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Política, societat i cultura dels Països Catalans</a></p> <p><a href="/historia-de-la-generalitat-de-catalunya-i-dels-seus-presidents?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4799">Història de la Generalitat de Catalunya i els seus presidents</a></p> <p><a href="/lluis-companys-president-de-catalunya?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4815">Lluís Companys, president de Catalunya</a></p> <h3>Llengua</h3> <p><a href="/llibre-estil-enciclopedia-catalana?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4795">Llibre d'estil</a></p> <h3>Medicina</h3> <p><a href="/enciclopedia-de-medicina-i-salut?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=68">Enciclopèdia de medicina i salut</a></p> <h3>Natura i ecologia</h3> <p><a href="/biosfera?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4805">Biosfera</a></p> <p><a href="/historia-natural-dels-paisos-catalans?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4807">Història natural dels Països Catalans</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-searchmobile" class="display-none block-btn-search block block-block-content block-block-contentac4dbdb1-34a3-422e-a808-b34ca42c0aa2"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><a class="btn-search" href="#"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-exposed-form block-cerca-home justify-content-center bk-gray-50 block block-views block-views-exposed-filter-blockcerca-gec-solr-page-1" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-cerca-gec-solr-page-1" id="block-exposedformcerca-gec-solrpage-1-2"> <div class="content"> <form action="/cerca/gec" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-cerca-gec-solr-page-1" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-row"> <fieldset class="js-form-item js-form-type-search-api-autocomplete form-type-search-api-autocomplete js-form-item-search-api-fulltext form-item-search-api-fulltext form-no-label form-group"> <input placeholder="Cerca" data-drupal-selector="edit-search-api-fulltext" data-search-api-autocomplete-search="cerca_gec_solr" class="form-autocomplete form-control" data-autocomplete-path="/search_api_autocomplete/cerca_gec_solr?display=page_1&&filter=search_api_fulltext" type="text" id="edit-search-api-fulltext" name="search_api_fulltext" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" /> </fieldset> <fieldset class="js-form-item js-form-type-select form-type-select js-form-item-field-faceta-cerca-1 form-item-field-faceta-cerca-1 form-no-label form-group"> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-field-faceta-cerca-1" id="edit-field-faceta-cerca-1" name="field_faceta_cerca_1" class="form-select custom-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Tot -</option><option value="938">Gran enciclopèdia catalana</option><option value="87">Aprendre a aprendre</option><option value="4773">Art de Catalunya</option><option value="4796">Atles de la diversitat</option><option value="4806">Atles de la presència catalana al món</option><option value="4814">Atles electoral Segona Republica a Catalunya</option><option value="4805">Biosfera</option><option value="4811">Caixes i bancs de Catalunya</option><option value="4765">Catalunya romànica</option><option value="4800">Comarques de Catalunya</option><option value="4769">Del romà al romànic</option><option value="1218">Diccionari de la literatura catalana</option><option value="1225">Diccionari del cinema a Catalunya</option><option value="1162">Diccionari dels partits polítics de Catalunya, segle XX</option><option value="1219">Diccionari d’historiografia catalana</option><option value="4816">El Modernisme</option><option value="68">Enciclopèdia de medicina i salut</option><option value="4774">Enciclopèdia temàtica PROA</option><option value="1001">Esportpèdia</option><option value="4770">Fàbriques i empresaris</option><option value="1224">Gran enciclopèdia de la música</option><option value="4799">Història de la Generalitat de Catalunya i dels seus presidents</option><option value="4813">Història econòmica de la Catalunya contemporània</option><option value="4807">Història natural dels Països Catalans</option><option value="4809">Història. 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class="hidden"></div> </section> </aside> </div> <div class="featured-top"> <aside class="featured-top__inner section container-fluid clearfix" role="complementary"> <section class="row region region-featured-top"> <div id="block-tempsdelectura" class="container tempsdelectura block block-block-content block-block-contente366a2b2-4f33-4076-bc88-5ce3ea72b85a"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item">Temps de lectura: <strong>2 min</strong></div> </div> </div> </section> </aside> </div> <div id="main-wrapper" class="layout-main-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="main" class="container-fluid"> <div class="row row-offcanvas row-offcanvas-left clearfix"> <main class="main-content col" id="content" role="main"> <section class="section"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <section class="region region-content"> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-6" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-6"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_6 js-view-dom-id-c472c16dba8a0e1fbd3fc27e92ed9a5c7878965f16d32033ee4ff5d7b3a4f78a"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><h1> Parti Socialiste<div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_10 js-view-dom-id-80047cdc56928be0d3a795fbcbaaa5f74cbf859dbdb797f596fa24ec7979efd1"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </h1></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-13" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-13"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_13 js-view-dom-id-d765d81472918ec092c1d72026838d599f0611e03d0ac39cdc36d7df03cc0bed"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-view"><div class="field-content altnamenou"><div class="view view-alternative-name-nou- view-id-alternative_name_nou_ view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-2787700376e3484aebba8b1042b772cb4fe3f3cfa06a0e4923b45c5abc5afd20"> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-9" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-9"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_9 js-view-dom-id-1674274b942ba31719d0deacd6f217f922f3944a63068239138359d71bb4cff1"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-views-conditional-field"><span