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Kaliforniyum - Vikipedi

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<span>Özellikleri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Özellikleri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Özellikleri alt bölümünü aç/kapa</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Özellikleri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiziksel_özellikleri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiziksel_özellikleri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Fiziksel özellikleri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiziksel_özellikleri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kimyasal_özellikleri_ve_bileşikleri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimyasal_özellikleri_ve_bileşikleri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kimyasal özellikleri ve bileşikleri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimyasal_özellikleri_ve_bileşikleri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-İzotopları" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#İzotopları"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>İzotopları</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-İzotopları-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarihi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarihi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tarihi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarihi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varlığı" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varlığı"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Varlığı</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varlığı-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Üretimi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Üretimi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Üretimi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Üretimi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uygulamaları" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uygulamaları"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uygulamaları</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uygulamaları-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Güvenlik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Güvenlik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Güvenlik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Güvenlik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaynakça" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaynakça"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kaynakça</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaynakça-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliyografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliyografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliyografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliyografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="İçindekiler" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaliforniyum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Başka bir dildeki sayfaya gidin. 132 dilde mevcut" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132 dil</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Afrikaanca" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8A%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ካሊፎርኒየም - Amharca" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካሊፎርኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कैलिफोर्नियम - Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कैलिफोर्नियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كاليفورنيوم - Arapça" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاليفورنيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كاليفورنيوم - Fas Arapçası" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاليفورنيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Fas Arapçası" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كاليفورنيوم - Mısır Arapçası" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاليفورنيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Mısır Arapçası" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu - Asturyasça" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Californiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturyasça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Azerbaycan dili" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaycan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний - Başkırtça" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Başkırtça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Bali dili" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Каліфорній - Belarusça" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каліфорній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Каліфорн - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каліфорн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний - Bulgarca" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कैलिफोर्नियम - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैलिफोर्नियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ক্যালিফোর্নিয়াম - Bengalce" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যালিফোর্নিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniom" title="Kaliforniom - Bretonca" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kaliforniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornij" title="Kalifornij - Boşnakça" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalifornij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Boşnakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="seçkin madde"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californi" title="Californi - Katalanca" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Californi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californyo" title="Californyo - Sebuano dili" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Californyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Sebuano dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="کالیفۆرنیۆم - Orta Kürtçe" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کالیفۆرنیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Orta Kürtçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu - Korsikaca" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Californiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Çekçe" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Çekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний - Çuvaşça" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Çuvaşça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califforniwm" title="Califforniwm - Galce" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Califforniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Galce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Danca" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="seçkin madde"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Almanca" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Καλιφόρνιο - Yunanca" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλιφόρνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="seçkin madde"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - İngilizce" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="İngilizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniumo" title="Kaliforniumo - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaliforniumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="seçkin madde"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio" title="Californio - İspanyolca" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Californio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="İspanyolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Estonca" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornio" title="Kalifornio - Baskça" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kalifornio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کالیفرنیم - Farsça" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالیفرنیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Farsça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Fince" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Faroe dili" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Fransızca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fransızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Kuzey Frizce" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Kuzey Frizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californi" title="Californi - Friuli dili" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Californi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calafoirniam" title="Calafoirniam - İrlandaca" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Calafoirniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="İrlandaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaf%C3%B2rnium" title="Calafòrnium - İskoç Gaelcesi" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Calafòrnium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="İskoç Gaelcesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio" title="Californio - Galiçyaca" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Californio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galiçyaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="કેલિફોર્નીયમ - Güceratça" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેલિફોર્નીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Güceratça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Man dili" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Man dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Hakka Çincesi" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Çincesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קליפורניום - İbranice" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליפורניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="İbranice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कैलीफोर्नियम - Hintçe" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैलीफोर्नियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hintçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Fiji Hintçesi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hintçesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornij" title="Kalifornij - Hırvatça" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalifornij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hırvatça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalif%C3%B2ny%C3%B2m" title="Kalifònyòm - Haiti Kreyolu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kalifònyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haiti Kreyolu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Macarca" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Macarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կալիֆոռնիում - Ermenice" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալիֆոռնիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Ermenice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - İnterlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="İnterlingua" data-language-local-name="İnterlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İnterlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Endonezce" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Endonezce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornio" title="Kalifornio - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kalifornio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio" title="Californio - İtalyanca" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Californio" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="İtalyanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="カリホルニウム - Japonca" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリホルニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrkaliforni" title="jinmrkaliforni - Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrkaliforni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Cava dili" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Cava dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კალიფორნიუმი - Gürcüce" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალიფორნიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gürcüce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C9%A9f%C9%94rn%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Kalɩfɔrnɩyɔm - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kalɩfɔrnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний - Kazakça" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಯಾಲಿಫೋರ್ನಿಯಮ್ - Kannada dili" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾಲಿಫೋರ್ನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%AC%EB%8A%84" title="캘리포늄 - Korece" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캘리포늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korece" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний - Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniom" title="Kaliforniom - Kernevekçe" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kaliforniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kernevekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний - Kırgızca" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kırgızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Latince" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Lüksemburgca" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lüksemburgca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Limburgca" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio" title="Californio - Ligurca" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Californio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornis" title="Kalifornis - Litvanca" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalifornis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijs" title="Kalifornijs - Letonca" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalifornijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калифорниум - Makedonca" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калифорниум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കാലിഫോർണിയം - Malayalam dili" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാലിഫോർണിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Калифорни (химийн элемент) - Moğolca" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Калифорни (химийн элемент)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Moğolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कॅलिफोर्नियम - Marathi dili" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅलिफोर्नियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний - Ova Çirmişçesi" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Ova Çirmişçesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Malayca" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ကာလီဖိုနီယမ် - Birman dili" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာလီဖိုနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birman dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्यालिफोर्नियम - Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्यालिफोर्नियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Felemenkçe" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Felemenkçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Norveççe Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Norveççe Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calif%C3%B2rni" title="Califòrni - Oksitan dili" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Califòrni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornii" title="Kalifornii - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kalifornii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="କାଲିଫର୍ମିଅମ - Oriya dili" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାଲିଫର୍ମିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्यालिफोर्नियम - Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="क्यालिफोर्नियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforn" title="Kaliforn - Lehçe" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaliforn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Lehçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calif%C3%B2rni" title="Califòrni - Piyemontece" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Califòrni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piyemontece" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کیلیفورنیم - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیلیفورنیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="کاليفورنيوم - Peştuca" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاليفورنيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Peştuca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calif%C3%B3rnio" title="Califórnio - Portekizce" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Califórnio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portekizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliphurniyu" title="Kaliphurniyu - Keçuva dili" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kaliphurniyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Keçuva dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu - Rumence" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Californiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu - Ulahça" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Californiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Ulahça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний - Rusça" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="केलिफोर्नियम् - Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="केलिफोर्नियम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калифорниум - Yakutça" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Калифорниум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakutça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calif%C3%B2rniu" title="Califòrniu - Sardunya dili" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Califòrniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardunya dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu - Sicilyaca" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Californiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilyaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijum" title="Kalifornijum - Sırp-Hırvat Dili" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalifornijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Sırp-Hırvat Dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Slovakça" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornij" title="Kalifornij - Slovence" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalifornij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniumi" title="Kaliforniumi - Arnavutça" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kaliforniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Arnavutça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калифорнијум - Sırpça" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калифорнијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Sırpça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Saterland