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Thorium (Th) | AMERICAN ELEMENTS ®
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Follow Us <div id="social"> <a class="ming-link social twitter" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=nl&hl=en&u=https://www.twitter.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a> <a class="ming-link social facebook" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=nl&hl=en&u=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a> <a class="ming-link social linkedin" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=nl&hl=en&u=https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements"><span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span></a> <a class="ming-link social instagram" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=nl&hl=en&u=https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/"><span class="sr-only">Instagram</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid" id="main-content"> <div id="page-content"><!--End Nicemenu --> <!--ZOOMRESTART--> <div class="banner"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="page-title" --> <h1 class="short">Thorium</h1><!--ZOOMSTOP--><span class="element-item2 actinoid metal inner-transition" aria-hidden="true"><span class="symbol2">Th</span><span class="number">90</span><span class="weight">232.03806</span></span><!--ZOOMRESTART--> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --> </div><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="page-content" --> <!-- Nav tabs --> <div id="element-tabs"> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-justified" role="tablist"> <li><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/th.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#about" id="tab1" role="tab" aria-controls="about" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">About Thorium</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/th.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#products" id="tab2" role="tab" aria-controls="products" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Products</a></li> <li><a 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relatively common radioactive element in the actinide family. In pure form, it is a soft silvery-white metal with properties very similar to <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/pb.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">lead</a>, and can be shaped rather easily under proper conditions. The abundance of thorium within the earth’s crust is much greater (15 ppm) than other radioactive elements, particularly <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/uu.htm?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">uranium</a>. This makes thorium an attractive candidate for lowering the cost of <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/nuclear-energy.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">nuclear power sources</a> in the future. Thorium is typically isolated by converting a sample of monazite or thorite to <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-oxide-1314-20-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">thorium dioxide</a>, and then heating the compound with <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/calcium-metal-7440-70-2?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">calcium</a>; which, if desired (e.g. breeder reactors), can then be transformed into various synthetic isotopes of <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/uu.htm?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">uranium</a> through neutron bombardment. Only one thorium nuclear reactor was ever built (1979) and due to numerous economic and technical problems, shut down after only a decade.</p> <p>The native characteristics of thorium lend itself to a number of compounds with industrial and consumer applications. In fact, thorium is the only radioactive element besides uranium with non-radioactive applications. Central to these applications is its ability to maintain strength at high temperature. In some <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/mg.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">magnesium</a> <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/alloys.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">alloys</a>, thorium is used in <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/aerospace-aircraft.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">aircraft engines</a> and rockets. Oxidized thorium is used in arc welders. Compounds such as <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-oxide-1314-20-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">thorium dioxide</a> and <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-nitrate-13823-29-5?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">thorium nitrate</a> are used in various lights and lamps as a brilliant white light source when heated with a gas flame. <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thoriated-tungsten-electrode?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thoriated tungsten</a> elements are contained in filaments of magnetrons, most commonly exemplified in microwave ovens and radar systems. Furthermore, thorium dioxide is utilized in many <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ceramics.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">ceramics</a> and glasswork applications. Thorium dioxide is known to increase refractive index in glass, thus has many applications in <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/optical-materials.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">optical lenses</a> for cameras and scientific apparatuses. Thorium fluoride is used as an optical coating, and the list goes on. Although exposure to small amounts of thorium in applications such as those listed above is considered safe, thorium-based products have begun to fall out of favor (2000s) due to its perceived biological danger.</p> <p>The element was discovered in 1828 by Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius, at a time when the concept of radioactivity was not yet known. It was first recognized as a radioactive element as a result of English chemist Gerhard C. Schmidt and Marie Curie’s radioactivity research in 1898. There are 27 known isotopes of thorium, all radioactive. The isotope with the longest half-life is <sup>232</sup>Th, at a staggering 14 billion years, which explains this primordial radioactive element’s relative abundance on Earth. This particular isotope decays into <sup>228</sup>Ra through alpha decay; other elemental decay products of thorium isotopes include <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/rn.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">radon</a> and <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/actinium.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">actinium</a>.</p> </div> <div class="tab-pane active" id="products" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2"> <h2>Products</h2> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion"> <div class="panel panel-products"> <div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#compound-products"> <span class="panel-title">Compounds</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span> </div> <div id="compound-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-acetate-13075-28-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Acetate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-acetate-solution-13075-28-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Acetate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-boride-12229-63-9?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Boride</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-carbide?