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Reign of Mary I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Mary_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Accession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Church settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_question" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_question"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Marriage question </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriage_question-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Marriage question subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Marriage_question-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robert_Dudley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Dudley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Robert Dudley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Dudley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Foreign candidates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virginity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Virginity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virginity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Mary, Queen of Scots </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mary,_Queen_of_Scots-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mary, Queen of Scots subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mary,_Queen_of_Scots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Catholic cause </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_and_overseas_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_and_overseas_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Wars and overseas trade </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wars_and_overseas_trade-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Wars and overseas trade subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Wars_and_overseas_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Armada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Armada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Spanish Armada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Armada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Muslim states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_India_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_India_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 East India Company </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_India_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Later years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Citations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Citations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources_and_early_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources_and_early_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Primary sources and early histories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources_and_early_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Historiography and memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Elizabeth I</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" > 147 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_van_Engeland" title="Elizabeth I van Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elizabeth I van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_I." title="Elisabeth I. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elisabeth I." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B5_I" title="ኤልዛቤት I – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤልዛቤት I" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabe%C3%BE_I_Engla_Cwen" title="Elisabeþ I Engla Cwen – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Elisabeþ I Engla Cwen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="إليزابيث الأولى ملكة إنجلترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إليزابيث الأولى ملكة إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_I_d%27Anglaterra" title="Isabel I d'Anglaterra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isabel I d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabela_I_d%27Inglaterra" title="Sabela I d'Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sabela I d'Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_I_Ingyat%C3%A9rra_pegua" title="Isabel I Ingyatérra pegua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Isabel I Ingyatérra pegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Elizabet" title="I Elizabet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Elizabet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="بیرینجی الیزابت (بریتانیا) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی الیزابت (بریتانیا)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A5" title="প্রথম এলিজাবেথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথম এলিজাবেথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_1-s%C3%A8" title="Elizabeth 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Elizabeth 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_I" title="Елизавета I – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Елизавета I" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_I" title="Лізавета I – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лізавета I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_I" title="Лізавета I – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лізавета I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_I" title="Елизабет I – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елизабет I" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeta_I,_kraljica_Engleske" title="Elizabeta I, kraljica Engleske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elizabeta I, kraljica Engleske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elesbed_Ia%C3%B1_(Bro-Saoz)" title="Elesbed Iañ (Bro-Saoz) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elesbed Iañ (Bro-Saoz)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_I_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Англиин I Елизавета – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Англиин I Елизавета" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_I_d%27Anglaterra" title="Elisabet I d'Anglaterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elisabet I d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_I" title="Елизавета I – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Елизавета I" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_sa_Ingglatera" title="Elizabeth I sa Ingglatera – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elizabeth I sa Ingglatera" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEb%C4%9Bta_I." title="Alžběta I. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alžběta I." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_I,_brenhines_Lloegr" title="Elisabeth I, brenhines Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elisabeth I, brenhines Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_1._af_England" title="Elizabeth 1. af England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elizabeth 1. af England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_I." title="Elisabeth I. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elisabeth I." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elizabeth I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%84_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ελισάβετ Α΄ της Αγγλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελισάβετ Α΄ της Αγγλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="I Елизавета (Англиянь инязорава) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="I Елизавета (Англиянь инязорава)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_I_de_Inglaterra" title="Isabel I de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isabel I de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeto_la_1-a_(Anglio)" title="Elizabeto la 1-a (Anglio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elizabeto la 1-a (Anglio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_I.a_Ingalaterrakoa" title="Elisabet I.a Ingalaterrakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elisabet I.a Ingalaterrakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="الیزابت یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیزابت یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" title="Elizabeth I of England – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Elizabeth I of England" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Ire_(reine_d%27Angleterre)" title="Élisabeth Ire (reine d'Angleterre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élisabeth Ire (reine d'Angleterre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_fan_Ingel%C3%A2n" title="Elizabeth I fan Ingelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elizabeth I fan Ingelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil%C3%ADs_I_Shasana" title="Eilís I Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eilís I Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealisaid_I_Hostyn" title="Ealisaid I Hostyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ealisaid I Hostyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0n-righ_Ealasaid_I" title="Bàn-righ Ealasaid I – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bàn-righ Ealasaid I" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_I_de_Inglaterra" title="Isabel I de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Isabel I de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%BA%97%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="伊麗莎白一世 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊麗莎白一世" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A5_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%AE" title="એલિઝાબેથ પ્રથમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એલિઝાબેથ પ્રથમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Elizabeth I" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%90%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4_1%EC%84%B8" title="엘리자베스 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘리자베스 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Elizabeth I" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A9_I" title="Եղիսաբեթ I – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եղիսաբեթ I" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="एलिज़ाबेथ प्रथम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एलिज़ाबेथ प्रथम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil%C5%BEbjeta_I." title="Hilžbjeta I. – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hilžbjeta I." data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeta_I." title="Elizabeta I. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elizabeta I." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_la_1ma_di_Anglia" title="Elizabeth la 1ma di Anglia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elizabeth la 1ma di Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_I_iti_Inglatera" title="Isabel I iti Inglatera – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Isabel I iti Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_dari_Inggris" title="Elizabeth I dari Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elizabeth I dari Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_I_de_Anglaterra" title="Elisabeth I de Anglaterra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Elisabeth I de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%ADsabet_1." title="Elísabet 1. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elísabet 1." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabetta_I_d%27Inghilterra" title="Elisabetta I d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elisabetta I d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אליזבת הראשונה, מלכת אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אליזבת הראשונה, מלכת אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_saking_Inggris" title="Elizabeth I saking Inggris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Elizabeth I saking Inggris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಎಲಿಜಬೆಥ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಎಲಿಜಬೆಥ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_I" title="ელისაბედ I – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელისაბედ I" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="I Елизабет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="I Елизабет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_I_a_Bow_Sows" title="Elisabeth I a Bow Sows – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Elisabeth I a Bow Sows" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_wa_Uingereza" title="Elizabeth I wa Uingereza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elizabeth I wa Uingereza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_(r%C3%A8n_Anglet%C3%A8)" title="Elizabeth I (rèn Angletè) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elizabeth I (rèn Angletè)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Ir_di_Angl%C3%A9t%C3%A8r" title="Élisabeth Ir di Anglétèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Élisabeth Ir di Anglétèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeta_I" title="Elisabeta I – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Elisabeta I" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabetha_I_(regina_Angliae)" title="Elizabetha I (regina Angliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elizabetha I (regina Angliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabete_I" title="Elizabete I – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elizabete I" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I._vun_England" title="Elizabeth I. vun England – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elizabeth I. vun England" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="I Елизавета – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="I Елизавета" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%BEbieta_I" title="Elžbieta I – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elžbieta I" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabetta_I_d%27Inghilt%C3%A6ra" title="Elizabetta I d'Inghiltæra – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Elizabetta I d'Inghiltæra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_van_Ingelandj" title="Elizabeth I van Ingelandj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elizabeth I van Ingelandj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_1" title="Elizabeth 1 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Elizabeth 1" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_I" title="Elisabeth I – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Elisabeth I" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisabetta_I_d%27Inghilterra" title="Lisabetta I d'Inghilterra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lisabetta I d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Erzs%C3%A9bet_angol_kir%C3%A1lyn%C5%91" title="I. Erzsébet angol királynő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Erzsébet angol királynő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="एलिजाबेथ प्रथम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="एलिजाबेथ प्रथम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_I" title="Елизабета I – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Елизабета I" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_an%27i_Angletera" title="Elizabeth I an'i Angletera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elizabeth I an'i Angletera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_I" title="എലിസബത്ത് I – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എലിസബത്ത് I" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5" title="पहिली एलिझाबेथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पहिली एलिझाबेथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%97_I_(%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="ელიზაბეთ I (ინგლისი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ელიზაბეთ I (ინგლისი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اليزابيث الاولى ملكة انجلترا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليزابيث الاولى ملكة انجلترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_dari_England" title="Elizabeth I dari England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elizabeth I dari England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_dari_Inggirih" title="Elizabeth I dari Inggirih – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Elizabeth I dari Inggirih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="I Элизабет – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="I Элизабет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%99_(%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99)" title="အယ်လီဇဘက် ပထမ (အင်္ဂလန်ဘုရင်မ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လီဇဘက် ပထမ (အင်္ဂလန်ဘုရင်မ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_van_Engeland" title="Elizabeth I van Engeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elizabeth I van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="एलिजाबेथ प्रथम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एलिजाबेथ प्रथम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="एलिजाबेथ प्रथम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एलिजाबेथ प्रथम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B6%E3%83%99%E3%82%B91%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="エリザベス1世 (イングランド女王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリザベス1世 (イングランド女王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_I" title="Елизавета I – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Елизавета I" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_I._(Ingelun)" title="Elisabeth I. (Ingelun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elisabeth I. (Ingelun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_av_England" title="Elizabeth I av England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elizabeth I av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_I_av_England" title="Elisabet I av England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elisabet I av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisab%C3%A8t_I_d%27Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Elisabèt I d'Anglatèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Elisabèt I d'Anglatèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elizabeth I" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਅਲੀਜ਼ਾਬੈਥ ਪਹਿਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲੀਜ਼ਾਬੈਥ ਪਹਿਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="الزبتھ اول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الزبتھ اول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%AA" title="لومړۍ الیزابېت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لومړۍ الیزابېت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilizibet_I_a_Ingglan" title="Ilizibet I a Ingglan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ilizibet I a Ingglan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A1_%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F" title="សម្តេចព្រះរាជនីនាថអេលីហ្សាប៊ែតទី១ នៃចក្រភពអង់គ្លេស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សម្តេចព្រះរាជនីនាថអេលីហ្សាប៊ែតទី១ នៃចក្រភពអង់គ្លេស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisab%C3%ABtta_I_d%27Anghilt%C3%A8ra" title="Lisabëtta I d'Anghiltèra – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lisabëtta I d'Anghiltèra" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_I._(Tudor)" title="Elisabeth I. (Tudor) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elisabeth I. (Tudor)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_I_Tudor" title="Elżbieta I Tudor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elżbieta I Tudor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_I_de_Inglaterra" title="Isabel I de Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isabel I de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeta_I_a_Angliei" title="Elisabeta I a Angliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elisabeta I a Angliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_I" title="Elisabeth I – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Elisabeth I" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_I._%D0%90%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Алжбета I. Анґліцька – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алжбета I. Анґліцька" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_I" title="Елизавета I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Елизавета I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_I" title="Харалыаба Элизабет I – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харалыаба Элизабет I" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi-li-sa-pay_yise" title="Yi-li-sa-pay yise – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Yi-li-sa-pay yise" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="एलिजबेथ् प्रथमा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एलिजबेथ् प्रथमा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_o_Ingland" title="Elizabeth I o Ingland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Elizabeth I o Ingland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeta_I" title="Elizabeta I – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elizabeta I" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisabbetta_I_di_Ngriterra" title="Lisabbetta I di Ngriterra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lisabbetta I di Ngriterra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%91%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB_-_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="පළමුවන එළිසබෙත් රැජිණ - එංගලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පළමුවන එළිසබෙත් රැජිණ - එංගලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elizabeth I" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEbeta_I._(Anglicko)" title="Alžbeta I. (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alžbeta I. (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeta_I._Angle%C5%A1ka" title="Elizabeta I. Angleška – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elizabeta I. Angleška" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ئێلیزابێتی یەکەمی ئینگلتەرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێلیزابێتی یەکەمی ئینگلتەرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_I_%D0%A2%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Елизабета I Тјудор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Елизабета I Тјудор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeta_I" title="Elizabeta I – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elizabeta I" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_I" title="Elisabet I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elisabet I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_I" title="Elisabet I – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elisabet I" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_ng_Inglatera" title="Elizabeth I ng Inglatera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elizabeth I ng Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="இங்கிலாந்தின் முதலாம் எலிசபெத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இங்கிலாந்தின் முதலாம் எலிசபெத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelizaveta_I_pat%C5%9Fabik%C3%A4" title="Yelizaveta I patşabikä – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Yelizaveta I patşabikä" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D_I" title="ఎలిజబెత్ I – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలిజబెత్ I" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 1 แห่งอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 1 แห่งอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Elizabeth" title="I. Elizabeth – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Elizabeth" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_I" title="Єлизавета I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єлизавета I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="ایلزبتھ اول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایلزبتھ اول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Elizabeth I" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizavet_I" title="Elizavet I – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elizavet I" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="Elizabeth I của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Elizabeth I của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Elizabeth I" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_han_Inglaterra" title="Elizabeth I han Inglaterra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elizabeth I han Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="伊丽莎白一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊丽莎白一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%98_%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A2" title="עליזאבעט די ערשטע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עליזאבעט די ערשטע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeti_K%C3%ACnn%C3%AD_Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80g%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BA%B9%CC%81s%C3%AC" title="Elisabeti Kìnní Ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Elisabeti Kìnní Ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%99%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="伊利沙伯一世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊利沙伯一世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%BEbieta_I" title="Elžbieta I – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Elžbieta I" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="伊丽莎白一世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊丽莎白一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisab%C3%A8t_I_deri_Inggris" title="Élisabèt I deri Inggris – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Élisabèt I deri Inggris" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_sian_Inggris" title="Elizabeth I sian Inggris – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Elizabeth I sian Inggris" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" title="Elizabeth I of England – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Elizabeth I of England" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elizabeth I (disambiguation)">Elizabeth I (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_England_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elizabeth of England (disambiguation)">Elizabeth of England (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tudor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elizabeth Tudor (disambiguation)">Elizabeth Tudor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Elizabeth I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Darnley_stage_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-length portrait of Queen Elizabeth in her early 40s. She has red hair, fair skin, and wears a crown and a pearl necklace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/220px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/330px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/440px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2313" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">The <a href="/wiki/Portraiture_of_Elizabeth_I#The_Darnley_Portrait" title="Portraiture of Elizabeth I">Darnley Portrait</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1575</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Queen of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish monarchs">Ireland</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_English_sovereigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of the English sovereigns">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1558 – 24 March 1603</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_I" title="Coronation of Elizabeth I">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 1559</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">7 September 1533 <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Placentia" title="Palace of Placentia">Palace of Placentia</a>, Greenwich, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 March 1603 (aged 69) <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Palace" title="Richmond Palace">Richmond Palace</a>, Surrey, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">28 April 1603 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth I's signature"><img alt="Elizabeth I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg/125px-Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg/188px-Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg/250px-Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="284" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603)<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Queen of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish monarchs">Ireland</a> from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last and longest reigning monarch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a>. Her eventful reign, and its effect on history and culture, gave name to the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a>. Elizabeth was the only surviving child of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> and his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>. When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was declared <a href="/wiki/Royal_bastard" title="Royal bastard">illegitimate</a>. