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Sustainable Catalysis Using Heteropolyacids and Ionic Liquids – Catalysis
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tag-antiviral-medications tag-corticosteroids tag-covid-19 tag-monoclonal-antibodies tag-sars-cov-2 tag-vaccination" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://catalysis.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Catalysis-Using-Heteropolyacids-29-min-scaled-e1725645650249.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Sustainable Catalysis Using Heteropolyacids and Ionic Liquids</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2024-09-06T23:30:57+05:30" itemprop="dateModified">September 6, 2024</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-09-02T15:06:27+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">September 2, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://catalysis.blog/archive/author/catalysis/" title="View all posts by catalysis" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">catalysis</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The focal point of research in sustainable and environmentally friendly chemical processes has been the development of green catalysts. Most of the traditional catalysts include ill-quality materials, and their conditions are in no way friendly to the environment. Against this background, the unique character and versatility of heteropolyacids (HPAs) and ionic liquids (ILs) stand these materials in good stead as appropriate candidates for sustainable catalysis. These result in highly efficient and selective catalysts, applicable to a number of green chemical processes. Following this rationale, the present contribution has as its principal aim the presentation of a comprehensive view of the synergistic use of HPAs and ILs in sustainable catalysis, discussing the role, advantages, and potential applications in modern chemical processes.</span></p> <h3><b>Role of Heteropolyacids in Catalysis</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Heteropolyacids are highly acidic and oxidative-reduced compounds. Consequently, HPAs are applied as very efficient catalysts in most chemical reactions, both those that are considered acid-catalyzed and as oxidation reactions. Their structure is characterized by central heteroatoms, sometimes phosphorous or silicon, surrounded with metal-oxygen cluster frameworks. These structures may be modified to enhance the catalytic activity and selectivity associated with them.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Acid-Catalyzed Reactions</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">HPAs are very good catalysts in acid-catalyzed reactions because they are bestowed with strong Bronsted acidity. Thus, they are employed for more robust esterification, alkylation, and hydration. HPAs have the potential for providing strong and stable acidic media to the extent that these reactions proceed under conditions milder than those associated with common mineral acids.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Oxidation Reactions</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In this regard, the redox features of HPAs are applied in the nature of catalysts in the oxidation processes, whereby a series of organic substrates are excessively harnessed to be oxidized, and as such, they are instrumental in the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Some other instances talk about the use of HPAs to oxidatively break down pollutants in an effort to bring ideas that lead to the remediation of the environmental problem.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Stability and Reusability</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There is great thermal and chemical stability of HPAs, which resist harsh conditions involved in a reaction and recycle activity in many reaction cycles by maintaining the activity of a catalyst. Stability and recoverability from reaction mixtures make HPAs highly sustainable, reducing waste and, in general, decreasing the cost of a chemical process.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://catalysis.blog/publication-trends/index/catalysis" target="_blank" title="catalysis - yearwise publication trends">catalysis</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 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They offer unique properties, which let them become a neat replacement for classical organic solvents because they are low in volatility, thermally stable, and have variable solubility. They can dissolve a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds, and this characteristic makes them versatile solvents in a variety of chemical reactions.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Environmental Benefits</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">ILs have low volatility and thus do not easily evaporate. This minimizes the emission of many volatile organic compounds, VOCs, which are harmful to the atmosphere. As a result, the ecological and human-friendly nature of ILs is guaranteed. In addition, high thermal stability allows the ILs to be used in reactions having very high temperatures without decomposition.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Catalytic Properties</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">ILs can act as catalysts or co-catalysts in chemical reactions, too. The very ionic character of ILs can enhance the rates of and selectivities toward specific products that can only be formed in such a unique ionic environment. ILs also have a stabilizing effect over reactive species, which helps in better catalysis efficiency.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Design Flexibility</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Of the several advantages of ILs, the most important is the tunable nature of their properties by selection of cation and anion components. Such tunability makes it possible to design task-specific ILs, and they can be easily be optimized for particular reactions. For example, design ILs to enhance the solubility of reactants, stabilize the transition state, or provide some specific catalytic functionality.</span></p> <h3><b>Synergistic Use of Heteropolyacids and Ionic Liquids</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Such a combination affords ILs and HPAs a very interesting and promising approach to sustainable catalysis. It creates the synergy that might move the catalytic performance forward, improves the reaction environment, and reduces the environment itself.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Improved Catalytic Activity</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Their unique solvation properties make improvements in the catalytic activity of HPAs using ILs. In this context, ILs provide a suitable environment wherein HPAs work well. Thus, a living reaction results in both high rates of reaction and an increase in product yield.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Improved Selectivity</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, the use of HPAs in combination with ILs in catalytic processes further improves the selectivity of the approach. This has been attributed to the stabilization capacity of the ILs over some reaction intermediates or transition states, and thus the reaction pathways tend to lead directly to the product required. In the fine chemicals and pharmaceutical preparation industry, selectivity is very vital in producing a good-quality product output.