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Carbide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-carbonate-19024-62-5?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Carbonate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-chloride-10026-08-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Chloride</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-chloride-solution-10026-08-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Chloride Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-hydride-16689-88-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Hydride</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-iv-iodide-7790-49-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium(IV) Iodide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-nitrate-13823-29-5?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Nitrate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-nitrate-solution-13823-29-5?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Nitrate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-nitride-12033-90-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Nitride</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-iv-silicide-12067-54-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium(IV) Silicide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-sulfate-10381-37-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Sulfate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-sulfate-solution-10381-37-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Sulfate Solution</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"> <div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#metallic-products"> <span class="panel-title">Metallic Forms</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span> </div> <div id="metallic-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul 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href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-sleeves-7440-29-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Sleeves</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-slugs-7440-29-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Slugs</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-spheres-7440-29-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Spheres</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-spring-7440-29-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Spring</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-strip-7440-29-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Strip</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-tape-7440-29-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Tape</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-tube-7440-29-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Tube</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-wafer-7440-29-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Wafer</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-wire-7440-29-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Wire</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"> <div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#oxide-products"> <span class="panel-title">Oxide Forms</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span> </div> <div id="oxide-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-oxide-1314-20-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-oxide-pellets-1314-20-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Oxide Pellets</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-oxide-pieces-1314-20-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Oxide Pieces</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-oxide-powder-1314-20-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Oxide Powder</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-oxide-shot-1314-20-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Oxide Shot</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-oxide-tablets-1314-20-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Oxide Tablets</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"> <div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" 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data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sputtering-target-products"> <span class="panel-title">Sputtering Targets</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span> </div> <div id="sputtering-target-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-oxide-rotatable-sputtering-target-1314-20-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Oxide Rotatable Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-oxide-sputtering-target-1314-20-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Oxide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-phosphide-sputtering-target-12037-83-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Phosphide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-rotatable-sputtering-target-7440-29-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Rotatable Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-selenide-sputtering-target-60763-24-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Selenide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-sputtering-target-7440-29-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-telluride-sputtering-target-70495-35-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Thorium Telluride Sputtering Target</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="openclose"> <div class="openall"> + Open All </div> <div class="closeall"> - Close All </div> </div> </div> <div id="products-intro"> <p>Thorium is a lanthanide (rare earth) material with potential nuclear power applications. It is presently used as a <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ww.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">tungsten</a> coating in electronic parts due to its high emission factor. In its <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/Fluorides.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">fluoride</a> and <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/oxides.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">oxide</a> forms, Thorium is used in advanced optic applications for its high refractive index. It is also used in several other high temperature <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/optical-materials.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">glass</a> applications, such as in the mantle of lamps and to produce crystal growth crucibles and ampules. <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-sputtering-target-7440-29-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en"><img src="thorium-sputtering-target.png" alt="High Purity (99.999%) Thorium (Th) Sputtering Target" width="95" height="111" class="image-right"></a>Thorium is available as <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/metals.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">metal</a> and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">ultra-high purity</a>). <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thorium-oxide-powder-1314-20-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en"><img src="thorium-oxide-powder.png" alt="High Purity (99.999%) Thorium Oxide (ThO2) Powder" width="93" height="93" class="image-left"></a> Oxides are available in powder and dense pellet form for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications.<a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/oxides.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en"> Oxides</a> tend to be insoluble. <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/Fluorides.