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was 10, via the <a href="/wiki/Third_Succession_Act_1543" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Succession Act 1543">Third Succession Act 1543</a>. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> cousin, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary</a> and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels. Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel.<a href="#cite_note-4">[c]</a> She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">William Cecil</a>, whom she created <a href="/wiki/Baron_Burghley" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Burghley">Baron Burghley</a>. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme governor">supreme governor</a>. This arrangement, later named the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a>, would evolve into the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. Because of this she is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen".<a href="#cite_note-5">[2]</a> She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI of Scotland</a>. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been.<a href="#cite_note-starkey5-6">[3]</a> One of her <a href="/wiki/Mottoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mottoes">mottoes</a> was video et taceo ("I see and keep silent").<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a> In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope <a href="/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis" title="Regnans in Excelsis">declared her illegitimate</a> in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a>. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a>, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">war with Spain</a>. As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. The Elizabethan era is famous for the flourishing of <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English drama</a>, led by playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, and for the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler,<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity.<a href="#cite_note-starkey5-6">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryAndAnneBoleynPortraits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/HenryAndAnneBoleynPortraits.jpg/290px-HenryAndAnneBoleynPortraits.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/HenryAndAnneBoleynPortraits.jpg/435px-HenryAndAnneBoleynPortraits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/HenryAndAnneBoleynPortraits.jpg/580px-HenryAndAnneBoleynPortraits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth's parents, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>. Anne was executed within three years of Elizabeth's birth.</figcaption></figure> Elizabeth was born at <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich Palace">Greenwich Palace</a> on 7 September 1533 and was named after her grandmothers, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Elizabeth_Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Elizabeth Howard">Lady Elizabeth Howard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a> She was the second child of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> born in wedlock to survive infancy. Her mother was Henry VIII's second wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>. At birth, Elizabeth was the <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> to the English throne. Her elder half-sister <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary</a> had lost her position as a legitimate heir when Henry <a href="/wiki/Annulled" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulled">annulled</a> his marriage to Mary's mother, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, to marry Anne, with the intent to sire a male heir and ensure the Tudor succession.<a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> She was baptised on 10 September 1533, and her godparents were <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Courtenay,_Marquess_of_Exeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter">Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stafford,_Duchess_of_Norfolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Stafford, Duchess of Norfolk">Elizabeth Stafford, Duchess of Norfolk</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wotton,_Dowager_Marchioness_of_Dorset" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Wotton, Dowager Marchioness of Dorset">Margaret Wotton, Dowager Marchioness of Dorset</a>. A canopy was carried at the ceremony over the infant by her uncle <a href="/wiki/George_Boleyn,_Viscount_Rochford" title="George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford">George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Hussey,_Baron_Hussey_of_Sleaford" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hussey, Baron Hussey of Sleaford">John Hussey, Baron Hussey of Sleaford</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lord_Thomas_Howard" title="Lord Thomas Howard">Lord Thomas Howard</a>; and <a href="/wiki/William_Howard,_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham" class="mw-redirect" title="William Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham">William Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> Elizabeth was two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded on 19 May 1536,<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> four months after Catherine of Aragon's death from natural causes. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the royal succession.<a href="#cite_note-15">[d]</a> Eleven days after Anne Boleyn's execution, Henry married <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a>. Queen Jane died the next year shortly after the birth of their son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward</a>, who was the undisputed <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the throne. Elizabeth was placed in her half-brother's household and carried the <a href="/wiki/Chrisom" title="Chrisom">chrisom</a>, or baptismal cloth, at his christening.<a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_when_a_Princess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Elizabeth_I_when_a_Princess.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_I_when_a_Princess.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Elizabeth_I_when_a_Princess.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_I_when_a_Princess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Elizabeth_I_when_a_Princess.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_I_when_a_Princess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A rare portrait of a teenage Elizabeth prior to her accession, attributed to <a href="/wiki/William_Scrots" title="William Scrots">William Scrots</a>. It was painted for her father in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1546.</figcaption></figure> Elizabeth's first <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bryan" title="Margaret Bryan">Margaret Bryan</a>, wrote that she was "as toward a child and as gentle of conditions as ever I knew any in my life".<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Champernowne" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Champernowne">Catherine Champernowne</a>, better known by her later, married name of Catherine "Kat" Ashley, was appointed as Elizabeth's governess in 1537, and she remained Elizabeth's friend until her death in 1565. Champernowne taught Elizabeth four languages: French, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, Italian, and Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir19977-18">[14]</a> By the time <a href="/wiki/William_Grindal" title="William Grindal">William Grindal</a> became her tutor in 1544, Elizabeth could write English, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and Italian. Under Grindal, a talented and skilful tutor, she also progressed in French and Greek.<a href="#cite_note-L8-19">[15]</a> By the age of 12, she was able to translate her stepmother <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a>'s religious work <a href="/wiki/Prayers_or_Meditations" title="Prayers or Meditations">Prayers or Meditations</a> from English into Italian, Latin, and French, which she presented to her father as a <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_gift_(royal_courts)" title="New Year's Day gift (royal courts)">New Year's gift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seth_Sanders-20">[16]</a> From her teenage years and throughout her life, she translated works in Latin and Greek by numerous classical authors, including the <a href="/wiki/Pro_Marcello" title="Pro Marcello">Pro Marcello</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, the <a href="/wiki/De_consolatione_philosophiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De consolatione philosophiae">De consolatione philosophiae</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>, a treatise by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seth_Sanders-20">[16]</a> A translation of Tacitus from <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a> Library, one of only four surviving English translations from the early modern era, was confirmed as Elizabeth's own in 2019, after a detailed analysis of the handwriting and paper was undertaken.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> After Grindal died in 1548, Elizabeth received her education under her brother Edward's tutor, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ascham" title="Roger Ascham">Roger Ascham</a>, a sympathetic teacher who believed that learning should be engaging.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> Current knowledge of Elizabeth's schooling and precocity comes largely from Ascham's memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-L8-19">[15]</a> By the time her formal education ended in 1550, Elizabeth was one of the best educated women of her generation.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> At the end of her life, she was believed to speak the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scottish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish languages</a> in addition to those mentioned above. The Venetian ambassador stated in 1603 that she "possessed [these] languages so thoroughly that each appeared to be her native tongue".<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Stoyle" title="Mark Stoyle">Mark Stoyle</a> suggests that she was probably taught Cornish by <a href="/wiki/William_Killigrew_(Chamberlain_of_the_Exchequer)" title="William Killigrew (Chamberlain of the Exchequer)">William Killigrew</a>, Groom of the Privy Chamber and later <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chamberlain of the Exchequer">Chamberlain of the Exchequer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thomas_Seymour">Thomas Seymour</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Seymour_Denizot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Thomas_Seymour_Denizot.jpg/220px-Thomas_Seymour_Denizot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Thomas_Seymour_Denizot.jpg/330px-Thomas_Seymour_Denizot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Thomas_Seymour_Denizot.jpg/440px-Thomas_Seymour_Denizot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth's guardian, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Seymour,_Baron_Seymour_of_Sudeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley">Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley</a>, may have <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexually abused</a> her.</figcaption></figure> Henry VIII died in 1547 and Elizabeth's half-brother, Edward VI, became king at the age of nine. Catherine Parr, Henry's widow, soon married <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Seymour,_Baron_Seymour_of_Sudeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley">Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley</a>, Edward VI's uncle and the brother of Lord Protector <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_Duke_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset</a>. The couple took Elizabeth into their household at <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a>. There Elizabeth experienced an emotional crisis that some historians believe affected her for the rest of her life.<a href="#cite_note-loades2-27">[23]</a> Thomas Seymour engaged in romps and horseplay with the 14-year-old Elizabeth, including entering her bedroom in his nightgown, tickling her, and slapping her on the buttocks. Elizabeth rose early and surrounded herself with maids to avoid his unwelcome morning visits. Parr, rather than confront her husband over his inappropriate activities, joined in. Twice she accompanied him in tickling Elizabeth, and once held her while he cut her black gown "into a thousand pieces".<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> However, after Parr discovered the pair in an embrace, she ended this state of affairs.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> In May 1548, Elizabeth was sent away. Thomas Seymour nevertheless continued scheming to control the royal family and tried to have himself appointed the governor of the King's person.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> When Parr died after childbirth on 5 September 1548, he renewed his attentions towards Elizabeth, intent on marrying her.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> Her governess <a href="/wiki/Kat_Ashley" title="Kat Ashley">Kat Ashley</a>, who was fond of Seymour, sought to convince Elizabeth to take him as her husband. She tried to convince Elizabeth to write to Seymour and "comfort him in his sorrow",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1997-33">[29]</a> but Elizabeth claimed that Thomas was not so saddened by her stepmother's death as to need comfort. In January 1549, Seymour was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower on suspicion of conspiring to depose his brother Somerset as Protector, marry <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> to King Edward VI, and take Elizabeth as his own wife. Elizabeth, living at <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a>, would admit nothing. Her stubbornness exasperated her interrogator, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tyrwhitt_(courtier)" title="Robert Tyrwhitt (courtier)">Robert Tyrwhitt</a>, who reported, "I do see it in her face that she is guilty".<a href="#cite_note-neale-34">[30]</a> Seymour was beheaded on 20 March 1549.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_of_Mary_I">Reign of Mary I</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_I_of_England,_1516-58_and_Philip_II_of_Spain,_1527-98_RMG_BHC2952.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mary_I_of_England%2C_1516-58_and_Philip_II_of_Spain%2C_1527-98_RMG_BHC2952.tiff/lossy-page1-260px-Mary_I_of_England%2C_1516-58_and_Philip_II_of_Spain%2C_1527-98_RMG_BHC2952.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mary_I_of_England%2C_1516-58_and_Philip_II_of_Spain%2C_1527-98_RMG_BHC2952.tiff/lossy-page1-390px-Mary_I_of_England%2C_1516-58_and_Philip_II_of_Spain%2C_1527-98_RMG_BHC2952.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mary_I_of_England%2C_1516-58_and_Philip_II_of_Spain%2C_1527-98_RMG_BHC2952.tiff/lossy-page1-520px-Mary_I_of_England%2C_1516-58_and_Philip_II_of_Spain%2C_1527-98_RMG_BHC2952.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3195" data-file-height="4380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a>, during whose reign Elizabeth was heir presumptive</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balustrade_and_steps_Hatfield_House_Old_Palace_Hertfordshire_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Balustrade_and_steps_Hatfield_House_Old_Palace_Hertfordshire_England.jpg/220px-Balustrade_and_steps_Hatfield_House_Old_Palace_Hertfordshire_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Balustrade_and_steps_Hatfield_House_Old_Palace_Hertfordshire_England.jpg/330px-Balustrade_and_steps_Hatfield_House_Old_Palace_Hertfordshire_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Balustrade_and_steps_Hatfield_House_Old_Palace_Hertfordshire_England.jpg/440px-Balustrade_and_steps_Hatfield_House_Old_Palace_Hertfordshire_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The Old Palace at <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a> in Hertfordshire, where Elizabeth lived during Mary's reign</figcaption></figure> Edward VI died on 6 July 1553, aged 15. His will ignored the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Crown_Act_1543" class="mw-redirect" title="Succession to the Crown Act 1543">Succession to the Crown Act 1543</a>, excluded both Mary and Elizabeth from the succession, and instead declared as his heir Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary Tudor, Queen of France</a>. Jane was proclaimed queen by the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">privy council</a>, but her support quickly crumbled, and she was deposed after nine days. On 3 August 1553, Mary rode triumphantly into London, with Elizabeth at her side.<a href="#cite_note-37">[e]</a> The show of solidarity between the sisters did not last long. Mary, a devout <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, was determined to crush the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> faith in which Elizabeth had been educated, and she ordered that everyone attend Catholic Mass; Elizabeth had to outwardly conform. Mary's initial popularity ebbed away in 1554 when she announced plans to marry <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip of Spain</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperor Charles V">Holy Roman Emperor Charles V</a> and an active Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> Discontent spread rapidly through the country, and many looked to Elizabeth as a focus for their opposition to Mary's religious policies. In January and February 1554, <a href="/wiki/Wyatt%27s_rebellion" title="Wyatt's rebellion">Wyatt's rebellion</a> broke out; it was soon suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> Elizabeth was brought to court and interrogated regarding her role, and on 18 March, she was imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. Elizabeth fervently protested her innocence.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> Though it is unlikely that she had plotted with the rebels, some of them were known to have approached her. Mary's closest confidant, Emperor Charles's ambassador <a href="/wiki/Simon_Renard" title="Simon Renard">Simon Renard</a>, argued that her throne would never be safe while Elizabeth lived; and Lord Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a>, worked to have Elizabeth put on trial.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> Elizabeth's supporters in the government, including <a href="/wiki/William_Paget,_1st_Baron_Paget" title="William Paget, 1st Baron Paget">William Paget, 1st Baron Paget</a>, convinced Mary to spare her sister in the absence of hard evidence against her. Instead, on 22 May, Elizabeth was moved from the Tower to <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_Palace" title="Woodstock Palace">Woodstock Palace</a>, where she was to spend almost a year under house arrest in the charge of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bedingfeld" title="Henry Bedingfeld">Henry Bedingfeld</a>. Crowds cheered her all along the way.<a href="#cite_note-loades29-42">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[f]</a> On 17 April 1555, Elizabeth was recalled to court to attend the final stages of Mary's <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England#False_pregnancy" title="Mary I of England">apparent pregnancy</a>. If Mary and her child died, Elizabeth would become queen, but if Mary gave birth to a healthy child, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would recede sharply. When it became clear that Mary was not pregnant, no one believed any longer that she could have a child.<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> Elizabeth's succession seemed assured.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> King Philip, who ascended the Spanish throne in 1556, acknowledged the new political reality and cultivated his sister-in-law. She was a better ally than the chief alternative, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, who had grown up in France and was betrothed to <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis, Dauphin of France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> When his wife fell ill in 1558, Philip sent the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_Su%C3%A1rez_de_Figueroa_y_C%C3%B3rdoba,_1st_Duke_of_Feria" title="Gómez Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba, 1st Duke of Feria">Count of Feria</a> to consult with Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> This interview was conducted at <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a>, where she had returned to live in October 1555. By October 1558, Elizabeth was already making plans for her government. Mary recognised Elizabeth as her heir on 6 November 1558,<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> and Elizabeth became queen when <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Mary_I_of_England" title="Death and funeral of Mary I of England">Mary died</a> on 17 November.<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accession">Accession</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2863" data-file-height="3845" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth I in her coronation robes, patterned with <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor roses</a> and trimmed with <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">ermine</a></figcaption></figure> Elizabeth became queen at the age of 25, and declared her intentions to her council and other peers who had come to Hatfield to swear allegiance. The speech contains the first record of her adoption of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">political theology</a> of the sovereign's "two bodies": the body natural and the <a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">body politic</a>:<a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">My lords, the law of nature moves me to sorrow for my sister; the burden that is fallen upon me makes me amazed, and yet, considering I am God's creature, ordained to obey His appointment, I will thereto yield, desiring from the bottom of my heart that I may have assistance of His grace to be the minister of His heavenly will in this office now committed to me. And as I am but one body naturally considered, though by His permission a body politic to govern, so shall I desire you all ... to be assistant to me, that I with my ruling and you with your service may make a good account to Almighty God and leave some comfort to our posterity on earth. I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel.<a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a></blockquote> As her <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumphal progress">triumphal progress</a> wound through the city on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Elizabeth I of England">coronation ceremony</a>, she was welcomed wholeheartedly by the citizens and greeted by orations and pageants, most with a strong Protestant flavour. Elizabeth's open and gracious responses endeared her to the spectators, who were "wonderfully ravished".<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> The following day, 15 January 1559, a date chosen by her astrologer <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IHR-54">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> Elizabeth was crowned and anointed by <a href="/wiki/Owen_Oglethorpe" title="Owen Oglethorpe">Owen Oglethorpe</a>, the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Carlisle" title="Bishop of Carlisle">bishop of Carlisle</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. She was then presented for the people's acceptance, amidst a deafening noise of organs, fifes, trumpets, drums, and bells.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> Although Elizabeth was welcomed as queen in England, the country was still in a state of anxiety over the perceived Catholic threat at home and overseas, as well as the choice of whom she would marry.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_settlement">Church settlement</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Hilliard_(called)_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3407" data-file-height="4427" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Portrait" title="Pelican Portrait">Pelican Portrait</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelican</a> was thought to nourish its young with its own blood and served to depict Elizabeth as the "mother of the Church of England".<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a></figcaption></figure> Elizabeth's personal religious convictions have been much debated by scholars. She was a Protestant, but kept Catholic symbols (such as the <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>), and downplayed the role of sermons in defiance of a key Protestant belief.<a href="#cite_note-collinson-59">[53]</a> Elizabeth and her advisers perceived the threat of a Catholic crusade against heretical England. The Queen therefore sought a Protestant solution that would not offend Catholics too greatly while addressing the desires of English Protestants, but she would not tolerate the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a>, who were pushing for far-reaching reforms.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> As a result, the Parliament of 1559 started to legislate for a church based on the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England#Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Protestant settlement of Edward VI</a>, with the monarch as its head, but with many Catholic elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a> backed the proposals strongly, but the bill of supremacy met opposition in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, particularly from the bishops. Elizabeth was fortunate that many bishoprics were vacant at the time, including the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Canterbury">Archbishopric of Canterbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[h]</a> This enabled supporters amongst peers to outvote the bishops and conservative peers. Nevertheless, Elizabeth was forced to accept the title of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a> rather than the more contentious title of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Head">Supreme Head</a>, which many thought unacceptable for a woman to bear. The new <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy_1558" title="Act of Supremacy 1558">Act of Supremacy</a> became law on 8 May 1559. All public officials were forced to swear an oath of loyalty to the monarch as the supreme governor or risk disqualification from office; the <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> laws were repealed, to avoid a repeat of the persecution of dissenters by Mary. At the same time, a new <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1558" title="Act of Uniformity 1558">Act of Uniformity</a> was passed, which made attendance at church and the use of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1559)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1559)">1559 Book of Common Prayer</a> (an adapted version of the <a href="/wiki/1552_prayer_book" class="mw-redirect" title="1552 prayer book">1552 prayer book</a>) compulsory, though the penalties for <a href="/wiki/Recusancy" title="Recusancy">recusancy</a>, or failure to attend and conform, were not extreme.<a href="#cite_note-66">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_question">Marriage question</h2></div> From the start of Elizabeth's reign it was expected that she would marry, and the question arose to whom. Although she received many offers, she never married and remained childless; the reasons for this are not clear. Historians have speculated that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Seymour,_1st_Baron_Seymour_of_Sudeley" title="Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley">Thomas Seymour</a> had put her off sexual relationships.