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Environmental and Economic Benefits</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">By using HPAs and ILs in a catalytic function, all these can be corrected: environmental hazards can be minimized due to their stability and reusability factor, waste generation can be minimized because of their efficient nature, and energy consumption is low. With facilities for recycling both, the overall cost of chemical production is further lessened, thus making these processes more economically sound.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://catalysis.blog/recent-publications/index/catalysis" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="catalysis - yearwise publication list">catalysis</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; border-radius:30px; } .publication-block p { margin-bottom: .5em; font-size: 15px; color: #000; } h3 { font-size: 18px !important; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; } a { padding: 5px; color: #a71c49; } #keyword-papers{ margin-top: 20px; text-align: center; } </style> <script> function decodeString(str) { str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); return str; } function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var title_de = decodeString(paper.title); var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${title_de}">${title_de}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://catalysis.blog/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "High Entropy Spinel Oxide (AlCrCoNiFe)O as Highly Active Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947820", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The role of Tyr34 in proton-coupled electron transfer of human manganese superoxide dismutase.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946943", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Selective 1,4-syn-Addition to Cyclic 1,3-Dienes via Hybrid Palladium Catalysis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947211", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Tailoring Catalysis of Encapsulated Pt Nanoparticles by Pore Wall Engineering of Covalent Organic Frameworks.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38953455", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Platinum-Catalyzed Hydrative Dimerization of Alkynylsilanes to \u03b1,\u03b2-Unsaturated Ketones.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38953494", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "C-H functionalization reactions catalyzed by artificial metalloenzymes.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38852295", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Synthesis and Characterization of Self-Assembled Metal-Organic Framework Monolayers using Polymer-coated Particles.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38949297", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "A review of hierarchical porous carbon derived from various 3D printing techniques.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38847575", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "A composite of AgNPs and lignin porous microspheres via in-situ reduction of Ag and its catalytic performance.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38844275", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Defects orchestrate concerted CO catalysis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38849619", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Designing Michaelases: exploration of novel protein scaffolds for iminium biocatalysis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38842386", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Oxygen Vacancy Formation Strengthened Microwave Catalysis of Zn-Zr Solid Solution for Antibiotic-Free Therapy Strategies of Bacteria-Infected Osteomyelitis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38848785", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Defect-engineered dual Z-scheme core-shell MoS\/WO\/AgBiS for antibiotic and dyes degradation in photo and night catalysis: Mechanism and pathways.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38880327", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Facile synthesis of Cu-based catalysts from CuSi and their catalysis properties study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38881339", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Nanopore-regulated in situ polymerization for synthesis of homogeneous heparan sulfate with low dispersity.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38876729", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Sulfonyl \u03b3-AApeptide tools for modulating biology.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38886034", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Recent advances in circularly polarized luminescence of planar chiral organic compounds.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38884278", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Niobic acid as a support for microheterogeneous nanocatalysis of sodium borohydride hydrolysis under mild conditions.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38887643", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "MOC1 cleaves Holliday junctions through a cooperative nick and counter-nick mechanism mediated by metal ions.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38886375", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Atroposelective catalysis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38890539", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["COVID-19","Clinical Outcomes","Treatments","Antiviral Medications","Corticosteroids","Monoclonal Antibodies","Supportive Care","Vaccination","Long COVID","SARS-CoV-2"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Applications in Green Chemistry</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">An array of applications using both HPAs and ILs in a synergistic manner have been shown to have enormous potential in chemical process innovation in the broad area of green chemistry.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Conversion of Biomass</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">HPAs and ILs have been used in this task of the conversion of biomass into useful chemicals and fuels. One major application is the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which is a very important compound in fine chemicals. Therefore, esterification of carboxylic acids or transesterification of triglycerides yields fatty acid esters, such as biodiesel. The reaction rate and selectivity are said to be increased in HPAs by combinations with ILs, which otherwise increment the catalytic activity, making the process more environmentally friendly and efficient.