceutical companies collaborate to harness AI's power in drug development.","_key":"e6167779bb151"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"7","_key":"d098a083c21b"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"bc330da2524e","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Novartis.","_key":"499a21220eaf0","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" As an investor in generative AI company Yseop, Novartis aims to automate the entire documentation process from preclinical trials through FDA approval. In 2023 alone, Yseop generated over 10,000 reports, demonstrating how AI can eliminate thousands of hours of writing and review time.","_key":"499a21220eaf1"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"7","_key":"d85d400a60fe"}]},{"_key":"9daa1ab4ae5d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"","_key":"cf217a09da5d0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"_key":"0d22e12101ee0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"These investments underscore the increasing recognition of AI's value in the pharmaceutical industry, from drug discovery to clinical trial management and beyond."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"53e6f816d08c","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"bd78502107b00"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c75d29518351"},{"_key":"35f6ca5dd549","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Ethical Considerations and Challenges","_key":"c48ced07adbb0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"While the potential benefits of using generative AI and chatbots in the pharmaceutical industry are immense, it is crucial to address the ethical considerations and challenges associated with these technologies:","_key":"d4cd0bd5af470","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"65b6aa7c384e"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Data privacy and security.","_key":"53c74db52f580"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" The use of AI in clinical trials and patient communication requires access to sensitive medical data. Ensuring the privacy and security of this data is of utmost importance. Pharmaceutical companies must implement robust data protection measures and comply with regulations such as GDPR and HIPAA.","_key":"53c74db52f581"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"3","_key":"31aa55a6ec7e"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"274056847d77"},{"children":[{"_key":"9d75288ad8330","_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Bias and fairness."},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" AI algorithms can inadvertently perpetuate biases present in the training data. It is essential to develop and deploy AI systems that are fair and unbiased, ensuring that all patient populations are treated equitably.","_key":"9d75288ad8331"},{"text":"5","_key":"ee065d6e0a13","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"marks":[],"text":" This issue is particularly critical given the diverse populations affected by different diseases.","_key":"6c66b8dd5fe6","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"132e3467f211","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"0bb84056ecd3","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"4ee5ba421c620","_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Transparency and accountability."},{"text":" The decisions made by AI systems can significantly impact patient care and trial outcomes. It is crucial to maintain transparency in how these systems operate and ensure accountability for their decisions. Clear guidelines and oversight mechanisms should be established to monitor AI-driven processes.","_key":"4ee5ba421c621","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"a4a643896f68"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"238f5506c1f1","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Integration with existing systems.","_key":"de720ed3ffe00"},{"_key":"de720ed3ffe01","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Integrating AI tools with existing clinical trial and health care systems can be challenging. Pharmaceutical companies must invest in training and infrastructure to ensure seamless integration and maximize the benefits of these technologies."},{"_key":"721d3a37f374","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"6"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Lack of transparency and interpretability.","_key":"72930aa363350"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" AI models, especially deep learning models, are often seen as \"black boxes\" due to their complexity. This lack of transparency can make it challenging to interpret the results and ensure that AI systems make decisions based on sound reasoning. This is particularly important in the pharmaceutical industry, where decisions can have life-altering consequences.","_key":"72930aa363351"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"3","_key":"2535f39bfb80"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"5fbc6dc57282","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"dc4687d20df1","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Limited ability to account for variability.","_key":"4090ce13e7950"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" AI models sometimes struggle to account for the complexity and variability of biological systems. Pharmaceutical companies must combine AI-based models with traditional experimental methods to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs.","_key":"4090ce13e7951"},{"text":"4","_key":"f8cbb74921cc","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e3d42f2218a4","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","em"],"text":"Regulatory and ethical compliance.","_key":"d444934470450"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" AI applications must comply with existing regulatory standards, including those for clinical trials and drug approval. The ethical implications of using AI in health care, such as informed consent and the potential for unintended consequences, must be carefully considered.","_key":"d444934470451"},{"_key":"32f21d4c9af9","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"5"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"96f81505c4ae0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"859fd98442a3"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Concluding Thoughts","_key":"5925acfa860a0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"51f8b4c62463"},{"children":[{"text":"The integration of LLMs, generative AI, and chatbots into the pharmaceutical industry represents a significant leap forward in how clinical trials are conducted and how information about medications is communicated. As these technologies continue to evolve, their impact will only grow, leading to more efficient research processes, improved patient outcomes, and more effective communication strategies.","_key":"49c18d2cd6eb0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ba6274ad81ab","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"","_key":"aa769910b9cb0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d8344ec57109"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Pharmaceutical companies that embrace these innovations will be better positioned to navigate the complexities of clinical trials and product launches in the modern era. By leveraging AI's capabilities, these companies can ensure that their research is not only cutting-edge but also patient-centric and responsive to the needs of health care professionals and patients alike.","_key":"092ea036ef8e0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f10ea43d888c","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"0eb1ea127086","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"4a469bdbead20"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"However, this transformation comes with challenges that must be addressed. Ethical