<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[60]</a> She considered several suitors until she was about 50 years old. Her last courtship was with <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a>, 22 years her junior. While risking possible loss of power like her sister, who played into the hands of King Philip II of Spain, marriage offered the chance of an heir.<a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a> However, the choice of a husband might also provoke political instability or even insurrection.<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Dudley">Robert Dudley</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_and_Leicester_miniatures_by_Hilliard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Elizabeth_and_Leicester_miniatures_by_Hilliard.png/220px-Elizabeth_and_Leicester_miniatures_by_Hilliard.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Elizabeth_and_Leicester_miniatures_by_Hilliard.png/330px-Elizabeth_and_Leicester_miniatures_by_Hilliard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Elizabeth_and_Leicester_miniatures_by_Hilliard.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Pair of <a href="/wiki/Portrait_miniature" title="Portrait miniature">miniatures</a> of Elizabeth and Leicester, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1575, by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a>. Their friendship lasted for over 30 years, until his death.</figcaption></figure> In the spring of 1559, it became evident that Elizabeth was in love with her childhood friend <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a> It was said that his wife <a href="/wiki/Amy_Robsart" title="Amy Robsart">Amy</a> was suffering from a "malady in one of her breasts" and that the Queen would like to marry Robert if his wife should die.<a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a> By the autumn of 1559, several foreign suitors were vying for Elizabeth's hand; their impatient envoys engaged in ever more scandalous talk and reported that a marriage with her <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourite</a> was not welcome in England:<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> "There is not a man who does not cry out on him and her with indignation ... she will marry none but the favoured Robert."<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a> Amy Dudley died in September 1560, from a fall from a flight of stairs and, despite the coroner's <a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">inquest</a> finding of accident, many people suspected her husband of having arranged her death so that he could marry the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[i]</a> Elizabeth seriously considered marrying Dudley for some time. However, <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">William Cecil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Throckmorton" title="Nicholas Throckmorton">Nicholas Throckmorton</a>, and some conservative <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">peers</a> made their disapproval unmistakably clear.<a href="#cite_note-79">[70]</a> There were even rumours that the nobility would rise if the marriage took place.<a href="#cite_note-80">[71]</a> Among other marriage candidates being considered for the queen, Robert Dudley continued to be regarded as a possible candidate for nearly another decade.<a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a> Elizabeth was extremely jealous of his affections, even when she no longer meant to marry him herself.<a href="#cite_note-82">[73]</a> She raised Dudley to the peerage as <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Leicester" title="Earl of Leicester">Earl of Leicester</a> in 1564. In 1578, he finally married <a href="/wiki/Lettice_Knollys" title="Lettice Knollys">Lettice Knollys</a>, to whom the queen reacted with repeated scenes of displeasure and lifelong hatred.<a href="#cite_note-83">[74]</a> Still, Dudley always "remained at the centre of [Elizabeth's] emotional life", as historian <a href="/wiki/Susan_Doran" title="Susan Doran">Susan Doran</a> has described the situation.<a href="#cite_note-84">[75]</a> He died shortly after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> in 1588. After Elizabeth's own death, a note from him was found among her most personal belongings, marked "his last letter" in her handwriting.<a href="#cite_note-85">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_candidates">Foreign candidates</h3></div> Marriage negotiations constituted a key element in Elizabeth's foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-haigh2-86">[77]</a> She turned down the hand of Philip, her half-sister's widower, early in 1559 but for several years entertained the proposal of King <a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">Eric XIV of Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[80]</a> Earlier in Elizabeth's life, a Danish match for her had been discussed; <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> had proposed one with the Danish prince <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a>, in 1545, and Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, suggested a marriage with Prince <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick</a> (later Frederick II) several years later, but the negotiations had abated in 1551.<a href="#cite_note-adams-90">[81]</a> In the years around 1559, a Dano-English Protestant alliance was considered,<a href="#cite_note-91">[82]</a> and to counter Sweden's proposal, King Frederick II proposed to Elizabeth in late 1559.<a href="#cite_note-adams-90">[81]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fd%27Alen%C3%A7on.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fd%27Alen%C3%A7on.jpg/150px-Fd%27Alen%C3%A7on.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fd%27Alen%C3%A7on.jpg/225px-Fd%27Alen%C3%A7on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fd%27Alen%C3%A7on.jpg/300px-Fd%27Alen%C3%A7on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth was engaged for a time to <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a>. The Queen called him her "frog", finding him "not so deformed" as she had been led to expect.<a href="#cite_note-92">[83]</a></figcaption></figure> For several years, she seriously negotiated to marry Philip's cousin <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria">Charles II, Archduke of Austria</a>. By 1569, relations with the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> had deteriorated. Elizabeth considered marriage to two French <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a> princes in turn, first <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry, Duke of Anjou">Henry, Duke of Anjou</a>, and then from 1572 to 1581 his brother <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a>, formerly Duke of Alençon.<a href="#cite_note-93">[84]</a> This last proposal was tied to a planned alliance against Spanish control of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[85]</a> Elizabeth seems to have taken the courtship seriously for a time, wearing a frog-shaped earring that Francis had sent her.<a href="#cite_note-95">[86]</a> In 1563, Elizabeth told an imperial envoy: "If I follow the inclination of my nature, it is this: beggar-woman and single, far rather than queen and married".<a href="#cite_note-haigh2-86">[77]</a> Later in the year, following Elizabeth's illness with <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Succession to Elizabeth I of England">succession question</a> became a heated issue in Parliament. Members urged the Queen to marry or nominate an heir, to prevent a civil war upon her death. She refused to do either. In April she <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session#Procedure_in_Commonwealth_realms" title="Legislative session">prorogued</a> the Parliament, which did not reconvene until she needed its support to raise taxes in 1566. Having previously promised to marry, she told an unruly House: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I will never break the word of a prince spoken in public place, for my honour's sake. And therefore I say again, I will marry as soon as I can conveniently, if God take not him away with whom I mind to marry, or myself, or else some other great let [obstruction]<a href="#cite_note-96">[87]</a> happen.<a href="#cite_note-97">[88]</a></blockquote> By 1570, senior figures in the government privately accepted that Elizabeth would never marry or name a successor. William Cecil was already seeking solutions to the succession problem.<a href="#cite_note-haigh2-86">[77]</a> For her failure to marry, Elizabeth was often accused of irresponsibility.<a href="#cite_note-98">[89]</a> Her silence, however, strengthened her own political security: she knew that if she named an heir, her throne would be vulnerable to a coup; she remembered the way that "a second person, as I have been" had been used as the focus of plots against her predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-99">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virginity">Virginity</h3></div> Elizabeth's unmarried status inspired a cult of virginity related to <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">that of the Virgin Mary</a>. In poetry and portraiture, she was depicted as a virgin, a goddess, or both, not as a normal woman.<a href="#cite_note-100">[91]</a> At first, only Elizabeth made a virtue of her ostensible virginity: in 1559, she told the Commons, "And, in the end, this shall be for me sufficient, that a marble stone shall declare that a queen, having reigned such a time, lived and died a virgin".<a href="#cite_note-Hh-101">[92]</a> Later on, poets and writers took up the theme and developed an <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> that exalted Elizabeth. Public tributes to the Virgin by 1578 acted as a coded assertion of opposition to the queen's marriage negotiations with the Duke of Alençon.<a href="#cite_note-102">[93]</a> Ultimately, Elizabeth would insist she was married to her kingdom and subjects, under divine protection. In 1599, she spoke of "all my husbands, my good people".<a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Procession_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Procession_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_I.jpg/250px-Procession_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Procession_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_I.jpg/375px-Procession_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Procession_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_I.jpg/500px-Procession_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6142" data-file-height="4271" /></a><figcaption>The Procession Picture, c. 1600, showing Elizabeth I borne along by her courtiers</figcaption></figure> This claim of virginity was not universally accepted. Catholics accused Elizabeth of engaging in "filthy lust" that symbolically defiled the nation along with her body.<a href="#cite_note-104">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> said that one of the great questions of Europe was "whether Queen Elizabeth was a maid or no".<a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> A central issue, when it comes to the question of Elizabeth's virginity, was whether the Queen ever consummated her love affair with Robert Dudley. In 1559, she had Dudley's bedchambers moved next to her own apartments. In 1561, she was mysteriously bedridden with an illness that caused her body to swell.<a href="#cite_note-106">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[98]</a> In 1587, a young man calling himself <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Dudley" title="Arthur Dudley">Arthur Dudley</a> was arrested on the coast of Spain under suspicion of being a spy.<a href="#cite_note-simancas-108">[99]</a> The man claimed to be the illegitimate son of Elizabeth and Robert Dudley, with his age being consistent with birth during the 1561 illness.<a href="#cite_note-levin1-109">[100]</a> He was taken to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> for investigation, where he was examined by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Englefield" title="Francis Englefield">Francis Englefield</a>, a Catholic aristocrat exiled to Spain and secretary to King Philip II.<a href="#cite_note-simancas-108">[99]</a> Three letters exist today describing the interview, detailing what Arthur proclaimed to be the story of his life, from birth in the royal palace to the time of his arrival in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-simancas-108">[99]</a> However, this failed to convince the Spaniards: Englefield admitted to King Philip that Arthur's "claim at present amounts to nothing", but suggested that "he should not be allowed to get away, but [...] kept very secure."<a href="#cite_note-levin1-109">[100]</a> The King agreed, and Arthur was never heard from again.<a href="#cite_note-levin2-110">[101]</a> Modern scholarship dismisses the story's basic premise as "impossible",<a href="#cite_note-levin1-109">[100]</a> and asserts that Elizabeth's life was so closely observed by contemporaries that she could not have hidden a pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-levin2-110">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mary,_Queen_of_Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg/220px-Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg/330px-Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg/440px-Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, who was considered by her French relatives to be rightful Queen of England instead of Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-Guy,_96–97-112">[103]</a></figcaption></figure> Elizabeth's first policy toward <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> was to oppose the French presence there.<a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a> She feared that the French planned to invade England and put her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, on the throne. Mary was considered by many to be the heir to the English crown, being the granddaughter of Henry VIII's elder sister, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret</a>. Mary boasted being "the nearest kinswoman she hath".<a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[j]</a> Elizabeth was persuaded to send a force into Scotland to aid the Protestant rebels, and though the campaign was inept, the resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Edinburgh" title="Treaty of Edinburgh">Treaty of Edinburgh</a> of July 1560 removed the French threat in the north.<a href="#cite_note-117">[k]</a> When Mary returned from France to Scotland in 1561 to take up the reins of power, the country had an established Protestant church and was run by a council of Protestant nobles supported by Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-118">[107]</a> Mary refused to ratify the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-loades-119">[108]</a> In 1563, Elizabeth proposed her own suitor, Robert Dudley, as a husband for Mary, without asking either of the two people concerned. Both proved unenthusiastic,<a href="#cite_note-120">[109]</a> and in 1565, Mary married <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a>, who carried his own claim to the English throne. The marriage was the first of a series of errors of judgement by Mary that handed the victory to the Scottish Protestants and to Elizabeth. Darnley quickly became unpopular and was murdered in February 1567 by conspirators almost certainly led by <a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_Earl_of_Bothwell" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell">James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell</a>. Shortly afterwards, on 15 May 1567, Mary married Bothwell, arousing suspicions that she had been party to the murder of her husband. Elizabeth confronted Mary about the marriage, writing to her: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">How could a worse choice be made for your honour than in such haste to marry such a subject, who besides other and notorious lacks, public fame has charged with the murder of your late husband, besides the touching of yourself also in some part, though we trust in that behalf falsely.<a href="#cite_note-121">[110]</a></blockquote> These events led rapidly to Mary's defeat and imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Lochleven_Castle" title="Lochleven Castle">Lochleven Castle</a>. The Scottish lords forced her to <a href="/wiki/Act_Anent_the_demission_of_the_Crown_in_favour_of_our_Sovereign_Lord,_and_his_Majesty%27s_Coronation_1567" class="mw-redirect" title="Act Anent the demission of the Crown in favour of our Sovereign Lord, and his Majesty's Coronation 1567">abdicate</a> in favour of her one-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/James_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI">James VI</a>. James was taken to <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a> to be raised as a Protestant. Mary escaped in 1568 but after a defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langside" title="Battle of Langside">Langside</a> sailed to England, where she had once been assured of support from Elizabeth. Elizabeth's first instinct was to restore her fellow monarch, but she and her council instead chose to play safe. Rather than risk returning Mary to Scotland with an English army or sending her to France and the Catholic enemies of England, they detained her in England, where she was imprisoned for the next nineteen years.<a href="#cite_note-122">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_cause">Catholic cause</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Francis_Walsingham_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sir_Francis_Walsingham_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder.jpg/170px-Sir_Francis_Walsingham_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sir_Francis_Walsingham_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder.jpg/255px-Sir_Francis_Walsingham_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sir_Francis_Walsingham_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder.jpg/340px-Sir_Francis_Walsingham_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a>, Elizabeth's <a href="/wiki/Spymaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Spymaster">spymaster</a>, uncovered several plots against her life.</figcaption></figure> Mary was soon the focus for rebellion. In 1569 there was a major Catholic <a href="/wiki/Rising_of_the_North" title="Rising of the North">rising in the North</a>; the goal was to free Mary, marry her to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_4th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a>, and put her on the English throne.<a href="#cite_note-Loades,_73-123">[112]</a> After the rebels' defeat, over 750 of them were executed on Elizabeth's orders.<a href="#cite_note-124">[113]</a> In the belief that the revolt had been successful, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> in 1570, titled <a href="/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis" title="Regnans in Excelsis">Regnans in Excelsis</a>, which declared "Elizabeth, the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime" to be excommunicated and a <a href="/wiki/Heretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretic">heretic</a>, releasing all her subjects from any allegiance to her.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath,_69-125">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collinson_p._67-126">[115]</a> Catholics who obeyed her orders were threatened with <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath,_69-125">[114]</a> The papal bull provoked legislative initiatives against Catholics by Parliament, which were, however, mitigated by Elizabeth's intervention.<a href="#cite_note-127">[116]</a> In 1581, to convert English subjects to Catholicism with "the intent" to withdraw them from their allegiance to Elizabeth was made a <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treasonable</a> offence, carrying the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-128">[117]</a> From the 1570s <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> priests from continental <a href="/wiki/Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaries">seminaries</a> went to England secretly in the cause of the "reconversion of England".<a href="#cite_note-Collinson_p._67-126">[115]</a> Some were executed for treasonable conduct, engendering a cult of <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collinson_p._67-126">[115]</a> Regnans in Excelsis gave English Catholics a strong incentive to look to Mary as the legitimate sovereign of England. Mary may not have been told of every Catholic plot to put her on the English throne, but from the <a href="/wiki/Ridolfi_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridolfi Plot">Ridolfi Plot</a> of 1571 (which caused Mary's suitor, the Duke of Norfolk, to lose his head) to the <a href="/wiki/Babington_Plot" title="Babington Plot">Babington Plot</a> of 1586, Elizabeth's spymaster <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a> and the royal council keenly assembled a case against her.<a href="#cite_note-Loades,_73-123">[112]</a> At first, Elizabeth resisted calls for Mary's death. By late 1586, she had been persuaded to sanction <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary's trial and execution</a> on the evidence of letters written during the Babington Plot.<a href="#cite_note-129">[118]</a> Elizabeth's proclamation of the sentence announced that "the said Mary, pretending title to the same Crown, had compassed and imagined within the same realm diverse things tending to the hurt, death and destruction of our royal person."<a href="#cite_note-130">[119]</a> On 8 February 1587, Mary was beheaded at <a href="/wiki/Fotheringhay_Castle" title="Fotheringhay Castle">Fotheringhay Castle</a>, Northamptonshire.<a href="#cite_note-131">[120]</a> After the execution, Elizabeth claimed that she had not intended for the signed execution warrant to be dispatched, and blamed her secretary, <a href="/wiki/William_Davison_(diplomat)" title="William Davison (diplomat)">William Davison</a>, for implementing it without her knowledge. The sincerity of Elizabeth's remorse and whether or not she wanted to delay the warrant have been called into question both by her contemporaries and later historians.<a href="#cite_note-collinson-59">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wars_and_overseas_trade">Wars and overseas trade</h2></div> Elizabeth's foreign policy was largely defensive. The exception was the <a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_France_(1562%E2%80%931563)" title="English expedition to France (1562–1563)">English occupation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> from October 1562 to June 1563, which ended in failure when Elizabeth's <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> allies joined with the Catholics to retake the port. Elizabeth's intention had been to exchange Le Havre for <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Calais" title="Pale of Calais">Calais</a>, lost to France in January 1558.<a href="#cite_note-132">[121]</a> Only through the activities of her fleets did Elizabeth pursue an aggressive policy. This paid off in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">war against Spain</a>, 80% of which was fought at sea.<a href="#cite_note-loades61-133">[122]</a> She knighted <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> after <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_Circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Drake's Circumnavigation">his circumnavigation</a> of the globe from 1577 to 1580, and he won fame for his raids on Spanish ports and fleets. An element of <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> and self-enrichment drove Elizabethan seafarers, over whom the Queen had little control.<a href="#cite_note-134">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elzbieta_przyjmuj_ca_ambasador%C3%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Elzbieta_przyjmuj_ca_ambasador%C3%B3.jpg/300px-Elzbieta_przyjmuj_ca_ambasador%C3%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Elzbieta_przyjmuj_ca_ambasador%C3%B3.jpg/450px-Elzbieta_przyjmuj_ca_ambasador%C3%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Elzbieta_przyjmuj_ca_ambasador%C3%B3.jpg/600px-Elzbieta_przyjmuj_ca_ambasador%C3%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth receiving Dutch ambassadors, 1560s, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Levina_Teerlinc" title="Levina Teerlinc">Levina Teerlinc</a></figcaption></figure> After the occupation and loss of Le Havre in 1562–1563, Elizabeth avoided military expeditions on the continent until 1585, when she sent an English army to aid the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch rebels</a> against Philip II.<a href="#cite_note-haigh135-136">[125]</a> This followed the deaths in 1584 of the Queen's allies <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>, Prince of Orange, and the Duke of Anjou, and the surrender of a series of Dutch towns to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma</a>, Philip's governor of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>. In December 1584, an alliance between Philip II and the French <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a> at <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville" title="Treaty of Joinville">Joinville</a> undermined the ability of Anjou's brother, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a>, to counter <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> domination of the Netherlands. It also extended Spanish influence along the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">channel</a> coast of France, where the Catholic League was strong, and exposed England to invasion.<a href="#cite_note-haigh135-136">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1584%E2%80%931585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Antwerp (1584–1585)">siege of Antwerp</a> in the summer of 1585 by the Duke of Parma necessitated some reaction on the part of the English and the Dutch. The outcome was the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nonsuch" title="Treaty of Nonsuch">Treaty of Nonsuch</a> of August 1585, in which Elizabeth promised military support to the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-137">[126]</a> The treaty marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War</a>, which lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1604)" title="Treaty of London (1604)">Treaty of London</a> in 1604. The expedition was led by Elizabeth's former suitor, the Earl of Leicester. Elizabeth from the start did not really back this course of action. Her strategy, to support the Dutch on the surface with an English army, while beginning secret peace talks with Spain within days of Leicester's arrival in Holland,<a href="#cite_note-138">[127]</a> had necessarily to be at odds with Leicester's, who had set up <a href="/wiki/English_protectorate_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English protectorate of the Netherlands">a protectorate</a> and was expected by the Dutch to fight an active campaign. Elizabeth, on the other hand, wanted him "to avoid at all costs any decisive action with the enemy".<a href="#cite_note-139">[128]</a> He enraged Elizabeth by accepting the post of Governor-General from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch States General">Dutch States General</a>. Elizabeth saw this as a Dutch ploy to force her to accept sovereignty over the Netherlands,<a href="#cite_note-140">[129]</a> which so far she had always declined. She wrote to Leicester: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We could never have imagined (had we not seen it fall out in experience) that a man raised up by ourself and extraordinarily favoured by us, above any other subject of this land, would have in so contemptible a sort broken our commandment in a cause that so greatly touches us in honour ... And therefore our express pleasure and commandment is that, all delays and excuses laid apart, you do presently upon the duty of your allegiance obey and fulfill whatsoever the bearer hereof shall direct you to do in our name. Whereof fail you not, as you will answer the contrary at your utmost peril.<a href="#cite_note-141">[130]</a></blockquote> Elizabeth's "commandment" was that her emissary read out her letters of disapproval publicly before the Dutch Council of State, Leicester having to stand nearby.<a href="#cite_note-142">[131]</a> This public humiliation of her "Lieutenant-General" combined with her continued talks for a separate peace with Spain<a href="#cite_note-144">[l]</a> irreversibly undermined Leicester's standing among the Dutch. The military campaign was severely hampered by Elizabeth's repeated refusals to send promised funds for her starving soldiers. Her unwillingness to commit herself to the cause, Leicester's own shortcomings as a political and military leader, and the faction-ridden and chaotic situation of Dutch politics led to the failure of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-145">[133]</a> Leicester finally resigned his command in December 1587.