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Esterification and Transesterification</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Esterification of carboxylic acids and transesterification of esters are some of the important reactions in the synthesis of biodiesel and other chemicals. Currently, it has been found that the HPAs in ILs are more effective in catalyzing these reactions than the conventional catalysts, sulfuric acid, for instance. The use of HPAs and ILs offers milder conditions of reaction, higher yields, and easier product separation. Milder reaction conditions, higher yields, and easier product separation would be achieved.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Oxidation Reactions</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The oxidation of alcohols is one of the most important reactions in organic synthesis. This reaction has been effectively catalyzed by HPAs in ILs. Indeed, the combination of the effective oxidative power of HPAs and the solvation properties of ILs provides a very versatile catalytic system that can be applied in various kinds of oxidations.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Environmental Remediation</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">HPAs and ILs have been utilized in the oxidative degradation of pollutants, providing a sustainable strategy for environmental remediation. An example is the decomposition of nerve agent simulants and other toxic compounds for them to be effective and environmentally friendly in approaches to chemical decontamination.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">catalysis</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://catalysis.blog/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .author-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #227cdc; } .author-block p { margin: 5px 0; } .author-b { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom:10px; } .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 30%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background: #dcdcdc; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 10px; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 100%; margin: 10px 0; } } </style> <script> function displayResults_author(authors) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_author'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!authors || Object.keys(authors).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No authors found.</p>'; return; } Object.values(authors).slice(0, 10).forEach(author => { if (author.affiliation.length > 400) { return; } var authorBlock = document.createElement('div'); authorBlock.className = 'author-block'; var author_name=author.name; let key_replace = author_name.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); var authorHTML = ` <h3><a href="https://catalysis.blog/author/index/${key_replace}\/${author.aid}" target="_blank" title="${author.name}">${author.name}</a></h3> <div class="author-b"> <div class="ainfo"><strong>H-Index:</strong> ${author.hindex}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Publication Count:</strong> ${author.paper_count}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Citation Count:</strong> ${author.citation_count}</div> </div> <p><strong>Affiliation:</strong> ${author.affiliation}</p> `; authorBlock.innerHTML = authorHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(authorBlock); }); } function displayKeywordAuthors(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-authors'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach(key => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://catalysis.blog/expert-search/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key}">${key}</a>`; }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var authors_data = { "V8RcK4wBWBy50K-r37qB": { "aid": "V8RcK4wBWBy50K-r37qB", "name": "Can Li", "citation_count": 55932, "hindex": 115, "paper_count": 867, "affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China. 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Hou", "citation_count": 14674, "hindex": 66, "paper_count": 425, "affiliation": "Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. and Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan", "email": "houz@riken.jp", "slug_tail": "z-hou" } }; //console.log(authors_data); displayResults_author(authors_data); var keywordsArray = ["COVID-19","Clinical Outcomes","Treatments","Antiviral Medications","Corticosteroids","Monoclonal Antibodies","Supportive Care","Vaccination","Long COVID","SARS-CoV-2"]; displayKeywordAuthors(keywordsArray); </script></p> <h3><b>Future Outlooks</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Continuing synergy research with HPAs and ILs in catalysis continues to reveal new applications and further opportunities for greener chemical processes. Future research could be developed in the following directions:</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Design of New HPAs and ILs</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Custom-made properties of new HPAs and ILs will increase the catalytic application scope. It will assist in designing new catalysts with increased activity and selectivity through the exploration of various heteroatom combinations and metal-oxygen frameworks for HPAs and the design of certain cation and anion components of ILs.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Mechanistic Studies</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the synergistic effects generated by HPA and IL combinations drives the optimization of catalytic systems. This can be attained through advanced spectroscopic and computational techniques applied to the study of the interactions of HPAs, ILs, and substrates at the molecular level.</span><b></b></p> <p><b>Industrial Application</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The scale-up of laboratory results to industrial processes is an essential step towards attaining HPAs and ILs’ full promise. Pilot-scale studies and works involving an industrial partner’s presence can be particularly necessary to prove the demonstrable viability and advantages of taking these catalytic systems and implementing them on a large-scale chemical production program.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Consequently, up until now and to this day, heteropolyacids and their ionic liquids remain the most promising avenue towards green and sustainable catalysis in this field for present and near-future applications. This could totally mean new perspectives for the opening in many chemical processes, from biomass conversion to environmental remediation. In the process, this area of research on mechanisms for developing novel HPAs and ILs will continue to fuel more and more innovations in green chemistry. With advanced catalytic systems, the accomplished chemical process potential will certainly be truly green and sustainable in the near future.</span></p> <p></p> <p><b>References</b></p> <ol> <li>Gao C, Wang Y, Gu X, Shen X, Zhou D, Zhou S, Huang JA, Cao B, Guo Q; Community-Acquired Pneumonia–China Network. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098447/">Association Between Cardiac Injury and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients Infected With Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus.</a> Crit Care Med. 2020 Apr;48(4):451-458. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004207. 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