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Fluorides</a> are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Thorium is also available in soluble forms including <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/chemicals.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">chlorides, nitrates and acetates</a>. These compounds can be manufactured as <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/solutions?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">solutions</a> at specified stoichiometries.</p> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="properties" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3"> <h2>Thorium Properties</h2> <p><img src="thorium-block.png" alt="Thorium(Th) atomic and molecular weight, atomic number and elemental symbol" class="image-left"> <img src="thorium-bohr.jpg" alt="Thorium Bohr Model" width="200" height="200" class="image-right"><strong>Thorium</strong> is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Thorium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 and its electron configuration is [Rn] 6d<sup>2</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup>. The thorium atom has a radius of 179.8.pm and its Van der Waals radius is 237.pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7440-29-1, thorium has a silvery, sometimes black-tarnished, appearance. <img src="elemental-thorium.png" alt="Elemental Thorium" width="86" height="83" class="image-left"> Thorium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1829. It is found in small amounts in most rocks and soils. The name Thorium originates from the Scandinavian god Thor, the Norse god of war and thunder.</p> <div id="table-wrapper"> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion2"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"><a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/th.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#general-properties">General Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="general-properties"> <table class="table properties-table"> <tbody> <tr> <th id="symbol">Symbol:</th> <td>Th</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-number">Atomic Number:</th> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-weight">Atomic Weight:</th> <td>232</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="element-category">Element Category:</th> <td>Actinide</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="group-period-block">Group, Period, Block:</th> <td>n/a, 7, f</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="color">Color:</th> <td>silvery white</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="other-names">Other Names:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"><a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/th.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#physical-properties">Physical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="physical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tbody> <tr> <th id="melting-point">Melting Point:</th> <td>1842 °C, 3348 °F, 2115 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="boiling-point">Boiling Point:</th> <td>4788 °C, 8650 °F, 5061 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density">Density:</th> <td>11.7 g·cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="liquid-density">Liquid Density @ Melting Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density-20-degrees-C">Density @ 20°C:</th> <td>11.7 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="solid-density">Density of Solid:</th> <td>11724 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="specific-heat">Specific Heat:</th> <td>0.13 kJ/kg/K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="superconductivity-temperature">Superconductivity Temperature:</th> <td>1.38 [or -271.77 °C (-457.19 °F)] K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="triple-point">Triple Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="critical-point">Critical Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="fusion-heat">Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>19.2</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vaporization-heat">Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>513.67</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomization-heat">Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>598.65</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-conductivity">Thermal Conductivity:</th> <td>54.0 W·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-expansion">Thermal Expansion:</th> <td>(25 °C) 11.0 µm·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electrical-resistivity">Electrical Resistivity:</th> <td>(0 °C) 147 nΩ·m</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="tensile-strength">Tensile Strength:</th> <td>144 MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="molar-heat-capacity">Molar Heat Capacity:</th> <td>26.230 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="youngs-modulus">Young's Modulus:</th> <td>79 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="shear-modulus">Shear Modulus:</th> <td>31 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="bulk-modulus">Bulk Modulus:</th> <td>54 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="poisson-ratio">Poisson Ratio:</th> <td>0.27</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mohs-hardness">Mohs Hardness:</th> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vickers-hardness">Vickers Hardness:</th> <td>350 MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="brinell-hardness">Brinell Hardness:</th> <td>400 MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="speed-of-sound">Speed of Sound:</th> <td>(20 °C) 2490 m·s<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electronegativity">Pauling Electronegativity:</th> <td>1.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="sanderson-electronegativity">Sanderson Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allerd-rochow-electronegativity">Allred Rochow Electronegativity:</th> <td>1.11</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mulliken-jaffe-electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allen-electronegativity">Allen Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electropositivity">Pauling Electropositivity:</th> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="reflectivity">Reflectivity (%):</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="refractive-index">Refractive Index:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"><a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/th.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#chemical-properties">Chemical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="chemical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tbody> <tr> <th id="electrons">Electrons:</th> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="protons">Protons:</th> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="neutrons">Neutrons:</th> <td>142</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-configuration">Electron Configuration:</th> <td>[Rn] 6d<sup>2</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius">Atomic Radius:</th> <td>179 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius-non-bonded">Atomic Radius,<br> non-bonded (Å):</th> <td>2.45</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius">Covalent Radius:</th> <td>206±6 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius-non-bonded">Covalent Radius (Å):</th> <td>1.9</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="van-der-waals-radius">Van der Waals Radius:</th> <td>237 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="oxidation-states">Oxidation States:</th> <td>4, 3, 2, 1 (weakly basic oxide)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="phase">Phase:</th> <td>Solid</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="crystal-structure">Crystal Structure:</th> <td>face-centered cubic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="magnetic-ordering">Magnetic Ordering:</th> <td>paramagnetic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-affinity">Electron Affinity (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>)</th> <td>Unknown</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="1-ionization">1<sup>st</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>587 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="2-ionization">2<sup>nd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>1110 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="3-ionization">3<sup>rd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>1930 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion3"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"><a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/th.