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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>High Steward of Scotland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-High_Steward_of_Scotland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle High Steward of Scotland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-High_Steward_of_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renewed_war_for_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_war_for_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Renewed war for independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_war_for_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_David's_captivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_David's_captivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>King David's captivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_David's_captivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Scots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Scots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>King of Scots</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-King_of_Scots-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle King of Scots subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-King_of_Scots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_Stewart_power_and_personal_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_Stewart_power_and_personal_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consolidation of Stewart power and personal rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_Stewart_power_and_personal_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_authority_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_authority_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Loss of authority and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_authority_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marriages and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fictional portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert II of Scotland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C3%B0berht_II_Scotta_Cyning" title="Roðberht II Scotta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Roðberht II Scotta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="روبرت الثاني ملك إسكتلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت الثاني ملك إسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Robert_(%C5%9Eotlandiya_kral%C4%B1)" title="II Robert (Şotlandiya kralı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Robert (Şotlandiya kralı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_II_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Робърт II Стюарт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт II Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_d%27Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Robert II d'Escòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert II d'Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II._Skotsk%C3%BD" title="Robert II. Skotský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert II. Skotský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II,_brenin_yr_Alban" title="Robert II, brenin yr Alban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert II, brenin yr Alban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_2._af_Skotland" title="Robert 2. af Skotland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert 2. af Skotland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II._(Schottland)" title="Robert II. (Schottland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert II. (Schottland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ροβέρτος Β΄ της Σκωτίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ροβέρτος Β΄ της Σκωτίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_II_de_Escocia" title="Roberto II de Escocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roberto II de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_la_2-a_(Skotlando)" title="Roberto la 2-a (Skotlando) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roberto la 2-a (Skotlando)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_II.a_Estuardo" title="Roberto II.a Estuardo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roberto II.a Estuardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="روبرت دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روبرت دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_(roi_d%27%C3%89cosse)" title="Robert II (roi d'Écosse) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert II (roi d'Écosse)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roibeard_II,_R%C3%AD_na_Scot" title="Roibeard II, Rí na Scot – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Roibeard II, Rí na Scot" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raibeart_II,_R%C3%ACgh_na_h-Alba" title="Raibeart II, Rìgh na h-Alba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Raibeart II, Rìgh na h-Alba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_II_de_Escocia" title="Roberto II de Escocia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roberto II de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_2%EC%84%B8" title="로버트 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A5%A8" title="राबर्ट २ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राबर्ट २" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II.,_kralj_%C5%A0kotske" title="Robert II., kralj Škotske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert II., kralj Škotske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_dari_Skotlandia" title="Robert II dari Skotlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert II dari Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_2._Skotakonungur" title="Róbert 2. Skotakonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róbert 2. Skotakonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_II_di_Scozia" title="Roberto II di Scozia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roberto II di Scozia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="רוברט השני, מלך סקוטלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט השני, מלך סקוטלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_II_(%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="რობერტ II (შოტლანდია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ II (შოტლანდია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_II_(%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96)" title="Роберт II (Шотландия королі) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роберт II (Шотландия королі)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_II_(rex_Scotiae)" title="Robertus II (rex Scotiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus II (rex Scotiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._R%C3%B3bert_sk%C3%B3t_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Róbert skót király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Róbert skót király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="روبرت التانى ملك اسكتلندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت التانى ملك اسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_van_Schotland" title="Robert II van Schotland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert II van Schotland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%882%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ロバート2世 (スコットランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート2世 (スコットランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II._(Skotlun)" title="Robert II. (Skotlun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Robert II. (Skotlun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_av_Skottland" title="Robert II av Skottland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert II av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89_%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BC" title="د سکاټلنډ دویم رابرټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سکاټلنډ دویم رابرټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_Stewart" title="Robert II Stewart – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert II Stewart" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_II_da_Esc%C3%B3cia" title="Roberto II da Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roberto II da Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_al_II-lea_al_Sco%C8%9Biei" title="Robert al II-lea al Scoției – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert al II-lea al Scoției" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_II_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Роберт II (король Шотландии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Роберт II (король Шотландии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A5%A8" title="राबर्ट २ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="राबर्ट २" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_o_Scotland" title="Robert II o Scotland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Robert II o Scotland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert II of Scotland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_II_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Роберт II Шкотски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роберт II Шкотски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_od_%C5%A0kotske" title="Robert II od Škotske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert II od Škotske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_(Skotlanti)" title="Robert II (Skotlanti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert II (Skotlanti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_av_Skottland" title="Robert II av Skottland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert II av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="พระเจ้ารอเบิร์ตที่ 2 แห่งสกอตแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้ารอเบิร์ตที่ 2 แห่งสกอตแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Robert_(%C4%B0sko%C3%A7ya_kral%C4%B1)" title="II. Robert (İskoçya kralı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Robert (İskoçya kralı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_II_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Роберт II (король Шотландії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт II (король Шотландії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_c%E1%BB%A7a_Scotland" title="Robert II của Scotland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert II của Scotland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="罗伯特二世 (苏格兰) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特二世 (苏格兰)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q312592#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Scots from 1371 to 1390</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Robert II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_II,_King_of_Scotland_seal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robert_II%2C_King_of_Scotland_seal.png/220px-Robert_II%2C_King_of_Scotland_seal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robert_II%2C_King_of_Scotland_seal.png/330px-Robert_II%2C_King_of_Scotland_seal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robert_II%2C_King_of_Scotland_seal.png/440px-Robert_II%2C_King_of_Scotland_seal.png 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="826" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Great Seal of Robert II</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">22 February 1371 –<br />19 April 1390<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 March 1371</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regents</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">John Stewart, Earl of Carrick</a> (1384–1388) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert Stewart, Earl of Fife</a> (1388–1390) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1316<br /><a href="/wiki/Paisley_Abbey" title="Paisley Abbey">Paisley Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire" title="Renfrewshire">Renfrewshire</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1390 (aged 74)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dundonald_Castle" title="Dundonald Castle">Dundonald Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Scone_Abbey" title="Scone Abbey">Scone Abbey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mure" title="Elizabeth Mure">Elizabeth Mure</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1336; died 1355)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_de_Ross" title="Euphemia de Ross">Euphemia de Ross</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1355; died 1386)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Marriages_and_issue">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Lord_of_Fife" title="Walter Stewart, Lord of Fife">Walter, Lord of Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_Duke_of_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert, Duke of Albany">Robert, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Buchan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan">Alexander, Earl of Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Caithness" class="mw-redirect" title="David Stewart, 1st Earl of Caithness">David, Earl of Caithness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Atholl" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl">Walter, Earl of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stewart,_Countess_of_Crawford" title="Elizabeth Stewart, Countess of Crawford">Elizabeth, Countess of Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stewart_(bishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Thomas Stewart (bishop of St Andrews)">Thomas, Bishop of St. Andrews</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Egidia_Stewart" title="Egidia Stewart">Egidia Stewart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Stewart">Stewart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_6th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland">Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Bruce" title="Marjorie Bruce">Marjorie Bruce</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert II</b> (2 March 1316 – 19 April 1390) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a> from 1371 to his death in 1390. The son of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_6th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland">Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Bruce" title="Marjorie Bruce">Marjorie</a>, daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a>, he was named Robert Stewart. Upon the death of his uncle <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a>, Robert succeeded to the throne as the first monarch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Stewart">House of Stewart</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bruce" title="Edward Bruce">Edward Bruce</a> had been the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heirs_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heirs of Scotland">heir presumptive</a> for his older brother Robert the Bruce, but Edward had no children when he was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faughart" title="Battle of Faughart">Battle of Faughart</a> on 14 October 1318. Marjorie Bruce had died probably in 1317 in a riding accident and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament</a> decreed her infant son, Robert Stewart, as heir presumptive, but this lapsed on 5 March 1324 on the birth of a son, David, to King Robert and his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Burgh" title="Elizabeth de Burgh">Elizabeth de Burgh</a>. Robert Stewart became <a href="/wiki/High_Steward_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Steward of Scotland">High Steward of Scotland</a> on his father's death on 9 April 1327, and in the same year Parliament confirmed the young Steward as heir should David die childless. In 1329 King Robert I died and his five-year-old son succeeded to the throne as David II under the guardianship of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Randolph,_1st_Earl_of_Moray" title="Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray">Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a>, son of King <a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a> — assisted by the English and those Scottish nobles who Robert I had disinherited — invaded Scotland inflicting heavy defeats on the Bruce party on 11 August 1332 at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dupplin_Moor" title="Battle of Dupplin Moor">Dupplin Moor</a>. In the early morning hours of 16 December 1332, then sixteen-year-old Robert fought with Sir Archibald Douglas at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annan" title="Battle of Annan">Battle of Annan</a> driving Edward Balliol out of Scotland. Balliol returned to Scotland with Edward and an English army the following year defeating Archibald Douglas at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill" title="Battle of Halidon Hill">Battle of Halidon Hill</a> on 19 July 1333. Robert, who had fought at Halidon, joined his uncle David in refuge in <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Castle" title="Dumbarton Castle">Dumbarton Castle</a>. David escaped to France in 1334 and Parliament, still functioning, appointed Robert and <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph,_3rd_Earl_of_Moray" title="John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray">John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray</a>, as