Frizcesi" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frizcesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium - Sunda dili" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - İsveççe" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="İsveççe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforni" title="Kaliforni - Svahili dili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaliforni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலிபோர்னியம் - Tamilce" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலிபோர்னியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాలిఫోర్నియం - Telugu dili" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాలిఫోర్నియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний - Tacikçe" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tacikçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="แคลิฟอร์เนียม - Tayca" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคลิฟอร์เนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniyo" title="Kaliforniyo - Tagalogca" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaliforniyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalogca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний - Tatarca" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="كالىفورنىي - Uygurca" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كالىفورنىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uygurca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Каліфорній - Ukraynaca" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каліфорній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraynaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="کیلیفورنیئم - Urduca" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیلیفورنیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urduca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniy" title="Kaliforniy - Özbekçe" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaliforniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Özbekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornii_(himine_element)" title="Kalifornii (himine element) - Veps dili" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kalifornii (himine element)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californi" title="Californi - Vietnamca" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Californi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californyo" title="Californyo - Varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Californyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎 - Wu Çincesi" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锎" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Çincesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калифорниум - Kalmıkça" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Калифорниум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmıkça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalif%E1%BB%8D%CC%81rn%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m" title="Kalifọ́rníọ̀m - Yorubaca" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kalifọ́rníọ̀m" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yorubaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="seçkin madde"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎 - Çince" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Çince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%A6" title="鐦 - Edebi Çince" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鐦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Edebi Çince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium - Min Nan Çincesi" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan Çincesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%B2" title="鉲 - Kantonca" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鉲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmNgcalife" title="UmNgcalife - Zuluca" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmNgcalife" data-language-autonym="İsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zuluca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1888#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Dillerarası bağlantıları değiştir" class="wbc-editpage">Bağlantıları değiştir</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ad alanları"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaliforniyum" title="İçerik sayfasını göster [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Madde</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tart%C4%B1%C5%9Fma:Kaliforniyum" rel="discussion" title="İçerik ile ilgili tartışma [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Tartışma</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/wiki/Kaliforniyum"><span>Oku</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit" title="Bu sayfayı değiştir [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit" title="Bu sayfanın kaynak kodunu düzenleyin [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Kaynağı değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=history" title="Bu sayfanın geçmiş sürümleri [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geçmişi gör</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sayfa araçları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">gizle</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Daha fazla seçenek" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Eylemler </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaliforniyum"><span>Oku</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit" title="Bu sayfayı değiştir [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit" title="Bu sayfanın kaynak kodunu düzenleyin [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Kaynağı değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=history"><span>Geçmişi gör</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Genel </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:SayfayaBa%C4%9Flant%C4%B1lar/Kaliforniyum" title="Bu sayfaya bağlantı vermiş tüm viki sayfalarının listesi [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sayfaya bağlantılar</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:%C4%B0lgiliDe%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fiklikler/Kaliforniyum" rel="nofollow" title="Bu sayfadan bağlantı verilen sayfalardaki 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href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKaliforniyum"><span>Kısaltılmış URL'yi al</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKaliforniyum"><span>Karekodu indir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Yazdır/dışa aktar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kitap&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Kaliforniyum"><span>Bir kitap oluştur</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF olarak indir</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;printable=yes" title="Bu sayfanın basılmaya uygun sürümü [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Basılmaya uygun görünüm</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Diğer projelerde </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Californium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1888" title="Veri havuzundaki ilgili ögeye bağlantı [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikiveri ögesi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sayfa araçları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Görünüm"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Görünüm</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">gizle</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tr" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox bordered" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 88%; width: 22em; text-align: left"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table width="100%" cellspacing="0" style="border: none; font-size: 110%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border: none"><a href="/wiki/Berkelyum" title="Berkelyum">berkelyum</a> ← <b>kaliforniyum</b> → <a href="/wiki/Ayn%C5%9Ftaynyum" title="Aynştaynyum">aynştaynyum</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border: none"> <td style="text-align: center; border: none"><a href="/wiki/Disprozyum" title="Disprozyum">Dy</a><br />↑<br /><b>Cf</b><br />↓<br />(Uqo) </td> <td style="border: none"> <table width="100%" cellspacing="0" style="border: none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border: none"><div style="position: relative; border: none"> <div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrojen" title="Hidrojen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Hidrojen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helyum" title="Helyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Helyum</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lityum" title="Lityum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Lityum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilyum" title="Berilyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Berilyum</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bor" title="Bor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Karbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Azot</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksijen" title="Oksijen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oksijen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flor" title="Flor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodyum" title="Sodyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Sodyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnezyum" title="Magnezyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Magnezyum</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%BCminyum" title="Alüminyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Alüminyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silisyum" title="Silisyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Silisyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fosfor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCk%C3%BCrt" title="Kükürt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Kükürt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Klor" title="Klor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Klor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasyum" title="Potasyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Potasyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsiyum" title="Kalsiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Kalsiyum</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandiyum" title="Skandiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Skandiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanyum" title="Titanyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Titanyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadyum" title="Vanadyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Vanadyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krom" title="Krom"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Krom</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganez" title="Manganez"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Manganez</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Demir" title="Demir"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Demir</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Kobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Nikel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1r" title="Bakır"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bakır</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%87inko" title="Çinko"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Çinko</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Galyum" title="Galyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Galyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanyum" title="Germanyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Germanyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Arsenik</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenyum" title="Selenyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Selenyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Brom</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Kripton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidyum" title="Rubidyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Rubidyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsiyum" title="Stronsiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Stronsiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0triyum" title="İtriyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">İtriyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonyum" title="Zirkonyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zirkonyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niyobyum" title="Niyobyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Niyobyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Molibden</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesyum" title="Teknesyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Teknesyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenyum" title="Rutenyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutenyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rodyum" title="Rodyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rodyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Paladyum" title="Paladyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Paladyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Gümüş"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Gümüş</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmiyum" title="Kadmiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Kadmiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ndiyum" title="İndiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">İndiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalay" title="Kalay"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Kalay</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Antimon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tell%C3%BCr" title="Tellür"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tellür</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0yot" title="İyot"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">İyot</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ksenon" title="Ksenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Ksenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sezyum" title="Sezyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Sezyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Baryum" title="Baryum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Baryum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Lantan</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seryum" title="Seryum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Seryum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodim" title="Praseodim"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Praseodim</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimyum" title="Neodimyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neodimyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Prometyum" title="Prometyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Prometyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samaryum" title="Samaryum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Samaryum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Evropiyum" title="Evropiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Evropiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinyum" title="Gadolinyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Gadolinyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbiyum" title="Terbiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Terbiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Disprozyum" title="Disprozyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Disprozyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmiyum" title="Holmiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Holmiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbiyum" title="Erbiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Erbiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tulyum" title="Tulyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Tulyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0terbiyum" title="İterbiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">İterbiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesyum" title="Lutesyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lutesyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafniyum" title="Hafniyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hafniyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tantal</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Renyum" title="Renyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Renyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmiyum" title="Osmiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Osmiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ridyum" title="İridyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">İridyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platin" title="Platin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Platin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n" title="Altın"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Altın</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/C%C4%B1va" title="Cıva"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cıva</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Talyum" title="Talyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Talyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kur%C5%9Fun" title="Kurşun"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Kurşun</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bizmut</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonyum" title="Polonyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Polonyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Astatin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fransiyum" title="Fransiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Fransiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radyum" title="Radyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Radyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinyum" title="Aktinyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Aktinyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Toryum" title="Toryum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Toryum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinyum" title="Protaktinyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Protaktinyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranyum" title="Uranyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Uranyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nept%C3%BCnyum" title="Neptünyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neptünyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%BCtonyum" title="Plütonyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Plütonyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Amerikyum" title="Amerikyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Amerikyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCriyum" title="Küriyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Küriyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelyum" title="Berkelyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Berkelyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Kaliforniyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ayn%C5%9Ftaynyum" title="Aynştaynyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Aynştaynyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermiyum" title="Fermiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Fermiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevyum" title="Mendelevyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Mendelevyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelyum" title="Nobelyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Nobelyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lavrensiyum" title="Lavrensiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lavrensiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordiyum" title="Rutherfordiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutherfordiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubniyum" title="Dubniyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Dubniyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgiyum" title="Seaborgiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seaborgiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohriyum" title="Bohriyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bohriyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassiyum" title="Hassiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hassiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitneriyum" title="Meitneriyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Meitneriyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtiyum" title="Darmstadtiyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Darmstadtiyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenyum" title="Röntgenyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Röntgenyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernikyum" title="Kopernikyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Kopernikyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihoniyum" title="Nihoniyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nihoniyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovyum" title="Flerovyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flerovyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskovyum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Moskovyum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermoryum" title="Livermoryum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Livermoryum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennesin" title="Tennesin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tennesin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oganesson</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="border: none; font-size: 8px; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 65px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Electron_shell_098_Californium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Electron_shell_098_Californium.svg/42px-Electron_shell_098_Californium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Electron_shell_098_Californium.svg/63px-Electron_shell_098_Californium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Electron_shell_098_Californium.svg/84px-Electron_shell_098_Californium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a></span> </div> <div style="border: none; position: absolute; top: 5px; left: 125px"><b><span style="font-size: smaller">98</span><span style="font-size: larger">Cf</span></b></div> <div style="border: none; text-align: right"><small><a href="/wiki/Periyodik_tablo" title="Periyodik tablo">Periyodik tablo</a></small></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #FF99CC">Görünüş </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">gümüş renkli<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Californium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Californium.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #FF99CC">Genel özellikleri </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0simlerine_g%C3%B6re_elementler_listesi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="İsimlerine göre elementler listesi (sayfa mevcut değil)">İsim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sembollerine_g%C3%B6re_elementler_listesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sembollerine göre elementler listesi">sembol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Numaralar%C4%B1na_g%C3%B6re_elementler_listesi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Numaralarına göre elementler listesi (sayfa mevcut değil)">numara</a> </th> <td>Kaliforniyum, Cf, 98 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Element kategorisi </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aktinit" title="Aktinit">aktinit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grup_(periyodik_tablo)" title="Grup (periyodik tablo)">Grup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periyot_(periyodik_tablo)" title="Periyot (periyodik tablo)">periyot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blok_(periyodik_tablo)" title="Blok (periyodik tablo)">blok</a> </th> <td>-, <a href="/wiki/7._periyot_elementleri" class="mw-redirect" title="7. periyot elementleri">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/F_blo%C4%9Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="F bloğu">f</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Standart atom ağırlığı</a> </th> <td>(251) <a href="/wiki/Atomik_k%C3%BCtle_birimi" title="Atomik kütle birimi">u</a><sup id="cite_ref-CRC_2006_4.56_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_2006_4.56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elektron_dizilimi" title="Elektron dizilimi">Elektron dizilimi</a> </th> <td>&#91;<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>&#93; 5f<sup>10</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Enerji_seviyesi" title="Enerji seviyesi">Enerji seviyesi</a> başına <br /><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektronlar</a> </th> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #FF99CC">Fiziksel özellikleri </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Faz_(madde)" title="Faz (madde)">Faz</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kat%C4%B1" title="Katı">katı</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Yo%C4%9Funluk" title="Yoğunluk">Yoğunluk</a> (oda sıcaklığında) </th> <td>15.1g·cm<sup>−3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRC_2006_4.56_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_2006_4.56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Erime_noktas%C4%B1" title="Erime noktası">Erime noktası</a> </th> <td>1173 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 900 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_2006_4.56_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_2006_4.56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1652 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenhayt" title="Fahrenhayt">°F</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #FF99CC">Atom özellikleri </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksidasyon_say%C4%B1s%C4%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksidasyon sayısı (sayfa mevcut değil)">Oksidasyon durumları</a> </th> <td>(+2), +3, (+4)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Elektronegatiflik" title="Elektronegatiflik">Elektronegatifliği</a> </th> <td>1,3<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0yonla%C5%9Fma_enerjisi" title="İyonlaşma enerjisi">İyonlaşma enerjileri</a> </th> <td>1.: 608 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #FF99CC">Diğer </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mohs_sertlik_skalas%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs sertlik skalası">Mohs sertliği</a> </th> <td>3–4<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/CAS_kay%C4%B1t_numaras%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS kayıt numarası">CAS kayıt numarası</a> </th> <td>7440-71-3<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_2006_4.56_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_2006_4.56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #FF99CC">En kararlı izotopları </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Ana madde: <a href="/wiki/Kaliforniyum_izotoplar%C4%B1" title="Kaliforniyum izotopları">Kaliforniyum izotopları</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zotop" title="İzotop">izo</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fal_bolluk" title="Doğal bolluk">db</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yar%C4%B1_%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Yarı ömür">yö</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bozunma_%C5%9Fekli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bozunma şekli (sayfa mevcut değil)">bş</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bozunma_enerjisi" title="Bozunma enerjisi">be</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">MeV</a>)</small> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bozunma_%C3%BCr%C3%BCnleri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bozunma ürünleri (sayfa mevcut değil)">bü</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><sup>248</sup>Cf </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yapay_radyoizotop" title="Yapay radyoizotop">yap</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">333,5 <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCn" title="Gün">g</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfa_bozunmas%C4%B1" title="Alfa bozunması">α</a> (%100) </td> <td>6,369 </td> <td><sup><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCriyum_izotoplar%C4%B1" title="Küriyum izotopları">244</a></sup><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCriyum" title="Küriyum">Cm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kendili%C4%9Finden_fisyon" title="Kendiliğinden fisyon">KF</a>&#160;(%2.9×10<sup>−3</sup>) </td> <td>0,0029 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><sup>249</sup>Cf </td> <td rowspan="2">sen </td> <td rowspan="2">352 <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1l" title="Yıl">y</a> </td> <td>α (%100) </td> <td>6,295 </td> <td><sup>245</sup>Cm </td></tr> <tr> <td>KF&#160;(%5.0×10<sup>−7</sup>) </td> <td>4.4×10<sup>−7</sup> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><sup>250</sup>Cf </td> <td rowspan="2">sen </td> <td rowspan="2">13,08 y </td> <td>α (%99.92) </td> <td>6,129 </td> <td><sup>246</sup>Cm </td></tr> <tr> <td>KF (%0.08) </td> <td>0,077 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><sup>251</sup>Cf </td> <td rowspan="1">sen </td> <td rowspan="1">898 y </td> <td>α </td> <td>6,172 </td> <td><sup>247</sup>Cm </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><sup>252</sup>Cf </td> <td rowspan="2">sen </td> <td rowspan="2">2,645 y </td> <td>α (%96.91) </td> <td>6,217 </td> <td><sup>248</sup>Cm </td></tr> <tr> <td>KF (%3.09) </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><sup>253</sup>Cf </td> <td rowspan="2">sen </td> <td rowspan="2">17,81 g </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta_emisyonu" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta emisyonu">β<sup>−</sup></a> (%99.69) </td> <td>0,29 </td> <td><sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn%C5%9Ftaynyum_izotoplar%C4%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aynştaynyum izotopları (sayfa mevcut değil)">253</a></sup><a href="/wiki/Ayn%C5%9Ftaynyum" title="Aynştaynyum">Es</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>α (%0,31) </td> <td>6,126 </td> <td><sup>249</sup>Cm </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><sup>254</sup>Cf </td> <td rowspan="2">sen </td> <td rowspan="2">60,5 g </td> <td>KF (%99.69) </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>α (%0,31) </td> <td>5,930 </td> <td><sup>250</sup>Cm}} </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7" style="text-align: center">İzotoplar için referanslar:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NNDC2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #FF99CC">Radyoaktivite </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Radiation_warning_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radioaktives Element"><img alt="Radioaktives Element" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Radiation_warning_symbol.svg/60px-Radiation_warning_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Radiation_warning_symbol.svg/90px-Radiation_warning_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Radiation_warning_symbol.svg/120px-Radiation_warning_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Radioaktives Element</figcaption></figure><br /><small>Radyoaktif element</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kaliforniyum</b>, sembolü <b>Cf</b> ve <a href="/wiki/Atom_numaras%C4%B1" title="Atom numarası">atom numarası</a> 98 olan <a href="/wiki/Radyoaktif" class="mw-redirect" title="Radyoaktif">radyoaktif</a> metalik bir <a href="/wiki/Kimyasal_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimyasal element">kimyasal elementtir</a>. </p><p>İlk kez Şubat 1950'de <a href="/wiki/Kaliforniya_%C3%9Cniversitesi,_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliforniya Üniversitesi, Berkeley">Kaliforniya Üniversitesi, Berkeley</a>'deki laboratuvarda <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCriyum" title="Küriyum">küriyumun</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfa_par%C3%A7ac%C4%B1klar%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfa parçacıkları">alfa parçacıkları</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helyum" title="Helyum">helyum</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0yon" title="İyon">iyonları</a>) ile bombardıman edilmesiyle üretildi. <a href="/wiki/Aktinit" title="Aktinit">Aktinit</a> serisinin dokuzuncu üyesi ve sentezlenen altıncı <a href="/wiki/Uranyum_%C3%B6tesi_element" title="Uranyum ötesi element">uranyum ötesi elementtir</a>. Yüksek atom ağırlığına sahip elementler içinde, <a href="/wiki/Ayn%C5%9Ftaynyum" title="Aynştaynyum">aynştaynyumun</a> ardından çıplak gözle görülebilecek miktarı üretilebilen ikinci elementtir. Element, keşfedildiği <a href="/wiki/Kaliforniya_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Kaliforniya Üniversitesi">Kaliforniya Üniversitesi</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Kaliforniya" title="Kaliforniya">Kaliforniya</a> eyaletinin onuruna bu şekilde isimlendirildi. </p><p>Kaliforniyum normal basınç altında biri 900&#160;°C'nin üstünde ve diğeri 900&#160;°C'nin altında olmak üzere iki farklı <a href="/wiki/Kristal_yap%C4%B1" title="Kristal yapı">kristal yapıda</a> bulunur. Yüksek basınçta üçüncü bir kristal yapı söz konusudur. Kaliforniyum oda sıcaklığında hava ile temas ederse yavaşça matlaşır. Bilinen yirmi izotop içinde kaliforniyum-251 898 yıllık <a href="/wiki/Yar%C4%B1_%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Yarı ömür">yarı ömrü</a> ile elementin en kararlı izotopudur. Bu kısa yarı ömür elementin yerkabuğunda bulunmadığı anlamını da taşır. Yarı ömrü 2,64 yıl olan kaliforniyum-252 en yaygın olarak kullanılan izotoptur ve ABD'de <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Ulusal_Laboratuvar%C4%B1" title="Oak Ridge Ulusal Laboratuvarı">Oak Ridge Ulusal Laboratuvarı</a>'nda ve Rusya'da da <a href="/wiki/Atom_Reakt%C3%B6rleri_Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma_Enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom Reaktörleri Araştırma Enstitüsü">Atom Reaktörleri Araştırma Enstitüsü</a>'nde üretilmektedir. </p><p>Kaliforniyum pratik uygulaması olan birkaç uranyum ötesi elementten biridir. Bu uygulamaların çoğunda belli başlı <a href="/wiki/Kaliforniyum_izotoplar%C4%B1" title="Kaliforniyum izotopları">kaliforniyum izotoplarının</a> <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6tron" title="Nötron">nötron</a> yayma özelliğinden faydalanılır. Örneğin nükleer reaktörlerin başlatılmasında kaliforniyum kullanılabilir. Ayrıca <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6tron_sa%C3%A7%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Nötron saçılması">nötron saçılması</a> ve <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6tron_spektroskopisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nötron spektroskopisi">nötron spektroskopisiyle</a> madde araştırmalarında da nötron kaynağı olarak kullanılır. Bunların dışında kaliforniyum daha yüksek atom ağırlığına sahip elementlerin sentezinde de kullanılır: ununoktiyum (118. element) kaliforniyum-249 atomunun <a href="/wiki/Kalsiyum-48" title="Kalsiyum-48">kalsiyum-48</a> iyonları ile bombardıman edilmesiyle sentezlendi. Kaliforniyumun kullanımı esnasında radyolojik endişeler de dikkate alınmalıdır. Ayrıca elementin iskelet dokudaki <a href="/wiki/Biyoak%C3%BCm%C3%BClasyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Biyoakümülasyon">biyoakümülasyonu</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_kan_h%C3%BCcreleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kırmızı kan hücreleri">kırmızı kan hücrelerinin</a> oluşumunu bozar. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Özellikleri"><span id=".C3.96zellikleri"></span>Özellikleri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Özellikleri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Özellikleri"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>98 atom numaralı kaliforniyum, periyodik tabloda aktinitler serisinde yer alır. Öncesinde <a href="/wiki/Berkelyum" title="Berkelyum">berkelyum</a> ve ardında da <a href="/wiki/Ayn%C5%9Ftaynyum" title="Aynştaynyum">aynştaynyum</a> yer alır. Lantanitler serisindeki yapısal analogu <a href="/wiki/Disprozyum" title="Disprozyum">disprozyumdur</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiziksel_özellikleri"><span id="Fiziksel_.C3.B6zellikleri"></span>Fiziksel özellikleri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Fiziksel özellikleri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Fiziksel özellikleri"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Closest_packing_ABAC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/150px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/225px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/300px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption> α-Cf'nin kristal yapısı. Bu, katman dizisi ABAC şeklinde olan bir çift hegzagonal sıkı paket yapıdır.(A:&#160;yeşil; B:&#160;mavi; C:&#160;kırmızı).</figcaption></figure> <p>Kaliforniyum, <a href="/wiki/Erime_noktas%C4%B1" title="Erime noktası">erime noktası</a> 900 ± 30&#160;°C ve <a href="/wiki/Kaynama_noktas%C4%B1" title="Kaynama noktası">kaynama noktası</a> tahmini 1745&#160;°C olan<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> radyoaktif, gümüşi beyaz renkli, aktinit bir metaldir.