class="field-content"><p>PS (sigla)</p></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-cos-block-6" id="block-gec-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-cos-block-6"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_6 js-view-dom-id-696edfa4c9254b5e20e3eb4a10d216140e0fd2d8fcd77894341e2b7e0440e162"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-view"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-1f98e1d269b854a7d487cff87f9d448d959173152cd5019363d05fc4b181195b"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-1"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-c9ceaac6ce3f212c272878a84c4caff871f265721e87a04d5dd7ee52d4045516"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-2"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_4 js-view-dom-id-d20bbd21aee8f2653956eab57d0df505d2195b23b77b54e21a46a3cb3dfee0b4"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-3"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_3 js-view-dom-id-0683e80fbb2f58bee00d019af3cdecfd33bbbfb7c8d4931c6e15e175fdbba3fd"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-4"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_5 js-view-dom-id-1d360edd69b8bb8e30c9b3faecd0e62d9cb27fa0f59e2294806e3926190d8151"> </div> </span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-11" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-11"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_11 js-view-dom-id-2ebea74f765a00c3af68609a692e21d63405346fbdb3f1506a2580e84b654d31"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-views-conditional-field"><span class="field-content"><div class="mediagroup"></div></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-brief"><div class="field-content"><p> Partit polític francès fundat el 1971 per la fusió del <a class="div-ref" href="/EC-GEC-0049180">Parti Socialiste</a> [SFIO] i de diverses agrupacions i clubs socialistes en el congrés d’Épinay. </p> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-body"><div class="field-content"><p><def type="full" opt="false"></def></p> <div class="div-div1"><p><a class="div-ref" href="/EC-GEC-0042968">François Mitterrand</a> fou escollit primer secretari d’un partit socialista renovat, que l’any 1972 adoptà un programa comú amb socialistes i radicals. Des de l’inici, ha constituït el partit majoritari del centreesquerra francès, alternant-se en el poder amb l’<a class="div-ref" href="/EC-GEC-0054348">RPR</a>. En les eleccions presidencials del 1974, Mitterrand obtingué el 49% dels vots, i en les del 1981, amb el suport de comunistes i ecologistes, aconseguí un triomf que es veié complementat per la majoria absoluta del PS en les legislatives del mateix any. Afectat per importants diferències internes entre els diversos caps de fila (<a class="div-ref" href="/EC-GEC-0243543">Lionel Jospin</a>, <a class="div-ref" href="/EC-GEC-0025713">Laurent Fabius</a>, <a class="div-ref" href="/EC-GEC-0056201">Michel Rocard</a>), sobretot arran del suport comunista, el partit perdé força en les diverses consultes electorals celebrades des del 1983, i el 1986 passà a l’oposició. </p> <p>Bé que el PS tornà al poder el 1988 amb Rocard com a primer ministre (que es mantingué en el càrrec fins el 1991, que fou substituït per Édith Cresson i, aquesta per Pierre Bérégovoy, el 1992), el deteriorament de l’economia i les acusacions de corrupció sobre diversos dirigents socialistes comportaren un dels pitjors resultat en la història del partit en les eleccions legislatives del 1993. El 1996, un any abans de la mort de Mitterrand (1996), Lionel Jospin disputà infructuosament la presidència de França al candidat de la dreta Jacques Chirac. No fou fins el 1997 que el PS tornà a guanyar les legislatives. En un difícil equilibri, Lionel Jospin, nou primer ministre, intentà combinar les demandes dels sectors més esquerrans del partit, entre d’altres, les 35 hores setmanals, amb les dels sectors més centristes (privatització d’empreses públiques). El juny del 2002, dos mesos després que Jospin perdés de nou les presidencials contra Chirac en la primera volta, el Parti Socialiste passà a l’oposició, i fou novament derrotat el juny del 2007 amb Ségolene Royal al capdavant. </p> <p> Amb motiu del referèndum a la Constitució Europea del maig del 2005, s’obrí una escletxa dins de la formació entre els partidaris i els contraris al text, encapçalats, respectivament, per la direcció i per l’exministre Laurent Fabius. En guanyar les eleccions presidencials el maig del 2012, <a class="div-ref" href="/EC-GEC-0522359">François Hollande</a> esdevingué el primer president socialista des del 1995. El mateix maig del 2012, el PS recuperà el govern amb Jean-Marc Ayrault com a primer ministre. Succeït el març del 2014 per <a class="div-ref" href="/EC-GEC-21072022">Manuel Valls</a>, les mesures d’aquest favorables a la desregulació laboral produïren novament tensions en el partit. L’abril del 2017 es produí una nova crisi del PS quan el candidat oficialista a les presidencials elegit en les primàries, Benoît Hamon, fou apartat en la primera volta després d’obtenir tan sols el cinquè lloc i veure’s superat per <a class="div-ref" href="/EC-GEC-22364629">Emmanuel Macron</a>, antic ministre del govern socialista que dimití i fundà el moviment En Marche. La crisi del partit s'agreujà encara més en les eleccions legislatives del mes de juny, en obtenir tan sols 31 diputats a l'Assemblea i el 7,4% dels vots (el pitjor resultat de la seva història). </p> <p> En les eleccions al Parlament Europeu el PS fou un dels dos partits més votats a França fins el 2009 i, després de l’SPD alemany, durant molts anys el més nombrós del grup parlamentari socialista. El 2009, bé que conservà la segona posició, obtingué només 14 diputats, reduïts a 12 el 2014 (tercera posició) i a 2 el 2019 (sisena posició). D’entre els membres del PS que han ocupat càrrecs a la Unió Europea destaca molt especialment <a class="div-ref" href="/EC-GEC-0233604">Jacques Delors</a> (president de la Comissió Europea). </p> <p> Des del 1981 han ocupat el càrrec de primer secretari Lionel Jospin (1981-88), <a class="div-ref" href="/EC-GEC-0041499">Pierre Mauroy</a> (1988-92), Laurent Fabius (1992-93), Michel Rocard (1993-94), Henri Emmanuelli (1994-95), Lionel Jospin, (1995-97), François Hollande (1997-2008), Martine Aubry (2008), Harlem Désir (2012-2014) i Jean-Christophe Cambadélis, que dimití al juny de 2017. 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