joint <a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">guardians of the kingdom</a>. The English captured Randolph in July 1335 and in the same year, Robert submitted to Balliol bringing about the removal of his guardianship. His former position was reinstated in 1338 until David returned from France in June 1341. Hostilities continued and Robert was with David at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Neville's Cross">Neville's Cross</a> on 17 October 1346 and either escaped or fled the field. David, however, was captured and remained a prisoner until he was ransomed in October 1357. </p><p>Robert married <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mure" title="Elizabeth Mure">Elizabeth Mure</a> around 1348, legitimising their four sons and five daughters. His subsequent marriage to <a href="/wiki/Euphemia_de_Ross" title="Euphemia de Ross">Euphemia de Ross</a> in 1355 produced two sons and two surviving daughters. Robert rebelled against King David in 1363 but submitted to him following a threat to his right of succession. David died in 1371 and Robert succeeded him at the age of fifty-five. The border magnates continued to attack English-held zones in southern Scotland and by 1384, the Scots had re-taken most of the occupied lands. Robert ensured that Scotland was included in the Anglo-French truce of 1384 and that was a factor in the coup in November when he lost control of the country first to his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">John</a>, and then from 1388 to John's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert</a>. Robert II died in <a href="/wiki/Dundonald_Castle" title="Dundonald Castle">Dundonald Castle</a> in 1390 and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Scone_Abbey" title="Scone Abbey">Scone Abbey</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heir_presumptive">Heir presumptive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Heir presumptive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert Stewart, born in 1316, was the only child of King <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I of Scotland">Robert I</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Bruce" title="Marjorie Bruce">Marjorie Bruce</a>, who died either in childbirth or shortly afterwards, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_6th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland">Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oram,_p123_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oram,_p123-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert had the upbringing of a <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> noble on the Stewart lands in <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Bute" title="Isle of Bute">Bute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Glasgow" title="Greater Glasgow">Clydeside</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Renfrew" title="Renfrew">Renfrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oram,_p123_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oram,_p123-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1315, parliament revoked Marjorie Bruce's right as heir to her father in favour of her uncle, Edward Bruce.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman,_ESK_p.3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman,_ESK_p.3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faughart" title="Battle of Faughart">Battle of Faughart</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a> on 14 October 1318,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in a hastily arranged Parliament in December to enact a new <a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">tailzie</a> naming Marjorie's son, Robert, as heir should the king die without a successor.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The birth of a son, afterwards <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a>, to King Robert on 5 March 1324 cancelled Robert Stewart's position as heir presumptive, but a Parliament at <a href="/wiki/Cambuskenneth" title="Cambuskenneth">Cambuskenneth</a> in July 1326 restored him in the line of succession should David die without an heir.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman,_ESK_p.3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman,_ESK_p.3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reinstatement of his status was accompanied by the gift of lands in <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxburghshire" title="Roxburghshire">Roxburghshire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_Steward_of_Scotland">High Steward of Scotland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: High Steward of Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_war_for_independence">Renewed war for independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Renewed war for independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Second War of Scottish Independence">Second War of Scottish Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumbarton_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501609.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dumbarton_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501609.jpg/275px-Dumbarton_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501609.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dumbarton_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501609.jpg/413px-Dumbarton_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dumbarton_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501609.jpg/550px-Dumbarton_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Castle" title="Dumbarton Castle">Dumbarton Castle</a> on Dumbarton Rock where Robert Stewart and King David took refuge in 1333</figcaption></figure> <p>The first war of independence began in the reign of King <a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His short reign was bedevilled by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a>'s insistence on his overlordship of Scotland. The Scottish leadership concluded that only war could release the country from the English king's continued weakening of Balliol's sovereignty and so finalised a treaty of reciprocal assistance with France in October 1295.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scots forayed into England in March 1296 — this incursion together with the French treaty angered the English king and provoked an invasion of Scotland taking <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick</a> on 30 March before defeating the Scots army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunbar_(1296)" title="Battle of Dunbar (1296)">Dunbar</a> on 27 April.<sup id="cite_ref-Oram,_p99_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oram,_p99-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Balliol submitted to Edward and resigned the throne to him before being sent to London as a prisoner. Despite this, resistance to the English led by <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moray" title="Andrew Moray">Andrew Moray</a> had emerged in the name of King John Balliol.<sup id="cite_ref-Oram,_p99_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oram,_p99-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On their deaths, <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> continued to resist the English and eventually succeeded in defeating the forces of <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II of England</a> and gained the Scottish throne for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Bruce, aged five, became king on 7 June 1329 after the death of his father Robert. Walter the Steward had died earlier on 9 April 1327,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the orphaned eleven-year-old Robert was placed under the guardianship of his uncle, Sir James Stewart of Durrisdeer,<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman,_ESK_p.3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman,_ESK_p.3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who along with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Randolph,_1st_Earl_of_Moray" title="Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray">Thomas Randolph</a>, Earl of Moray, and William Lindsey, <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon_of_St_Andrews" title="Archdeacon of St Andrews">Archdeacon of St Andrews</a> were appointed as joint guardians of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman_ODNB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David's accession kindled the second independence war which threatened Robert's position as heir.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman,_ESK_p.4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman,_ESK_p.4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1332 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a>, son of the deposed John Balliol, spearheaded an attack on the Bruce sovereignty with the tacit support of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> and the explicit endorsement of "the disinherited".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Balliol's forces delivered heavy defeats on the Bruce supporters at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dupplin_Moor" title="Battle of Dupplin Moor">Dupplin Moor</a> on 11 August 1332 and again at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill" title="Battle of Halidon Hill">Halidon Hill</a> on 19 July 1333, at which the 17-year-old Robert participated.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman_ODNB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert's estates were overrun by Balliol, who granted them to <a href="/wiki/David_III_Strathbogie" title="David III Strathbogie">David Strathbogie, titular earl of Atholl</a>, but Robert evaded capture and gained protection at <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Castle" title="Dumbarton Castle">Dumbarton Castle</a> where King David was also taking refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman,_ESK_p.4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman,_ESK_p.4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very few other strongholds remained in Scottish hands in the winter of 1333 — only the castles of <a href="/wiki/Kildrummy_Castle" title="Kildrummy Castle">Kildrummy</a> (held by <a href="/wiki/Christina_Bruce" title="Christina Bruce">Christina Bruce</a>, elder sister of Robert I and wife of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Murray_(soldier)" title="Andrew Murray (soldier)">Andrew Murray of Bothwell</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lochleven_Castle" title="Lochleven Castle">Loch Leven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loch_Doon" title="Loch Doon">Loch Doon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urquhart_Castle" title="Urquhart Castle">Urquhart</a> held out against Balliol forces.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dairsie_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dairsie_Castle.jpg/280px-Dairsie_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dairsie_Castle.jpg/420px-Dairsie_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dairsie_Castle.jpg/560px-Dairsie_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dairsie_Castle" title="Dairsie Castle">Dairsie Castle</a> where the 1335 Parliament was held</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1334, the situation looked dire for the house of Bruce and David II gained safety in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman,_ESK_p.4_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman,_ESK_p.4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert set about winning back his lands in the west of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman_ODNB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strathbogie came over to the Bruce interest after disagreements with his fellow "disinherited" but his fierce opposition to Randolph came to a head at a Parliament held at <a href="/wiki/Dairsie_Castle" title="Dairsie Castle">Dairsie Castle</a> in early 1335 when Strathbogie received the support of Robert.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strathbogie once again changed sides submitting to the English king in August and was made Warden of Scotland. Robert likely submitted to Edward in September 1335 relinquishing the guardianship by early December.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bruce resistance to Balliol may have been verging on collapse in 1335 but a turn-round in its fortunes began with the appearance of Sir Andrew Moray of Bothwell as a potent war leader at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culblean" title="Battle of Culblean">Battle of Culblean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moray had been captured in 1332, ransomed himself in 1334, and immediately sped north to lay siege to <a href="/wiki/Dundarg_Castle" title="Dundarg Castle">Dundarg Castle</a> in Buchan held by Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Beaumont" title="Henry de Beaumont">Henry de Beaumont</a>, with the castle falling on 23 December 1334.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moray was appointed guardian at <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a> during the winter of 1335–1336 while besieging <a href="/wiki/Cupar_Castle" title="Cupar Castle">Cupar Castle</a> in Fife. He died at his castle in <a href="/wiki/Avoch" title="Avoch">Avoch</a> in 1338 and Robert resumed the guardianship.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murray's campaign put an end to any chance of Edward III having full lasting control over the south of Scotland and Edward's failure in the six-month siege of <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Castle" title="Dunbar Castle">Dunbar Castle</a> confirmed this.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balliol lost many of his major supporters to the Bruce side and the main English garrisons began to fall to the Scots — Cupar in the spring or summer of 1339, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> taken by the combined armies of Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Douglas,_Lord_of_Liddesdale" title="William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale">William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale</a>, Robert Stewart and Maurice Murray of Drumsargard in June 1339.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> was taken by stratagem by William Douglas of Liddesdale in April 1341.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Randolph was released from English custody in a prisoner exchange in 1341 and visited David II in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> before returning to Scotland. Just as Randolph was a favourite of the king, David II mistrusted Robert Stewart with his powerful positions of heir presumptive and guardian of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of June 1341, the kingdom appeared sufficiently stable to allow the king to return to a land where his nobles while fighting for the Bruce cause, had considerably increased their own power bases.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 October 1346, Robert accompanied David into battle at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Neville's Cross">Neville's Cross</a>, where many Scottish nobles including Randolph, died — David II was wounded and captured while Robert and Patrick, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March" title="Earl of March">earl of March</a> had apparently fled the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman_ODNB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_David's_captivity"><span id="King_David.27s_captivity"></span>King David's captivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: King David's captivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #F8F9FA;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b> <i>Petitions to the Pope, 1342–1419</i> </b><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kings of France and Scotland, bishops William of St. Andrews, William of Glasgow, William of Aberdeen, Richard of Dunkeld, Martin of Argyle, Adam of Brechin, and Maurice of Dunblane. Signification that although Elizabeth Mor and Isabella Boutellier, noble damsels of the diocese of Glasgow, are related in the third and fourth degrees of kindred, Robert Steward of Scotland, lord of Stragrifis, in the diocese of Glasgow, the king's nephew, carnally knew first Isabella, and afterwards, in ignorance of their kindred, Elizabeth, who was herself related to Robert in the fourth degree of kindred, living with her for some time and having many children of both sexes by her; the above king and bishops, therefore, pray the pope that for the sake of the said offspring, who are fair to behold (<i>aspectibus gratiose</i>), to grant a dispensation to Robert and Elizabeth to intermarry, and to declare their offspring legitimate. </p><p><i>To be granted by the diocesan, at whose discretion one or more chapelries are to be founded by Robert. </i> </p><p><i>Avignon, 10 Kal. Dec. 1347</i> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>With the king now imprisoned in England and Randolph dead, the guardianship once again fell to Robert.