considerations, data privacy, transparency, and integration with existing systems are all crucial factors that must be managed to harness AI's full potential responsibly. By doing so, pharmaceutical companies can usher in a new era of efficiency, effectiveness, and patient engagement, revolutionizing health care as we know it.","_key":"2a03ed696e400"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"5c78a5b0ee84"},{"_key":"02482cc5b30c","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"ed309d3e4c850","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"64b9f30c21b4","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"As we look to the future, it is imperative for the pharmaceutical industry to continue exploring the applications of AI while remaining vigilant about its ethical implications. The potential of AI to revolutionize drug development, improve patient outcomes, and lead to a more efficient and innovative health care system is immense. By addressing the challenges and leveraging AI’s capabilities, the pharmaceutical industry stands on the brink of a new era of discovery and advancement.","_key":"5c611322908d0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"1b9c3499bfe6","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"7a700ddbce070","_type":"span"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Dr Hyler ","_key":"f02ad8cc818c0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"is professor emeritus of psychiatry at Columbia University Medical Center.","_key":"f02ad8cc818c1"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c39c602cac2c"},{"_key":"2bc7d1080e97","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"1ffd39ecffba0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"References","_key":"e5170c55932a0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3f26f8ba02e7"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"315f400b9550","markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31554996/","_key":"50d9d782d1f0"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"1. Woo M. ","_key":"54a3058974280"},{"_type":"span","marks":["50d9d782d1f0"],"text":"An AI boost for clinical trials.","_key":"54a3058974281"},{"text":" ","_key":"cb317758defb","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_key":"54a3058974282","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Nature"},{"text":". 2019;573(7775):S100-S102.","_key":"54a3058974283","_type":"span","marks":[]}]},{"markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38878397/","_key":"8deed1e0ad5c"}],"children":[{"_key":"aba172a715b50","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"2. Gholap AD, Uddin MJ, Faiyazuddin M, et al. 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"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"9c22a04ca599"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e579a3531685","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In November 2023, a ","_key":"028491d6c882"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"US News \u0026 World Report","_key":"676bbaa2fb54"},{"text":" noted that “despite several million new jobs being added to the US economy during the pandemic recovery, offices have lost several hundred million square feet of occupied space.”","_key":"60b2cb2d8f15","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"7","_key":"8be1eff00ce8"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Businesses in many industries are feeling the pinch to have a return on their investment in offices.","_key":"687f4607bf6b"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Providing mental health care via telepsychiatry has many interesting differences and raises questions:","_key":"d89c27ecdcd50"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"9c38acb969d8"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"How do you react to patients who are late?","_key":"77ce3fe49b910"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"9632022f3295","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"c4b888a879fd","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"What do you say to patients who are driving during their sessions?","_key":"695b87801a820","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b85c07a4fff0","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"What about maintaining and getting eye contact with the patient (or lack thereof)?","_key":"15e1faec97c60"}],"level":1},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"When is it recommended or required for the clinician to be in the same room with a patient to do a proper assessment (eg, in cases of suspected substance abuse)?","_key":"992143ddcb250","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8655a6658359","listItem":"bullet"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"0242dc800d57","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"It is enchanting to do telepsychiatry. 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","_key":"8041fcf08db30"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4d149c9daead","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.sanity.io%2Fimages%2F0vv8moc6%2Fpsychtimes%2F565793610aebddd4964e6a05142cd4f257a85f45-764x754.png%3Ffit%3Dcrop%26auto%3Dformat\u0026w=1920\u0026q=75","_key":"709bc67d33f8","nofollow":true,"blank":true}],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"We hope you will join us at the upcoming international Academy of Organizational and Occupational Psychiatry (AOOP) annual conference. 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","_key":"3eb546bbdfd90"},{"_type":"span","marks":["aed50f7a4067"],"text":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/physicians-and-surgeons.htm","_key":"3eb546bbdfd91"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"7bf3511f3ad0"},{"_key":"8845057ed73c","markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/psychiatric-technicians-and-aides.htm?view_full","_key":"33d38ccbdf60"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"2. Psychiatric technicians and aides. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Updated September 6, 2023. Accessed January 19, 2024. ","_key":"ca4d2e16c5e70"},{"_type":"span","marks":["33d38ccbdf60"],"text":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/psychiatric-technicians-and-aides.htm?view_full","_key":"ca4d2e16c5e71"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4521d737e652","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/data/2022-physician-specialty-data-report-executive-summary","_key":"597ef08b9bc6","blank":true}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"3. 2022 Physician Specialty Data Report executive summary. Association of American Medical Colleges. Accessed January 19, 2024. ","_key":"3777fe074e5d0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["597ef08b9bc6"],"text":"https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/data/2022-physician-specialty-data-report-executive-summary","_key":"3777fe074e5d1"}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"4. HPSA find. Health Resources \u0026 Services Administration. Accessed January 19, 2024. ","_key":"e7538b160ada0"},{"_key":"e7538b160ada1","_type":"span","marks":["5428337846fe"],"text":"https://data.hrsa.gov/tools/shortage-area/hpsa-find"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"eae22055dc08","markDefs":[{"href":"https://data.hrsa.gov/tools/shortage-area/hpsa-find","_key":"5428337846fe","blank":true,"_type":"link"}]},{"markDefs":[{"href":"https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/telehealth-has-played-an-outsized-role-meeting-mental-health-needs-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/","_key":"a7080f4427bb","blank":true,"_type":"link"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"5. Lo J, Rae M, Amin K, et al. Telehealth has played an outsized role meeting mental health needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. KFF. March 15, 2022. Accessed January 19, 2024. 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