<sup id="cite_ref-j166_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j166-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saf metal haldeyken yumuşaktır ve jilet ile kolayca kesilebilir. Kaliforniyum metali 300&#160;°C'nin üstünde vakuma maruz kaldığında buharlaşmaya başlar.<sup id="cite_ref-h1526_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1526-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 51&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>'nin (−220&#160;°C) altında kaliforniyum metali <a href="/wiki/Ferromanyetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferromanyetik">ferromanyetik</a> veya <a href="/wiki/Ferrimanyetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrimanyetik">ferrimanyetiktir</a> (mıknatıs gibi davranır), 48 ve 66 K arasında <a href="/wiki/Antiferromanyetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiferromanyetik">antiferromanyetiktir</a> (bir ara durum) ve 160&#160;K'nin (−110&#160;°C) üzerinde <a href="/wiki/Paramanyetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramanyetik">paramanyetiktir</a> (dış bir manyetik alan ona mıknatıslık kazandırır).<sup id="cite_ref-h1526_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1526-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kaliforniyum <a href="/wiki/Lantanit" title="Lantanit">lantanit</a> metalleri ile alaşım oluşturabilir, ancak bu konuda çok az şey bilinmektedir.<sup id="cite_ref-h1526_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1526-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Element 1 standart atmosfer basıncı altında iki farklı <a href="/wiki/Kristal_yap%C4%B1" title="Kristal yapı">kristal yapıya</a> sahiptir: çift-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegzagonal_s%C4%B1k%C4%B1_paket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegzagonal sıkı paket (sayfa mevcut değil)">hegzagonal sıkı paket</a> (hsp veya dhcp) yapılı alfa (α) ve <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCzey_merkezli_k%C3%BCbik" class="mw-redirect" title="Yüzey merkezli kübik">yüzey merkezli kübik</a> (ymk veya fcc) yapılı beta (β).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>not 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> α formu 900&#160;°C'nin altında ve 15,10 g/cm³ yoğunlukla görülür, β formu da 900&#160;°C'nin üstünde ve 8.74 g/cm³ yoğunlukla görülür.<sup id="cite_ref-o276_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o276-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 48&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(birim)" title="Pascal (birim)">GPa</a> basınçta, atomun <a href="/wiki/Elektron_kabu%C4%9Fu" title="Elektron kabuğu">5f elektronlarının</a> dekolizasyonu sonucunda β formu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortorombik_kristal_sistem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortorombik kristal sistem (sayfa mevcut değil)">ortorombik kristal sisteme</a> dönüşür.<sup id="cite_ref-h1522_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>not 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bir malzemenin <a href="/wiki/Bulk_mod%C3%BCl%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulk modülü">bulk modülü</a>, malzemenin eş dağılımlı bir basınca karşı direncininin ölçüsünü ifade eder. Kaliforniyumun bulk modülü 50&#160;± 5&#160;GPa'dır. Bu sayı üç değerli lantanit metallerinkine yakınken alüminyum (70&#160;GPa) gibi daha bilindik metallerinkinden küçüktür.<sup id="cite_ref-h1522_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kimyasal_özellikleri_ve_bileşikleri"><span id="Kimyasal_.C3.B6zellikleri_ve_bile.C5.9Fikleri"></span>Kimyasal özellikleri ve bileşikleri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kimyasal özellikleri ve bileşikleri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Kimyasal özellikleri ve bileşikleri"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ana madde: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum_bile%C5%9Fikleri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaliforniyum bileşikleri (sayfa mevcut değil)">Kaliforniyum bileşikleri</a></div> <p>Kaliforniyum 4, 3 ve 2 <a href="/wiki/De%C4%9Ferlik" title="Değerlik">değerliklerini</a> gösterir. Bu sayılar bu elementin bir atomunun yapabileceği <a href="/wiki/Kimyasal_ba%C4%9F" title="Kimyasal bağ">kimyasal bağ</a> sayısını belirler.<sup id="cite_ref-o276_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o276-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kimyasal yapısı diğer -öncelikli- 3+ değerlikli aktinit elementleri ve periyodik tabloda kaliforniyumun üstünde bulunan lantinit elementi disprozyum ile benzerlik gösterdiği tahmin edilmektedir.<sup id="cite_ref-c4.8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4.8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Element oda sıcaklığında hava ile temas ederek yavaşça kararır ve matlaşır, ortama nem eklenirse kararma oranı da artar.<sup id="cite_ref-o276_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o276-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" align="right"> <caption>Kaliforniyum bileşikleri<sup id="cite_ref-j166_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j166-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>not 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>durum</th> <th>bileşik</th> <th>formül</th> <th>renk </th></tr> <tr> <td>+2</td> <td>kaliforniyum(II) bromür</td> <td>CfBr<sub>2</sub></td> <td>sarı </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2</td> <td>kaliforniyum(II) iyodür</td> <td>CfI<sub>2</sub></td> <td>koyu mor </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td>kaliforniyum(III) oksit</td> <td>Cf<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td> <td>sarı-yeşil </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td>kaliforniyum(III) florür</td> <td>CfF<sub>3</sub></td> <td>parlak yeşil </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td>kaliforniyum(III) klorür</td> <td>CfCl<sub>3</sub></td> <td>zümrüt yeşili </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td>kaliforniyum(III) iyodür</td> <td>CfI<sub>3</sub></td> <td>limon sarısı </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4</td> <td>kaliforniyum(IV) oksit</td> <td>CfO<sub>2</sub></td> <td>siyah kahverengi </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4</td> <td>kaliforniyum(IV) florür</td> <td>CfF<sub>4</sub></td> <td>yeşil </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kaliforniyum <a href="/wiki/Hidrojen" title="Hidrojen">hidrojen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">azot</a> veya <a href="/wiki/Kalkojen" title="Kalkojen">kalkojen</a> (oksijen grubu elementi) ile ısıtıldığında tepkimeye girer. Kuru hidrojen ve sulu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral_asitleri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineral asitleri (sayfa mevcut değil)">mineral asitleriyle</a> girdiği tepkimeler hızlıdır.<sup id="cite_ref-o276_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o276-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaliforniyum sadece, kaliforniyum(III) katyonu halindeyken suda çözünebilir. +3 iyonunu çözeltide indirgeme veya oksitleme çalışmaları başarısız olmuştur.<sup id="cite_ref-c4.8_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4.8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Element suda çözülebilir, <a href="/wiki/Klor%C3%BCr" title="Klorür">klorür</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrat" title="Nitrat">nitrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perklorat" title="Perklorat">perklorat</a> ve <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BClfat" title="Sülfat">sülfat</a> oluşturur.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="İzotopları"><span id=".C4.B0zotoplar.C4.B1"></span>İzotopları</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: İzotopları" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: İzotopları"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ana madde: <a href="/wiki/Kaliforniyum_izotoplar%C4%B1" title="Kaliforniyum izotopları">kaliforniyum izotopları</a></div> <p>Kaliforniyumun tanımlanan yirmi radyoizotopu bulunmaktadır. En kararlı olan kaliforniyum-251'in <a href="/wiki/Yar%C4%B1_%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Yarı ömür">yarı ömrü</a> 898 yıl, kaliforniyum-249'un 351 yıl, kaliforniyum-250'nin 13,08 yıl ve kaliforniyum-252'nin 2,645 yıldır.<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC2008_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Geriye kalan izotopların tamamının yarı ömrü bir yıldan kısa ve bunların çoğunun yarı ömrü de 20 dakikadan daha kısadır.<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC2008_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kaliforniyumun izotoplarının <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtle_numaras%C4%B1" title="Kütle numarası">kütle numaraları</a> 237 ile 256 arasındadır.<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC2008_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaliforniyum-249 berkelyum-249'un <a href="/wiki/Beta_bozunumu" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta bozunumu">beta bozunumu</a> ile üretilir ve diğer kaliforniyum izotoplarının çoğu berkelyumun bir <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCkleer_reakt%C3%B6r" title="Nükleer reaktör">nükleer reaktörde</a> yoğun nötron radyasyonuna maruz bırakılmasıyla üretilir.<sup id="cite_ref-c4.8_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4.8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kaliforniyum-251 en uzun ömürlü izotop olmasına rağmen, nötron toplama (yüksek <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6tron_yakalama" title="Nötron yakalama">nötron yakalama</a>) eğilimi ve diğer parçacıklarla etkileşime girme (yüksek <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6tron_tesir_kesiti" title="Nötron tesir kesiti">nötron tesir kesiti</a>) eğilimi sebebiyle, üretim verimi %10'dur.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaliforniyum-252 çok güçlü bir <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6tron" title="Nötron">nötron</a> yayıcıdır. Bu sebeple son derece <a href="/wiki/Radyoaktif" class="mw-redirect" title="Radyoaktif">radyoaktiftir</a> ve zararlıdır.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zamanının %96,9'sında alfa bozunumu ile (iki <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> ve iki nötron kaybederek) küriyum-248'i oluşturur, geriye kalan %3,1'de <a href="/wiki/Kendili%C4%9Finden_fisyon" title="Kendiliğinden fisyon">kendiliğinden fisyona</a> uğrar.<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC2008_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bir <a href="/wiki/Mikrogram" title="Mikrogram">mikrogram</a> (µg) kaliforniyum-252 saniyede 2,3 milyon nötron yayar. Kendiliğinden fisyon başına ortalama ise 3,7 nötrondur.<sup id="cite_ref-osti_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osti-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Yarı ömrü 60,5 gün olan kaliforniyum-254 izotopu yalnızca kendiliğinden fisyon yoluyla bazonur. Diğer kaliforniyum izotoplarının çoğu da alfa bozunumu yoluyla küriyum (<a href="/wiki/Atom_numaras%C4%B1" title="Atom numarası">atom numarası</a> 96) izotoplarına dönüşür.<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC2008_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarihi">Tarihi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Tarihi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Tarihi"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ekipmanın büyük parçaları ve yakınlarda duran bir adam." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/220px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/330px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/440px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>Kaliforniyumun ilk kez sentezlenmesinde kullanılan 1.500 mm (60 inç) yarıçaplı <a href="/wiki/Siklotron" title="Siklotron">siklotron</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kaliforniyum ilk kez 9 Şubat 1950'de (veya o civarlarda) <a href="/wiki/Kaliforniya_%C3%9Cniversitesi,_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliforniya Üniversitesi, Berkeley">Kaliforniya Üniversitesi, Berkeley</a>'de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_G._Thompson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley G. Thompson (sayfa mevcut değil)">Stanley G. Thompson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Street,_Jr.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Street, Jr. (sayfa mevcut değil)">Kenneth Street, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> tarafından sentezlendi.<sup id="cite_ref-cun103_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cun103-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Takım o güne kadar keşfedilen altıncı uranyum ötesi elementin keşfini 17 Mart 1950'de duyurdu.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E98_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E98-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaliforniyumun elde edilebilmesi için bir mikrogram ölçüsündeki küriyum-242 (<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em; text-align:right"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">242</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">96</span></span>Cm) hedefi, <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_Kaliforniya" title="Berkeley, Kaliforniya">Berkeley, Kaliforniya</a>'daki 1.500&#160;mm yarıçaplı siklotronda 35 <a href="/wiki/MeV" class="mw-redirect" title="MeV">MeV</a> enerjili alfa parçacıkları (<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em; text-align:right"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">4</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">2</span></span>He) ile bombardıman edildi. Bunun sonucunda kaliforniyum-245 (<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em; text-align:right"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">245</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">98</span></span>Cf) ve bir de <a href="/wiki/Serbest_n%C3%B6tron" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbest nötron">serbest nötron</a> (n) elde edildi.<sup id="cite_ref-cun103_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cun103-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{242}_{\ 96}Cm\ +\ _{2}^{4}He\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 98}^{245}Cf\ +\ _{0}^{1}n} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>96</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>242</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>98</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>245</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{242}_{\ 96}Cm\ +\ _{2}^{4}He\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 98}^{245}Cf\ +\ _{0}^{1}n} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/170e71d341b7e5c80ee4fb72a1874d14237fc806" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.991ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{242}_{\ 96}Cm\ +\ _{2}^{4}He\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 98}^{245}Cf\ +\ _{0}^{1}n} }"></span> </p><p>Bu deneyde sadece 5.000 kaliforniyum atomu üretilebilmişti<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ve bu atomların yarı ömürleri 44 dakikaydı.<sup id="cite_ref-cun103_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cun103-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaşifler elementi Kaliforniya ve Kaliforniya Üniversitesi'nin onuruna kaliforniyum olarak isimlendirdiler. Bu element 95, 96 ve 97'nin isimlendirilmesinde kullanılan alışılmış yöntem için bir kırılma teşkil ediyordu. Bu elementlerin isimlendirilmesinde periyodik tabloda bir üstlerinde yer alan elementler için kullanılan yöntem uygulanmıştı.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Altıncı periyotta 95. elementin hemen üzerinde yer alan <a href="/wiki/Evropiyum" title="Evropiyum">evropiyum</a>, adını keşfedildiği kıtadan aldı, bunun üzerine 95. element de <a href="/wiki/Amerikyum" title="Amerikyum">amerikyum</a> olarak isimlendirildi. 96. element, hemen üstünde yer alan ve bilim adamı ve mühendis <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a>'in onuruna isimlendirilen <a href="/wiki/Gadolinyum" title="Gadolinyum">gadolinyuma</a> benzer şekilde, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>'nin onuruna <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCriyum" title="Küriyum">küriyum</a> olarak isimlendirildi. <a href="/wiki/Terbiyum" title="Terbiyum">Terbiyum</a> keşfedildiği şehrin adını aldı, 97. element de aynı şekilde keşfedildiği şehire atfen <a href="/wiki/Berkelyum" title="Berkelyum">berkelyum</a> olarak isimlendirildi.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ancak 98. elementin üstünde yer alan <a href="/wiki/Disprozyum" title="Disprozyum">disprozyum</a> basitçe "ulaşması zor" anlamına geliyordu, bu yüzden araştırmacılar bu gayri resmi adlandırma anlaşmasını bir tarafa bırakmaya karar verdiler.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tartılabilecek miktarda kaliforniyum üretimi ilk kez <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idaho_Ulusal_Laboratuvar%C4%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Idaho Ulusal Laboratuvarı (sayfa mevcut değil)">Idaho Ulusal Laboratuvarı</a>'ndaki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malzeme_Test_Reakt%C3%B6r%C3%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Malzeme Test Reaktörü (sayfa mevcut değil)">Malzeme Test Reaktörü</a>'nde <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%BCtonyum" title="Plütonyum">plütonyum</a> hedeflerin radyasyona maruz bırakılmasıyla gerçekleştirildi ve bu bulgular 1954'te rapor edildi.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kaliforniyum-252 izotopunun yüksek kendiliğinden fisyon oranı da bu numunelerde gözlendi. Konsantre şekilde kaliforniyum üzerindeki ilk deneyler 1958'de yapıldı.<sup id="cite_ref-cun103_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cun103-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kaliforniyum-248'den -252'ye kadar olan izotplarda aynı yıl, bir nükleer reaktörde beş yıl süreyle radyasyona maruz bırak <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%BCtonyum-239" title="Plütonyum-239">plütonyum-239</a> numunesinden elde edildi.<sup id="cite_ref-j166_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j166-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> İki yıl sonra 1960'ta Kaliforniya Üniversitesi Lawrence Radyasyon Laboratuvarı'ndan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burris_Cunningham&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Burris Cunningham (sayfa mevcut değil)">Burris Cunningham</a> ve <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Wallman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James Wallman (sayfa mevcut değil)">James Wallman</a>, kaliforniyumu buhar ve hidroklorik asit ile işleyerek ilk kaliforniyum bileşikleri olan kaliforniyum triklorür, kaliforniyum oksiklorür ve kaliforniyum oksiti yarattılar.