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1347 he took the important step of ensuring the <a href="/wiki/Legitimation" title="Legitimation">legitimation</a> of his four sons, John, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Carrick" title="Earl of Carrick">Earl of Carrick</a> (the future King <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a>), <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Lord_of_Fife" title="Walter Stewart, Lord of Fife">Walter, Lord of Fife</a> (d. 1362), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert</a> (the future <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan">Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Badenoch" title="Lord of Badenoch">Lord of Badenoch</a> (and future <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Buchan" title="Earl of Buchan">Earl of Buchan</a>), and six daughters by petitioning <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a> to allow a <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> marriage to Elizabeth Mure.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though an English prisoner, David retained influence in Scotland and Robert had his guardianship removed by parliament and given jointly to the earls of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Mar" title="Earl of Mar">Mar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ross" title="Earl of Ross">Ross</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Douglas" title="Earl of Douglas">lord of Douglas</a> — this did not last and Robert was once again appointed guardian by the Parliament of February 1352.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paroled David attended this Parliament to present to Robert and the members of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Estates">Three Estates</a> the conditions for his release. These contained no ransom demand but required the Scots to name the English prince <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a> as heir presumptive. The Council rejected these terms, with Robert opposing a proposal that threatened his right of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king had no option but to return to captivity — the English chronicler <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knighton" title="Henry Knighton">Henry Knighton</a> wrote of the event:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="font-size:90%;"><p>... the Scots refused to have their King unless he entirely renounced the influence of the English, and similarly refused to submit themselves to them. And they warned him that they would neither ransom him nor allow him to be ransomed unless he pardoned them for all their acts and injuries that they had done, and all the offences that they had committed during the time of captivity, and he should give them security for that, or otherwise, they threatened to choose another king to rule them.</p></blockquote> <p>By 1354 ongoing negotiations for the king's release reached the stage where a proposal of a straight ransom payment of 90,000 marks to be repaid over nine years, guaranteed by the provision of 20 high-ranking hostages, was agreed upon — this understanding was destroyed by Robert when he bound the Scots to a French action against the English in 1355.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capture of <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick</a> together with the presence of the French on English soil jolted Edward III into moving against the Scots — in January 1356 Edward led his forces into the south-east of Scotland and burned <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haddington,_East_Lothian" title="Haddington, East Lothian">Haddington</a> and much of the <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothians</a> in a campaign that became known as the "Burnt Candlemas".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Edward's victory over France in September, the Scots resumed negotiations for David's release ending in October 1357 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berwick_(1357)" title="Treaty of Berwick (1357)">Treaty of Berwick</a>. Its terms were that in turn for David's freedom, a ransom of 100,000 marks would be paid in annual instalments over ten years — only the first two payments were completed initially and nothing further until 1366.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This failure to honour the conditions of the Berwick treaty allowed Edward to continue to press for a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a> successor to David — terms that were rejected by the Scottish Council and probably by Robert himself.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have been the cause of a brief rebellion in 1363 by Robert and the earls of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Douglas" title="Earl of Douglas">Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March" title="Earl of March">March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later French inducements could not bring David to their aid and the country remained at peace with England during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_Scots">King of Scots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: King of Scots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_Stewart_power_and_personal_rule">Consolidation of Stewart power and personal rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consolidation of Stewart power and personal rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David died childless on 22 February 1371 and was succeeded by Robert II.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David was buried at <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Abbey" title="Holyrood Abbey">Holyrood Abbey</a> almost immediately but an armed protest by William, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Douglas" title="Earl of Douglas">Earl of Douglas</a> delayed Robert II's coronation until 26 March 1371.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for the incident remain unclear but may have involved a dispute regarding Robert's right of succession,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or may have been directed against <a href="/wiki/George_Dunbar,_10th_Earl_of_March" title="George Dunbar, 10th Earl of March">George Dunbar, Earl of March</a> (also known as Earl of Dunbar) and the southern <a href="/wiki/Justiciar#Scotland" title="Justiciar">justiciar</a>, Robert Erskine.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was resolved by Robert giving his daughter Isabella in marriage to Douglas's son, James and with Douglas replacing Erskine as justiciar south of the Forth.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert's accession did affect some others who held offices from David II. In particular, George Dunbar's brother John Dunbar, the Lord of Fife who lost his claim on Fife and Sir Robert Erskine's son, Sir Thomas Erskine who lost control of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stewarts greatly increased their holdings in the west, in Atholl, and in the far north: the earldoms of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Fife" title="Earl of Fife">Fife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Menteith" title="Earl of Menteith">Menteith</a> went to Robert's second surviving son, Robert; the earldoms of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Buchan" title="Earl of Buchan">Buchan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ross" title="Earl of Ross">Ross</a> (along with the lordship of Badenoch) to his fourth son, Alexander; and the earldoms of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Earl of Strathearn">Strathearn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Caithness" title="Earl of Caithness">Caithness</a> to the eldest son of his second marriage, David.<sup id="cite_ref-Oram,_p126_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oram,_p126-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Robert's sons-in-law were <a href="/wiki/John_of_Islay,_Lord_of_the_Isles" title="John of Islay, Lord of the Isles">John MacDonald, Lord of the Isles</a>, John Dunbar, Earl of Moray and <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_2nd_Earl_of_Douglas" title="James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas">James</a> who would become the 2nd Earl of Douglas.<sup id="cite_ref-Oram,_p126_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oram,_p126-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert's sons John, Earl of Carrick, the king's heir, and Robert, Earl of Fife, were made keepers of the castles of Edinburgh and <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling</a> respectively, while <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Buchan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan">Alexander</a>, Lord of Badenoch and Ross, and afterwards Earl of Buchan, became the king's justiciar and lieutenant in the north of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman_ODNB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This build-up of the Stewart family power did not appear to cause resentment among the senior magnates — the king generally did not threaten their territories or local rule and where titles were transferred to his sons the individuals affected were usually very well rewarded.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman_ODNB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style of kingship was very different from his predecessor's — David tried to dominate his nobles whereas Robert's strategy was to delegate authority to his powerful sons and earls and this generally worked for the first decade of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Oram,_p126_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oram,_p126-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert was to have influence over eight of the fifteen earldoms either through his sons directly or by strategic marriages of his daughters to powerful lords.<sup id="cite_ref-Oram,_p126_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oram,_p126-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_II_(Alba)_ii.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Robert_II_%28Alba%29_ii.JPG/200px-Robert_II_%28Alba%29_ii.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Robert_II_%28Alba%29_ii.JPG/300px-Robert_II_%28Alba%29_ii.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Robert_II_%28Alba%29_ii.JPG/400px-Robert_II_%28Alba%29_ii.JPG 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Robert the warrior and knight: the reverse side of Robert II's Great Seal, enhanced as a 19th-century steel engraving</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1373, Robert ensured the future security of the Stewart dynasty by having Parliament pass entailments regarding the succession. At this time, none of his sons had heirs so it became necessary for a system to be devised to define precisely the circumstances in which each of his sons could inherit the crown—none of this would take precedence over normal succession by <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1375, the king had commissioned <a href="/wiki/John_Barbour_(poet)" title="John Barbour (poet)">John Barbour</a> to write the poem, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brus" title="The Brus">The Brus</a></i>, a history intended to bolster the public image of the Stewarts as the genuine heirs of Robert I. It described the patriotic acts of both <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_Lord_of_Douglas" title="James Douglas, Lord of Douglas">Sir James, the Black Douglas</a> and Walter the Steward, the king's father, in their support of Bruce.<sup id="cite_ref-Oram,_p126_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oram,_p126-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert's rule during the 1370s saw the country's finances stabilised and greatly improved due in part to the flourishing wool trade, reduced calls on the public purse and the halting of his predecessor's ransom money on the death of Edward III of England.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman_ODNB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert — unlike David II whose kingship was predominantly Lothian and therefore lowland based — did not restrict his attention to one sector of his kingdom but frequently visited the more remote areas of the north and west among his Gaelic lords.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert ruled over a country that continued to have English enclaves within its borders and Scots who gave their allegiance to the king of England — the important castles of Berwick, Jedburgh, Lochmaben and Roxburgh had English garrisons and controlled southern Berwickshire, Teviotdale and large areas in Annandale and Tweeddale.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1371, Robert agreed to a defensive treaty with the French, and although there were no outright hostilities during 1372, the English garrisons were reinforced and placed under an increased state of vigilance.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attacks on the English-held zones, with the near-certain backing of Robert, began in 1373 and accelerated in the years 1375–77. This indicated that a central decision had probably been taken for the escalation of conflict rather than the previous small-scale marauding attacks by the border barons.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1376, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March" title="Earl of March">Earl of March</a> successfully recovered Annandale, but then found himself constrained by the <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> Anglo-French truce.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunfermline_Abbey_Geograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dunfermline_Abbey_Geograph.jpg/275px-Dunfermline_Abbey_Geograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dunfermline_Abbey_Geograph.jpg/413px-Dunfermline_Abbey_Geograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dunfermline_Abbey_Geograph.jpg/550px-Dunfermline_Abbey_Geograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey" title="Dunfermline Abbey">Dunfermline Abbey</a> which received Coldingham Priory as daughter house from King Robert</figcaption></figure> <p>In his dealings with Edward III, Robert blamed his border magnates for the escalating attacks on the English zones; regardless, the Scots retained the recaptured lands, often portioned out among minor lords, to secure their interest in preventing English re-possession.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Robert's further condemnations of his border lords, all the signs were that Robert backed the growing successful Scottish militancy following Edward III's death in 1377.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman_ODNB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a charter dated 25 July 1378 the king decreed that <a href="/wiki/Coldingham_Priory" title="Coldingham Priory">Coldingham Priory</a> would no longer be a daughter house of the English <a href="/wiki/Durham_Priory" title="Durham Priory">Durham Priory</a> but was to be attached to <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey" title="Dunfermline Abbey">Dunfermline Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early February the Scots — apparently unaware of the conclusion of an Anglo-French truce on 26 January 1384 that included the Scots in the cease-fire — conducted an all-out attack on the English zones winning back Lochmaben Castle and Teviotdale.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John of Gaunt led a reciprocal English attack that took him as far as Edinburgh, where the burgesses bribed him to leave the town unharmed. Haddington, however, was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carrick and James, Earl of Douglas (his father William had died in April),<sup id="cite_ref-Tuck_p._42_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuck_p._42-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wanted a retaliatory strike for the Gaunt raid. Robert may have concluded that as the French had reneged on a previous agreement to send assistance in 1383 and then entered into a truce with England, any military action would have been met with retaliation and exclusion from the forthcoming Boulogne peace talks.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuck_p._42_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuck_p._42-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boardman,_p120-1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman,_p120-1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 June 1384, Robert resolved to send <a href="/wiki/Walter_Wardlaw" title="Walter Wardlaw">Walter Wardlaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Glasgow" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Glasgow">Bishop of Glasgow</a> to the Anglo-French peace talks, yet Carrick ignored this and allowed raids into the north of England to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman,_p120-1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman,_p120-1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, by 26 July, the Scots were part of the truce that would expire in October. Robert called a Council in September probably to decide how to proceed when the truce concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_authority_and_death">Loss of authority and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Loss of authority and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otterburn_Battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Otterburn_Battle.jpg/200px-Otterburn_Battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Otterburn_Battle.jpg/300px-Otterburn_Battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Otterburn_Battle.jpg/400px-Otterburn_Battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1926" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>A medieval miniature depicting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otterburn" title="Battle of Otterburn">Battle of Otterburn</a> where Carrick's close ally, James, Earl of Douglas was killed</figcaption></figure> <p>Robert's son, John, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Carrick" title="Earl of Carrick">Earl of Carrick</a>, had become the foremost Stewart magnate south of the Forth just as Alexander, Earl of Buchan was in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander's activities and methods of royal administration, enforced by <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> mercenaries, drew criticism from northern earls and bishops and his younger half-brother <a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn">David, Earl of Strathearn</a>. These complaints damaged the king's standing within the Council leading to criticism of his ability to curb Buchan's activities.