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#identifiers">Identifiers<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="identifiers"> <table class="table properties-table"> <tbody> <tr> <th id="cas-number">CAS Number:</th> <td>7440-29-1</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="ec-number">EC Number:</th> <td>231-139-7</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mdl-number">MDL Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="beilstein-number">Beilstein Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="smile-id">SMILES Identifier:</th> <td>[Th]</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-id">InChI Identifier:</th> <td>InChI=1S/Th</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-key">InChI Key:</th> <td>ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pubchem-cid">PubChem CID:</th> <td>23960</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="chemspider-id">ChemSpider ID:</th> <td>22399</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"><a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/th.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#abundance">Abundance<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="abundance"> <table class="table properties-table"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="earth-total">Earth - Total:</th> <td>51.2 ppb </td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="mercury-total">Mercury - Total:</th> <td>39.4 ppb</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="venus-total">Venus - Total:</th> <td>53.7 ppb</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-weight">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight:</th> <td>0.00004</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-atoms">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>1.1E-06</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-weight">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight:</th> <td>6000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-atoms">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>540</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-weight">Sun - Total, ppb by weight:</th> <td>0.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-atoms">Sun - Total, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.002</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-weight">Stream, ppb by weight:</th> <td>0.1</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-atoms">Stream, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.0004</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-weight">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight:</th> <td>40</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-atoms">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-weight">Typical Human Body, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-atoms">Typical Human Body, ppb by atom:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-weight">Universe, ppb by weight:</th> <td>0.4</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-atoms">Universe, ppb by atom:</th> <td>0.002</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"><a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/th.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#history">History<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="history"> <table class="table properties-table"> <tbody> <tr> <th id="discovered">Discovered By:</th> <td>Jöns Jakob Berzelius</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="discovery-date">Discovery Date:</th> <td>1829</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="first-isolation">First Isolation:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="safety" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab4"> <h2>Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Thorium</h2> <p>Thorium is radioactive and can collect in bones which may cause bone cancer several years after exposure. Breathing in substantial amounts of thorium may be lethal. Safety data for Thorium and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the Products tab. The below information applies to elemental (metallic) Thorium.</p> <table class="safety-table"> <thead> <tr> <th colspan="2" id="safety-data">Safety Data</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/properties-identifiers.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#msds">Material Safety Data Sheet</a></th> <td><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/request.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">MSDS </a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#signalword">Signal Word </a></th> <td>Danger</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#hazardstatements">Hazard Statements </a></th> <td>H272-H301-H373-H315-H319-H335</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hazard-codes.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#hazardcodes">Hazard Codes</a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#riskcodes">Risk Codes </a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#safetyprecautions">Safety Precautions </a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#rtecs">RTECS Number </a></th> <td>XO6400000</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#transportation">Transport Information</a></th> <td>UN 2912</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#wgk">WGK Germany </a></th> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hazard-codes.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en">Globally Harmonized System of <br> Classification and Labelling (GHS) </a></th> <td><img src="exclamation-mark.png" alt="Exclamation Mark-Acute Toxicity " width="44" height="45"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hazard-codes.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#corrosion"></a><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hazard-codes.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#flameovercircle"><img src="flame-circle.png" alt="Oxidizing Liquid - Oxidizing Gas" width="45" height="45"></a><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hazard-codes.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#flame"></a><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hazard-codes.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#healthhazard"><img src="health-hazzard.png" alt="Health Hazard" width="45" height="45"></a><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hazard-codes.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=nl&_x_tr_hl=en#skullcrossbones"><img src="skull.png" alt="Skull and Crossbones-Acute Toxicity " width="44" height="43"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="isotopes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab5"> <h2>Thorium Isotopes</h2> <p>Thorium (Th) has six naturally occurring isotopes. None of these are stable; however, <sup>232</sup>Th is observationally stable with a half life of 14.05 billion years.