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1960'larda <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>'de bulunan <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Ulusal_Laboratuvar%C4%B1" title="Oak Ridge Ulusal Laboratuvarı">Oak Ridge Ulusal Laboratuvarı</a>'ndaki (ORNL) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%BCksek_Ak%C4%B1l%C4%B1_%C4%B0zotop_Reakt%C3%B6r%C3%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yüksek Akılı İzotop Reaktörü (sayfa mevcut değil)">Yüksek Akılı İzotop Reaktörü</a>'nde (HFIR) toplu halde kaliforniyum üretimine başlandı.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1965'ten beri HFIR nominal olarak yılda 500 miligram kaliforniyum üretmektedir.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri-Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k_Ortak_Savunma_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 Amerika Birleşik Devletleri-Birleşik Krallık Ortak Savunma Antlaşması (sayfa mevcut değil)">1958 Amerika Birleşik Devletleri-Birleşik Krallık Ortak Savunma Antlaşması</a> uyarınca Birleşik Krallık'tan sağlanan plütonyum, kaliforniyum üretimi için kullanıldı.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1970'lerin başlarında <a href="/wiki/ABD_Atom_Enerjisi_Komisyonu" class="mw-redirect" title="ABD Atom Enerjisi Komisyonu">ABD Atom Enerjisi Komisyonu</a> endüstriyel ve akademik tüketicilere mikrogramı 10 dolar olmak üzere kaliforniyum-252 satışı yapmıştı<sup id="cite_ref-osti_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osti-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ve 1970'ten 1990'a kadar yer yıl ortalama 150&#160;mg kaliforniyum-252 sevkiyatı yapıldı.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>not 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kaliforniyum metali ilk kez 1974'te Haire ve Baybarz tarafından californium(III) oksitin lantan metaliyle indirgenmesi sonucunda elde edildi. Sonuçta mikrometrenin altında bir kalınlıkta mikrogram miktarlarda ince filmler elde ettiler.<sup id="cite_ref-h1519_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1519-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>not 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varlığı"><span id="Varl.C4.B1.C4.9F.C4.B1"></span>Varlığı</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Varlığı" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Varlığı"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg/220px-Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg/330px-Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg/440px-Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5137" data-file-height="2696" /></a><figcaption>Nükleer denemeler sonucunda açığa çıkan eser miktarda kaliforniyum çevreyi kirletmektedir.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bilindiği kadarıyla kaliforniyum yeryüzünde doğal olarak bulunmamaktadır. Ancak çeşitli nükleosentezlerin meydana gelmesi sebebiyle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranyum_cevheri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranyum cevheri (sayfa mevcut değil)">uranyum cevherlerinde</a> birkaç dakikalığına da olsa varlığını sürdürebilmesi olasıdır.<sup id="cite_ref-ANL2005_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANL2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mineral araştırmalarında ve tıbbi tedavilerde kaliforniyumu kullanan tesislerin yakınlarında eser miktarlarda kalifornuyum bulunabilir.<sup id="cite_ref-e90_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e90-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Element oldukça çözünmez bir görünüm sergiler ancak, çözelti içindeki katı parçacıklara bağlanır; katı parçacıklardaki yoğunluğu katı parçacıkları çevreleyen sudaki yoğunluğundan 500 kat fazla olabilir.<sup id="cite_ref-ANL2005_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANL2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1980 öncesinde havada yapılan <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BCkleer_silah_denemeleri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nükleer silah denemeleri (sayfa mevcut değil)">nükleer silah denemelerinin</a> sebep olduğu <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCkleer_serpinti" title="Nükleer serpinti">nükleer serpintiler</a> çevredeki kaliforniyum miktarına küçük bir miktar katkı yaptı.<sup id="cite_ref-ANL2005_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANL2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bir nükleer patlama sonrasında havadan alınan numunelerde <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtle_numaras%C4%B1" title="Kütle numarası">kütle numaraları</a> 249, 252, 253 ve 254 olan kaliforniyum izotopları gözlemlendi. Kaliforniyum büyük miktarlarda üretilmediğinden <a href="/wiki/ABD_Enerji_Bakanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ABD Enerji Bakanlığı">ABD Enerji Bakanlığı</a>'nın miras bölgelerindeki başlıca radyoaktif çekirdekler arasında yer almaz.<sup id="cite_ref-ANL2005_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANL2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>not 6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <br style="clear:both" /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Üretimi"><span id=".C3.9Cretimi"></span>Üretimi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Üretimi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Üretimi"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaliforniyum <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCkleer_reakt%C3%B6r" title="Nükleer reaktör">nükleer reaktörlerde</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A7ac%C4%B1k_h%C4%B1zland%C4%B1r%C4%B1c%C4%B1" title="Parçacık hızlandırıcı">parçacık hızlandırıcılarda</a> üretilir.<sup id="cite_ref-k327_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k327-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kaliforniyum-250, berkelyum-249'un (<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em; text-align:right"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">249</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">97</span></span>Bk) nötron ile bombardıman edilmesiyle başlayan bir süreç sonrasında elde edilir. Berkelyum-249'un <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6tron_yakalama" title="Nötron yakalama">nötron yakalaması</a> (n,γ) yoluyla berkelyum-250 (<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em; text-align:right"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">250</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">97</span></span>Bk) oluşur, berkelyum-250 hızlıca beta bozunumuna (β<sup>−</sup>) uğrayarak kaliforniyum-250'ye (<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em; text-align:right"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">250</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">98</span></span>Cf) dönüşür. Reaksiyon şu şekilde gösterilebilir:<sup id="cite_ref-heis348_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heis348-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>::::::<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{249}_{\ 97}Bk\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 97}^{250}Bk\ {\xrightarrow[{3,212\ saat}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 98}^{250}Cf} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>97</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>249</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mo>&#x2192;</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>&#x03B3;<!-- γ --></mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>97</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>250</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munderover> <mo>&#x2192;</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>212</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>&#x03B2;<!-- β --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mn>98</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>250</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{249}_{\ 97}Bk\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 97}^{250}Bk\ {\xrightarrow[{3,212\ saat}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 98}^{250}Cf} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/889ffeed690ca7ffed8b0582b12b2908482592fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.065ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.607ex; width:32.155ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{249}_{\ 97}Bk\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 97}^{250}Bk\ {\xrightarrow[{3,212\ saat}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 98}^{250}Cf} }"></span> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><small>Verilen zaman <a href="/wiki/Yar%C4%B1_%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Yarı ömür">yarı ömrü</a> temsil etmektedir.</small></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Kaliforniyum-250'nin nötron ile bombardıman edilmesiyle de kaliforniyum-251 ve kaliforniyum-252 izotopları elde edilir.<sup id="cite_ref-heis348_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heis348-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amerikyum" title="Amerikyum">Amerikyum</a>, küriyum ve plütonyumun uzun süreli nötron radyasyonuna maruz bırakılmasıyla miligramlar ölçüsünde kaliforniyum-252 ve mikrogramlar ölçüsünde de kaliforniyum-249 üretilebilir.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2006 itibarıyla kütle numarası 244'ten 248'e kadar olan küriyum izotoplarının özel reaktörlerde nötron radyasyonuna maruz bırakılmasıyla öncelikli olarak kaliforniyum-252 ve daha az miktarlarda kütle numarası 249'dan 255'e kadar olan izotoplar üretilmektedir.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mikrogramlar ölçüsünde kaliforniyum-252 ABD <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BCkleer_D%C3%BCzenleme_Komisyonu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nükleer Düzenleme Komisyonu (sayfa mevcut değil)">Nükleer Düzenleme Komisyonu</a> yoluyla ticari olarak kullanılabilir durumdadır.<sup id="cite_ref-k327_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k327-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Biri ABD'deki Oak Ridge Ulusal Laboratuvarı diğeri de <a href="/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Rusya" title="Dimitrovgrad, Rusya">Dimitrovgrad, Rusya</a>'daki Atom Reaktörleri Araştırma Enstitüsü olmak üzere dünyada kaliforniyumun üretildiği iki tesis bulunmaktadır. 2003'ten beri bu iki tesiste sırasıyla 0,25 gram ve 0,025 gram kaliforniyum-252 üretilmektedir.<sup id="cite_ref-nrc33_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc33-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kaliforniyumun küçük miktarlarda satışı yüksek fiyatları da beraberinde getirir. Kaliforniyum-249'un mikrogramı 160 ABD doları<sup id="cite_ref-speclab_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speclab-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iken kaliforniyum-252'nin mikrogramı 60 dolardır.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ABD Enerji Bakanlığı Cf Satış Programı kapsamında kaliforniyum-252'nin ilk yıllardaki (1970'ler) satış fiyatı mikrogram başına 10 dolardı. Fiyat 1987, 1989, 1994, 1998 ve 1999 tarihlerinde sırasıyla 27, 50, 55, 56 ve 60 dolar olmak üzere yükselen bir şekilde güncellendi.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCkleer_fisyon" title="Nükleer fisyon">Nükleer fisyon</a> ya da alfa bozunumunun olmadığı bir süreçte uranyum-238'in toplam 15 kez nötron yakalaması sonucunda kayda değer yarı ömürlü üç kaliforniyum izotopu üretilir.<sup id="cite_ref-nrc33_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc33-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Uranyum-238 ile başlayan üretim zincirinin son halkası kaliforniyum-253'tür. Süreç lerlerken <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%BCtonyum_izotoplar%C4%B1" title="Plütonyum izotopları">plütonyum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amerikyum_izotoplar%C4%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amerikyum izotopları (sayfa mevcut değil)">amerikyum</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCriyum_izotoplar%C4%B1" title="Küriyum izotopları">küriyum</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Berkelyum_izotoplar%C4%B1" title="Berkelyum izotopları">berkelyum</a> izotopları ile kütle numarası 249 ile 253 arasında olan kaliforniyum izotopları da belli aşamalarda sürece dahil olur. <br style="clear:both" /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Cf_252_Produktion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Çeşitli izotopları gösteren kompleks akış şeması" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cf_252_Produktion.png/600px-Cf_252_Produktion.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cf_252_Produktion.png/900px-Cf_252_Produktion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cf_252_Produktion.png/1200px-Cf_252_Produktion.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>Uranyum-238'in nötron radyasyonuna maruz kalmasıyla kaliforniyum-252'nin üretimini gösteren akış şeması</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uygulamaları"><span id="Uygulamalar.C4.B1"></span>Uygulamaları</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Uygulamaları" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Uygulamaları"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Kaliforn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kaliforn.png/150px-Kaliforn.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kaliforn.png/225px-Kaliforn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kaliforn.png/300px-Kaliforn.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption><sup>252</sup>Cf'nin yaydığı nötronun spektrumu.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:CfShield.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large conical structure on a pulley with a man on top and two near the base." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CfShield.JPG/150px-CfShield.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CfShield.JPG/225px-CfShield.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CfShield.JPG/300px-CfShield.JPG 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Oak Ridge Ulusal Laboratuvarı'nda yapılan 50 tonluk nakliye varili. Bu varil ile 1 grama kadar <sup>252</sup>Cf taşınabilmektedir.<sup id="cite_ref-sea245_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sea245-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Her bir mikrogramından dakikada 139 milyon nötron yayılan kaliforniyum, güçlü bir nötron yayıcı olarak birçok özel uygulamada kendine yer bulur.<sup id="cite_ref-osti_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osti-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bu özelliği kaliforniyumu bazı reaktörler için kullanışlı bir başlangıç nötron kaynağı yapar.<sup id="cite_ref-o276_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o276-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Element ayrıca bazı numunelerde eser miktarda bulunan elementlerin miktarının belirlenmesi için yapılan <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%B6tron_aktivasyon_analizi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nötron aktivasyon analizi (sayfa mevcut değil)">nötron aktivasyon analizinde</a> taşınabilir (reaktör tabanlı olmayan) nötron kaynağı olarak kullanılır.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2000_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2000-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>not 7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kaliforniyumun nötronları, diğer <a href="/wiki/Radyoterapi" title="Radyoterapi">radyoterapi</a> türlerinin etkisiz olduğu belli <a href="/wiki/Rahim_a%C4%9Fz%C4%B1_kanseri" title="Rahim ağzı kanseri">rahim ağzı</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Beyin_t%C3%BCm%C3%B6r%C3%BC" title="Beyin tümörü">beyin tümörlerinin</a> tedavisinde de kullanılır.<sup id="cite_ref-o276_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o276-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Element <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Teknoloji_Enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Georgia Teknoloji Enstitüsü">Georgia Teknoloji Enstitüsü</a>'nün 1969'da Savannah River Santrali'nden 119&#160;µg kaliforniyum-252 almasından bu yana eğitim uygulamalarında da kullanılmaktadır.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kömür ve çimento endüstrilerinde de kömür analizi ve bulk modülü analizlerinde kullanım alanına sahiptir. </p><p>Malzemelere nötron nüfuzu kaliforniyumu yakıt çubuğu tarayıcıları;<sup id="cite_ref-o276_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o276-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> uçak ve silah parçalarındaki korozyon, kötü kaynaklar ve rutubetin tespitinde kullanılan nötron radyografisi;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ve taşınabilir metal dedektörler için oldukça kullanışlı yapar.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%B6tron_nem_%C3%B6l%C3%A7me_cihazlar%C4%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nötron nem ölçme cihazları (sayfa mevcut değil)">Nötron nem ölçme cihazları</a> petrol kuyularındaki su ve petrol tabakalarının tayininde kaliforniyum-252'yi kullanır. Taşınabilir nötron kaynağı olduğundan altın ve gümüş madenlerindeki yerinde analiz aşamasında ve yeraltı suyu hareketlerinin tespitinde kullanılmaktadır.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaliforniyum-252'nin 1982'deki kullanım şekli dağılımı şu şekildedir; reaktör başlatıcı (%48,3), yakıt çubuğu taraması (%25,3) ve aktivasyon analizi (%19,4).<sup id="cite_ref-ol12_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ol12-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1994'te de nötron radyografisi %77,4, yakıt çubuğu taraması %12,1 ve reaktör başlatıcı %6,9 şeklinde oldu.<sup id="cite_ref-ol12_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ol12-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaliforniyum-251 çok küçük bir krtik kütleye (yaklaşık 5&#160;kg),<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yüksek öldürücülüğe ve göreli düşük peryotlu çevre için zehirli radyasyon yayma kapasitesine sahiptir. Kaliforniyumun düşük kritik kütleye sahip olması, elementin kullanımı ile ilgili abartılı iddiaları da beraberinde getirmektedir. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i> dergisinin Temmuz 1961 tarihli sayısında yer alan "Facts and Fallacies of World War III" adlı makalede bu durum şu şekilde sunulmuştur; "kaliforniyum atom bombasının bir tabanca mermisinden daha büyük olması gerekmez. Temas anında 10 ton TNT gücüyle patlayacak mermiler ateşleyen bir altıpatlar yapabilirsiniz."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ekim 2006'da <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya">Rusya</a>'daki <a href="/wiki/Ortak_N%C3%BCkleer_Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma_Enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Ortak Nükleer Araştırma Enstitüsü">Ortak Nükleer Araştırma Enstitüsünde</a>, araştırmacılar kaliforniyum-249'u <a href="/wiki/Kalsiyum-48" title="Kalsiyum-48">kalsiyum-48</a> ile bombardıman ederek <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganessonu</a> (118. element) keşfettiklerini duyurdular. Oganesson şimdiye dek sentezlenen en ağır elementtir. Bu deneydeki hedef yaklaşık 10&#160;mg kaliforniyum-249 içeriyordu.