<a href="#cite_note-146">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Armada">Spanish Armada</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%ADcholas-Hilliard-Elizabeth-I-Queen-of-England-c-1586-87.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/N%C3%ADcholas-Hilliard-Elizabeth-I-Queen-of-England-c-1586-87.tif/lossy-page1-220px-N%C3%ADcholas-Hilliard-Elizabeth-I-Queen-of-England-c-1586-87.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/N%C3%ADcholas-Hilliard-Elizabeth-I-Queen-of-England-c-1586-87.tif/lossy-page1-330px-N%C3%ADcholas-Hilliard-Elizabeth-I-Queen-of-England-c-1586-87.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/N%C3%ADcholas-Hilliard-Elizabeth-I-Queen-of-England-c-1586-87.tif/lossy-page1-440px-N%C3%ADcholas-Hilliard-Elizabeth-I-Queen-of-England-c-1586-87.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="2495" /></a><figcaption>Portrait from 1586 to 1587, by Nicholas Hilliard, around the time of the voyages of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, Francis Drake had undertaken a major voyage against Spanish ports and ships in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> in 1585 and 1586. In 1587 he made a <a href="/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard" title="Singeing the King of Spain's Beard">successful raid</a> on <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, destroying the Spanish fleet of war ships intended for the Enterprise of England,<a href="#cite_note-147">[135]</a> as Philip II had decided to take the war to England.<a href="#cite_note-haigh138-148">[136]</a> On 12 July 1588, the Spanish Armada, a great fleet of ships, set sail for the channel, planning to ferry a Spanish invasion force under the Duke of Parma to the coast of southeast England from the Netherlands. The armada was defeated by a combination of miscalculation,<a href="#cite_note-150">[m]</a> misfortune, and an attack of English <a href="/wiki/Fire_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire ships">fire ships</a> off <a href="/wiki/Gravelines" title="Gravelines">Gravelines</a> at midnight on 28–29 July (7–8 August New Style), which dispersed the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish</a> ships to the northeast.<a href="#cite_note-151">[138]</a> The Armada straggled home to Spain in shattered remnants, after disastrous losses on the coast of Ireland (after some ships had tried to struggle back to Spain via the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, and then back south past the west coast of Ireland).<a href="#cite_note-neale300-152">[139]</a> Unaware of the Armada's fate, English militias mustered to defend the country under the Earl of Leicester's command. Leicester invited Elizabeth to inspect her troops at <a href="/wiki/Tilbury" title="Tilbury">Tilbury</a> in Essex on 8 August. Wearing a silver breastplate over a white velvet dress, she addressed them in her <a href="/wiki/Speech_to_the_Troops_at_Tilbury" title="Speech to the Troops at Tilbury">Speech to the Troops at Tilbury</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourself to armed multitudes for fear of treachery; but I assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people ... I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a King of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any Prince of Europe should dare to invade the borders of my realm.<a href="#cite_note-153">[140]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_(Armada_Portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg/300px-Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg/450px-Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg/600px-Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait commemorating the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, depicted in the background. Elizabeth's hand rests on the globe, symbolising her international power. One of three known versions of the "<a href="/wiki/Armada_Portrait" title="Armada Portrait">Armada Portrait</a>".</figcaption></figure> When no invasion came, the nation rejoiced. Elizabeth's procession to a thanksgiving service at <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> rivalled that of her coronation as a spectacle.<a href="#cite_note-neale300-152">[139]</a> The defeat of the armada was a potent propaganda victory, both for Elizabeth and for Protestant England. The English took their delivery as a symbol of God's favour and of the nation's inviolability under a virgin queen.<a href="#cite_note-loades61-133">[122]</a> However, the victory was not a turning point in the war, which continued and often favoured Spain.<a href="#cite_note-xucglh-154">[141]</a> The Spaniards still controlled the southern provinces of the Netherlands, and the threat of invasion remained.<a href="#cite_note-haigh138-148">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> claimed after her death that Elizabeth's caution had impeded the war against Spain: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If the late queen would have believed her men of war as she did her scribes, we had in her time beaten that great empire in pieces and made their kings of figs and oranges as in old times. But her Majesty did all by halves, and by petty invasions taught the Spaniard how to defend himself, and to see his own weakness.<a href="#cite_note-155">[142]</a></blockquote> Though some historians have criticised Elizabeth on similar grounds,<a href="#cite_note-157">[n]</a> Elizabeth had good reason not to place too much trust in her commanders, who once in action tended, as she put it herself, "to be transported with an haviour of vainglory".<a href="#cite_note-158">[144]</a> In 1589, the year after the Spanish Armada, Elizabeth sent to Spain the <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a> or Counter Armada with 23,375 men and 150 ships, led by Francis Drake as admiral and <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)" title="John Norris (soldier)">John Norreys</a> as general. The English fleet suffered a catastrophic defeat with 11,000–15,000 killed, wounded or died of disease<a href="#cite_note-159">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernández_Duro_1972_p.51-161">[147]</a> and 40 ships sunk or captured.<a href="#cite_note-Fernández_Duro_1972_p.51-161">[147]</a> The advantage England had won upon the destruction of the Spanish Armada was lost, and the Spanish victory marked a revival of Philip II's naval power through the next decade.<a href="#cite_note-162">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_Queen_Elizabeth_I_sixpence_1593.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/England_Queen_Elizabeth_I_sixpence_1593.jpg/220px-England_Queen_Elizabeth_I_sixpence_1593.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/England_Queen_Elizabeth_I_sixpence_1593.jpg/330px-England_Queen_Elizabeth_I_sixpence_1593.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/England_Queen_Elizabeth_I_sixpence_1593.jpg/440px-England_Queen_Elizabeth_I_sixpence_1593.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Silver <a href="/wiki/Sixpence_(British_coin)" title="Sixpence (British coin)">sixpence</a> struck 1593 identifying Elizabeth as "<a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">by the Grace of God</a> Queen of England, <a href="/wiki/English_claim_to_the_French_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="English claim to the French throne">France</a>, and Ireland"</figcaption></figure> When the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> inherited the French throne in 1589, Elizabeth sent him military support. It was her first venture into France since the retreat from Le Havre in 1563. Henry's succession was strongly contested by the Catholic League and by Philip II, and Elizabeth feared a Spanish takeover of the channel ports. The subsequent English campaigns in France, however, were disorganised and ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-haigh142-163">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Bertie,_13th_Baron_Willoughby_de_Eresby" title="Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby">Peregrine Bertie</a>, largely ignoring Elizabeth's orders, roamed northern France to little effect, with an army of 4,000 men. He withdrew in disarray in December 1589, having lost half his troops. In 1591, the campaign of John Norreys, who led 3,000 men to <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, was even more of a disaster. As for all such expeditions, Elizabeth was unwilling to invest in the supplies and reinforcements requested by the commanders. Norreys left for London to plead in person for more support. In his absence, a Catholic League army almost destroyed the remains of his army at <a href="/wiki/Craon,_Mayenne" title="Craon, Mayenne">Craon</a>, north-west France, in May 1591. In July, Elizabeth sent out another force under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_Earl_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex">Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex</a>, to help Henry IV in besieging <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>. The result was just as dismal. Essex accomplished nothing and returned home in January 1592. Henry abandoned the siege in April.<a href="#cite_note-164">[150]</a> As usual, Elizabeth lacked control over her commanders once they were abroad. "Where he is, or what he doth, or what he is to do," she wrote of Essex, "we are ignorant".<a href="#cite_note-165">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate12.jpg/250px-The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate12.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate12.jpg/375px-The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate12.jpg/500px-The_Image_of_Irelande_-_plate12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>The Irish <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Turlough_Luineach_O%27Neill" class="mw-redirect" title="Turlough Luineach O'Neill">O'Neale</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">kerns</a> kneel to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidney" title="Henry Sidney">Henry Sidney</a> in submission.</figcaption></figure> Although Ireland was one of her two kingdoms, Elizabeth faced a hostile, and in places virtually autonomous,<a href="#cite_note-167">[o]</a> Irish population that adhered to Catholicism and was willing to defy her authority and plot with her enemies. Her policy there was to grant land to her courtiers and prevent the rebels from giving Spain a base from which to attack England.<a href="#cite_note-168">[153]</a> In the course of a series of uprisings, Crown forces pursued <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth">scorched-earth</a> tactics, burning the land and slaughtering man, woman and child. During a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_FitzGerald,_14th_Earl_of_Desmond" title="Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond">Gerald FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond</a>, in 1582, an estimated 30,000 Irish people starved to death. The poet and colonist <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> wrote that the victims "were brought to such wretchedness as that any stony heart would have rued the same".<a href="#cite_note-169">[154]</a> Elizabeth advised her commanders that the Irish, "that rude and barbarous nation", be well treated, but she or her commanders showed no remorse when force and bloodshed served their authoritarian purpose.<a href="#cite_note-170">[155]</a> Between 1593 and 1603, Elizabeth faced her most severe test in Ireland during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a>, a revolt that took place at the height of hostilities with <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Spain</a>, who backed the rebel leader, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Loades,_98-171">[156]</a> In spring 1599, Elizabeth sent <a href="/wiki/Essex_in_Ireland" title="Essex in Ireland">Robert Devereux</a> to put the revolt down. To her frustration,<a href="#cite_note-172">[p]</a> he made little progress and returned to England in defiance of her orders. He was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blount,_8th_Baron_Mountjoy" title="Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy">Charles Blount</a>, who within three years defeated the rebels who had been supported by a <a href="/wiki/4th_Spanish_Armada" title="4th Spanish Armada">Spanish expedition</a>. O'Neill finally surrendered in 1603, a few days after Elizabeth's death.<a href="#cite_note-173">[157]</a> Soon afterwards, a peace treaty was signed between England and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-174">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div> Elizabeth continued to maintain the diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> that were originally established by her half-brother, Edward VI. She often wrote to Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> on amicable terms, though the Tsar was often annoyed by her focus on commerce rather than on the possibility of a military alliance. Ivan even proposed to her once, and during his later reign, asked for a guarantee to be granted asylum in England should his rule be jeopardised.<a href="#cite_note-muscovy-175">[159]</a> When this failed, he asked to marry <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hastings" title="Mary Hastings">Mary Hastings</a>, which Elizabeth declined to speak to the Russian ambassador about.<a href="#cite_note-176">[160]</a> English merchant and explorer <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Jenkinson" title="Anthony Jenkinson">Anthony Jenkinson</a>, who began his career as a representative of the <a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Company" title="Muscovy Company">Muscovy Company</a>, became the Queen's <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_Kingdom_of_England_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the Kingdom of England to Russia">special ambassador</a> to the court of Tsar Ivan.<a href="#cite_note-177">[161]</a> Upon his death in 1584, Ivan was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodor I">Feodor I</a>. Unlike his father, Feodor had no enthusiasm in maintaining exclusive trading rights with England. He declared his kingdom open to all foreigners, and dismissed the English ambassador <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bowes" title="Jerome Bowes">Jerome Bowes</a>, whose pomposity had been tolerated by Ivan. Elizabeth sent a new ambassador, Dr. Giles Fletcher, to demand from the regent <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris Godunov</a> that he convince the Tsar to reconsider. The negotiations failed, due to Fletcher addressing Feodor with two of his many titles omitted. Elizabeth continued to appeal to Feodor in half appealing, half reproachful letters. She proposed an alliance, something which she had refused to do when offered one by Feodor's father, but was turned down.<a href="#cite_note-muscovy-175">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_states">Muslim states</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg/240px-MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg/360px-MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg/480px-MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Ouahed_ben_Messaoud" title="Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud">Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud</a> was the Moorish ambassador to Elizabeth in 1600.</figcaption></figure> Trade and diplomatic relations developed between England and the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary states">Barbary states</a> during the rule of Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-vaughan-178">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[163]</a> England established a trading relationship with <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Morocco</a> in opposition to Spain, selling armour, ammunition, timber, and metal in exchange for Moroccan sugar, in spite of a <a href="/wiki/Papal" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal">papal</a> ban.<a href="#cite_note-180">[164]</a> In 1600, <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Ouahed_ben_Messaoud" title="Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud">Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud</a>, the principal secretary to the Moroccan ruler Mulai <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Ahmad al-Mansur</a>, visited England as an ambassador to the English court,<a href="#cite_note-vaughan-178">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[165]</a> to negotiate an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a> against Spain.<a href="#cite_note-tate.org.uk-182">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-vaughan-178">[162]</a> Elizabeth "agreed to sell munitions supplies to Morocco, and she and Mulai Ahmad al-Mansur talked on and off about mounting a joint operation against the Spanish".<a href="#cite_note-Kupperman39-183">[167]</a> Discussions, however, remained inconclusive, and both rulers died within two years of the embassy.<a href="#cite_note-184">[168]</a> Diplomatic relations were also established with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> with the chartering of the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a> and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Harborne" title="William Harborne">William Harborne</a>, in 1578.<a href="#cite_note-Kupperman39-183">[167]</a> For the first time, a treaty of commerce was signed in 1580.<a href="#cite_note-185">[169]</a> Numerous envoys were dispatched in both directions and epistolar exchanges occurred between Elizabeth and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kupperman39-183">[167]</a> In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a> had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-186">[170]</a> To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and munitions to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.<a href="#cite_note-187">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="America">America</h3></div> In 1583, <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Humphrey Gilbert</a> sailed west to establish a colony in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>. He never returned to England. Gilbert's half-brother <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> explored the Atlantic Coast and claimed the territory of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a>, perhaps named in honour of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen". This territory was much larger than the present-day state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, extending from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Carolinas" title="Carolinas">Carolinas</a>. In 1585, Raleigh returned to Virginia with a small group of people. They landed on <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a>, off present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. After the failure of the first colony, Raleigh recruited another group and put <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a> in command. When Raleigh returned in 1590, there was no trace of the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a> he had left, but it was the first English settlement in North America.<a href="#cite_note-188">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_India_Company">East India Company</h3></div> Following successful privateering against Spanish and Portuguese vessels, English voyagers travelled the globe in search of riches. As a result, London merchants presented a petition to Elizabeth with the aim of delivering a decisive blow to the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly of far-eastern trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWernham1994333–334-189">[173]</a> On 31 December 1600 the merchants received its charter from Elizabeth, and the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region and China. <a href="/wiki/James_Lancaster" title="James Lancaster">James Lancaster</a> commanded the first expedition the following year which was a success. For a period of 15 years, the company was awarded a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> and west of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Magellan">Straits of Magellan</a>. The Company eventually controlled half of world trade and substantial territory in India in the 18th and 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-190">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2></div> The period after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 brought new difficulties for Elizabeth that lasted until the end of her reign.<a href="#cite_note-xucglh-154">[141]</a> The conflicts with Spain and in Ireland dragged on, the tax burden grew heavier, and the economy was hit by poor harvests and the cost of war. Prices rose and the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> fell.<a href="#cite_note-haigh-191">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-xucglh-154">[141]</a> During this time, repression of Catholics intensified, and Elizabeth authorised commissions in 1591 to interrogate and monitor Catholic householders.<a href="#cite_note-193">[177]</a> To maintain the illusion of peace and prosperity, she increasingly relied on internal spies and propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-haigh-191">[175]</a> In her last years, mounting criticism reflected a decline in the public's affection for her.<a href="#cite_note-195">[q]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[r]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devereaux_essex4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Robert Devereaux, 2nd Earl of Essex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Devereaux_essex4.jpg/170px-Devereaux_essex4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Devereaux_essex4.jpg/255px-Devereaux_essex4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Devereaux_essex4.jpg/340px-Devereaux_essex4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Lord Essex was a favourite of Elizabeth I despite his petulance and irresponsibility.</figcaption></figure> One of the causes for this "second reign" of Elizabeth, as it is sometimes called,<a href="#cite_note-198">[180]</a> was the changed character of Elizabeth's governing body, the privy council in the 1590s. A new generation was in power. With the exception of William Cecil, Baron Burghley, the most important politicians had died around 1590: the Earl of Leicester in 1588; Francis Walsingham in 1590; and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hatton" title="Christopher Hatton">Christopher Hatton</a> in 1591.<a href="#cite_note-199">[181]</a> Factional strife in the government, which had not existed in a noteworthy form before the 1590s,<a href="#cite_note-200">[182]</a> now became its hallmark.<a href="#cite_note-201">[183]</a> A bitter rivalry arose between <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">Robert Cecil</a>, son of Lord Burghley, with both being supported by their respective adherents. The struggle for the most powerful positions in the state marred the kingdom's politics.<a href="#cite_note-202">[184]</a> The Queen's personal authority was lessening,<a href="#cite_note-203">[185]</a> as is shown in the 1594 affair of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Roderigo_Lopes" title="Roderigo Lopes">Roderigo Lopes</a>, her trusted physician. When he was wrongly accused by the Earl of Essex of treason out of personal pique, she could not prevent the doctor's execution, although she had been angry about his arrest and seems not to have believed in his guilt.<a href="#cite_note-204">[186]</a> During the last years of her reign, Elizabeth came to rely on the granting of monopolies as a cost-free system of patronage, rather than asking Parliament for more subsidies in a time of war.<a href="#cite_note-206">[s]</a> The practice soon led to <a href="/wiki/Price-fixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Price-fixing">price-fixing</a>, the enrichment of courtiers at the public's expense, and widespread resentment.<a href="#cite_note-207">[188]</a> This culminated in agitation in the House of Commons during the parliament of 1601.<a href="#cite_note-208">[189]</a> In her famous "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Speech" title="Golden Speech">Golden Speech</a>" of 30 November 1601 at <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehall Palace">Whitehall Palace</a> to a deputation of 140 members, Elizabeth professed ignorance of the abuses, and won the members over with promises and her usual appeal to the emotions:<a href="#cite_note-209">[190]</a> <blockquote>Who keeps their sovereign from the lapse of error, in which, by ignorance and not by intent they might have fallen, what thank they deserve, we know, though you may guess. And as nothing is more dear to us than the loving conservation of our subjects' hearts, what an undeserved doubt might we have incurred if the abusers of our liberality, the thrallers of our people, the wringers of the poor, had not been told us!<a href="#cite_note-210">[191]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_portrait,_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger_c.1595.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elizabeth I in later years" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Elizabeth_I_portrait%2C_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger_c.1595.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_I_portrait%2C_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger_c.1595.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Elizabeth_I_portrait%2C_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger_c.1595.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_I_portrait%2C_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger_c.1595.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Elizabeth_I_portrait%2C_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger_c.1595.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_I_portrait%2C_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger_c.1595.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption>Portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger" title="Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger">Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger</a> or his studio, c. 1595</figcaption></figure> This same period of economic and political uncertainty, however, produced an unsurpassed literary flowering in England.<a href="#cite_note-211">[192]</a> The first signs of a new literary movement had appeared at the end of the second decade of Elizabeth's reign, with <a href="/wiki/John_Lyly" title="John Lyly">John Lyly</a>'s Euphues and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Shepheardes_Calender" title="The Shepheardes Calender">The Shepheardes Calender</a> in 1578. During the 1590s, some of the great names of <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a> entered their maturity, including <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>. Continuing into the <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a>, the English theatre would reach its peak.<a href="#cite_note-212">[193]</a> The notion of a great <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a> depends largely on the builders, dramatists, poets, and musicians who were active during Elizabeth's reign. They owed little directly to the Queen, who was never a major patron of the arts.<a href="#cite_note-213">[194]</a> As Elizabeth aged, her image gradually changed. She was portrayed as <a href="/wiki/Belphoebe" title="Belphoebe">Belphoebe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Astraea" title="Astraea">Astraea</a>, and after the Armada, as <a href="/wiki/Gloriana" title="Gloriana">Gloriana</a>, the eternally youthful <a href="/wiki/Faerie_Queene" class="mw-redirect" title="Faerie Queene">Faerie Queene</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>'s poem. Elizabeth gave Edmund Spenser a pension; as this was unusual for her, it indicates that she liked his work.<a href="#cite_note-214">[195]</a> Her painted portraits became less realistic and more a set of enigmatic <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">icons</a> that made her look much younger than she was. In fact, her skin had been scarred by <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> in 1562, leaving her half bald and dependent on wigs and <a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">cosmetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loades92-215">[196]</a> Her love of sweets and fear of dentists contributed to severe tooth decay and loss to such an extent that foreign ambassadors had a hard time understanding her speech.