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert's differences with the Carrick affinity regarding the conduct of the war and his continued failure or unwillingness to deal with Buchan in the north led to the political convulsion of November 1384 when the Council removed the king's authority to govern and appointed Carrick as lieutenant of the kingdom — a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> had taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-Oram,_p126_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oram,_p126-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Robert sidelined, there was now no impediment in the way of war. In June 1385, a force of 1200 French soldiers joined the Scots in a campaign that involved the Earl of Douglas and two of Robert's sons, John, Earl of Carrick and Robert, Earl of Fife.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skirmishes saw small gains but a quarrel between the French and Scottish commanders saw the abandonment of an attack on the important castle of Roxburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dundonald_Castle_20080424_-_from_south_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Dundonald_Castle_20080424_-_from_south_west.jpg/275px-Dundonald_Castle_20080424_-_from_south_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Dundonald_Castle_20080424_-_from_south_west.jpg/413px-Dundonald_Castle_20080424_-_from_south_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Dundonald_Castle_20080424_-_from_south_west.jpg/550px-Dundonald_Castle_20080424_-_from_south_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dundonald_Castle" title="Dundonald Castle">Dundonald Castle</a>, where Robert II died in 1390</figcaption></figure> <p>The victory of the Scots over the English at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otterburn" title="Battle of Otterburn">Battle of Otterburn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> in August 1388 set in motion Carrick's fall from power. One of the Scottish casualties was Carrick's close ally James, Earl of Douglas. Douglas died without an heir, which led to various claims upon the title and estate — Carrick backed Malcolm Drummond, the husband of Douglas's sister, while Fife sided with the successful appellant, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_3rd_Earl_of_Douglas" title="Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas">Sir Archibald Douglas</a>, Earl of Wigtown and Lord of Galloway who possessed an entail on the Douglas estates.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_p._51_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman_p._51-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fife, now with his powerful Douglas ally, and those who supported the king ensured a countercoup at the December Council meeting when the guardianship of Scotland passed from Carrick (who had recently been badly injured from a horse-kick) to Fife.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_p._51_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman_p._51-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grant_in_Jones,_p361_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant_in_Jones,_p361-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many had also approved of Fife's intention to properly resolve the situation of lawlessness in the north and in particular the activities of his younger brother, Buchan.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_in_Jones,_p361_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant_in_Jones,_p361-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fife relieved Buchan of his offices of lieutenant of the north and justiciar north of the Forth. The latter role was given to Fife's son, <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="Murdoch Stewart">Murdoch Stewart</a>. Robert II toured the northeast in late January 1390, perhaps to reinforce the changing political scene in the north following Buchan's removal from authority.<sup id="cite_ref-BoardmanESK_p171_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoardmanESK_p171-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March, Robert returned to <a href="/wiki/Dundonald_Castle" title="Dundonald Castle">Dundonald Castle</a> in Ayrshire where he died on 19 April and was buried at Scone on 25 April.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reign of Robert II has undergone a re-appraisal since the works of historians <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Donaldson" title="Gordon Donaldson">Gordon Donaldson</a> (1967) and Ranald Nicholson (1974). Donaldson admitted to a lack of knowledge (at the time he was writing) regarding Robert's reign and accepts that the early chroniclers writing near his reign found little to criticise.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert's career before and after he succeeded to the throne is described by Donaldson as "to say the least, undistinguished, and his reign did nothing to add lustre to it."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donaldson goes further and debates the legality of the canon law marriage of Robert and Elizabeth Mure following the papal dispensation, but acknowledges that the Acts of Succession in 1371 and 1372, although sealing the matter in the eyes of Parliament, did not end the generational feud of the descendants of Elizabeth Mure and Euphemia Ross.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert's earlier participation in combat at the battles of Halidon and Neville's Cross, according to Donaldson, had made him wary of sanctioning military expeditions against the English and that any such actions by his barons were concealed from him.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Nicholson described Robert's reign as deficient and that his lack of the skills of governance led to internal strife. Nicholson asserts that the Earl of Douglas was bought off following his armed demonstration just before Robert's coronation, and associates this with the doubt surrounding the legitimacy of Robert's sons with Elizabeth Mure.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson,_Robert_II_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson,_Robert_II-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the historians Stephen Boardman (2007), Alexander Grant (1984 and 1992) and Michael Lynch (1992) give a more even-handed appraisal of Robert II's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson,_Robert_II_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson,_Robert_II-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians show a kingdom that had become wealthier and more stable, particularly during the first decade of his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman_ODNB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boardman explains that Robert II was subjected to negative propaganda while he was High Steward — David II's followers denigrated his conduct during his lieutenancies and described them as "tyranny" — and again later as King when the supporters of his son John, Earl of Carrick said that Robert was a king lacking drive and accomplishments, weighed down by age and unfit to govern.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert II's association with Gaelic Scotland also drew criticism. He grew up in his ancestral lands in the west and was completely at ease with the Gaelic language and culture and possessed a potent relationship with the Gaelic lords in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, upper <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a>. Throughout his reign, Robert spent long periods in his Gaelic heartlands and complaints at the time in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowland Scotland</a> seem to have been influenced by the view that the king was too much involved in Gaelic concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boardman also asserts that much of the negative views held of Robert II find their origins in the writings of the French chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Jean Froissart</a> who recorded that '[the king] had red bleared eyes, of the colour of sandalwood, which clearly showed that he was no valiant man, but one who would remain at home than march to the field'.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to Froissart's view, the early Scottish chroniclers — <a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Wyntoun" title="Andrew of Wyntoun">Andrew of Wyntoun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bower" title="Walter Bower">Walter Bower</a> (who both utilised a source that was nearly contemporary with Robert II) — and later 15th and 16th century Scottish chroniclers and poets showed "Robert II as a Scottish patriotic hero, a defender of the integrity of the Scottish kingdom, and as the direct heir to Robert I".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant (1992) acknowledges that Robert II's reign in terms of foreign and domestic policy was "not so unsuccessful".<sup id="cite_ref-Grant,_Independence_&_Nationhood_p.178_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant,_Independence_&_Nationhood_p.178-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As far as William, Earl of Douglas's reaction was concerned when he staged an armed demonstration before Robert's coronation, Grant does not hold to the view that Douglas was in some way demonstrating against Robert's legitimate right to the throne, but more an assertion that royal patronage should not continue as in the time of David II. Grant also advocates that the demonstration was aimed at father and son Robert and Thomas Erskine, who held the castles of Edinburgh, Stirling and Dumbarton from Robert's predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant,_Independence_&_Nationhood_p.178_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant,_Independence_&_Nationhood_p.178-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant seriously called into question the dependability of Froissart's writings as an effective source for Robert II's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influential magnate coalitions headed by Carrick, having undermined the king's position, manipulated the Council of November 1384 to remove Robert II from any real power.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant gives little weight to the asserted senility of Robert and suggests that the deposition of Carrick in 1388, and then the resolution to join the Anglo-French truce of 1389, were both at the instigation of Robert II.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet authority was not handed back to Robert II but to Carrick's younger brother, Robert, earl of Fife; this once again saw the king at the disposition of one of his sons.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the now unknown source whom both Wyntoun and Bower relied on made the point that Fife deferred to his father on affairs of state emphasising the difference in styles in the guardianships of his two sons.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael Lynch points out that Robert II's reign from 1371 until the lieutenancy of Carrick in 1384 had been one exemplified by continued prosperity and stability — a time which Abbot Bower described as a period of "tranquillity, prosperity and peace".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lynch suggests that the troubles of the 1450s between <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a> and the Douglases (which some historians have interpreted as the legacy of Robert II's policy of encouraging powerful lordships), was a continuation of David II's build-up of local lords in the Marches and <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a> — Robert was satisfied with government to leave alone the Douglas and the Stewart earls in their fiefdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weakening of government if anything, Lynch suggests, came not before the 1384 coup but after it, even though the coup had at its root Robert II's favouring of his third son, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan">Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan</a> (known as "the Wolf of Badenoch").<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_issue">Marriages and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriages and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1336, he first married <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mure" title="Elizabeth Mure">Elizabeth Mure</a> (died 1355), daughter of Sir Adam Mure of Rowallan. The marriage was criticised for being uncanonical, so he remarried her in 1349 after receiving a papal dispensation in 1347.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this union, ten children reached adulthood:<sup id="cite_ref-royal.gov.uk_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal.gov.uk-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">John</a> (died 1406), who became King of Scotland as Robert III, married <a href="/wiki/Anabella_Drummond" title="Anabella Drummond">Anabella Drummond</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Lord_of_Fife" title="Walter Stewart, Lord of Fife">Walter</a> (died in 1362), husband of <a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Fife" title="Isabella, Countess of Fife">Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Fife</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Fife" title="Earl of Fife">Earl of Fife</a> and from 1398 <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a> (died 1420), married in 1361 <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Graham,_Countess_of_Menteith" title="Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith">Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith</a>, and his second wife in 1381 Muriella Keith (died in 1449);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan">Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan</a> (died 1405), nicknamed "the Wolf of Badenoch", married in 1382 to <a href="/wiki/Euphemia_I,_Countess_of_Ross" title="Euphemia I, Countess of Ross">Euphemia of Ross</a>;</li> <li>Margaret, married <a href="/wiki/John_of_Islay,_Lord_of_the_Isles" title="John of Islay, Lord of the Isles">John of Islay, Lord of the Isles</a>;</li> <li>Marjorie, married <a href="/wiki/John_Dunbar,_Earl_of_Moray" title="John Dunbar, Earl of Moray">John Dunbar, Earl of Moray</a>, then Sir Alexander Keith;</li> <li>Elizabeth, married <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_la_Hay" title="Thomas de la Hay">Thomas de la Hay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Constable_of_Scotland" title="Lord High Constable of Scotland">Lord High Constable of Scotland</a>;</li> <li>Isabel (died 1410), married <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_2nd_Earl_of_Douglas" title="James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas">James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas</a> (died in 1388), followed in 1389 by <a href="/wiki/John_Edmonstone_of_that_Ilk" title="John Edmonstone of that Ilk">John Edmonstone of that Ilk</a>;</li> <li>Johanna (Jean), married Sir John Keith (died 1375), then <a href="/wiki/John_Lyon,_Lord_of_Glamis" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lyon, Lord of Glamis">John Lyon, Lord of Glamis</a> (died 1383) and finally, Sir James Sandilands;</li> <li>Katherine, married Sir Robert Logan of Grugar and Restalrig, <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of Scotland">Lord High Admiral of Scotland</a>.</li></ul> <p>In 1355, Robert married his second wife <a href="/wiki/Euphemia_de_Ross" title="Euphemia de Ross">Euphemia de Ross</a> (died 1387), daughter of <a href="/wiki/Hugh,_Earl_of_Ross" title="Hugh, Earl of Ross">Hugh, Earl of Ross</a>. They had four children:<sup id="cite_ref-royal.gov.uk_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal.gov.uk-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn">David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn</a>, born about 1356 and died in 1389;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl">Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl</a>, born about 1360, was beheaded at Edinburgh in 1437 for being involved in the assassination of King James I;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stewart,_Countess_of_Crawford" title="Elizabeth Stewart, Countess of Crawford">Elizabeth</a>, who married in 1380 <a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay,_1st_Earl_of_Crawford" title="David Lindsay, 1st Earl of Crawford">David Lindsay, 1st Earl of Crawford</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidia_Stewart" title="Egidia Stewart">Egidia</a>, who married in 1387 <a href="/wiki/William_Douglas_of_Nithsdale" title="William Douglas of Nithsdale">William Douglas of Nithsdale</a>.