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kaliforniyum başka uranyum ötesi elementlerin keşiflerinde de kullanılmıştı; örneğin 103. element (daha sonra <a href="/wiki/Lavrensiyum" title="Lavrensiyum">lavrensiyum</a> olarak isimlendirildi) 1961'de kaliforniyumun <a href="/wiki/Bor" title="Bor">bor</a> çekirdeği ile bombardımanı sonucunda sentezlenmişti.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Güvenlik"><span id="G.C3.BCvenlik"></span>Güvenlik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Güvenlik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Güvenlik"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>İskelet dokuda biriken kaliforniyum, radyasyon yayarak vücudun <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_kan_h%C3%BCcresi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kırmızı kan hücresi">kırmızı kan hücresi</a> üretme kabiliyetini bozar.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Element yüksek radyoaktifliği ve doğada düşük yoğunlukta bulunması sebebiyle herhangi bir organizma üzerinde doğal biyolojik bir rol oynamaz.<sup id="cite_ref-e90_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e90-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaliforniyum vücuda kontamine yiyecek veya içeceklerin sindirilmesiyle veya elementin asılı kaldığı havanın solunmasıyla girebilir. Vücuda girmesinin ardından kaliforniyumun sadece %0,05'i kan dolaşımına karışır. Yaklaşık %65'i iskelette, %25'i karaciğerde birikir geri kalanı da ya diğer organlarda birikir ya da, büyük oranda idrarla olmak üzere, dışarı atılır. İskelet ve karaciğerde biriken kaliforniyumun yarısı sırasıyla elli ve yirmi yılda gider. İskeletteki kaliforniyum kemik boyunca yayılmadan önce kemik yüzeyine bağlanır.<sup id="cite_ref-ANL2005_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANL2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elementin vücuda alınması en tehlikeli durum olmakla birlikte, kaliforniyum-249 ve kaliforniyum-251 <a href="/wiki/Gama_%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Gama ışını">gama ışınımı</a> yoluyla vücut dışından da doku yıkımına sebep olabilir. Kemikte ve karaciğerde kaliforniyumun saldığı <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0yonize_radyasyon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="İyonize radyasyon (sayfa mevcut değil)">iyonize radyasyon</a> kansere sebebiyet verebilir.<sup id="cite_ref-ANL2005_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANL2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notlar">Notlar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Notlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Notlar"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r32805677">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">Bir çift hegzagonal sıkı paket (dhcp) birim hücresi, ortak bir hegzagonal yüzeyi paylaşan iki hegzagonal sıkı paket yapı içerir. Katman dizisi de ABACABAC şeklindedir.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">Daha düşük kütleli üç plütonyum ötesi element—<a href="/wiki/Amerikyum" title="Amerikyum">amerikyum</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCriyum" title="Küriyum">küriyum</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Berkelyum" title="Berkelyum">berkelyum</a>—, 5f elektronlarını yeniden konumlandırabilmek için daha düşük basınca ihtiyaç duyar.<sup id="cite_ref-h1522_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1522-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">Diğer +3 oksidasyon durumları sülfür ve metalosen bileşiklerini içerir.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> +4 oksidasyon durumundaki bileşikler güçlü oksitleyici ajanlardır, +2 durumundakilerde güçlü indirgeyici ajanlardır.<sup id="cite_ref-j166_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j166-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">1974 Enerji Yeniden Yapılandırma Antlaşması uygulamaya konulduğunda Atom Enerji Komisyonu'nun yerini <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BCkleer_D%C3%BCzenleme_Komisyonu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nükleer Düzenleme Komisyonu (sayfa mevcut değil)">Nükleer Düzenleme Komisyonu</a> aldı. Kaliforniyum-252'nin fiyatı NRC tarafından sürekli olarak yükseltildi ve 1999'da mikrogramı 60 ABD dolarını buldu (bu fiyata muhafaza ve ulaşım masrafları dahil değildir).<sup id="cite_ref-osti_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osti-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">1975'te başka bir makalede, önceki yıl hegzagonal bileşik Cf<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S ve yüzey merkezli kübik bileşik CfS olarak kaliforniyum metalinin hazırlandığı belirtilmektedir.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1974'teki çalışma 1976'da doğrulandı ve kaliforniyum metali üzerine çalışmalar devam etti.<sup id="cite_ref-h1519_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1519-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">1956'daki bir makalede, bazı <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCpernova" title="Süpernova">süpernovaların</a> spektrumunda, muhtemelen kaliforniyum-254'ün bozunmasının sebep olduğu elektromanyetik emisyon gözlendiği rapor edildi.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bu sonuç 1959'da tartışmaya açıldı<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ve hemen ardından, kaliforniyumla ilgili yeterli miktarda bozunum ürünü olmaması sebebiyle yanlış olarak kabul edildi.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">1990 itibarıyla, daha az ısı ve gaz üreten ve boyutları daha küçük olan kaliforniyum, plütonyum-berilyum nötron kaynaklarının yerini aldı.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kaynakça"><span id="Kaynak.C3.A7a"></span>Kaynakça</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kaynakça" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Kaynakça"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r32805677"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CRC_2006_4.56-1"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_2006_4.56_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_2006_4.56_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_2006_4.56_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_2006_4.56_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCRC2006">CRC 2006</a>, s.&#160;4.56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCRC2006">CRC 2006</a>, s.&#160;1.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwood1997">Greenwood 1997</a>, s.&#160;1263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwood1997">Greenwood 1997</a>, s.&#160;1265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmsley1998">Emsley 1998</a>, s.&#160;50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCRC2006">CRC 2006</a>, s.&#160;10.204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCRC1991">CRC 1991</a>, s.&#160;254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCRC2006">CRC 2006</a>, s.&#160;11.196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NNDC2008-9"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-NNDC2008_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NNDC2008_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NNDC2008_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NNDC2008_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NNDC2008_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NNDC2008_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web">NNDC contributors (2008). Sonzogni, Alejandro A. (Database Manager) (Ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/">"Chart of Nuclides"</a>. National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. 23 Haziran 2013 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6HZybjtOa?url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">1 Mart</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chart+of+Nuclides&amp;rft.pub=National+Nuclear+Data+Center%2C+Brookhaven+National+Laboratory&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=NNDC+contributors&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndc.bnl.gov%2Fchart%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaire2006">Haire 2006</a>, s.&#160;1522–1523</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j166-11"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-j166_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j166_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j166_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j166_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakubke1994">Jakubke 1994</a>, s.&#160;166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h1526-12"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-h1526_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h1526_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h1526_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaire2006">Haire 2006</a>, s.&#160;1526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzwacki2010">Szwacki 2010</a>, s.&#160;80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-o276-15"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-o276_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o276_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o276_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o276_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o276_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o276_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o276_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO&#39;Neil2006">O'Neil 2006</a>, s.&#160;276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h1522-16"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-h1522_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h1522_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h1522_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaire2006">Haire 2006</a>, s.&#160;1522</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c4.8-18"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-c4.8_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c4.8_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c4.8_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCRC2006">CRC 2006</a>, s.&#160;4.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCotton1999">Cotton 1999</a>, s.&#160;1163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeaborg2004">Seaborg 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaire2006">Haire 2006</a>, s.&#160;1504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Hicks, D. A.; Ise, John; Pyle, Robert V. (1955). "Multiplicity of Neutrons from the Spontaneous Fission of Californium-252". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. Cilt&#160;97 (2 bas.). ss.&#160;564-565. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.97.564">10.1103/PhysRev.97.564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Multiplicity+of+Neutrons+from+the+Spontaneous+Fission+of+Californium-252&amp;rft.pages=564-565&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.date=1955&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.97.564&amp;rft.au=Hicks%2C+D.+A.%3B+Ise%2C+John%3B+Pyle%2C+Robert+V.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_yazar_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Hicks, D. A.; Ise, John; Pyle, Robert V. (1955). "Spontaneous-Fission Neutrons of Californium-252 and Curium-244". <i>Physical Review</i>. Cilt&#160;98 (5 bas.). ss.&#160;1521-1523. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.98.1521">10.1103/PhysRev.98.1521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Spontaneous-Fission+Neutrons+of+Californium-252+and+Curium-244&amp;rft.pages=1521-1523&amp;rft.edition=5&amp;rft.date=1955&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.98.1521&amp;rft.au=Hicks%2C+D.+A.%3B+Ise%2C+John%3B+Pyle%2C+Robert+V.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_yazar_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Hjalmar, E.; Slätis, H.; Thompson, S.G. (1955). "Energy Spectrum of Neutrons from Spontaneous Fission of Californium-252". <i>Physical Review</i>. Cilt&#160;100 (5 bas.). ss.&#160;1542-1543. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.100.1542">10.1103/PhysRev.100.1542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Energy+Spectrum+of+Neutrons+from+Spontaneous+Fission+of+Californium-252&amp;rft.pages=1542-1543&amp;rft.edition=5&amp;rft.date=1955&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.100.1542&amp;rft.au=Hjalmar%2C+E.%3B+Sl%C3%A4tis%2C+H.%3B+Thompson%2C+S.G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_yazar_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osti-26"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-osti_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osti_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osti_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osti_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Martin, R. C.; Knauer, J. B.; Balo, P. A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/15053-AE6cnN/native/">"Production, Distribution, and Applications of Californium-252 Neutron Sources"</a>. <i>Applied Radiation and Isotopes</i>. Cilt&#160;53 (4–5 bas.). s.&#160;785. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-8043%2800%2900214-1">10.1016/S0969-8043(00)00214-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed#PubMed_tanımlayıcısı" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11003521">11003521</a>. 4 Ekim 2012 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004135648/http://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=%2F15053-AE6cnN%2Fnative%2F">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">6 Ekim</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Production%2C+Distribution%2C+and+Applications+of+Californium-252+Neutron+Sources&amp;rft.pages=785&amp;rft.edition=4%E2%80%935&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0969-8043%2800%2900214-1&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11003521&amp;rft.au=Martin%2C+R.+C.%3B+Knauer%2C+J.+B.%3B+Balo%2C+P.+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbridge%2Fpurl.cover.jsp%3Fpurl%3D%2F15053-AE6cnN%2Fnative%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_yazar_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cun103-27"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-cun103_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cun103_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cun103_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cun103_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1968">Cunningham 1968</a>, s.&#160;103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Thompson, S. G. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/44g7z6hk">"Element 98"</a>. <i>Physical Review</i>. Cilt&#160;78 (3 bas.). s.&#160;298. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.78.298.2">10.1103/PhysRev.78.298.2</a>. 6 Nisan 2012 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406093234/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/44g7z6hk">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Element+98&amp;rft.pages=298&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.date=1950&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.78.298.2&amp;rft.au=Thompson%2C+S.+G.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F44g7z6hk&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E98-29"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-E98_29-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Thompson, S. G. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0050.pdf">"The New Element Californium (Atomic Number 98)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physical Review</i>. Cilt&#160;80 (5 bas.). s.&#160;790. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.80.790">10.1103/PhysRev.80.790</a>. 8 Mart 2012 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308091428/http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0050.pdf">arşivlendi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Element+Californium+%28Atomic+Number+98%29&amp;rft.pages=790&amp;rft.edition=5&amp;rft.date=1950&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.80.790&amp;rft.au=Thompson%2C+S.+G.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Faccomplishments%2Fdocuments%2FfullText%2FACC0050.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Street, K., Jr.; Thompson, S. G.; Seaborg, G. T. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA319899&amp;Location=U2&amp;doc=GetTRDoc.pdf">"Chemical Properties of Californium"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. Cilt&#160;72 (10 bas.). s.&#160;4832. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01166a528">10.1021/ja01166a528</a>. 19 Ocak 2012 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119092943/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA319899&amp;Location=U2&amp;doc=GetTRDoc.pdf">arşivlendi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chemical+Properties+of+Californium&amp;rft.pages=4832&amp;rft.edition=10&amp;rft.date=1950&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01166a528&amp;rft.au=Street%2C+K.%2C+Jr.%3B+Thompson%2C+S.+G.%3B+Seaborg%2C+G.+T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FAD%3DADA319899%26Location%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_yazar_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeaborg1996">Seaborg 1996</a>, s.&#160;82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeeks1968">Weeks 1968</a>, s.&#160;849</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeeks1968">Weeks 1968</a>, s.&#160;848</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeiserman1992">Heiserman 1992</a>, s.&#160;347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Diamond, H.; ve diğerleri. (1954). "Identification of Californium Isotopes 249, 250, 251, and 252 from Pile-Irradiated Plutonium". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. Cilt&#160;94 (4 bas.). s.&#160;1083. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.94.1083">10.1103/PhysRev.94.1083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Identification+of+Californium+Isotopes+249%2C+250%2C+251%2C+and+252+from+Pile-Irradiated+Plutonium&amp;rft.pages=1083&amp;rft.edition=4&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.94.1083&amp;rft.au=Diamond%2C+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Diğerlerinin yanlış kullanımı (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Di%C4%9Ferlerinin_yanl%C4%B1%C5%9F_kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Diğerlerinin yanlış kullanımı">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">"Element 98 Prepared". <i>Science News Letters</i>. Cilt&#160;78 (26 bas.). Aralık 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Element+98+Prepared&amp;rft.edition=26&amp;rft.date=1960-12&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928043516/http://web.ornl.gov/sci/rrd/pages/hfir.html">"The High Flux Isotope Reactor"</a>. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 28 Eylül 2011 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ornl.gov/sci/rrd/pages/hfir.html">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 22 Ağustos 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+High+Flux+Isotope+Reactor&amp;rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ornl.gov%2Fsci%2Frrd%2Fpages%2Fhfir.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsborne-Lee1995">Osborne-Lee 1995</a>, s.&#160;11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B31B4EF0-A584-4CC6-9B14-B5E89E6848F8/0/plutoniumandaldermaston.pdf">"Plutonium and Aldermaston – an Historical Account"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. UK Ministry of Defence. 4 Eylül 2001. s.&#160;30. 13 Aralık 2006 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213032416/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B31B4EF0-A584-4CC6-9B14-B5E89E6848F8/0/plutoniumandaldermaston.pdf">arşivlendi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">15 Mart</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Plutonium+and+Aldermaston+%E2%80%93+an+Historical+Account&amp;rft.pages=30&amp;rft.pub=UK+Ministry+of+Defence&amp;rft.date=2001-09-04&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mod.uk%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FB31B4EF0-A584-4CC6-9B14-B5E89E6848F8%2F0%2Fplutoniumandaldermaston.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsborne-Lee1995">Osborne-Lee 1995</a>, s.&#160;6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h1519-42"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-h1519_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h1519_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaire2006">Haire 2006</a>, s.&#160;1519</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Haire, R.G.; Baybarz, R.D. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-inorganic-and-nuclear-chemistry_1974_36/page/1295">"Crystal Structure and Melting Point of Californium Metal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Polyhedron" title="Polyhedron">Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry</a></i>. Cilt&#160;36 (6 bas.). s.&#160;1295. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902%2874%2980067-9">10.1016/0022-1902(74)80067-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Crystal+Structure+and+Melting+Point+of+Californium+Metal&amp;rft.pages=1295&amp;rft.edition=6&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2874%2980067-9&amp;rft.au=Haire%2C+R.G.%3B+Baybarz%2C+R.D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-inorganic-and-nuclear-chemistry_1974_36%2Fpage%2F1295&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_yazar_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Zachariasen, W. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-inorganic-and-nuclear-chemistry_1975_37/page/1441">"On Californium Metal"</a>. <i>Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry</i>. Cilt&#160;37 (6 bas.). ss.&#160;1441-1442. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902%2875%2980787-1">10.1016/0022-1902(75)80787-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=On+Californium+Metal&amp;rft.pages=1441-1442&amp;rft.edition=6&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2875%2980787-1&amp;rft.au=Zachariasen%2C+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-inorganic-and-nuclear-chemistry_1975_37%2Fpage%2F1441&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANL2005-46"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-ANL2005_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANL2005_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANL2005_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANL2005_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANL2005_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANL2005_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web">ANL contributors (Ağustos 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094506/http://www.evs.anl.gov/pub/doc/Californium.pdf">"Human Health Fact Sheet: Californium"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Argonne National Laboratory. 2 Nisan 2015 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evs.anl.gov/pub/doc/Californium.pdf">kaynağından</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Health+Fact+Sheet%3A+Californium&amp;rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory&amp;rft.date=2005-08&amp;rft.au=ANL+contributors&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evs.anl.gov%2Fpub%2Fdoc%2FCalifornium.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e90-47"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-e90_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e90_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, s.&#160;90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Burbidge, G. R.; ve diğerleri. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314025646/http://authors.library.caltech.edu/6553/1/BURpr56.pdf">"Californium-254 and Supernovae"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physical Review</i>. Cilt&#160;103 (5 bas.). s.&#160;1145. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.103.1145">10.1103/PhysRev.103.1145</a>. 14 Mart 2012 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authors.library.caltech.edu/6553/1/BURpr56.pdf">kaynağından</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Californium-254+and+Supernovae&amp;rft.pages=1145&amp;rft.edition=5&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.103.1145&amp;rft.au=Burbidge%2C+G.+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F6553%2F1%2FBURpr56.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Diğerlerinin yanlış kullanımı (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Di%C4%9Ferlerinin_yanl%C4%B1%C5%9F_kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Diğerlerinin yanlış kullanımı">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Baade, W.; Burbidge, R.; Hoyle, F. (1956). "Supernovae and Californium 254". <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i>. Cilt&#160;68. s.&#160;296. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956PASP...68..296B">1956PASP...68..296B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086/126941">10.1086/126941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Supernovae+and+Californium+254&amp;rft.pages=296&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F126941&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956PASP...68..296B&amp;rft.au=Baade%2C+W.%3B+Burbidge%2C+R.%3B+Hoyle%2C+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_yazar_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Anders, E. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1959-03_129_2/page/327">"Californium-254, Iron-59, and Supernovae of Type I"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. Cilt&#160;129. s.&#160;327. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959ApJ...129..327A">1959ApJ...129..327A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086/146624">10.1086/146624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Californium-254%2C+Iron-59%2C+and+Supernovae+of+Type+I&amp;rft.pages=327&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F146624&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959ApJ...129..327A&amp;rft.aulast=Anders&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_astrophysical-journal_1959-03_129_2%2Fpage%2F327&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuiz-Lapuente1996">Ruiz-Lapuente 1996</a>, s.&#160;274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k327-53"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-k327_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-k327_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrebs2006">Krebs 2006</a>, ss.&#160;327–328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heis348-54"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-heis348_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heis348_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeiserman1992">Heiserman 1992</a>, s.&#160;348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1968">Cunningham 1968</a>, s.&#160;105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaire2006">Haire 2006</a>, s.&#160;1503</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc33-57"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc33_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc33_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNRC2008">NRC 2008</a>, s.&#160;33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-speclab-58"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-speclab_58-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speclab.com/elements/californium.htm">Informationen zum Element Californium bei www.speclab.com</a> 20 Ekim 2007 tarihinde <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> sitesinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020125107/http://www.speclab.com/elements/californium.htm">arşivlendi</a>. <i>(engl.)</i>; Zugriff: 22.&#160;September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web">Martin, Rodger C.; Kos, Steven E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006091820/http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cpr/pres/108701_.pdf">"Applications and Availability of Californium-252 Neutron Sources for Waste Characterization"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (İngilizce). Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. s.&#160;5. 6 Ekim 2012 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cpr/pres/108701_.pdf">kaynağından</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">28 Temmuz</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Applications+and+Availability+of+Californium-252+Neutron+Sources+for+Waste+Characterization&amp;rft.place=Oak+Ridge%2C+Tennessee&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Martin%2C+Rodger+C.%3B+Kos%2C+Steven+E.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ornl.gov%2F~webworks%2Fcpr%2Fpres%2F108701_.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_yazar_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web">Martin, R.C.; Knauer, J.B.; Balo, P. A. (30 Eylül 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926082051/http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cpr/pres/102606.pdf">"Production, Distribution, and Applications of Californium-252 Neutron Sources"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chemical Technology Division</i> (İngilizce). Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. s.&#160;8. 26 Eylül 2012 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cpr/pres/102606.pdf">kaynağından</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">28 Temmuz</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Technology+Division&amp;rft.atitle=Production%2C+Distribution%2C+and+Applications+of+Californium-252+Neutron+Sources&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.date=1999-09-30&amp;rft.au=Martin%2C+R.C.%3B+Knauer%2C+J.B.%3B+Balo%2C+P.+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ornl.gov%2F~webworks%2Fcpr%2Fpres%2F102606.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_yazar_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">K. Anderson, J. Pilcher, H. Wu, E. van der Bij, Z. Meggyesi, J. Adams: „Neutron Irradiation Tests of an S-LINK-over-G-link System“ (21. November <b>1999</b>); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hep.uchicago.edu/atlas/tilecal/rad/Glink_radtest.pdf">PDF</a> 18 Ocak 2012 tarihinde <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> sitesinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118083233/http://hep.uchicago.edu/atlas/tilecal/rad/Glink_radtest.pdf">arşivlendi</a>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sea245-62"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-sea245_62-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeaborg1994">Seaborg 1994</a>, s.&#160;245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web">Shuler, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015040627/http://rampac.energy.gov/PCN/EM-PCP-certified-pkgs-8808.pdf">"DOE Certified Radioactive Materials Transportation Packagings"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Energy. s.&#160;1. 15 Ekim 2011 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rampac.energy.gov/PCN/EM-PCP-certified-pkgs-8808.pdf">kaynağından</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=DOE+Certified+Radioactive+Materials+Transportation+Packagings&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Energy&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Shuler&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frampac.energy.gov%2FPCN%2FEM-PCP-certified-pkgs-8808.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin2000-64"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Martin2000_64-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web">Martin, R. C. (24 Eylül 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926232201/http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cpr/pres/107270_.pdf">"Applications and Availability of Californium-252 Neutron Sources for Waste Characterization"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Spectrum 2000 International Conference on Nuclear and Hazardous Waste Management</i>. Chattanooga, Tennessee. 26 Eylül 2012 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cpr/pres/107270_.pdf">kaynağından</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Mayıs 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Spectrum+2000+International+Conference+on+Nuclear+and+Hazardous+Waste+Management&amp;rft.atitle=Applications+and+Availability+of+Californium-252+Neutron+Sources+for+Waste+Characterization&amp;rft.date=2000-09-24&amp;rft.aulast=Martin&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ornl.gov%2F~webworks%2Fcpr%2Fpres%2F107270_.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeaborg1990">Seaborg 1990</a>, s.&#160;318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsborne-Lee1995">Osborne-Lee 1995</a>, s.&#160;33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsborne-Lee1995">Osborne-Lee 1995</a>, ss.&#160;26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218125029/http://www.pnl.gov/news/2000/00-43.htm">"Will You be 'Mine'? Physics Key to Detection"</a>. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 25 Ekim 2000. 18 Şubat 2007 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnl.gov/news/2000/00-43.htm">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">21 Mart</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Will+You+be+%27Mine%27%3F+Physics+Key+to+Detection&amp;rft.pub=Pacific+Northwest+National+Laboratory&amp;rft.date=2000-10-25&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnl.gov%2Fnews%2F2000%2F00-43.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Davis, S. N.; Thompson, Glenn M.; Bentley, Harold W.; Stiles, Gary (2006). "Ground-Water Tracers — A Short Review". <i>Ground Water</i>. Cilt&#160;18 (1 bas.). ss.&#160;14-23. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03366.x">10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03366.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ground-Water+Tracers+%E2%80%94+A+Short+Review&amp;rft.pages=14-23&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-6584.1980.tb03366.x&amp;rft.au=Davis%2C+S.+N.%3B+Thompson%2C+Glenn+M.%3B+Bentley%2C+Harold+W.%3B+Stiles%2C+Gary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_yazar_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ol12-71"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-ol12_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ol12_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsborne-Lee1995">Osborne-Lee 1995</a>, s.&#160;12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/transport/doc/irsn_sect03_146.pdf">"Evaluation of nuclear criticality safety data and limits for actinides in transport"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire. s.&#160;16. 18 Kasım 2014 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141118085843/http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/transport/doc/irsn_sect03_146.pdf">arşivlendi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 20 Aralık 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Evaluation+of+nuclear+criticality+safety+data+and+limits+for+actinides+in+transport&amp;rft.pages=16&amp;rft.pub=Institut+de+Radioprotection+et+de+S%C3%BBret%C3%A9+Nucl%C3%A9aire&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenergy%2Fnuclear%2Ftransport%2Fdoc%2Firsn_sect03_146.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Corporation, Bonnier (Temmuz 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OiEDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA180">"Facts and Fallacies of World War III"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>. Cilt&#160;179 (1 bas.). s.&#160;180. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_S%C3%BCreli_Yay%C4%B1n_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Süreli Yayın Numarası">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a>. 25 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525144513/http://books.google.com/books?id=OiEDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA180">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 4 Eylül 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Facts+and+Fallacies+of+World+War+III&amp;rft.pages=180&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.date=1961-07&amp;rft.issn=0161-7370&amp;rft.au=Corporation%2C+Bonnier&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOiEDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA180&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; ve diğerleri. (2006). "Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the californium-249 and <sup>245</sup>Cm+<sup>48</sup>Ca fusion reactions". <i>Physical Review C</i>. Cilt&#160;74 (4 bas.). ss.&#160;044602-044611. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhRvC..74d4602O">2006PhRvC..74d4602O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602">10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Synthesis+of+the+isotopes+of+elements+118+and+116+in+the+californium-249+and+%3Csup%3E245%3C%2Fsup%3ECm%2B%3Csup%3E48%3C%2Fsup%3ECa+fusion+reactions&amp;rft.pages=044602-044611&amp;rft.edition=4&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.74.044602&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PhRvC..74d4602O&amp;rft.au=Oganessian%2C+Yu.+Ts.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Diğerlerinin yanlış kullanımı (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Di%C4%9Ferlerinin_yanl%C4%B1%C5%9F_kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Diğerlerinin yanlış kullanımı">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak haber">Sanderson, K. (17 Ekim 2006). "Heaviest element made – again". <i>Nature News</i>. Nature. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/news061016-4">10.1038/news061016-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Heaviest+element+made+%E2%80%93+again&amp;rft.pub=Nature&amp;rft.date=2006-10-17&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews061016-4&amp;rft.au=Sanderson%2C+K.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web">Schewe, P. (17 Ekim 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203095740/http://www.aip.org/pnu/2006/797.html">"Elements 116 and 118 Are Discovered"</a>. <i>Physics News Update</i>. American Institute of Physics. 