</p> <table class="isotopes-table"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" id="nuclide">Nuclide</th> <th scope="col" id="mass">Isotopic Mass</th> <th scope="col" id="half-life">Half-Life</th> <th scope="col" id="decay">Mode of Decay</th> <th scope="col" id="nuclear-spin">Nuclear Spin</th> <th scope="col" id="magnetic-moment">Magnetic Moment</th> <th scope="col" id="binding-energy">Binding Energy (MeV)</th> <th scope="col" id="natural-abundance">Natural Abundance<br> (% by atom)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>209</sup>Th</th> <td>209.01772(11)</td> <td>7(5) ms [3.8(+69-15)]</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>5/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1578.15</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>210</sup>Th</th> <td>210.015075(27)</td> <td>17(11) ms [9(+17-4) ms]</td> <td>a to <sup>206</sup>Ra</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1586.23</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>211</sup>Th</th> <td>211.01493(8)</td> <td>48(20) ms [0.04(+3-1) s]</td> <td>a to <sup>207</sup>Ra</td> <td>5/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1594.31</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>212</sup>Th</th> <td>212.01298(2)</td> <td>36(15) ms [30(+20-10) ms]</td> <td>a to <sup>208</sup>Ra; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>212</sup>Ac</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1602.38</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>213</sup>Th</th> <td>213.01301(8)</td> <td>140(25) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>209</sup>Ra</td> <td>5/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1610.46</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>214</sup>Th</th> <td>214.011500(18)</td> <td>100(25) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>210</sup>Ra</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1618.54</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>215</sup>Th</th> <td>215.011730(29)</td> <td>1.2(2) s</td> <td>a to <sup>211</sup>Ra</td> <td>(1/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1626.62</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>216</sup>Th</th> <td>216.011062(14)</td> <td>26.8(3) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>212</sup>Ra; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>216</sup>Ac</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1634.7</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>217</sup>Th</th> <td>217.013114(22)</td> <td>240(5) µs</td> <td>a to <sup>213</sup>Ra</td> <td>(9/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1642.78</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>218</sup>Th</th> <td>218.013284(14)</td> <td>109(13) ns</td> <td>a to <sup>214</sup>Ra</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1650.86</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>219</sup>Th</th> <td>219.01554(5)</td> <td>1.05(3) µs</td> <td>a to <sup>215</sup>Ra</td> <td>9/2+#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1658.93</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>220</sup>Th</th> <td>220.015748(24)</td> <td>9.7(6) µs</td> <td>a to <sup>216</sup>Ra; EC to <sup>220</sup>Ac</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1667.01</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>221</sup>Th</th> <td>221.018184(10)</td> <td>1.73(3) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>217</sup>Ra</td> <td>(7/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1675.09</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>222</sup>Th</th> <td>222.018468(13)</td> <td>2.237(13) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>218</sup>Ra; EC to <sup>220</sup>Ac</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1683.17</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>223</sup>Th</th> <td>223.020811(10)</td> <td>0.60(2) s</td> <td>a to <sup>219</sup>Ra</td> <td>(5/2)+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1681.93</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>224</sup>Th</th> <td>224.021467(12)</td> <td>1.05(2) s</td> <td>a to <sup>220</sup>Ra; 2ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>225</sup>Ac</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1690.01</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>225</sup>Th</th> <td>225.023951(5)</td> <td>8.72(4) min</td> <td>a to <sup>221</sup>Ra</td> <td>(3/2)+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1698.09</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>226</sup>Th</th> <td>226.024903(5)</td> <td>30.57(10) min</td> <td>a to <sup>222</sup>Ra</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1706.17</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>227</sup>Th</th> <td>227.0277041(27)</td> <td>18.68(9) d</td> <td>a to <sup>223</sup>Ra</td> <td>1/2+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1714.25</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>228</sup>Th</th> <td>228.0287411(24)</td> <td>1.9116(16) y</td> <td>a to <sup>224</sup>Ra; <sup>20</sup>O</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1722.33</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>229</sup>Th</th> <td>229.031762(3)</td> <td>7.34(16)E+3 y</td> <td>a to <sup>225</sup>Ra</td> <td>5/2+</td> <td>0.46</td> <td>1721.09</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>230</sup>Th</th> <td>230.0331338(19)</td> <td>7.538(30)E+4 y</td> <td>a to <sup>226</sup>Ra; SF</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1729.17</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>231</sup>Th</th> <td>231.0363043(19)</td> <td>25.52(1) h</td> <td>a to <sup>227</sup>Ra; ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>231</sup>Pa</td> <td>5/2+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1737.25</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>232</sup>Th</th> <td>232.0380553(21)</td> <td>1.405(6)E+10 y</td> <td>a to <sup>228</sup>Ra; SF</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1745.33</td> <td>100</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>233</sup>Th</th> <td>233.0415818(21)</td> <td>21.83(4) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>233</sup>Pa</td> <td>1/2+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1744.09</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>234</sup>Th</th> <td>234.043601(4)</td> <td>24.10(3) d</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>234</sup>Pa</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1752.17</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>235</sup>Th</th> <td>235.04751(5)</td> <td>7.2(1) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>235</sup>Pa</td> <td>(1/2+)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1760.25</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>236</sup>Th</th> <td>236.04987(21)#</td> <td>37.5(2) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>236</sup>Pa</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1768.32</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>237</sup>Th</th> <td>237.05389(39)#</td> <td>4.8(5) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>237</sup>Pa</td> <td>5/2+#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1767.09</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>238</sup>Th</th> <td>238.0565(3)#</td> <td>9.4(20) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>238</sup>Pa</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1775.16</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div><!-- InstanceEndEditable --> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/slippry.min.js"></script> <div class="scrollup"> ^ </div> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $(window).scroll(function () { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 350) { $('.scrollup').fadeIn(500); 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