</li></ul> <p>King Robert II also had many illegitimate children: </p><p>By Mariota de Cardeny, daughter of Sir John Cardeny, and widow of Alexander Mac Naugthon: </p> <ul><li>Alexander Stewart, of Inverlunan;</li> <li>Sir John Stewart, of Cardeny;</li> <li>James Stewart, of Abernethy and Kinfauna;</li> <li>Walter Stewart.</li></ul> <p>By Moira Leitch (according to tradition): </p> <ul><li>Sir John Stewart, Sheriff of Bute (1360 – 1445/9), ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Bute" title="Marquess of Bute">Marquesses of Bute</a><sup id="cite_ref-weir_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other issue born by unknown women:<sup id="cite_ref-weir_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>John Stewart, Lord of Burley (killed 1425);</li> <li>Alexander Stewart, canon of Glasgow;</li> <li>Sir Alexander Stewart of Inverlunan;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stewart_(bishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Thomas Stewart (bishop of St Andrews)">Thomas Stewart</a>, Archdeacon of St Andrews, Dean of Dunkeld;</li> <li>James Stewart of Kinfauns;</li> <li>Walter Stewart;</li> <li>Maria or Mary Stewart, wife of Sir John de Danielstoun and mother of Sir Robert de Danielstoun of that Ilk (ancestor of Cunningham of Kilmaurs, and Maxwell of Calderwood).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Robert II of Scotland</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_4th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland">Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland</a><sup id="cite_ref-Paul13_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul13-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_5th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland">James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland</a><sup id="cite_ref-Paul13-14_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul13-14-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. Jean of Bute (apocryphal)<sup id="cite_ref-Paul13_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul13-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_6th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland">Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Burgh,_1st_Earl_of_Ulster" title="Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster">Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster</a><sup id="cite_ref-DNB-Walter_de_Burgh_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-Walter_de_Burgh-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. Egidia de Burgh<sup id="cite_ref-Paul13-14_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul13-14-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgeoffrey#Children" title="John Fitzgeoffrey">Aveline FitzJohn</a><sup id="cite_ref-DNB-Walter_de_Burgh_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-Walter_de_Burgh-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Robert II of Scotland</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Brus,_6th_Lord_of_Annandale" title="Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale">Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale</a><sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I of Scotland">Robert I of Scotland</a><sup id="cite_ref-royal.gov.uk_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal.gov.uk-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_of_Carrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Marjorie of Carrick">Marjorie of Carrick</a><sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Bruce" title="Marjorie Bruce">Marjorie Bruce</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Domhnall_I,_Earl_of_Mar" title="Domhnall I, Earl of Mar">Domhnall I, Earl of Mar</a><sup id="cite_ref-DNB-Donald_Mar_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-Donald_Mar-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Mar" title="Isabella of Mar">Isabella of Mar</a><sup id="cite_ref-royal.gov.uk_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal.gov.uk-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Elen_ferch_Llywelyn" title="Elen ferch Llywelyn">Elen ferch Llywelyn</a><sup id="cite_ref-StewartSociety_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StewartSociety-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Susanna, her sister</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_portrayals">Fictional portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fictional portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert II has been depicted in historical novels. They include: </p> <ul><li><i>The Three Perils of Man; or, War, women, and witchcraft</i> (1822) by <a href="/wiki/James_Hogg" title="James Hogg">James Hogg</a>. The tale takes place in the reign of Robert II whose "country enjoyed happiness and peace, all save a part adjoining to the borders of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>." Part of the action takes place at <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace" title="Linlithgow Palace">Linlithgow Palace</a>, where Robert promises to marry his daughter Margaret Stewart "to the knight who shall take that castle of <a href="/wiki/Roxburgh_Castle" title="Roxburgh Castle">Roxburgh</a> out of the hands of the English". With Margaret adding her own terms, that "in case of his attempting and failing in the undertaking, he shall forfeit all his lands, castles, towns, and towers to me." In the absence of volunteers, Margaret vows to take the Castle herself, defeating Lord Musgrave and his mistress Jane Howard;<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i>The Lords of Misrule</i> (1976) by <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Tranter" title="Nigel Tranter">Nigel Tranter</a>. It covers events from c. 1388 to 1390 and depicts the last years of Robert II and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III of Scotland</a> to the throne. As the elderly king has grown "feeble, weary and half-blind", his sons, daughters and other nobles campaign for power. An ungoverned Scotland is ravaged by their conflicts. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan">Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan</a>, are prominently featured;<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Courting Favour</i> (2000) by Nigel Tranter. Follows the career of <a href="/wiki/John_Dunbar,_Earl_of_Moray" title="John Dunbar, Earl of Moray">John Dunbar, Earl of Moray</a> in the courts of <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II of Scotland</a> and Robert II. John is a son-in-law to the latter and serves him as a diplomat.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fryde, et al., <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oram,_p123-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oram,_p123_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oram,_p123_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oram" title="Richard Oram">Oram</a>, et al., <i>Kings & Queens</i>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boardman,_ESK_p.3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman,_ESK_p.3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman,_ESK_p.3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman,_ESK_p.3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradbury, <i>Companion to Medieval Warfare</i>, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown & Tanner, <i>History of Scottish Parliament</i>, pp. 70-71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oram, et al., <i>Kings and Queens of Scotland</i>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, <i>Power of the Past</i>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, <i>Independence, Wars of</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oram,_p99-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oram,_p99_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oram,_p99_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oram, et al., <i>Kings & Queens</i>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a>, <i>Britain's Royal Families</i>, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boardman_ODNB-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_ODNB_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Robert II</i>, ODNB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boardman,_ESK_p.4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman,_ESK_p.4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman,_ESK_p.4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman,_ESK_p.4_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The disinherited" — those nobles or their descendants who had fought for the English but had not entered into Robert I's peace and had their property confiscated and distributed to the Bruce supporters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant & Stringer, <i>Medieval Scotland</i>, p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant & Stringer, <i>Medieval Scotland</i> pp. 225–226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant & Stringer, <i>Medieval Scotland</i> p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duncan, <i>Andrew Murray</i>, ODNB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant & Stringer, <i>Medieval Scotland</i> p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371</i>, pp. 241-242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPenman2004" class="citation book cs1">Penman, Michael (2004). <i>David II</i>. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+II&rft.place=East+Linton%2C+Scotland&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Tuckwell+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Penman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant & Stringer, <i>Medieval Scotland</i> p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371</i>, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371</i>, pp. 241-243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=92363">Volume XIII: 6 Clement VI</a>", <i>Petitions to the Pope: 1342–1419</i> (1896), pp. 124–126. Date accessed: 04 April 2009. (10 Kal. Dec. 1347 – 22 November 1347)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sadler, <i>Border Fury</i>, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown & Tanner, <i>History of Scottish Parliament</i>, footnote 34, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown & Tanner, <i>History of Scottish Parliament</i>, pp. 85–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown & Tanner, <i>History of Scottish Parliament</i>, pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>The Wars of Scotland</i>, p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, <i>The Wars of Edward III</i>, pp. 218–219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, <i>The Wars of Edward III</i>, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrell, <i>Medieval Scotland</i>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, <i>The Wars of Edward III</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0uq3738Jy9gC&q=David+February+1371+unsuccessful+in+inducing+scotland+to+make+war">p. 220</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1890" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Henry (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-rk6AAAAMAAJ&q=David+II+22nd+February+1371&pg=PA6"><i>English Writers: An Attempt Towards a History of English Literature</i></a>. Cassell, limited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Writers%3A+An+Attempt+Towards+a+History+of+English+Literature&rft.pub=Cassell%2C+limited&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-rk6AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DDavid%2BII%2B22nd%2BFebruary%2B1371%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown & Tanner, <i>History of Scottish Parliament</i> pp. 102–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant in Jones, et al., <i>New Cambridge History</i>, p. 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 39, 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oram,_p126-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oram,_p126_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oram,_p126_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oram,_p126_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oram,_p126_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oram,_p126_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oram,_p126_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oram, et al., <i>Kings & Queens</i>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrell, <i>Medieval Scotland</i>, pp. 141-142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K. M. Brown, et al., eds (St Andrews, 2007–2012), 1373/3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1373/3">[1]</a> Date accessed: 21 May 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 94-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sadler, <i>Border Fury</i>, p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuck & Goodman, <i>War and Border Societies</i>, pp.38-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sadler, <i>Border Fury</i>, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sadler, <i>Border Fury</i>, pp. 259–260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuck & Goodman, <i>War and Border Societies</i>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 118–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuck_p._42-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuck_p._42_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuck_p._42_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuck & Goodman, <i>War and Border Societies</i>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boardman,_p120-1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman,_p120-1_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman,_p120-1_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 120–121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrell, <i>Medieval Scotland</i>, pp. 141–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an account of the background to Buchan's activities in the north of Scotland and the context in which he operated see Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 83–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant in Jones, et al., <i>New Cambridge History</i>, pp. 360–361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oram et al., <i>Kings and Queens</i>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodman & Tuck, <i>War and Border Societies</i>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman_p._51-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_p._51_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_p._51_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodman & Tuck, <i>War and Border Societies</i>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant_in_Jones,_p361-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_in_Jones,_p361_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_in_Jones,_p361_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant in Jones, et al., <i>New Cambridge History</i> p. 361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoardmanESK_p171-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoardmanESK_p171_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The date of Robert II's death and the disputed date of Robert II's burial and the reasons for the delay in Robert III's coronation are explained by <a href="/wiki/Dauvit_Broun" title="Dauvit Broun">Dauvit Broun</a> in Brown & Tanner, <i>History of Scottish Parliament</i> pp. 112-116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donaldson, <i>Scottish Kings</i>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donaldson, <i>Scottish Kings</i>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donaldson, <i>Scottish Kings</i>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donaldson, <i>Scottish Kings</i>, pp. 39-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson,_Robert_II-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson,_Robert_II_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson,_Robert_II_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson, <i>Robert II</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant in Jones, et al., <i>New Cambridge History</i>, p. 359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 123-125, 171-172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman in Broun & MacGregor, <i>The Great Ill-Will of the Lowlander</i>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 108, 125 (footnote 2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant,_Independence_&_Nationhood_p.178-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grant,_Independence_&_Nationhood_p.178_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant,_Independence_&_Nationhood_p.178_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuck & Goodman, <i>War and Border Societies</i>, pp. 30–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oram et al., <i>Kings and Queens</i>, pp. 126–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, pp. 180–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oram et al., <i>Kings and Queens</i>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown & Tanner, <i>History of Scottish Parliament</i>, pp. 110–112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Scotland: A new History</i>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Scotland: A new History</i>, pp. 138–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Scotland: A new History</i>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir, <i>Britain's Royal Families</i>, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-royal.gov.uk-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-royal.gov.uk_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-royal.gov.uk_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-royal.gov.uk_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-royal.gov.uk_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203154901/http://www.royal.gov.uk/pdf/scottish.pdf">"The Scottish Royal Dynasties 842–1625"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The official website of the British Monarchy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/pdf/scottish.