3 Aralık 2013 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/pnu/2006/797.html">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">19 Ekim</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+News+Update&amp;rft.atitle=Elements+116+and+118+Are+Discovered&amp;rft.date=2006-10-17&amp;rft.au=Schewe%2C+P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fpnu%2F2006%2F797.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">"Element 103 Synthesized". <i>Science News-Letter</i>. Cilt&#160;79 (17 bas.). Nisan 1961. s.&#160;259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Element+103+Synthesized&amp;rft.pages=259&amp;rft.edition=17&amp;rft.date=1961-04&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1968">Cunningham 1968</a>, s.&#160;106</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliyografi">Bibliyografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Bibliyografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliforniyum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Bibliyografi"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCotton1999" class="kaynak kitap">Cotton, F. Albert (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancedinorgani0000unse"><i>Advanced Inorganic Chemistry</i></a> (6. bas.). John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/0-471-19957-5" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/0-471-19957-5">0-471-19957-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Advanced+Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.edition=6.&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-19957-5&amp;rft.aulast=Cotton&amp;rft.aufirst=F.+Albert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadvancedinorgani0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCRC1991" class="kaynak kitap">CRC contributors (1991). Walker, Perrin; Tarn, William H. (Ed.). <i>Handbook of Metal Etchants</i>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/0-8493-3623-6" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/0-8493-3623-6">0-8493-3623-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Metal+Etchants&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-8493-3623-6&amp;rft.au=CRC+contributors&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: editör listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_edit%C3%B6r_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: editör listesi">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCRC2006" class="kaynak kitap">CRC contributors (2006). Lide, David R. (Ed.). <i>Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (87. bas.). CRC Press, Taylor &amp; Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/0-8493-0487-3" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/0-8493-0487-3">0-8493-0487-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.edition=87.&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=0-8493-0487-3&amp;rft.au=CRC+contributors&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1968" class="kaynak kitap">Cunningham, B. B. (1968). "Californium". Hampel, Clifford A. (Ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements</i></a>. Reinhold Book Corporation. <a href="/wiki/Kongre_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi_Kontrol_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Kongre Kütüphanesi Kontrol Numarası">LCCN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/68-29938">68-29938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Californium&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&amp;rft.pub=Reinhold+Book+Corporation&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68-29938&amp;rft.aulast=Cunningham&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch00hamp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEmsley1998" class="kaynak kitap">Emsley, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qgYpAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Elements</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/0-19-855818-X" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/0-19-855818-X">0-19-855818-X</a>. 25 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525121611/http://books.google.com/books?id=qgYpAAAAYAAJ">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Elements&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-855818-X&amp;rft.aulast=Emsley&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgYpAAAAYAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="kaynak kitap">Emsley, John (2001). "Californium". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/0-19-850340-7" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/0-19-850340-7">0-19-850340-7</a>. 21 Mart 2020 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321225231/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Californium&amp;rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-850340-7&amp;rft.aulast=Emsley&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYhi5X7OwuGkC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood1997" class="kaynak kitap">Greenwood, N. N. (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2. bas.). Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/0-7506-3365-4" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.edition=2.&amp;rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&amp;rft.aulast=Greenwood&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHaire2006" class="kaynak kitap">Haire (2006). "Californium". Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Richard G., Jean (Ed.). <i>The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</i> (3. bas.). Springer Science+Business Media. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/1-4020-3555-1" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/1-4020-3555-1">1-4020-3555-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Californium&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&amp;rft.edition=3.&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=1-4020-3555-1&amp;rft.au=Haire&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: editör listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_edit%C3%B6r_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: editör listesi">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHeiserman1992" class="kaynak kitap">Heiserman, David L. (1992). "Element 98: Californium". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=24l-Cpal9oIC"><i>Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds</i></a>. TAB Books. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/0-8306-3018-X" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/0-8306-3018-X">0-8306-3018-X</a>. 25 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525232507/http://books.google.com/books?id=24l-Cpal9oIC">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Element+98%3A+Californium&amp;rft.btitle=Exploring+Chemical+Elements+and+their+Compounds&amp;rft.pub=TAB+Books&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=0-8306-3018-X&amp;rft.aulast=Heiserman&amp;rft.aufirst=David+L.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D24l-Cpal9oIC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJakubke1994" class="kaynak kitap">Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, (Ed.) (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry</i></a>. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/3110114518" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/3110114518">3110114518</a>. 8 Temmuz 2014 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708090608/http://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+Chemistry&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=3110114518&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOwuv-c9L_IMC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: editör listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_edit%C3%B6r_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: editör listesi">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKrebs2006" class="kaynak kitap">Krebs, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure0000kreb"><i>The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/978-0-313-33438-2" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/978-0-313-33438-2">978-0-313-33438-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+and+Use+of+our+Earth%27s+Chemical+Elements%3A+A+Reference+Guide&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-33438-2&amp;rft.aulast=Krebs&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryuseofoure0000kreb&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNRC2008" class="kaynak kitap">National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3cT2REdXJ98C&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version</i></a>. National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/9780309110143" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/9780309110143">9780309110143</a>. 2 Haziran 2013 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602202855/http://books.google.com/books?id=3cT2REdXJ98C">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Radiation+Source+Use+and+Replacement%3A+Abbreviated+Version&amp;rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=9780309110143&amp;rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Committee+on+Radiation+Source+Use+and+Replacement&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cT2REdXJ98C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFO&#39;Neil2006" class="kaynak kitap">O'Nei, Marydale J.; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Roman, Cherie B., (Ed.) (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=kEYfRAAACAAJ"><i>The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals</i></a> (14. bas.). Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &amp; Co. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/0-911910-00-X" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/0-911910-00-X">0-911910-00-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Merck+Index%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Chemicals%2C+Drugs%2C+and+Biologicals&amp;rft.edition=14.&amp;rft.pub=Merck+Research+Laboratories%2C+Merck+%26+Co.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=0-911910-00-X&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkEYfRAAACAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: editör listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_edit%C3%B6r_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: editör listesi">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOsborne-Lee1995" class="kaynak dergi">Osborne-Lee, I. W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=1&amp;page=0&amp;osti_id=205871">"Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope"</a>. <i>Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706</i>. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172/205871">10.2172/205871</a>. 30 Temmuz 2013 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730001029/http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=1&amp;page=0&amp;osti_id=205871">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Californium-252%3A+A+Remarkable+Versatile+Radioisotope&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F205871&amp;rft.aulast=Osborne-Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=I.+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbridge%2Fproduct.biblio.jsp%3Fquery_id%3D1%26page%3D0%26osti_id%3D205871&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRuiz-Lapuente1996" class="kaynak kitap">Ruiz-Lapuente, P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=I6Rl1VAAX3QC&amp;dq"><i>Thermonuclear Supernovae</i></a>. Springer Science+Business Media. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/079234359X" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/079234359X">079234359X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Thermonuclear+Supernovae&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=079234359X&amp;rft.aulast=Ruiz-Lapuente&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI6Rl1VAAX3QC%26dq&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSeaborg1990" class="kaynak kitap">Seaborg, Glenn T.; Loveland, Walter D. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=QFhRAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Elements Beyond Uranium</i></a>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/0471890626" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/0471890626">0471890626</a>. 6 Eylül 2014 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906115326/http://books.google.com/books?id=QFhRAAAAMAAJ">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Elements+Beyond+Uranium&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=0471890626&amp;rft.au=Seaborg%2C+Glenn+T.%3B+Loveland%2C+Walter+D.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFhRAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:KB1_bak%C4%B1m:_Birden_fazla_ad:_yazar_listesi" title="Kategori:KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSeaborg1994" class="kaynak kitap">Seaborg, G. T. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&amp;pg=PA245"><i>Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg</i></a>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/9810214405" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/9810214405">9810214405</a>. 26 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526000256/http://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&amp;pg=PA245">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+alchemy%3A+selected+papers+of+Glenn+T.+Seaborg&amp;rft.pub=World+Scientific&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=9810214405&amp;rft.aulast=Seaborg&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De53sNAOXrdMC%26pg%3DPA245&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSeaborg1996" class="kaynak kitap">Seaborg, G. T. (1996). Adloff, J. P. (Ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=whGiCQywLi8C&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity</i></a>. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/9783486642520" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/9783486642520">9783486642520</a>. 25 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525132053/http://books.google.com/books?id=whGiCQywLi8C&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Years+after+the+Discovery+of+Radioactivity&amp;rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=9783486642520&amp;rft.aulast=Seaborg&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwhGiCQywLi8C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSeaborg2004" class="kaynak ansiklopedi">Seaborg, Glenn T. (2004). "Californium". Geller, Elizabeth (Ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. s.&#160;94. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/0-07-143953-6" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/0-07-143953-6">0-07-143953-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Californium&amp;rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=94&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-07-143953-6&amp;rft.aulast=Seaborg&amp;rft.aufirst=Glenn+T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOwuv-c9L_IMC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSzwacki2010" class="kaynak kitap">Szwacki, Nevill Gonzalez (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/39588027/Basic-Elements-of-Crystallography"><i>Basic Elements of Crystallography</i></a>. Pan Stanford. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/9789814241595" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/9789814241595">9789814241595</a>. 8 Kasım 2012 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108100906/http://www.scribd.com/doc/39588027/Basic-Elements-of-Crystallography">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Basic+Elements+of+Crystallography&amp;rft.pub=Pan+Stanford&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9789814241595&amp;rft.aulast=Szwacki&amp;rft.aufirst=Nevill+Gonzalez&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F39588027%2FBasic-Elements-of-Crystallography&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1968" class="kaynak kitap">Weeks, Mary Elvira (1968). "21: Modern Alchemy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse"><i>Discovery of the Elements</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Education" title="Journal of Chemical Education">Journal of Chemical Education</a>. ss.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse/page/848">848</a>-850. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/0-7661-3872-0" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/0-7661-3872-0">0-7661-3872-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kongre_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi_Kontrol_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Kongre Kütüphanesi Kontrol Numarası">LCCN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/68-15217">68-15217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=21%3A+Modern+Alchemy&amp;rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.pages=848-850&amp;rft.pub=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68-15217&amp;rft.isbn=0-7661-3872-0&amp;rft.aulast=Weeks&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryofeleme07edunse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AKaliforniyum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Otorite_kontrolü_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Bunu_Vikiveri&amp;#039;de_düzenleyin&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Bunu_Vikiveri&amp;#039;de_düzenleyin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Otorite_kontrolü_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Bunu_Vikiveri&amp;#039;de_düzenleyin&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Bunu_Vikiveri&amp;#039;de_düzenleyin" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otorite_kontrol%C3%BC" title="Otorite kontrolü">Otorite kontrolü</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888" title="Bunu Vikiveri&#39;de düzenleyin"><img alt="Bunu Vikiveri&#39;de düzenleyin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmle%C5%9Fik_Otorite_Dosyas%C4%B1" title="Tümleşik Otorite Dosyası">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147208-1">4147208-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kongre_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi_Kontrol_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Kongre Kütüphanesi Kontrol Numarası">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh89004338">sh89004338</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_Diyet_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="Millî Diyet Kütüphanesi">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565048">00565048</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0srail_Ulusal_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="İsrail Ulusal Kütüphanesi">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007553750405171">987007553750405171</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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