<a href="#cite_note-216">[197]</a> André Hurault de Maisse, Ambassador Extraordinary from Henry IV of France, reported an audience with the Queen, during which he noticed, "her teeth are very yellow and unequal ... and on the left side less than on the right. Many of them are missing, so that one cannot understand her easily when she speaks quickly." Yet he added, "her figure is fair and tall and graceful in whatever she does; so far as may be she keeps her dignity, yet humbly and graciously withal."<a href="#cite_note-217">[198]</a> Walter Raleigh called her "a lady whom time had surprised".<a href="#cite_note-218">[199]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christoffel_van_Sichem_I,_Elizabeth,_Queen_of_Great_Britain,_published_1601,_NGA_38052.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Christoffel_van_Sichem_I%2C_Elizabeth%2C_Queen_of_Great_Britain%2C_published_1601%2C_NGA_38052.jpg/220px-Christoffel_van_Sichem_I%2C_Elizabeth%2C_Queen_of_Great_Britain%2C_published_1601%2C_NGA_38052.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Christoffel_van_Sichem_I%2C_Elizabeth%2C_Queen_of_Great_Britain%2C_published_1601%2C_NGA_38052.jpg/330px-Christoffel_van_Sichem_I%2C_Elizabeth%2C_Queen_of_Great_Britain%2C_published_1601%2C_NGA_38052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Christoffel_van_Sichem_I%2C_Elizabeth%2C_Queen_of_Great_Britain%2C_published_1601%2C_NGA_38052.jpg/440px-Christoffel_van_Sichem_I%2C_Elizabeth%2C_Queen_of_Great_Britain%2C_published_1601%2C_NGA_38052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3046" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Christoffel van Sichem I, Elizabeth, Queen of Great Britain, published 1601</figcaption></figure> The more Elizabeth's beauty faded, the more her <a href="/wiki/Courtiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtiers">courtiers</a> praised it.<a href="#cite_note-loades92-215">[196]</a> Elizabeth was happy to play the part,<a href="#cite_note-220">[t]</a> but it is possible that in the last decade of her life she began to believe her own performance. She became fond and indulgent of the charming but petulant young Earl of Essex, who was Leicester's stepson and took liberties with her for which she forgave him.<a href="#cite_note-Lds-221">[201]</a> She repeatedly appointed him to military posts despite his growing record of irresponsibility. After Essex's desertion of his command in Ireland in 1599, Elizabeth had him placed under house arrest and the following year deprived him of his monopolies.<a href="#cite_note-222">[202]</a> In February 1601, Essex tried to raise a rebellion in London. He intended to seize the Queen but few rallied to his support, and he was beheaded on 25 February. Elizabeth knew that her own misjudgements were partly to blame for this turn of events. An observer wrote in 1602: "Her delight is to sit in the dark, and sometimes with shedding tears to bewail Essex."<a href="#cite_note-223">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DelarocheQueenElizabeth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/DelarocheQueenElizabeth.jpg/220px-DelarocheQueenElizabeth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/DelarocheQueenElizabeth.jpg/330px-DelarocheQueenElizabeth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/DelarocheQueenElizabeth.jpg/440px-DelarocheQueenElizabeth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth's death depicted by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Delaroche" title="Paul Delaroche">Paul Delaroche</a>, 1828</figcaption></figure> Elizabeth's senior adviser, Lord Burghley, died on 4 August 1598. His political mantle passed to his son Robert, who soon became the leader of the government.<a href="#cite_note-225">[u]</a> One task he addressed was to prepare the way for a <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Succession to Elizabeth I of England">smooth succession</a>. Since Elizabeth would never name her successor, Robert Cecil was obliged to proceed in secret.<a href="#cite_note-227">[v]</a> He therefore entered into a <a href="/wiki/Secret_correspondence_of_James_VI" title="Secret correspondence of James VI">coded negotiation</a> with <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI of Scotland</a>, who had a strong but unrecognised claim.<a href="#cite_note-228">[w]</a> Cecil coached the impatient James to humour Elizabeth and "secure the heart of the highest, to whose sex and quality nothing is so improper as either needless expostulations or over much curiosity in her own actions".<a href="#cite_note-Willson,_154-226">[205]</a> The advice worked. James's tone delighted Elizabeth, who responded: "So trust I that you will not doubt but that your last letters are so acceptably taken as my thanks cannot be lacking for the same, but yield them to you in grateful sort".<a href="#cite_note-229">[206]</a> In historian J. E. Neale's view, Elizabeth may not have declared her wishes openly to James, but she made them known with "unmistakable if veiled phrases".<a href="#cite_note-230">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_Elisabeth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Funeral_Elisabeth.jpg/410px-Funeral_Elisabeth.jpg" decoding="async" width="410" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Funeral_Elisabeth.jpg/615px-Funeral_Elisabeth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Funeral_Elisabeth.jpg/820px-Funeral_Elisabeth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth's funeral cortège, 1603, with banners of her royal ancestors</figcaption></figure> The Queen's health remained fair until the autumn of 1602, when a series of deaths among her friends plunged her into a severe depression. In February 1603, the death of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Carey,_Countess_of_Nottingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Carey, Countess of Nottingham">Catherine Carey, Countess of Nottingham</a>, the niece of her cousin and close friend <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Carey" title="Catherine Carey">Lady Knollys</a>, came as a particular blow. In March, Elizabeth fell sick and remained in a "settled and unremovable melancholy", and sat motionless on a cushion for hours on end.<a href="#cite_note-231">[208]</a> When Robert Cecil told her that she must go to bed, she snapped: "Must is not a word to use to princes, little man." She died on 24 March 1603 at <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Palace" title="Richmond Palace">Richmond Palace</a>, between two and three in the morning. A few hours later, Cecil and the council set their plans in motion and proclaimed James king of England.<a href="#cite_note-232">[209]</a> While it has become normative to record Elizabeth's death as occurring in 1603, following <a href="/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750" title="Calendar (New Style) Act 1750">English calendar reform</a> in the 1750s, at the time England observed New Year's Day on 25 March, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Lady_Day" title="Lady Day">Lady Day</a>. Thus Elizabeth died on the last day of the year 1602 in the old calendar. The modern convention is to use the old style calendar for the day and month while using the new style calendar for the year.<a href="#cite_note-233">[210]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_of_England_grave_(left)_2013_crop2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Elizabeth_I_of_England_grave_%28left%29_2013_crop2.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_I_of_England_grave_%28left%29_2013_crop2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Elizabeth_I_of_England_grave_%28left%29_2013_crop2.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_I_of_England_grave_%28left%29_2013_crop2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Elizabeth_I_of_England_grave_%28left%29_2013_crop2.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_I_of_England_grave_%28left%29_2013_crop2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth as shown on her tomb at Westminster Abbey</figcaption></figure> Elizabeth's coffin was carried downriver at night to <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, on a barge lit with torches.<a href="#cite_note-234">[211]</a> At her funeral on 28 April, the coffin was taken to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Hearse" title="Hearse">hearse</a> drawn by four horses hung with black velvet. In the words of the chronicler <a href="/wiki/John_Stow" title="John Stow">John Stow</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Westminster was surcharged with multitudes of all sorts of people in their streets, houses, windows, leads and gutters, that came out to see the <a href="/wiki/Obsequy" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsequy">obsequy</a>, and when they beheld her statue lying upon the coffin, there was such a general sighing, groaning and weeping as the like hath not been seen or known in the memory of man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1999486-235">[212]</a></blockquote> Elizabeth was interred in Westminster Abbey, in a tomb shared with her half-sister, Mary I. The Latin inscription on their tomb, "Regno consortes & urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis", translates to "Consorts in realm and tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection".<a href="#cite_note-236">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Elizabeth_I" title="Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I">Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I</a></div> Elizabeth was lamented by many of her subjects, but others were relieved at her death.<a href="#cite_note-Ld-237">[214]</a> Expectations of King James started high but then declined. By the 1620s, there was a nostalgic revival of the cult of Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-somerset726-238">[215]</a> Elizabeth was praised as a heroine of the Protestant cause and the ruler of a golden age. James was depicted as a Catholic sympathiser, presiding over a corrupt court.<a href="#cite_note-239">[216]</a> The triumphalist image that Elizabeth had cultivated towards the end of her reign, against a background of factionalism and military and economic difficulties,<a href="#cite_note-240">[217]</a> was taken at face value and her reputation inflated. <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Goodman" title="Godfrey Goodman">Godfrey Goodman</a>, Bishop of Gloucester, recalled: "When we had experience of a Scottish government, the Queen did seem to revive. Then was her memory much magnified."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1999488-241">[218]</a> Elizabeth's reign became idealised as a time when crown, church and parliament had worked in constitutional balance.<a href="#cite_note-242">[219]</a> The picture of Elizabeth painted by her Protestant admirers of the early 17th century has proved lasting and influential.<a href="#cite_note-243">[220]</a> Her memory was also revived during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, when the nation again found itself on the brink of invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Dobson_and_Watson,_258-244">[221]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, the Elizabethan legend was adapted to the imperial ideology of the day,<a href="#cite_note-Ld-237">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[x]</a> and in the mid-20th century, Elizabeth was a romantic symbol of the national resistance to foreign threat.<a href="#cite_note-246">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[y]</a> Historians of that period, such as <a href="/wiki/J._E._Neale" title="J. E. Neale">J. E. Neale</a> (1934) and <a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">A. L. Rowse</a> (1950), interpreted Elizabeth's reign as a golden age of progress.<a href="#cite_note-248">[223]</a> Neale and Rowse also idealised the Queen personally: she always did everything right; her more unpleasant traits were ignored or explained as signs of stress.<a href="#cite_note-249">[224]</a> Recent historians, however, have taken a more complicated view of Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-Haigh,_183-156">[143]</a> Her reign is famous for the defeat of the Armada, and for successful raids against the Spaniards, such as those on Cádiz in 1587 and 1596, but some historians point to military failures on land and at sea.<a href="#cite_note-haigh142-163">[149]</a> In Ireland, Elizabeth's forces ultimately prevailed, but their tactics stain her record.<a href="#cite_note-250">[225]</a> Rather than as a brave defender of the Protestant nations against Spain and the Habsburgs, she is more often regarded as cautious in her foreign policies. She offered very limited aid to foreign Protestants and failed to provide her commanders with the funds to make a difference abroad.<a href="#cite_note-251">[226]</a> Elizabeth established an English church that helped shape a national identity and remains in place today.<a href="#cite_note-252">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1999487-253">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[229]</a> Those who praised her later as a Protestant heroine overlooked her refusal to drop all practices of Catholic origin from the Church of England.<a href="#cite_note-256">[z]</a> Historians note that in her day, strict Protestants regarded the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Acts of Settlement and Uniformity of 1559</a> as a compromise.<a href="#cite_note-257">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[232]</a> In fact, Elizabeth believed that faith was personal and did not wish, as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> put it, to "make windows into men's hearts and secret thoughts".<a href="#cite_note-259">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[234]</a> Though Elizabeth followed a largely defensive foreign policy, her reign raised England's status abroad. "She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island," marvelled <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a>, "and yet she makes herself feared by Spain, by France, by <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">the Empire</a>, by all".<a href="#cite_note-somerset1-261">[235]</a> Under Elizabeth, the nation gained a new self-confidence and sense of sovereignty, as <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> fragmented.<a href="#cite_note-somerset726-238">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[237]</a> Elizabeth was the first Tudor to recognise that a monarch ruled by popular consent.<a href="#cite_note-265">[aa]</a> She therefore always worked with parliament and advisers she could trust to tell her the truth—a style of government that her Stuart successors failed to follow. Some historians have called her lucky;<a href="#cite_note-somerset1-261">[235]</a> she believed that God was protecting her.<a href="#cite_note-266">[239]</a> Priding herself on being "mere English",<a href="#cite_note-267">[240]</a> Elizabeth trusted in God, honest advice, and the love of her subjects for the success of her rule.<a href="#cite_note-268">[241]</a> In a prayer, she offered thanks to God that: <blockquote>[At a time] when wars and seditions with grievous persecutions have vexed almost all kings and countries round about me, my reign hath been peacable, and my realm a receptacle to thy afflicted Church. The love of my people hath appeared firm, and the devices of my enemies frustrate.<a href="#cite_note-somerset1-261">[235]</a></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth I. The "Rainbow Portrait", c. 1600, an allegorical representation of the Queen, become ageless in her old age."><img alt="Elizabeth I. The "Rainbow Portrait", c. 1600, an allegorical representation of the Queen, become ageless in her old age." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg/158px-Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg/237px-Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg/315px-Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="2520" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elizabeth I. The "Rainbow Portrait", c. 1600, an <a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">allegorical</a> representation of the Queen, become ageless in her old age.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth-I-Allegorical-Po.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth I, painted around 1610, during the first revival of interest in her reign. Time sleeps on her right and Death looks over her left shoulder; two putti hold the crown above her head.[242]"><img alt="Elizabeth I, painted around 1610, during the first revival of interest in her reign. Time sleeps on her right and Death looks over her left shoulder; two putti hold the crown above her head.[242]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Elizabeth-I-Allegorical-Po.jpg/200px-Elizabeth-I-Allegorical-Po.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Elizabeth-I-Allegorical-Po.jpg/300px-Elizabeth-I-Allegorical-Po.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Elizabeth-I-Allegorical-Po.jpg/400px-Elizabeth-I-Allegorical-Po.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elizabeth I, painted around 1610, during the first revival of interest in her reign. Time sleeps on her right and Death looks over her left shoulder; two <a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">putti</a> hold the crown above her head.<a href="#cite_note-269">[242]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:#CDF; color: black; width:auto">Elizabeth's family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boleyn,_Earl_of_Wiltshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire">Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Boleyn,_Countess_of_Wiltshire" title="Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire">Elizabeth Howard</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#C00"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boleyn" title="Mary Boleyn">Mary Boleyn</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#C00"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#20F"><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary Tudor, Queen of France</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Carey" title="Catherine Carey">Catherine Carey</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carey,_1st_Baron_Hunsdon" title="Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon">Henry Carey, Baron Hunsdon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#C00">Elizabeth I of England</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#0BDA51"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#C00"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#C00"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#20F"><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Douglas">Margaret Douglas</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Brandon" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Brandon">Frances Brandon</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard,_Countess_of_Nottingham" title="Catherine Howard, Countess of Nottingham">Catherine Howard, Countess of Nottingham</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#20F"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Grey">Jane Grey</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px; border-color:#CC2EFA"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" 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<li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_of_Elizabeth_I" title="Inventory of Elizabeth I">Inventory of Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_of_Elizabeth_I" title="Portraiture of Elizabeth I">Portraiture of Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">Royal Arms of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_eponyms_in_Canada#Queen_Elizabeth_I" title="Royal eponyms in Canada">Royal eponyms in Canada for Queen Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Standards_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Standards of England">Royal Standards of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Mary I reigned alongside her husband, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, from 1554 to 1558. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Dates in this article <a href="/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750" title="Calendar (New Style) Act 1750">before 14 September 1752</a> are in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> and 1 January is treated as the beginning of the year, even though 25 March was treated as the beginning of the year in England during Elizabeth's life. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel."<a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> An Act of July 1536 stated that Elizabeth was "illegitimate ... and utterly foreclosed, excluded and banned to claim, challenge, or demand any inheritance as lawful heir ... to [the King] by lineal descent".<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Elizabeth had assembled 2,000 horsemen, "a remarkable tribute to the size of her affinity".<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> "The wives of Wycombe passed cake and wafers to her until her litter became so burdened that she had to beg them to stop."<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> "It was fortunate that ten out of twenty-six bishoprics were vacant, for of late there had been a high rate of mortality among the episcopate, and a fever had conveniently carried off Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a>, less than twenty-four hours after her own death".<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> "There were no less than ten sees unrepresented through death or illness and the carelessness of 'the accursed cardinal' [Pole]".<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Most modern historians have considered murder unlikely; breast cancer and suicide being the most widely accepted explanations.<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">coroner</a>'s report, hitherto believed lost, came to light in <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a> in the late 2000s and is compatible with a downstairs fall as well as other violence.<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> On Elizabeth's accession, Mary's <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Guise" title="Counts and dukes of Guise">Guise</a> relatives had pronounced her queen of England and had the English arms emblazoned with those of Scotland and France on her plate and furniture.<a href="#cite_note-Guy,_96–97-112">[103]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> By the terms of the treaty, both English and French troops withdrew from Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Elizabeth's ambassador in France was actively misleading her as to the true intentions of the Spanish king, who only tried to buy time for his great assault upon England<a href="#cite_note-143">[132]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> When the Spanish naval commander, the <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_El_Bueno,_7th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso de Guzmán El Bueno, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia">Duke of Medina Sidonia</a>, reached the coast near Calais, he found the Duke of Parma's troops unready and was forced to wait, giving the English the opportunity to launch their attack.<a href="#cite_note-149">[137]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> For example, C. H. Wilson castigates Elizabeth for half-heartedness in the war against Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Haigh,_183-156">[143]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> One observer wrote that <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, for example, was "as unknown to the English here as the most inland part of Virginia".<a href="#cite_note-166">[152]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> In a letter of 19 July 1599 to Essex, Elizabeth wrote: "For what can be more true (if things be rightly examined) than that your two month's journey has brought in never a capital rebel against whom it had been worthy to have adventured one thousand men".<a href="#cite_note-Loades,_98-171">[156]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> This criticism of Elizabeth was noted by Elizabeth's early biographers <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a> and John Clapham. For a detailed account of such criticisms and of Elizabeth's "government by illusion"<a href="#cite_note-194">[178]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> John Cramsie, in reviewing the recent scholarship in 2003, argued "the period 1585–1603 is now recognised by scholars as distinctly more troubled than the first half of Elizabeth's long reign. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final years, underpinning a weariness with the Queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures."<a href="#cite_note-196">[179]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> A Patent of Monopoly gave the holder control over an aspect of trade or manufacture.<a href="#cite_note-205">[187]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> "The metaphor of drama is an appropriate one for Elizabeth's reign, for her power was an illusion—and an illusion was her power. Like Henry IV of France, she projected an image of herself which brought stability and prestige to her country. By constant attention to the details of her total performance, she kept the rest of the cast on their toes and kept her own part as queen."<a href="#cite_note-219">[200]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> After Essex's downfall, James VI of Scotland referred to Robert Cecil as "king there in effect".<a href="#cite_note-224">[204]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Cecil wrote to James, "The subject itself is so perilous to touch amongst us as it setteth a mark upon his head forever that hatcheth such a bird".<a href="#cite_note-Willson,_154-226">[205]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> James VI of Scotland was a great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a>, and thus Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed, since Henry VII was Elizabeth's paternal grandfather. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> The age of Elizabeth was redrawn as one of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>, epitomised by courtly encounters between the queen and sea-dog "heroes" such as Drake and Raleigh. Some Victorian narratives, such as Raleigh laying his cloak before the Queen or presenting her with a potato, remain part of the myth.<a href="#cite_note-Dobson_and_Watson,_258-244">[221]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> In his preface to the 1952 reprint of Queen Elizabeth I, J. E. Neale observed: "The book was written before such words as "ideological", "fifth column", and "cold war" became current; and it is perhaps as well that they are not there. But the ideas are present, as is the idea of romantic leadership of a nation in peril, because they were present in Elizabethan times". </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> The new state religion was condemned at the time in such terms as "a cloaked papistry, or mingle mangle".<a href="#cite_note-255">[230]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> As Elizabeth's <a href="/wiki/Lord_Keeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Keeper">Lord Keeper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_(courtier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Bacon (courtier)">Nicholas Bacon</a>, put it on her behalf to parliament in 1559, the queen "is not, nor ever meaneth to be, so wedded to her own will and fantasy that for the satisfaction thereof she will do anything ... to bring any bondage or servitude to her people, or give any just occasion to them of any inward grudge whereby any tumults or stirs might arise as hath done of late days".<a href="#cite_note-264">[238]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Elizabeth's first speech as queen, <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a>, 20 November 1558. Loades, 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Tudor">"House of Tudor | History, Monarchs, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824093815/https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Tudor">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=House+of+Tudor+%7C+History%2C+Monarchs%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHouse-of-Tudor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-starkey5-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-starkey5_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-starkey5_6-1">b</a> Starkey Elizabeth: Woman, 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Neale, 386. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Somerset, 729. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Somerset, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Loades, 3–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Somerset, 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley,_Earl_of_Derby1890" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Earl of Derby, Edward (1890). Correspondence of Edward, Third Earl of Derby, During the Years 24 to 31 Henry VIII.: Preserved in a Ms. in the Possession of Miss Pfarington, of Worden Hall. Vol. 19. Chetham Society. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Correspondence+of+Edward%2C+Third+Earl+of+Derby%2C+During+the+Years+24+to+31+Henry+VIII.%3A+Preserved+in+a+Ms.+in+the+Possession+of+Miss+Pfarington%2C+of+Worden+Hall&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Chetham+Society&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Stanley%2C+Earl+of+Derby&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Loades, 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Somerset, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Loades, 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Somerset, 11. Jenkins (1957), 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir19977-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir19977_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir1997">Weir (1997)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-L8-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L8_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L8_19-1">b</a> Loades, 8–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Seth_Sanders-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seth_Sanders_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seth_Sanders_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2002" class="citation news cs1">Sanders, Seth (10 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/021010/elizabeth.shtml">"Book of translations reveals intellectualism of England's powerful Queen Elizabeth I"</a>. University of Chicago Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228063115/http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/021010/elizabeth.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Book+of+translations+reveals+intellectualism+of+England%27s+powerful+Queen+Elizabeth+I&rft.date=2002-10-10&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.uchicago.edu%2F021010%2Felizabeth.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCall2019" class="citation web cs1">McCall, Rosie (29 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/mystery-author-forgotten-tacitus-translation-elizabeth-i-1474704">"Mystery author of forgotten Tacitus translation turns out to be Elizabeth I"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+I+revealed+as+the+translator+of+Tacitus+into+English&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft.aulast=Faulconbridge&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-britain-royals-elizabethi%2Felizabeth-i-revealed-as-the-translator-of-tacitus-into-english-idUKKBN1Y30Y6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Somerset, 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Loades, 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=95577">"Venice: April 1603"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413182850/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=95577">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 9: 1592–1603 (1897), 562–570. 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Cambridge. pp. 159, 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0012-9698-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-0012-9698-2"><bdi>978-1-0012-9698-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Vasas%3A+A+History+of+Sweden%2C+1523%E2%80%931611&rft.pages=159%2C+207&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-1-0012-9698-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adams-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adams_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adams_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsGehring2013" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, S.; Gehring, D. S. (2013). "Elizabeth I's Former Tutor Reports on the Parliament of 1559: Johannes Spithovius to the Chancellor of Denmark, 27 February 1559". The English Historical Review. 128 (530): 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fces310">10.1093/ehr/ces310</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+I%27s+Former+Tutor+Reports+on+the+Parliament+of+1559%3A+Johannes+Spithovius+to+the+Chancellor+of+Denmark%2C+27+February+1559&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=530&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fces310&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Gehring%2C+D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart2011" class="citation book cs1">Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2011). Denmark, 1513–1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy. Oxford University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-7121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-7121-4"><bdi>978-0-1992-7121-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/844083309">844083309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denmark%2C+1513%E2%80%931660%3A+the+rise+and+decline+of+a+Renaissance+monarchy&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F844083309&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-7121-4&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=Paul+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Frieda, 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Loades, 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Loades, 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Somerset, 408. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/let#dictionary-entry-2">"Let Definition & Meaning"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719085404/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/let#dictionary-entry-2">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Flet%23dictionary-entry-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Doran, Monarchy, 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Haigh, 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Haigh, 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1990" class="citation journal cs1">King, John N. (1990). "Queen Elizabeth I: Representations of the Virgin Queen". Renaissance Quarterly. 43 (1): 30–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2861792">10.2307/2861792</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2861792">2861792</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164188105">164188105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Queen+Elizabeth+I%3A+Representations+of+the+Virgin+Queen&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164188105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2861792%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2861792&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hh-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Hh_101-0">^</a> Haigh, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran1995" class="citation journal cs1">Doran, Susan (1995). "Juno versus Diana: The Treatment of Elizabeth I's Marriage in Plays and Entertainments, 1561–1581". The Historical Journal. 38 (2): 257–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00019427">10.1017/S0018246X00019427</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639984">2639984</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55555610">55555610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Juno+versus+Diana%3A+The+Treatment+of+Elizabeth+I%27s+Marriage+in+Plays+and+Entertainments%2C+1561%E2%80%931581&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55555610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2639984%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00019427&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Haigh, 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realclearhistory.com/2019/02/04/elizabeth_i_was_likely_anything_but_a_virgin_queen_10097.html">"Elizabeth I Was Likely Anything But a Virgin Queen"</a>. 4 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001181000/https://www.realclearhistory.com/2019/02/04/elizabeth_i_was_likely_anything_but_a_virgin_queen_10097.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I+Was+Likely+Anything+But+a+Virgin+Queen&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearhistory.com%2F2019%2F02%2F04%2Felizabeth_i_was_likely_anything_but_a_virgin_queen_10097.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGristwood2008" class="citation book cs1">Gristwood, Sarah (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=va6kKyjQOMYC&dq=%22whether+Queen+Elizabeth+was+a+maid+or+no%22&pg=PA125">Elizabeth and Leicester</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1431-1449-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1431-1449-9"><bdi>978-0-1431-1449-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126124137/https://books.google.com/books?id=va6kKyjQOMYC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=%22whether+Queen+Elizabeth+was+a+maid+or+no%22">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+and+Leicester&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-1431-1449-9&rft.aulast=Gristwood&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dva6kKyjQOMYC%26dq%3D%2522whether%2BQueen%2BElizabeth%2Bwas%2Ba%2Bmaid%2Bor%2Bno%2522%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/elizabethan/robert-dudley-queen-elizabeth-is-great-love">"Robert Dudley: Queen Elizabeth I's great love"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808120644/https://www.historyextra.com/period/elizabethan/robert-dudley-queen-elizabeth-is-great-love">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Dudley%3A+Queen+Elizabeth+I%27s+great+love&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fperiod%2Felizabethan%2Frobert-dudley-queen-elizabeth-is-great-love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2011" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Steve (2011). Famous Past Lives. John Hunt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8469-4494-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8469-4494-9"><bdi>978-1-8469-4494-9</bdi></a>. <q>Could it be that when Elizabeth was confined to bed in 1561 (at the time when her love affair with Dudley was at its height) with a mysterious illness she was in fact pregnant?[...] The Spanish ambassador reported that she had a swelling of the abdomen...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Past+Lives&rft.pub=John+Hunt&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-8469-4494-9&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-simancas-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simancas_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simancas_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simancas_108-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/simancas/vol4/pp101-118">"British History Online: Simancas: June 1587, 16-30"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927080610/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/simancas/vol4/pp101-118">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+History+Online%3A+Simancas%3A+June+1587%2C+16-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fcal-state-papers%2Fsimancas%2Fvol4%2Fpp101-118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-levin1-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-levin1_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-levin1_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-levin1_109-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin1994" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Carole (1994). The Heart and Stomach of a King: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3252-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3252-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-3252-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+and+Stomach+of+a+King%3A+Elizabeth+I+and+the+Politics+of+Sex+and+Power&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3252-3&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-levin2-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-levin2_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-levin2_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Levin, Carole (2 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/erc/30/1/article-p57_5.xml">"All the Queen's Children: Elizabeth I and the Meanings of Motherhood"</a>. Explorations in Renaissance Culture. 30 (1): 57–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F23526963-90000274">10.1163/23526963-90000274</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-6963">2352-6963</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819042547/https://brill.com/view/journals/erc/30/1/article-p57_5.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Renaissance+Culture&rft.atitle=All+the+Queen%27s+Children%3A+Elizabeth+I+and+the+Meanings+of+Motherhood&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2004-12-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F23526963-90000274&rft.issn=2352-6963&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Ferc%2F30%2F1%2Farticle-p57_5.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozett2003" class="citation book cs1">Rozett, Martha (2003). Constructing a World: Shakespeare's England and the New Historical Fiction. State University of New York Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5551-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5551-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-5551-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+a+World%3A+Shakespeare%27s+England+and+the+New+Historical+Fiction&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5551-7&rft.aulast=Rozett&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guy,_96–97-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guy,_96–97_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guy,_96–97_112-1">b</a> Guy, 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Haigh, 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Guy, 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Haigh, 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Loades, 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-loades-119"><a href="#cite_ref-loades_119-0">^</a> Loades, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Adams, Simon (2008). "Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester (1532/3–1588)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8160">10.1093/ref:odnb/8160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dudley%2C+Robert%2C+earl+of+Leicester+%281532%2F3%E2%80%931588%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8160&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Letter to Mary, Queen of Scots, 23 June 1567." Quoted by Loades, 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Loades, 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Loades,_73-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loades,_73_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loades,_73_123-1">b</a> Loades, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Williams, Norfolk, 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath,_69-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGrath,_69_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrath,_69_125-1">b</a> McGrath, 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Collinson_p._67-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collinson_p._67_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collinson_p._67_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collinson_p._67_126-2">c</a> Collinson, 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Collinson, 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Collinson, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Guy, 483–484. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Loades, 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Guy, 1–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Frieda, 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-loades61-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loades61_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loades61_133-1">b</a> Loades, 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Flynn and Spence, 126–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Somerset, 607–611. </li> <li id="cite_note-haigh135-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haigh135_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haigh135_136-1">b</a> Haigh, 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Strong and van Dorsten, 20–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Strong and van Dorsten, 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Strong and van Dorsten, 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Strong and van Dorsten, 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Letter to Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 10 February 1586, delivered by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heneage" title="Thomas Heneage">Thomas Heneage</a>. Loades, 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Chamberlin, 263–264 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Parker, 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Haynes, 15; Strong and van Dorsten, 72–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Wilson, 294–295. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Parker, 193–194. </li> <li id="cite_note-haigh138-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haigh138_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haigh138_148-1">b</a> Haigh, 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Loades, 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Black, 349. </li> <li id="cite_note-neale300-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neale300_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neale300_152-1">b</a> Neale, 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Somerset, 591; Neale, 297–298. </li> <li id="cite_note-xucglh-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xucglh_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xucglh_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xucglh_154-2">c</a> Black, 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Haigh, 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-Haigh,_183-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haigh,_183_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haigh,_183_156-1">b</a> Haigh, 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Somerset, 655. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucholzKey2009" class="citation book cs1">Bucholz, R. O.; Key, Newton (2009). Early modern England 1485–1714: a narrative history. John Wiley and Sons. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6275-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6275-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-6275-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+modern+England+1485%E2%80%931714%3A+a+narrative+history&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6275-3&rft.aulast=Bucholz&rft.aufirst=R.+O.&rft.au=Key%2C+Newton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Hampden, John Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents (Taylor & Francis, 1972). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5703-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5703-0">978-0-8173-5703-0</a>, 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernández_Duro_1972_p.51-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández_Duro_1972_p.51_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández_Duro_1972_p.51_161-1">b</a> Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972). Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón. Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Tomo III, Capítulo III. Madrid, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Elliott, J. H. La Europa dividida (1559–1598) (Editorial Critica, 2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-4843-2669-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-4843-2669-4">978-8-4843-2669-4</a>, 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-haigh142-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haigh142_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haigh142_163-1">b</a> Haigh, 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Haigh, 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Haigh, 143–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Somerset, 667. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Loades, 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Somerset, 668. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Somerset, 668–669. </li> <li id="cite_note-Loades,_98-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loades,_98_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loades,_98_171-1">b</a> Loades, 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Loades, 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGurk2007" class="citation journal cs1">McGurk, John (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/the-flight-of-the-earls-escape-or-strategic-regrouping/">"The Flight of the Earls: Escape or Strategic Regrouping?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_Ireland" title="History Ireland">History Ireland</a>. 15 (4): 16–21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0791-8224">0791-8224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27725653">27725653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Flight+of+the+Earls%3A+Escape+or+Strategic+Regrouping%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27725653%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0791-8224&rft.aulast=McGurk&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fthe-flight-of-the-earls-escape-or-strategic-regrouping%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-muscovy-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muscovy_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muscovy_175-1">b</a> Crankshaw, Edward, Russia and Britain, Collins, The Nations and Britain series. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2016" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Carol (2016). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500-1650. Taylor and Francis. pp. 510–511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315440712" title="Special:BookSources/9781315440712"><bdi>9781315440712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Early+Modern+Englishwomen%3A+Exemplary+Lives+and+Memorable+Acts%2C+1500-1650&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E510-%3C%2Fspan%3E511&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315440712&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoote2017" class="citation book cs1">Coote, Charles Henry (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAkkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT20">Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia by Anthony Jenkinson and other Englishmen</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 1, Introduction. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3171-4661-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3171-4661-2"><bdi>978-1-3171-4661-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819042642/https://books.google.com/books?id=NAkkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT20">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Voyages+and+Travels+to+Russia+and+Persia+by+Anthony+Jenkinson+and+other+Englishmen&rft.pages=1%2C+Introduction&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-3171-4661-2&rft.aulast=Coote&rft.aufirst=Charles+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAkkDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vaughan-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vaughan_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vaughan_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vaughan_178-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Mason_Vaughan2005" class="citation book cs1">Virginia Mason Vaughan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19_SIlq3ZvsC&pg=PA57">Performing Blackness on English Stages, 1500–1800</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-4584-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-4584-7"><bdi>978-0-5218-4584-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714114006/https://books.google.com/books?id=19_SIlq3ZvsC&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+Blackness+on+English+Stages%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-4584-7&rft.au=Virginia+Mason+Vaughan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19_SIlq3ZvsC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllardyce_Nicoll2002" class="citation book cs1">Allardyce Nicoll (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OeakAOji13EC&pg=PA90">Shakespeare Survey With Index 1–10</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-2347-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-2347-9"><bdi>978-0-5215-2347-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222173632/https://books.google.com/books?id=OeakAOji13EC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+Survey+With+Index+1%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-5215-2347-9&rft.au=Allardyce+Nicoll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOeakAOji13EC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartels2008" class="citation book cs1">Bartels, Emily Carroll (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6Z9J0OJmmQC&pg=PA24">Speaking of the Moor</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4076-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4076-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-4076-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714114007/https://books.google.com/books?id=S6Z9J0OJmmQC&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+of+the+Moor&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4076-4&rft.aulast=Bartels&rft.aufirst=Emily+Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6Z9J0OJmmQC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> Collections <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mimsy.bham.ac.uk/detail.php?t=objects&type=related&kv=101212">Mimsy.bham.ac.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228082016/http://mimsy.bham.ac.uk/detail.php?t=objects&type=related&kv=101212">Archived</a> 28 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-tate.org.uk-182"><a href="#cite_ref-tate.org.uk_182-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a> exhibition "East-West: Objects between cultures", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/east-west-objects-between-cultures/east-west-room-1">Tate.org.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226012823/http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/east-west-objects-between-cultures/east-west-room-1">Archived</a> 26 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kupperman39-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kupperman39_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kupperman39_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kupperman39_183-2">c</a> Kupperman, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Nicoll, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MziRd4ddZz4C&pg=PA353">The Encyclopedia of world history by Peter N. Stearns</a>. p. 353. Retrieved 2 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+world+history+by+Peter+N.+Stearns&rft.pages=353&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMziRd4ddZz4C%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Kupperman, 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Kupperman, 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Farabaugh2016" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Farabaugh (2016). "Chapter 2". United States History (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-2595-8409-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-2595-8409-1"><bdi>978-1-2595-8409-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2&rft.btitle=United+States+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-2595-8409-1&rft.au=Daniel+Farabaugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWernham1994333–334-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWernham1994333–334_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWernham1994">Wernham 1994</a>, pp. 333–334. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster,_Sir_William1998" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Sir William (1998) [1933]. England's Quest of Eastern Trade. London: A. & C. Black. pp. 155–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-5518-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-5518-2"><bdi>978-0-4151-5518-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Quest+of+Eastern+Trade&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.pub=A.+%26+C.