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Royal+Dynasties+842%E2%80%931625&rft.pub=The+official+website+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2Fpdf%2Fscottish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weir-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weir_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2011" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Alison (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nZ90l1_IzAC&pg=PA228"><i>Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy</i></a>. Random House. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446449110" title="Special:BookSources/9781446449110"><bdi>9781446449110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781446449110&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nZ90l1_IzAC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1764" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Robert (1764). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/ecco/004896980.0001.000/1:54?rgn=div1;view=fulltext"><i>The Peerage of Scotland</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peerage+of+Scotland&rft.date=1764&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Fecco%2F004896980.0001.000%2F1%3A54%3Frgn%3Ddiv1%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John P. Ravilious, "Nephew of the Duke": the Danielstons of that Ilk, and a hitherto unknown daughter of Robert II, King of Scots, <i>The Scottish Genealogist</i> Vol. LIV No. 3, September 2007, pp. 134–137. cf. also John P. Ravilious, "Maria Stewart, illegitimate daughter of Robert II, King of Scots", <i>The Scottish Genealogist</i> Vol. LVI No. 1, March 2009, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul13-14-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul13-14_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul13-14_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul, <i>The Scots Peerage</i>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul13-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul13_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul13_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul, <i>The Scots Peerage</i>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB-Walter_de_Burgh-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNB-Walter_de_Burgh_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB-Walter_de_Burgh_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher1886" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Archer, Thomas Andrew (1886). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burgh, Walter de"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Burgh,_Walter_de">"Burgh, Walter de" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 7. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burgh%2C+Walter+de&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maxwell-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maxwell_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maxwell_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maxwell, <i>Robert the Bruce</i>, p. ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB-Donald_Mar-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNB-Donald_Mar_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaton1893" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paton, Henry (1893). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mar, Donald (d.1297)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Mar,_Donald_(d.1297)">"Mar, Donald (d.1297)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 36. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mar%2C+Donald+%28d.1297%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StewartSociety-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StewartSociety_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stewartsociety.org/history-of-the-stewarts.cfm?section=famous-stewarts&subcatid=15&histid=147">"Isabella of Mar"</a>. <i>The Stewart Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stewart+Society&rft.atitle=Isabella+of+Mar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stewartsociety.org%2Fhistory-of-the-stewarts.cfm%3Fsection%3Dfamous-stewarts%26subcatid%3D15%26histid%3D147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogg, pp. 4–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cunninghamh.tripod.com/books/synopses90/misrule.htm">"Lords of Misrule", synopsis from the bookjacket</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://CunninghamH.tripod.com/books/9105.htm">"Tranter first edition books, publication timeline", part IV</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrell2000" class="citation cs2">Barrell, Andrew D.M. (2000), <i>Medieval Scotland</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58602-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58602-X"><bdi>0-521-58602-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scotland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-58602-X&rft.aulast=Barrell&rft.aufirst=Andrew+D.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Boardman_(historian)" title="Steve Boardman (historian)">Boardman, Stephen</a> (2007), <i>The Early Stewart Kings: Robert II and Robert III, 1371–1406</i>, The Stewart Dynasty in Scotland Series, Edinburgh: John Donald, an imprint of Birlinn Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904607-68-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904607-68-7"><bdi>978-1-904607-68-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Stewart+Kings%3A+Robert+II+and+Robert+III%2C+1371%E2%80%931406&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=The+Stewart+Dynasty+in+Scotland+Series&rft.pub=John+Donald%2C+an+imprint+of+Birlinn+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-904607-68-7&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boardman, S.I. (May 2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23713">"Robert II"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23713">10.1093/ref:odnb/23713</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+II&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23713&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=S.I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F23713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrounMacGregor2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dauvit_Broun" title="Dauvit Broun">Broun, Dauvit</a>; MacGregor, Martin, eds. (2007), "<i>The Gaelic World and the Early Stewart Court</i>, Stephen Boardman", <i>Mìorun Mòr nan Gall, 'The Great Ill-Will of the Lowlander'? Lowland Perceptions of the Highlands, Medieval and Modern</i> (1st ed.), Glasgow: the Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, University of Glasgow, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/540108870">540108870</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gaelic+World+and+the+Early+Stewart+Court%2C+Stephen+Boardman&rft.btitle=M%C3%ACorun+M%C3%B2r+nan+Gall%2C+%27The+Great+Ill-Will+of+the+Lowlander%27%3F+Lowland+Perceptions+of+the+Highlands%2C+Medieval+and+Modern&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=the+Centre+for+Scottish+and+Celtic+Studies%2C+University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F540108870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownTanner2008" class="citation cs2">Brown, Keith M.; Tanner, Roland (2008), <i>The History of the Scottish Parliament: Parliament and Politics In Scotland 1235–1560</i>, vol. 1, Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1485-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-1485-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Scottish+Parliament%3A+Parliament+and+Politics+In+Scotland+1235%E2%80%931560&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1485-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Keith+M.&rft.au=Tanner%2C+Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_(historian)" title="Michael Brown (historian)">Brown, Michael</a> (2004), <i>The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371</i>, Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1238-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1238-6"><bdi>0-7486-1238-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Scotland%2C+1214%E2%80%931371&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7486-1238-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1976" class="citation cs2">Burns, Charles, ed. (1976), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/calendarofpapall0012clem"><i>Calendar of Papal Letters to Scotland of Clement VII of Avignon, 1378–1394</i></a></span>, Scottish History Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9500260-8-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9500260-8-4"><bdi>978-0-9500260-8-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+Papal+Letters+to+Scotland+of+Clement+VII+of+Avignon%2C+1378%E2%80%931394&rft.pub=Scottish+History+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-9500260-8-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcalendarofpapall0012clem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowanFinlay2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Cowan" title="Edward J. Cowan">Cowan, Edward J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Finlay" title="Richard J. Finlay">Finlay, Richard J.</a>, eds. (2002), "<i>The Demonisation of King John</i> Fiona Watson", <i>The Power of the Past</i>, Scottish History, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1420-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1420-6"><bdi>0-7486-1420-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Demonisation+of+King+John+Fiona+Watson&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+the+Past&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=Scottish+History&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7486-1420-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1967" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Donaldson" title="Gordon Donaldson">Donaldson, Gordon</a> (1967), <i>Scottish Kings</i>, London: Batsford, 153229</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Kings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archie_Duncan_(historian)" title="Archie Duncan (historian)">Duncan, A. A. M.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19590">"Murray, Sir Andrew, of Bothwell (1298–1338)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19590">10.1093/ref:odnb/19590</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Murray%2C+Sir+Andrew%2C+of+Bothwell+%281298%E2%80%931338%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19590&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=A.+A.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F19590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy1996" class="citation cs2">Fryde, E. B.; <a href="/wiki/Diana_Greenway" title="Diana Greenway">Greenway, D. E.</a>; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996), <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i>, Guides and Handbooks (Third corrected ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X"><bdi>0-521-56350-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=Guides+and+Handbooks&rft.edition=Third+corrected&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56350-X&rft.aulast=Fryde&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rft.au=Greenway%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Porter%2C+S.&rft.au=Roy%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1984" class="citation cs2">Grant, Alexander (1984), <i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, The New History of Scotland, London: Edward Arnold (Publishers, Ltd), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-6309-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-6309-7"><bdi>0-7131-6309-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Independence+and+Nationhood&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+New+History+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold+%28Publishers%2C+Ltd%29&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7131-6309-7&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodmanTuck1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Goodman_(historian)" title="Anthony Goodman (historian)">Goodman, Anthony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tuck" title="Anthony Tuck">Tuck, Anthony</a>, eds. (1992), "<i>The Otterburn War from the Scottish Point of View:</i> Alexander Grant", <i>War and Border Societies in the Middle Ages</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08021-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08021-5"><bdi>0-415-08021-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Otterburn+War+from+the+Scottish+Point+of+View%3A+Alexander+Grant&rft.btitle=War+and+Border+Societies+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-415-08021-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrantStringer1998" class="citation cs2">Grant, Alexander; Stringer, Keith, eds. (1998), "<i>Scotland without a King, 1329–1341</i>, Bruce Webster", <i>Medieval Scotland: Crown,Lordship and Community</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1110-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1110-X"><bdi>0-7486-1110-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scotland+without+a+King%2C+1329%E2%80%931341%2C+Bruce+Webster&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scotland%3A+Crown%2CLordship+and+Community&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7486-1110-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg1822" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Hogg" title="James Hogg">Hogg, James</a> (1822), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrkBAAAAQAAJ"><i>The Three Perils of Man; or, War, women, and witchcraft</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Perils+of+Man%3B+or%2C+War%2C+women%2C+and+witchcraft&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyrkBAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMcKitterickAbulafiaReuter2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jones_(historian)" title="Michael Jones (historian)">Jones, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">McKitterick, Rosamond</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Abulafia" title="David Abulafia">Abulafia, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Reuter" title="Timothy Reuter">Reuter, Timothy</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Luscombe" title="David Luscombe">Luscombe, David Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Allmand" title="Christopher Allmand">Allmand, Christopher Thomas</a> (2000), "<i>Fourteenth-century Scotland</i>, Alexander Grant", <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1300–1415</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36290-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36290-3"><bdi>0-521-36290-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fourteenth-century+Scotland%2C+Alexander+Grant&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+c.+1300%E2%80%931415&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-36290-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=McKitterick%2C+Rosamond&rft.au=Abulafia%2C+David&rft.au=Reuter%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Luscombe%2C+David+Edward&rft.au=Allmand%2C+Christopher+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)" title="Michael Lynch (historian)">Lynch, Michael</a> (1992), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotlandnewhisto0000lync"><i>Scotland: A new History</i></a></span>, London: Pimlico, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-9893-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-9893-0"><bdi>0-7126-9893-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+A+new+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7126-9893-0&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscotlandnewhisto0000lync&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell1897" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell, Herbert (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertbrucestrug00maxwuoft"><i>Robert the Bruce and the struggle for Scottish independence</i></a>. G.P. Putnam's sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+the+Bruce+and+the+struggle+for+Scottish+independence&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+sons&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertbrucestrug00maxwuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1974" class="citation cs2">Nicholson, Ranald (1974), <i>Scotland: The Later Middle Ages</i>, The Edinburgh History of Scotland, Vol. 2, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-05-002038-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-05-002038-2"><bdi>0-05-002038-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+The+Later+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=The+Edinburgh+History+of+Scotland%2C+Vol.