+Black&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-4151-5518-2&rft.au=Foster%2C+Sir+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-haigh-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haigh_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haigh_191-1">b</a> Haigh, 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Black, 355–356. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Black, 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> see chapter 8, "The Queen and the People", Haigh, 149–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramsie2003" class="citation news cs1">Cramsie, John (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/334">"The Changing Reputations of Elizabeth I and James VI & I"</a>. Reviews in History (review no. 334). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023195747/https://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/334">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+History&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Reputations+of+Elizabeth+I+and+James+VI+%26+I&rft.date=2003-06&rft.aulast=Cramsie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ac.uk%2Freviews%2Freview%2F334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Adams, 7; Hammer, 1; Collinson, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Collinson, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Doran, Monarchy, 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Hammer, 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Hammer, 1, 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Hammer, 9–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Lacey, 117–120 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> See Neale, 382. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Williams Elizabeth, 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Black, 192–194. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Neale, 383–384. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Loades, 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Black, 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Black, 239–245. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Haigh, 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivebooks.com/best-books/helen-hackett-on-elizabeth-i">"The best books on Elizabeth I – a Five Books interview with Helen Hackett"</a>. Five Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225162219/https://fivebooks.com/best-books/helen-hackett-on-elizabeth-i">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Five+Books&rft.atitle=The+best+books+on+Elizabeth+I+%E2%80%93+a+Five+Books+interview+with+Helen+Hackett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivebooks.com%2Fbest-books%2Fhelen-hackett-on-elizabeth-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-loades92-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loades92_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loades92_215-1">b</a> Loades, 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119215805/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/11353064/The-Tudors-had-bad-teeth-What-rot.html">"The Tudors had bad teeth? What rot!"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, 18 January 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> De Maisse: a journal of all that was accomplished by Monsieur De Maisse, ambassador in England from King Henri IV to Queen Elizabeth, anno domini 1597, Nonesuch Press, 1931, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Haigh, 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Haigh, 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lds-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Lds_221-0">^</a> Loades, 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Loades, 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Black, 410. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Croft, 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-Willson,_154-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willson,_154_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willson,_154_226-1">b</a> Willson, 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Willson, 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Neale, 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Black, 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Black, 410–411. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee,_Christopher2004" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Christopher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1603deathofqueen0000leec/page">1603: The Death of Queen Elizabeth, the Return of the Black Plague, the Rise of Shakespeare, Piracy, Witchcraft and the Birth of the Stuart Era</a>. St. Martin's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1603deathofqueen0000leec/page">viii</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3123-2139-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3123-2139-0"><bdi>978-0-3123-2139-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1603%3A+The+Death+of+Queen+Elizabeth%2C+the+Return+of+the+Black+Plague%2C+the+Rise+of+Shakespeare%2C+Piracy%2C+Witchcraft+and+the+Birth+of+the+Stuart+Era&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-3123-2139-0&rft.au=Lee%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1603deathofqueen0000leec%2Fpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Jessica L. Malay, Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writing, 1590-1676 (Manchester, 2018), p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1999486-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1999486_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir1999">Weir (1999)</a>, p. 486. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penrhyn_Stanley" title="Arthur Penrhyn Stanley">Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn</a> (1868). "The royal tombs". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38508">Historical memorials of Westminster Abbey</a>. London: John Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38508/page/n216">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24223816">24223816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+royal+tombs&rft.btitle=Historical+memorials+of+Westminster+Abbey&rft.place=London&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1868&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24223816&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Penrhyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.38508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ld-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ld_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ld_237-1">b</a> Loades, 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-somerset726-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-somerset726_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-somerset726_238-1">b</a> Somerset, 726. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Strong, 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Haigh, 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1999488-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1999488_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir1999">Weir (1999)</a>, p. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Dobson and Watson, 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Haigh, 175, 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobson_and_Watson,_258-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dobson_and_Watson,_258_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dobson_and_Watson,_258_244-1">b</a> Dobson and Watson, 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Haigh, 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Haigh, 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Kenyon, 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Black, 408–409. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Haigh, 142–147, 174–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Loades, 46–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1999487-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1999487_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir1999">Weir (1999)</a>, p. 487. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Hogge, 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Somerset, 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Haigh, 45–46, 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Black, 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Williams Elizabeth, 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Haigh, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-somerset1-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-somerset1_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-somerset1_261-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-somerset1_261-2">c</a> Somerset, 727. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Hogge, 9n. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Loades, 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Starkey Elizabeth: Woman, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Somerset, 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Edwards, 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Starkey Elizabeth: Woman, 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Strong, 163–164. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul 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(1945) [1936], The Reign of Elizabeth: 1558–1603, Oxford: Clarendon, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5077207">5077207</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Elizabeth%3A+1558%E2%80%931603&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5077207&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Chamberlin, Frederick (1939), Elizabeth and Leycester, Dodd, Mead & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+and+Leycester&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Co.&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Collinson" title="Patrick Collinson">Collinson, Patrick</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elizabethi0000coll">Elizabeth I</a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-1356-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-1356-6"><bdi>978-0-1992-1356-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-1356-6&rft.aulast=Collinson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felizabethi0000coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2008). "Elizabeth I (1533–1603)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8636">10.1093/ref:odnb/8636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+I+%281533%E2%80%931603%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8636&rft.aulast=Collinson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Croft, Pauline (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingjames00crof">King James</a>, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3336-1395-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3336-1395-5"><bdi>978-0-3336-1395-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+James&rft.place=Basingstoke+and+New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-3336-1395-5&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingjames00crof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Davenport, Cyril (1899), Pollard, Alfred (ed.), English Embroidered Bookbindings, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/705685">705685</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Embroidered+Bookbindings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner+and+Co.&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F705685&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Dobson, Michael & Watson, Nicola (2003), Elizabeth's Legacy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%27s+Legacy&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Watson%2C+Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFElizabeth:_The_Exhibition_at_the_National_Maritime_Museum2003">Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Doran" title="Susan Doran">Doran, Susan</a> (1996), Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-1969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-1969-6"><bdi>978-0-4151-1969-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchy+and+Matrimony%3A+The+Courtships+of+Elizabeth+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-4151-1969-6&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth:_The_Exhibition_at_the_National_Maritime_Museum2003" class="citation cs2">——, ed. (2003), Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum, London: Chatto and Windus, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-7476-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-7476-7"><bdi>978-0-7011-7476-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%3A+The+Exhibition+at+the+National+Maritime+Museum&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+and+Windus&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-7476-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (2003b), The Queen's Suitors and the Problem of the Succession</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen%27s+Suitors+and+the+Problem+of+the+Succession&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFElizabeth:_The_Exhibition_at_the_National_Maritime_Museum2003">Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (2003), Queen Elizabeth I, London: British Library, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-4802-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-4802-7"><bdi>978-0-7123-4802-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Elizabeth+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7123-4802-7&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Edwards, Philip (2004), The Making of the Modern English State: 1460–1660, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3122-3614-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3122-3614-4"><bdi>978-0-3122-3614-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Modern+English+State%3A+1460%E2%80%931660&rft.place=Basingstoke+and+New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-3122-3614-4&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flynn, Sian & Spence, David (2003), Elizabeth's Adventurers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%27s+Adventurers&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Sian&rft.au=Spence%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFElizabeth:_The_Exhibition_at_the_National_Maritime_Museum2003">Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Leonie_Frieda" title="Leonie Frieda">Frieda, Leonie</a> (2005), Catherine de Medici, London: Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2039-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2039-1"><bdi>978-0-7538-2039-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catherine+de+Medici&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2039-1&rft.aulast=Frieda&rft.aufirst=Leonie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">Guy, John</a> (2004), My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots, London and New York: Fourth Estate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8411-5752-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8411-5752-8"><bdi>978-1-8411-5752-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Heart+is+My+Own%3A+The+Life+of+Mary+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-8411-5752-8&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Haigh" title="Christopher Haigh">Haigh, Christopher</a> (2000), Elizabeth I (2nd ed.), Harlow (UK): Longman Pearson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5824-3754-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5824-3754-8"><bdi>978-0-5824-3754-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I&rft.place=Harlow+%28UK%29&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman+Pearson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-5824-3754-8&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hammer, P. E. J. (1999), The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585–1597, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-1941-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-1941-5"><bdi>978-0-5210-1941-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polarisation+of+Elizabethan+Politics%3A+The+Political+Career+of+Robert+Devereux%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Essex%2C+1585%E2%80%931597&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-5210-1941-5&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=P.+E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Haynes, Alan (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whitebearrobertd0000hayn">The White Bear: The Elizabethan Earl of Leicester</a>, Peter Owen, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7206-0672-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7206-0672-0"><bdi>978-0-7206-0672-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Bear%3A+The+Elizabethan+Earl+of+Leicester&rft.pub=Peter+Owen&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7206-0672-0&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhitebearrobertd0000hayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hogge, Alice (2005), God's Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth's Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot, London: HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0071-5637-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0071-5637-5"><bdi>978-0-0071-5637-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Secret+Agents%3A+Queen+Elizabeth%27s+Forbidden+Priests+and+the+Hatching+of+the+Gunpowder+Plot&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-0071-5637-5&rft.aulast=Hogge&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jenkins_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Jenkins (author)">Jenkins, Elizabeth</a> (1967) [1957], Elizabeth the Great, New York: Capricorn Books, G.P. Putnam's and Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8987-9970-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8987-9970-2"><bdi>978-1-8987-9970-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+the+Great&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Capricorn+Books%2C+G.P.+Putnam%27s+and+Sons&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-1-8987-9970-2&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (2002) [1961], Elizabeth and Leicester, The Phoenix Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-2560-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-2560-1"><bdi>978-1-8421-2560-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+and+Leicester&rft.pub=The+Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-8421-2560-1&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig</a> (1997). The king's two bodies: a study in mediaeval political theology (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-1704-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-1704-4"><bdi>978-0-6910-1704-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+king%27s+two+bodies%3A+a+study+in+mediaeval+political+theology&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-6910-1704-4&rft.aulast=Kantorowicz&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Hartwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Phillipps_Kenyon" class="mw-redirect" title="John Phillipps Kenyon">Kenyon, John P.</a> (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historymen0000keny">The History Men: The Historical Profession in England since the Renaissance</a>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2977-8254-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2977-8254-4"><bdi>978-0-2977-8254-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+Men%3A+The+Historical+Profession+in+England+since+the+Renaissance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-2977-8254-4&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorymen0000keny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ordahl_Kupperman" title="Karen Ordahl Kupperman">Kupperman, Karen Ordahl</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamestownproject00kupp">The Jamestown Project</a>, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-2474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-2474-8"><bdi>978-0-6740-2474-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jamestown+Project&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-6740-2474-8&rft.aulast=Kupperman&rft.aufirst=Karen+Ordahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamestownproject00kupp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lacey" title="Robert Lacey">Lacey, Robert</a> (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertearlofesse0000lace">Robert Earl of Essex: An Elizabethan Icarus</a>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2970-0320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2970-0320-5"><bdi>978-0-2970-0320-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Earl+of+Essex%3A+An+Elizabethan+Icarus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-2970-0320-5&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertearlofesse0000lace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Loades" title="David Loades">Loades, David</a> (2003), Elizabeth I: The Golden Reign of Gloriana, London: <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9033-6543-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9033-6543-4"><bdi>978-1-9033-6543-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I%3A+The+Golden+Reign+of+Gloriana&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-9033-6543-4&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">McGrath, Patrick (1967), Papists and Puritans under Elizabeth I, London: Blandford Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papists+and+Puritans+under+Elizabeth+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._E._Neale" title="J. E. Neale">Neale, J. E.</a> (1954) [1934], Queen Elizabeth I: A Biography (reprint ed.), London: Jonathan Cape, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220518">220518</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Elizabeth+I%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220518&rft.aulast=Neale&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker, Geoffrey</a> (2000), The Grand Strategy of Philip II, New Haven: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-8273-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-8273-9"><bdi>978-0-3000-8273-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Strategy+of+Philip+II&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-3000-8273-9&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">Rowse, A. L.</a> (1950), The England of Elizabeth, London: Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181656553">181656553</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+England+of+Elizabeth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181656553&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Skidmore" title="Chris Skidmore">Skidmore, Chris</a> (2010), Death and the Virgin: Elizabeth, Dudley and the Mysterious Fate of Amy Robsart, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-4650-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-4650-5"><bdi>978-0-2978-4650-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+the+Virgin%3A+Elizabeth%2C+Dudley+and+the+Mysterious+Fate+of+Amy+Robsart&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-2978-4650-5&rft.aulast=Skidmore&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Somerset, Anne (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elizabethi00some_0">Elizabeth I</a>, London: Anchor Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3857-2157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3857-2157-8"><bdi>978-0-3857-2157-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-3857-2157-8&rft.aulast=Somerset&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felizabethi00some_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey, David</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elizabeth00davi">Elizabeth: Apprenticeship</a>, London: Vintage, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0992-8657-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0992-8657-8"><bdi>978-0-0992-8657-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%3A+Apprenticeship&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-0992-8657-8&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felizabeth00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (2003), Elizabeth: Woman, Monarch, Mission</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%3A+Woman%2C+Monarch%2C+Mission&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFElizabeth:_The_Exhibition_at_the_National_Maritime_Museum2003">Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Strong" title="Roy Strong">Strong, Roy C.</a> & van Dorsten, J. A. (1964), Leicester's Triumph, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leicester%27s+Triumph&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Roy+C.&rft.au=van+Dorsten%2C+J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Strong, Roy C. (2003) [1987], Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I, London: Pimlico, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0944-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0944-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-0944-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gloriana%3A+The+Portraits+of+Queen+Elizabeth+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-0944-9&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Roy+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (1997), The Children of Henry VIII, London: Random House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3454-0786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3454-0786-3"><bdi>978-0-3454-0786-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Children+of+Henry+VIII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-3454-0786-3&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1999" class="citation cs2">—— (1999), Elizabeth the Queen, London: Pimlico, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7312-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-7312-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+the+Queen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7312-9&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernham1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._B._Wernham" title="R. B. Wernham">Wernham, R.B</a> (1994). The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820443-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820443-5"><bdi>978-0-19-820443-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+the+Armadas%3A+The+Last+Years+of+the+Elizabethan+Wars+Against+Spain+1595%E2%80%931603&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820443-5&rft.aulast=Wernham&rft.aufirst=R.B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Williams, Neville (1964), Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk, London: Barrie & Rockliff</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Howard%2C+Fourth+Duke+of+Norfolk&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Rockliff&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofeliza0000will_z0l3">The Life and Times of Elizabeth I</a>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-3168-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-3168-6"><bdi>978-0-2978-3168-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Elizabeth+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-2978-3168-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifetimesofeliza0000will_z0l3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Willson, David Harris (1963) [1956], King James VI & I, London: Jonathan Cape, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2246-0572-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2246-0572-4"><bdi>978-0-2246-0572-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+James+VI+%26+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-2246-0572-4&rft.aulast=Willson&rft.aufirst=David+Harris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Wilson, Derek (1981), Sweet Robin: A Biography of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester 1533–1588, London: Hamish Hamilton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2411-0149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2411-0149-0"><bdi>978-0-2411-0149-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweet+Robin%3A+A+Biography+of+Robert+Dudley+Earl+of+Leicester+1533%E2%80%931588&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-2411-0149-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Woodward, Jennifer (1997), The Theatre of Death: The Ritual Management of Royal Funerals in Renaissance England, 1570–1625, Boydell & Brewer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8511-5704-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8511-5704-7"><bdi>978-0-8511-5704-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+of+Death%3A+The+Ritual+Management+of+Royal+Funerals+in+Renaissance+England%2C+1570%E2%80%931625&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8511-5704-7&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeem2011" class="citation book cs1">Beem, Charles (2011). The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2301-1214-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2301-1214-8"><bdi>978-0-2301-1214-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25553298M">25553298M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Relations+of+Elizabeth+I&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25553298M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-2301-1214-8&rft.aulast=Beem&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgen2001" class="citation book cs1">Bridgen, Susan (2001). New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Penguin">Viking Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6708-9985-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6708-9985-2"><bdi>978-0-6708-9985-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Worlds%2C+Lost+Worlds%3A+The+Rule+of+the+Tudors%2C+1485%E2%80%931603&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-6708-9985-2&rft.aulast=Bridgen&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dunn, Jane. Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004; New York: Vintage Books, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3757-0820-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-3757-0820-0">0-3757-0820-0</a>.</li> <li>Hodges, J. P. The Nature of the Lion: Elizabeth I and Our Anglican Heritage (London: Faith Press, 1962).</li> <li>Jones, Norman. The Birth of the Elizabethan Age: England in the 1560s (Blackwell, 1993)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCaffrey1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_T._MacCaffrey" title="Wallace T. MacCaffrey">MacCaffrey, Wallace T.</a> (1993). Elizabeth I. E. Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3405-6167-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-3405-6167-X"><bdi>0-3405-6167-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1396177M">1396177M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I&rft.pub=E.+Arnold&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1396177M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-3405-6167-X&rft.aulast=MacCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Wallace+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"> political biography summarising his multivolume study: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCaffrey1969" class="citation book cs1">—— (1969). The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime: Elizabethan Politics, 1558–1572. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6910-5168-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-6910-5168-2"><bdi>0-6910-5168-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22365254M">22365254M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+the+Elizabethan+Regime%3A+Elizabethan+Politics%2C+1558%E2%80%931572&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL22365254M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-6910-5168-2&rft.aulast=MacCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Wallace+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCaffrey1988" class="citation book cs1">—— (1988). Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy, 1572–1588. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6911-0112-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-6911-0112-4"><bdi>0-6911-0112-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22365258M">22365258M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Elizabeth+and+the+Making+of+Policy%2C+1572%E2%80%931588&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL22365258M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-6911-0112-4&rft.aulast=MacCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Wallace+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCaffrey1994" class="citation book cs1">—— (1994). Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588–1603. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691031886" title="Special:BookSources/0691031886"><bdi>0691031886</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1553610M">1553610M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I%3A+War+and+Politics%2C+1588%E2%80%931603&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1553610M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0691031886&rft.aulast=MacCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Wallace+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaren1999" class="citation book cs1">McLaren, A. N. (1999). Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I: Queen and Commonwealth, 1558–1585. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-2483-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-2483-9"><bdi>978-0-5210-2483-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7714150M">7714150M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Culture+in+the+Reign+of+Elizabeth+I%3A+Queen+and+Commonwealth%2C+1558%E2%80%931585&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7714150M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-5210-2483-9&rft.aulast=McLaren&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Palliser, D. M. The Age of Elizabeth: England Under the Later Tudors, 1547–1603 (1983) survey of social and economic history</li> <li>Paranque, Estelle. Blood, Fire & Gold: The Story of Elizabeth I & Catherine de Medici. London: Edbury Press, 2022; New York: Hatchette Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3068-3051-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3068-3051-8">978-0-3068-3051-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pollard" title="Albert Pollard">Pollard, Albert Frederick</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Elizabeth_of_England">"Elizabeth of England" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). pp. 282–283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+of+England&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Albert+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley,_Jasper_Godwin1989" class="citation book cs1">Ridley, Jasper Godwin (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elizabethishrewd00ridl">Elizabeth I: The Shrewdness of Virtue</a>. Fromm International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8806-4110-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8806-4110-4"><bdi>978-0-8806-4110-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I%3A+The+Shrewdness+of+Virtue&rft.pub=Fromm+International&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8806-4110-4&rft.au=Ridley%2C+Jasper+Godwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felizabethishrewd00ridl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Wernham" title="R. B. Wernham">Wernham, R. B.</a> Before the Armada: The Growth of English Foreign Policy, 1485–1588 (1966).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock2013" class="citation book cs1">Whitelock, Anna (2013). Elizabeth's Bedfellows: An Intimate History of the Queen's Court. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-0880-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-0880-1"><bdi>978-1-4088-0880-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%27s+Bedfellows%3A+An+Intimate+History+of+the+Queen%27s+Court&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-0880-1&rft.aulast=Whitelock&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources_and_early_histories">Primary sources and early histories</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_I2002" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth I (2002). Elizabeth I: Collected Works. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2265-0465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2265-0465-0"><bdi>978-0-2265-0465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I%3A+Collected+Works&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-2265-0465-0&rft.au=Elizabeth+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Susan M. Felch, ed. Elizabeth I and Her Age (Norton Critical Editions) (2009); primary and secondary sources, with an emphasis on literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a>. History of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princess Elizabeth. Wallace T. MacCaffrey (ed). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, selected chapters, 1970 edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59210072">59210072</a>.</li> <li>William Camden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/camden">Annales Rerum Gestarum Angliae et Hiberniae Regnante Elizabetha.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218151933/http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/camden">Archived</a> 18 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1615 and 1625.) Hypertext edition, with English translation. Dana F. Sutton (ed.), 2000. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</li> <li>Clapham, John. Elizabeth of England. E. P. Read and <a href="/wiki/Conyers_Read" title="Conyers Read">Conyers Read</a> (eds). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1350639">1350639</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3></div> <ul><li>Carlson, Eric Josef. "Teaching Elizabeth Tudor with Movies: Film, Historical Thinking, and the Classroom," Sixteenth Century Journal, Summer 2007, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp. 419–440</li> <li>Collinson, Patrick. "Elizabeth I and the verdicts of history," Historical Research, Nov 2003, Vol. 76 Issue 194, pp. 469–491</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobsonWatson2002" class="citation book cs1">Dobson, Michael; Watson, Nicola Jane (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englandselizabet00dobs_0">England's Elizabeth: An Afterlife in Fame and Fantasy</a>. Oxford University Press, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-8377-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-8377-8"><bdi>978-0-1981-8377-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Elizabeth%3A+An+Afterlife+in+Fame+and+Fantasy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-1981-8377-8&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Watson%2C+Nicola+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglandselizabet00dobs_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Doran, Susan, and Thomas S. Freeman, eds. The Myth of Elizabeth.(2003).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2022" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Joel (2022). "Elizabeth I: Queen of Music". Music for the Love of It: Episodes in Amateur Music-Making. Juwal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-6592-7823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-6592-7823-7"><bdi>978-9-6592-7823-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+I%3A+Queen+of+Music&rft.btitle=Music+for+the+Love+of+It%3A+Episodes+in+Amateur+Music-Making&rft.pub=Juwal+Publications&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-9-6592-7823-7&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Greaves, Richard L., ed. Elizabeth I, Queen of England (1974), excerpts from historians</li> <li>Haigh, Christopher, ed. The Reign of Elizabeth I (1984), essays by scholars</li> <li>Howard, Maurice. "Elizabeth I: a sense of place in stone, print and paint", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, December 2004, Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp. 261–268</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulme1958" class="citation journal cs1">Hulme, Harold (1958). "Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments: The Work of Sir John Neale". Journal of Modern History. 30 (3): 236–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F238230">10.1086/238230</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1872838">1872838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144764596">144764596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+I+and+Her+Parliaments%3A+The+Work+of+Sir+John+Neale&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144764596%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1872838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F238230&rft.aulast=Hulme&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Montrose, Louis. The Subject of Elizabeth: Authority, Gender, and Representation. (2006).</li> <li>Rowse, A. L. "Queen Elizabeth and the Historians." History Today (September 1953) 3#9 pp 630–641.</li> <li>Watkins, John. Representing Elizabeth in Stuart England: Literature, History, Sovereignty (2002)</li> <li>Woolf, D. R. "Two Elizabeths? James I and the Late Queen's Famous Memory," Canadian Journal of History, August 1985, Vol. 20 Issue 2, pp. 167–191</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (53 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="3162" data-mwtitle="En-Elizabeth_I_of_England-combined.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/En-Elizabeth_I_of_England-combined.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/En-Elizabeth_I_of_England-combined.ogg/En-Elizabeth_I_of_England-combined.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Elizabeth_I_of_England-combined.ogg" title="File:En-Elizabeth I of England-combined.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 20 June 2015 (2015-06-20), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/elizabeth-i">Elizabeth I</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/elizabeth-i-queen-of-england-1533-1603#/type/subject">Elizabeth I</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01452">Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7207#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/38009">Works by Elizabeth I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Elizabeth+I%22+OR+%22Queen+Elizabeth%22+OR+%22Good+Queen+Bess%22+OR+%22Virgin+Queen%22+OR+%28Elizabeth+AND+%221533%E21603%22%29+%29">Works by or about Elizabeth I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/589">Works by Elizabeth I</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Elizabeth I </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a></div>Born: 7 September 1533 Died: 24 March 1603 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Queen of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1558–1603 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elizabeth_I417" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elizabeth_I" title="Template:Elizabeth I"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elizabeth_I" title="Template talk:Elizabeth I"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elizabeth_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elizabeth I"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elizabeth_I417" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of England">Queen of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish monarchs">Ireland</a> (1558–1603)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> (half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Household</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Stafford" title="Dorothy Stafford">Lady Stafford</a> (Lady of the Robes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stafford" title="Elizabeth Stafford">Elizabeth Stafford</a> (Lady of the Bedchamber)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Morgan_(apothecary)" title="Hugh Morgan (apothecary)">Hugh Morgan</a> (Apothecary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_Soltana" title="Aura Soltana">Aura Soltana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Placentia" title="Palace of Placentia">Greenwich Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Palace" title="Richmond Palace">Richmond Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Oak" title="Queen Elizabeth Oak">Queen Elizabeth Oak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Succession_Act" title="Third Succession Act">Third Succession Act</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_I" title="Coronation of Elizabeth I">Coronation</a> (1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Religious Settlement</a> (1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis" title="Regnans in Excelsis">Regnans in Excelsis</a> (1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridolfi_plot" title="Ridolfi plot">Ridolfi Plot</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throckmorton_Plot" title="Throckmorton Plot">Throckmorton Plot</a> (1583)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babington_Plot" title="Babington Plot">Babington Plot</a> (1586)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots">Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots</a> (1587)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> (1588)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Reign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1550%E2%80%931600_in_Western_European_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1550–1600 in Western European fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_leisure" title="Elizabethan leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_to_Elizabeth_I" title="List of ministers to Elizabeth I">Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_Elizabethan_era" title="Music in the Elizabethan era">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Inventory_of_Elizabeth_I" title="Inventory of Elizabeth I">Inventory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacton_Altar_Cloth" title="Bacton Altar Cloth">Bacton Altar Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequers_Ring" title="Chequers Ring">Chequers Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Cup" title="Royal Gold Cup">Royal Gold Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_of_Elizabeth_I" title="Portraiture of Elizabeth I">Portraiture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Portrait" title="Pelican Portrait">Pelican Portrait</a> (1575)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plimpton_Sieve_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I" title="Plimpton Sieve Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I">Plimpton Sieve Portrait</a> (1579)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armada_Portrait" title="Armada Portrait">Armada Portrait</a> (1588)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Monsieur%27s_Departure" title="On Monsieur's Departure">On Monsieur's Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doubt_of_Future_Foes" title="The Doubt of Future Foes">The Doubt of Future Foes</a> (1571)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speech_to_the_Troops_at_Tilbury" title="Speech to the Troops at Tilbury">Tilbury Speech</a> (1588)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Speech" title="Golden Speech">Golden Speech</a> (1601)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Parliaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="1st Parliament of Elizabeth I">1st</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="2nd Parliament of Elizabeth I">2nd</a> (1562)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="3rd Parliament of Elizabeth I">3rd</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="4th Parliament of Elizabeth I">4th</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="5th Parliament of Elizabeth I">5th</a> (1584)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="6th Parliament of Elizabeth I">6th</a> (1586)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="7th Parliament of Elizabeth I">7th</a> (1589)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="8th Parliament of Elizabeth I">8th</a> (1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="9th Parliament of Elizabeth I">9th</a> (1597)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="10th Parliament of Elizabeth I">10th</a> (1601)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Elizabeth_I" title="Succession to Elizabeth I">Succession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secret_correspondence_of_James_VI" title="Secret correspondence of James VI">Secret correspondence of James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Elizabeth_I" title="Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Amours_de_la_reine_%C3%89lisabeth" title="Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth">Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Private_Lives_of_Elizabeth_and_Essex" title="The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex">The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Bess" title="Young Bess">Young Bess (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_Queen_(1955_film)" title="The Virgin Queen (1955 film)">The Virgin Queen (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(film)" title="Elizabeth (film)">Elizabeth (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth:_The_Golden_Age" title="Elizabeth: The Golden Age">Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenilworth_(novel)" title="Kenilworth (novel)">Kenilworth (1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin%27s_Lover" title="The Virgin's Lover">The Virgin's Lover (2004)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Fairy-Queen" title="The Fairy-Queen">The Fairy-Queen (1692)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabetta,_regina_d%27Inghilterra" title="Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra">Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra (1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Devereux" title="Roberto Devereux">Roberto Devereux (1837)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloriana" title="Gloriana">Gloriana (1953)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">Henry VIII (1613)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_the_Queen_(play)" title="Elizabeth the Queen (play)">Elizabeth the Queen (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivat!_Vivat_Regina!" title="Vivat! Vivat Regina!">Vivat! Vivat Regina (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Rex" title="Elizabeth Rex">Elizabeth Rex (2000)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene" title="The Faerie Queene">The Faerie Queene (1590)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Grammar_School,_Wakefield" title="Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield">Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">← Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglicanism327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglicanism_footer" title="Template:Anglicanism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglicanism_footer" title="Template talk:Anglicanism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglicanism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglicanism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglicanism327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communion_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (religion)">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing Anglican movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Personal ordinariates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Compassrose_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/100px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/150px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/200px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1151" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">History of Christianity in Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygeberht" title="Hygeberht">Hygeberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Medieval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of Monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">Laud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Church" title="Modern Church">Modern Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father#Christianity" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">The Books of Homilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Lambeth Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Anglicanism" title="Eucharist in Anglicanism">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1928,_United_States)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1928, United States)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1962)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1962)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1979)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1979)">1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)" title="Daily Office (Anglican)">Morning</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evening Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Liturgical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">Books of Homilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_converted_to_Anglicanism" title="List of people who have converted to Anglicanism">Converts to Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Armorial of the Church of England">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_prayer_beads" title="Anglican prayer beads">Anglican prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_churches_in_the_Americas" title="Anglican churches in the Americas">Anglicanism of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_England" title="Free Church of England">Free Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="Reformed Episcopal Church">Reformed Episcopal Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7207#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4402" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7207#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4402" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7207#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121446237">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/97107753">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/39609/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyX3hFJWgCw6PFyXmQDv3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118529870">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081709">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12026274d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12026274d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620625">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV040355">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36202236">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700037&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX977626">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068681461">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/12072604">Norway</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90598969">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000111809&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000389028&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000039094">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=105788">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201620823">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqssqqx3d0qkl9">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646541005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/23605">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260873905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058530082606706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21078122">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02153851?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500356869">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4a92242a-4084-4966-803a-024c597a4db0">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118529870">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1228414">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118529870.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118529870">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027474526">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c35nv7">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63v9tq4">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/59419">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/455739">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_I&oldid=1276795573">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_I&oldid=1276795573</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elizabeth_I" title="Category:Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li><li><a 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generator)","60","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.8"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","3.8"],["date","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.8"],["[others]","240","22.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-c6fd79fbc-w7cmw","timestamp":"20250220202138","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elizabeth_I","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7207","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7207","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-22T21:02:32Z","dateModified":"2025-02-20T20:21:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/af\/Darnley_stage_3.jpg","headline":"Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603"}</script> </body> </html>