+2&rft.pub=Oliver+and+Boyd&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-05-002038-2&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Ranald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOram2001" class="citation cs2">Oram, Richard, ed. (2001), "<i>The House of Stewart, 1371–1625</i>, Michael Penman", <i>The Kings & Queens of Scotland</i>, Stroud, Gloustershire: Tempus Publishing Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1991-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-1991-9"><bdi>0-7524-1991-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+House+of+Stewart%2C+1371%E2%80%931625%2C+Michael+Penman&rft.btitle=The+Kings+%26+Queens+of+Scotland&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloustershire&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7524-1991-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1904" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Balfour_Paul" title="James Balfour Paul">Paul, James Balfour</a>, ed. (1904), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_KEKAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Scots Peerage</i></a>, vol. I, Edinburgh: David Douglas</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scots+Peerage&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=David+Douglas&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_KEKAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson" class="citation cs2">Pearson, M.J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.credoreference.com/entry/routbrithistory/robert_ii_1316_1390"><i>Robert II: 1316–1390</i></a>, Reader's Guide to British History (online ed.), Routledge<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+II%3A+1316%E2%80%931390&rft.series=Reader%27s+Guide+to+British+History&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.credoreference.com%2Fentry%2Froutbrithistory%2Frobert_ii_1316_1390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Rogers" title="Clifford J. Rogers">Rogers, Clifford J.</a> (1999), <i>The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations</i>, Boydell & Brewer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-646-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-646-0"><bdi>0-85115-646-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Edward+III%3A+Sources+and+Interpretations&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-85115-646-0&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadler2006" class="citation cs2">Sadler, John (2006), <i>Border Fury: England and Scotland at War 1296–1568</i>, Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4058-4022-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4058-4022-6"><bdi>1-4058-4022-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Border+Fury%3A+England+and+Scotland+at+War+1296%E2%80%931568&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4058-4022-6&rft.aulast=Sadler&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckGoodman1992" class="citation cs2">Tuck, Anthony; Goodman, Anthony, eds. (1992), "<i>Otterburn from the Scottish point of View</i>,Alexander Grant", <i>War and Border Societies in the Middle Ages</i> (1st ed.), Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08021-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08021-5"><bdi>0-415-08021-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Otterburn+from+the+Scottish+point+of+View%2CAlexander+Grant&rft.btitle=War+and+Border+Societies+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-415-08021-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Watson_(historian)" title="Fiona Watson (historian)">Watson, Fiona</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t246.e154">"Independence, Wars of"</a>, <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i> (Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press ed.), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Independence%2C+Wars+of&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=Oxford+Reference+Online.+Oxford+University+Press&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fviews%2FENTRY.html%3Fsubview%3DMain%26entry%3Dt246.e154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Webster, Bruce (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3726">"David II"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3726">10.1093/ref:odnb/3726</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=David+II&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3726&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F3726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Webster, Bruce (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1206">"Balliol, Edward (b. in or after 1281, d. 1364)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1206">10.1093/ref:odnb/1206</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balliol%2C+Edward+%28b.+in+or+after+1281%2C+d.+1364%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1206&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F1206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1989" class="citation cs2">Weir, Alison (1989), <i>Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy</i>, London: The Bodley Head, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-31310-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-31310-0"><bdi>0-370-31310-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Family%3A+A+Complete+Genealogy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-370-31310-0&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/robert-ii-r1371-1390">Robert II</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp72605">Portraits of Robert II of Scotland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312592#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Robert II of Scotland </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Stewart">House of Stewart</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 1316</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 1390</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a> </b><br />22 February 1371 – 14 April 1390 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Peerage of Scotland</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Atholl" title="Earl of Atholl">Earl of Atholl</a> </b><br />1342 – 31 May 1367 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">John Stewart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Earl of Strathearn">Earl of Strathearn</a> </b><br />1357 – 26/27 March 1371 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn">David Stewart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FF9966;">Court offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_6th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland">Walter Stewart</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/High_Steward_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Steward of Scotland">High Steward of Scotland</a> </b><br />1327–1371 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">John Stewart</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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talk:Children of Robert II of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Children_of_Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Children of Robert II of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Children_of_Robert_II_of_Scotland37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Children of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert II of Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Children_of_Robert_II_and_Elizabeth_Mure63"><b>Children of Robert II and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mure" title="Elizabeth Mure">Elizabeth Mure</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">John Stewart</a>, Earl of Carrick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Lord_of_Fife" title="Walter Stewart, Lord of Fife">Walter Stewart, Lord of Fife</a> (d. 1362)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany</a>, Earl of Fife and Monteith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan">Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan</a>, Lord of Badenoch and Ross</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daughters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Margaret Stewart, married <a href="/wiki/John_of_Islay,_Lord_of_the_Isles" title="John of Islay, Lord of the Isles">John of Islay, Lord of the Isles</a></li> <li>Marjory Stewart, married (1) <a href="/wiki/John_Dunbar,_Earl_of_Moray" title="John Dunbar, Earl of Moray">John Dunbar, Earl of Moray</a> (2) Alexander Keith</li> <li>Johanna Stewart, married (1) Sir John Keith (2) Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Lyon_(lord_of_Glamis)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lyon (lord of Glamis)">John Lyon (lord of Glamis)</a> (3) 1384 Sir James Sandilands</li> <li>Isabella Stewart married (1) <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_2nd_Earl_of_Douglas" title="James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas">James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas</a> (2) David Edmondstone</li> <li>Katherine Stewart, married Sir Robert Logan of Grugar and Restalrig, <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of Scotland">Lord High Admiral of Scotland</a></li> <li>Elizabeth Stewart, married Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_la_Hay" title="Thomas de la Hay">Thomas Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Constable_of_Scotland" title="Lord High Constable of Scotland">Lord High Constable of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Children_of_Robert_II_and_Euphemia_de_Ross65"><b>Children of Robert II and <a href="/wiki/Euphemia_de_Ross" title="Euphemia de Ross">Euphemia de Ross</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn">David Stewart, 1st Earl of Caithness</a>, Earl of Strathearn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl">Walter Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daughters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Margaret Stewart</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stewart,_Countess_of_Crawford" title="Elizabeth Stewart, Countess of Crawford">Elizabeth Stewart</a>, married 1380 <a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay,_1st_Earl_of_Crawford" title="David Lindsay, 1st Earl of Crawford">David Lindsay, 1st Earl of Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidia_Stewart" title="Egidia Stewart">Egidia Stewart</a>, married 1387 <a href="/wiki/William_Douglas_of_Nithsdale" title="William Douglas of Nithsdale">Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Illegitimate_children_of_Robert_II_and_Mariota_de_Cardney76"><b>Illegitimate children of Robert II and Mariota de Cardney</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alexander Stewart of Innerlunan</li> <li>Sir John Stewart of Cardney</li> <li>James Stewart of Abernethy & Kinfaun</li> <li>Walter Stewart</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daughters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Unknown</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Illegitimate_children_of_Robert_II_and_Moira_Leitch70"><b>Illegitimate children of Robert II and Moira Leitch</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir John Stewart of Bute</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daughters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Unknown</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Illegitimate_children_of_Robert_II_and_Unknown544"><b>Illegitimate children of Robert II and Unknown</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir John Stewart of Dundonald</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stewart_(bishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Thomas Stewart (bishop of St Andrews)">Thomas Stewart</a>, Bishop of St Andrews</li> <li>Alexander Stewart, Canon of Glasgow</li> <li>James Stewart, Canon of Glasgow</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daughters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Unknown</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Information from</b>: <a href="/wiki/Steve_Boardman_(historian)" title="Steve Boardman (historian)">Boardman</a>, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 12, 16, 22, 48, 51, 53, 79, 123, 125, 131, 141, 206, 207; <a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir</a>, <i>Britain's Royal Family</i>, pp. 221, 222; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Oram" title="Richard Oram">Oram</a>, et al., <i>Kings and Queens of Scotland</i>, p. 126; for James Stewart, Canon of Glasgow, see Burns, <i>Calendar of Papal Letters to Scotland of Clement VII</i>, p. 41; <a href="/wiki/James_Balfour_Paul" title="James Balfour Paul">Paul</a>, <i>The Scots Peerage</i>, p. 17</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Contemporary_rulers_in_reign_of_Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Contemporary rulers in reign of Robert II of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Contemporary_rulers_during_the_reign_of_Robert_II,_King_of_Scots64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contemporary rulers during the reign of Robert II, King of Scots</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> <small><b>1327–1377</b></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> <small><b>1377–1399</b></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a> <small><b>1364-1380</b></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a> <small> <b>1380–1422</b></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Schism30"><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seated in Rome</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban VI">Urban VI</a> <small><b>1378–1389</b></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a> <small><b>1389–1404</b></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seated in Avignon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII" title="Antipope Clement VII">Clement VII</a> <small><b>1378–1394</b></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mormaers_or_Earls_of_Atholl384" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earls_of_Atholl" title="Template:Earls of Atholl"><abbr title="View this 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Atholl line</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Muire,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl">Máel Muire of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matad,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Matad, Earl of Atholl">Matad of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Coluim,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Máel Coluim, Earl of Atholl">Máel Coluim of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Henry, Earl of Atholl">Henry of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Atholl" title="Isabella, Countess of Atholl">Isabella of Atholl</a><small><i> (with 1. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Galloway" title="Thomas of Galloway">Tomás Mac Uchtraigh</a>; 2. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Durward" title="Alan Durward">Alan Durward</a>)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padraig,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Padraig, Earl of Atholl">Padraig of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbhlaith,_Countess_of_Atholl" title="Forbhlaith, Countess of Atholl">Forbhlaith of Atholl</a><small><i> (with <a href="/wiki/David_de_Hastings" title="David de Hastings">David de Hastings</a>)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada,_Countess_of_Atholl" title="Ada, Countess of Atholl">Ada de Hastings</a><small><i> (with <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Strathbogie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Strathbogie (page does not exist)">John de Strathbogie</a>)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Strathbogie,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="David Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl">David I of Strathbogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Strathbogie,_9th_Earl_of_Atholl" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Strathbogie, 9th Earl of Atholl">John of Strathbogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_Strathbogie,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="David II Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl">David II of Strathbogie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appointed between <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="John Campbell, Earl of Atholl">John Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Douglas,_Lord_of_Liddesdale" title="William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale">William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl">Walter Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stewart of Balveny</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Atholl" title="John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl">John Stewart, 1st Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_2nd_Earl_of_Atholl" title="John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Atholl">John Stewart, 2nd Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_3rd_Earl_of_Atholl" title="John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Atholl">John Stewart, 3rd Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_4th_Earl_of_Atholl" title="John Stewart, 4th Earl of Atholl">John Stewart, 4th Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_5th_Earl_of_Atholl" title="John Stewart, 5th Earl of Atholl">John Stewart, 5th Earl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stewart of Innermeath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stewart,_6th_Lord_Innermeath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stewart, 6th Lord Innermeath (page does not exist)">John Stewart, 1st Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Stewart,_2nd_Earl_of_Atholl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Atholl (page does not exist)">James Stewart, 2nd Earl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earls_or_Mormaers_of_Strathearn170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earls_of_Strathearn" title="Template:Earls of Strathearn"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earls_of_Strathearn" title="Template talk:Earls of Strathearn"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earls_of_Strathearn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earls of Strathearn"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earls_or_Mormaers_of_Strathearn170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Earls or <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Earl of Strathearn">Mormaers of Strathearn</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[Known] earls from Strathearn line</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malise_I,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Malise I, Earl of Strathearn">Malise I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferteth,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Ferteth, Earl of Strathearn">Ferteth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gille_Brigte,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Gille Brigte, Earl of Strathearn">Gille-Brigte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Robert, Earl of Strathearn">Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malise_II,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Malise II, Earl of Strathearn">Malise II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malise_III,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Malise III, Earl of Strathearn">Malise III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malise_IV,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Malise IV, Earl of Strathearn">Malise IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malise_V,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Malise V, Earl of Strathearn">Malise V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earls from Moray line</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Moravia,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn">Maurice de Moravia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earls from the Stewart and Graham line</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn">David Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_Stewart,_Countess_of_Strathearn" title="Euphemia Stewart, Countess of Strathearn">Euphemia Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malise_Graham,_1st_Earl_of_Menteith" title="Malise Graham, 1st Earl of Menteith">Malise Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl">Walter Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earls from Windsor line</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">Prince William</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Stewart112" style="vertical-align:middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="House of Stuart/Stewart"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Template talk:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Stewart112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stewart</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Steward_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Steward of Scotland">High Steward of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lennox" title="Earl of Lennox">Earl of Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lennox" title="Duke of Lennox">Duke of Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Richmond" title="Duke of Richmond">Duke of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a></li> <li>Lord of Sticks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aubigny" title="Duke of Aubigny">Duke of Aubigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Moray" title="Earl of Moray">Earl of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Bute" title="Marquess of Bute">Marquess of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March" title="Earl of March">Earl of March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Galloway" title="Earl of Galloway">Earl of Galloway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Stewart_of_Appin" title="Clan Stewart of Appin">Stewart of Appin</a></li> <li>Stewart of Ballechin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Castle_Stewart" title="Earl Castle Stewart">Stewart of Castle Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_of_Balquhidder" title="Stewart of Balquhidder">Stewart of Balquhidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_of_Darnley" title="Stewart of Darnley">Stewart of Darnley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal<br />Stewarts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="The_generations_indicate_descent_from_Robert_II_of_Scotland,_first_monarch_of_the_House_of_Stewart273">The generations indicate descent from <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert II of Scotland</a>, first monarch of the House of Stewart</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Lord_of_Fife" title="Walter Stewart, Lord of Fife">Walter, Earl of Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan">Alexander, Earl of Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_la_Hay" title="Thomas de la Hay">Elizabeth, Lady Erroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_2nd_Earl_of_Douglas#Marriage_and_issue" title="James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas">Isabella, Countess of Douglas</a></li> <li>Jean, Lady Keith</li> <li>Katherine Logan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Islay,_Lord_of_the_Isles#Family" title="John of Islay, Lord of the Isles">Margaret, Lady of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunbar,_Earl_of_Moray" title="John Dunbar, Earl of Moray">Marjorie, Countess of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn">David, Earl of Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl">Walter, Earl of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stewart,_Countess_of_Crawford" title="Elizabeth Stewart, Countess of Crawford">Elizabeth, Countess of Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Douglas_of_Nithsdale#Marriage" title="William Douglas of Nithsdale">Egidia, Lady Douglas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">David, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a></li> <li>Robert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Douglas#Marriage_and_issue" title="Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas">Margaret, Countess of Douglas</a></li> <li>Mary, Countess of Angus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_1st_Lord_Dalkeith" title="James Douglas, 1st Lord Dalkeith">Elizabeth, Lady Dalkeith</a></li> <li>Egidia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France">Margaret, Dauphine of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Scotland,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Isabella of Scotland, Duchess of Brittany">Isabella, Duchess of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Scotland" title="Eleanor of Scotland">Eleanor, Archduchess of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Stewart,_Countess_of_Morton" title="Joan Stewart, Countess of Morton">Joan, Countess of Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Buchan" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Buchan">Mary, Countess of Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabella_of_Scotland" title="Annabella of Scotland">Annabella, Countess of Geneva and Huntly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Arran" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran">Mary, Countess of Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany">Alexander, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Moray" title="David Stewart, Earl of Moray">David, Earl of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1479)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1479)">John, Earl of Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart_(born_c._1455)" title="Margaret Stewart (born c. 1455)">Margaret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="James Stewart, Duke of Ross">James, Duke of Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1503)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1503)">John, Earl of Mar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1507)" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1507)">James, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Arthur, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross">Alexander, Duke of Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1540)" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)">James, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li>Robert, Duke of Albany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI of Scotland and I of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia">Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stuart_(1598%E2%80%931600)" title="Margaret Stuart (1598–1600)">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stuart,_Duke_of_Kintyre_and_Lorne" title="Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne">Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(1605%E2%80%931607)" title="Mary Stuart (1605–1607)">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia of England">Sophia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart_(daughter_of_Charles_I)" title="Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of Charles I)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Stuart_(1637%E2%80%931640)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Stuart (1637–1640)">Anne</a></li> <li>Katherine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester">Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_of_England" title="Henrietta of England">Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge_(1660%E2%80%931661)" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1660–1661)">Charles, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge">James, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Kendal" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal">Charles, Duke of Kendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar, Duke of Cambridge">Edgar, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Maria_Stuart" title="Louisa Maria Stuart">Louisa Maria Theresa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward "Bonnie Prince Charlie"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry, Cardinal York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Stuart" title="Category:House of Stuart">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs338" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template talk:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs338" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Pictish and Scottish monarchs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts" title="List of kings of the Picts">Monarchs of the Picts <br /> (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drest_I" title="Drest I">Drest I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_I" title="Talorc I">Talorc I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_Morbet" title="Nechtan Morbet">Nechtan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_Gurthinmoch" title="Drest Gurthinmoch">Drest II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galan_Erilich" title="Galan Erilich">Galan Erilich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_III" title="Drest III">Drest III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IV" title="Drest IV">Drest IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_I" title="Gartnait I">Gartnait I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailtram" title="Cailtram">Cailtram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_II" title="Talorc II">Talorc II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_V" title="Drest V">Drest V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galam_Cennalath" title="Galam Cennalath">Galam Cennalath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_I" title="Bridei I">Bridei I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II" title="Gartnait II">Gartnait II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_nepos_Uerb" title="Nechtan nepos Uerb">Nechtan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinioch" title="Cinioch">Cinioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_III" title="Gartnait III">Gartnait III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_II" title="Bridei II">Bridei II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorc III">Talorc III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorgan I">Talorgan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartnait IV">Gartnait IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Drest VI">Drest VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei III">Bridei III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_mac_Ainftech" title="Taran mac Ainftech">Taran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_IV" title="Bridei IV">Bridei IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_mac_Der-Ilei" title="Nechtan mac Der-Ilei">Nechtan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VII" title="Drest VII">Drest VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_I_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín I of the Picts">Alpín I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_V" title="Bridei V">Bridei V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_I" title="Ciniod I">Ciniod I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_II_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín II of the Picts">Alpín II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_II" title="Talorgan II">Talorgan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VIII" title="Drest VIII">Drest VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_mac_Taidg" title="Conall mac Taidg">Conall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Fergusa" title="Causantín mac Fergusa">Constantine (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_II" title="Óengus II">Óengus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IX" title="Drest IX">Drest IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uurad" title="Uurad">Uurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VI" title="Bridei VI">Bridei VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_II" title="Ciniod II">Ciniod II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VII" title="Bridei VII">Bridei VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_X" title="Drest X">Drest X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs of the Scots<br />(traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a> (uncertain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III Canmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">First Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Second Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also monarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312592#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1708" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312592#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1708" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312592#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000381992795">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/263516322">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/161784/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfHCWpprFYMJXcR4TvHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119436493">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85144117">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13174788b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13174788b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p151356688">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614855606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1525113">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119436493.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119436493">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035215763">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68238">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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