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<label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti" title="Tentang projek, perkara yang anda dapat lakukan, tempat untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Infrastruktur" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Infrastruktur" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Sumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Infrastruktur" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Infrastruktur" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Konsep_yang_berkaitan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsep_yang_berkaitan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Konsep yang berkaitan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsep_yang_berkaitan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kepemilikan_dan_pembiayaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kepemilikan_dan_pembiayaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kepemilikan dan pembiayaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kepemilikan_dan_pembiayaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kegunaan_istilah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegunaan_istilah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kegunaan istilah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kegunaan_istilah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Kegunaan istilah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kegunaan_istilah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kejuruteraan_dan_pembinaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kejuruteraan_dan_pembinaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kejuruteraan dan pembinaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kejuruteraan_dan_pembinaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pertahanan_sivil_dan_pembangunan_ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pertahanan_sivil_dan_pembangunan_ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pertahanan sivil dan pembangunan ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pertahanan_sivil_dan_pembangunan_ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tentera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tentera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tentera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tentera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bandar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bandar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bandar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bandar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastruktur_hijau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastruktur_hijau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Infrastruktur hijau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastruktur_hijau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komunikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komunikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Komunikasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komunikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Di_dunia_membangun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Di_dunia_membangun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Di dunia membangun</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Di_dunia_membangun-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Di dunia membangun</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Di_dunia_membangun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sumber_pembiayaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_pembiayaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sumber pembiayaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_pembiayaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_dalam_perancangan_bandar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_dalam_perancangan_bandar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Penggunaan dalam perancangan bandar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_dalam_perancangan_bandar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Infrastruktur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 93 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktuur" title="Infrastruktuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Infrastruktuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B0_%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5" title="መሠረተ ልማት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መሠረተ ልማት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بنية تحتية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنية تحتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestructura" title="Infraestructura – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Infraestructura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nfrastruktur" title="İnfrastruktur – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnfrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B" title="অবকাঠামো – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অবকাঠামো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-t%C3%A9_ki%C3%A0n-siat" title="Ki-té kiàn-siat – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ki-té kiàn-siat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Інфраструктура – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Інфраструктура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impraestruktura" title="Impraestruktura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Impraestruktura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инфраструктура – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestructura" title="Infraestructura – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Infraestructura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutsaunda" title="Hutsaunda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hutsaunda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isadeiledd" title="Isadeiledd – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Isadeiledd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taristu" title="Taristu – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taristu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE" title="Υποδομή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υποδομή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Infrastructure" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestructura_urbana" title="Infraestructura urbana – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Infraestructura urbana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrukturo" title="Infrastrukturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infrastrukturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azpiegitura" title="Azpiegitura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azpiegitura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="زیرساخت – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیرساخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Infrastructure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infreastrucht%C3%BAr" title="Infreastruchtúr – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Infreastruchtúr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestrutura" title="Infraestrutura – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Infraestrutura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B0%98_%EC%8B%9C%EC%84%A4" title="기반 시설 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기반 시설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Ենթակառուցվածք – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ենթակառուցվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="आधारिक संरचना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आधारिक संरचना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructura" title="Infrastructura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Infrastructura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqalasizinda" title="Ingqalasizinda – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqalasizinda" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruttura" title="Infrastruttura – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Infrastruttura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תשתית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תשתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮೂಲಸೌಕರ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೂಲಸೌಕರ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ინფრასტრუქტურა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინფრასტრუქტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Инфрақұрылым – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инфрақұрылым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%BC" title="Инфратүзүм – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инфратүзүм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miundombinu" title="Miundombinu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miundombinu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfrastriktir" title="Enfrastriktir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Enfrastriktir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ໂຄງສ້າງພື້ນຖານ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຄງສ້າງພື້ນຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructura" title="Infrastructura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Infrastructura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrukt%C5%ABra" title="Infrastruktūra – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Infrastruktūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrukt%C5%ABra" title="Infrastruktūra – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Infrastruktūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructuur" title="Infrastructuur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Infrastructuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrukt%C3%BAra" title="Infrastruktúra – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Infrastruktúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инфраструктура – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotodrafitrasa" title="Fotodrafitrasa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fotodrafitrasa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="आधारभूत संरचना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आधारभूत संरचना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%86" title="Дэд бүтэц – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэд бүтэц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructuur" title="Infrastructuur – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Infrastructuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="पूर्वाधार – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पूर्वाधार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="インフラストラクチャー – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インフラストラクチャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infratuzilma" title="Infratuzilma – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Infratuzilma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਢਾਂਚਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਢਾਂਚਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%88%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D8%A7" title="بنیادی ڈھانچا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنیادی ڈھانچا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92" title="ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestrutura_(engenharia)" title="Infraestrutura (engenharia) – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Infraestrutura (engenharia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructur%C4%83" title="Infrastructură – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Infrastructură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инфраструктура – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Алын тутул – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алын тутул" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA" title="යටිතල ව්‍යුහය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යටිතල ව්‍යුහය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Infrastructure" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaabayaal" title="Kaabayaal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaabayaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ژێرخان – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژێرخان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инфраструктура – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktuuri" title="Infrastruktuuri – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Infrastruktuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impraestruktura" title="Impraestruktura – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Impraestruktura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="உட்கட்டமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உட்கட்டமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="โครงสร้างพื้นฐาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงสร้างพื้นฐาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_tr%C3%ACnh_h%E1%BA%A1_t%E1%BA%A7ng_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Công trình hạ tầng xã hội – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công trình hạ tầng xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Инфрасохтор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Инфрасохтор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altyap%C4%B1" title="Altyapı – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Altyapı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Інфраструктура – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%88%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81" title="بنیادی ڈھانچہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنیادی ڈھانچہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrutura" title="Infrastrutura – Venetia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Infrastrutura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD" title="基础设施 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基础设施" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אינפראסטרוקטור – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינפראסטרוקטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E8%A8%AD%E6%96%BD" title="基礎設施 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基礎設施" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD" title="基础设施 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基础设施" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q121359#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Infrastruktur" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Infrastruktur"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Infrastruktur"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Infrastruktur" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Infrastruktur" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&oldid=6115542" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Infrastruktur&id=6115542&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInfrastruktur"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInfrastruktur"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Infrastruktur"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Infrastruktur&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Infrastructure" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q121359" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p><b>Infrastruktur</b> atau <b>prasarana</b> ialah satu set struktur yang bergabung antara satu sama lain lalu membentuk satu rangka yang menyokong keseluruhan struktur tertentu. Misalnya, infrastruktur pengangkutan merangkumi landasan kereta api, jalan raya, lapangan terbang, pelabuhan dan elemen-elemen lain yang bersangkutan dengan pengangkutan. Kadang-kadang, definisi ini amat luas. Contohnya, infrastruktur kapital dalam ekonomi merangkumi perusahaan tekstil sehinggalah sistem terusan seluruh benua. </p><p><i><b>Infrastruktur</b></i> merujuk kepada kemudahan asas dan sistem yang digunakan bagi sesebuah negara, bandar, atau kawasan, <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> termasuk perkhidmatan dan kemudahan yang diperlukan untuk <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">ekonomi</a> berfungsi. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia biasanya bercirikan struktur teknikal seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalan (laman tidak wujud)">jalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jambatan" title="Jambatan">jambatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terowong" title="Terowong">terowong</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembentung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembentung (laman tidak wujud)">pembentung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grid_elektrik" title="Grid elektrik">grid elektrik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi">telekomunikasi</a>, dan sebagainya, dan boleh ditakrifkan sebagai "komponen fizikal sistem saling berkaitan yang menyediakan <a href="/wiki/Komoditi" title="Komoditi">komoditi</a> dan perkhidmatan yang diperlukan untuk membolehkan, mengekalkan, atau meningkatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kualiti_hidup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kualiti hidup (laman tidak wujud)">kualiti hidup</a> masyarakat."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konsep_yang_berkaitan">Konsep yang berkaitan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Konsep yang berkaitan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Konsep yang berkaitan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istilah <i>infrastruktur</i> mungkin dikelirukan dengan konsep yang berkaitan atau bertindih berikut. </p><p>Penambahbaikan tanah dan <a href="/wiki/Pembangunan_tanah" title="Pembangunan tanah">pembangunan tanah</a> adalah istilah umum yang dalam beberapa konteks mungkin termasuk infrastruktur, tetapi dalam konteks perbincangan infrastruktur hanya merujuk kepada sistem skala kecil atau kerja yang tidak termasuk dalam infrastruktur, kerana ia biasanya terhad kepada satu hartanah tunggal, dan dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh pemilik tanah. Sebagai contoh, terusan pengairan yang berfungsi di rantau atau daerah akan dimasukkan dengan infrastruktur, tetapi sistem pengairan peribadi pada petak tanah individu akan dianggap sebagai penambahbaikan tanah, bukan infrastruktur. Sambungan khidmat kepada perkhidmatan perbandaran dan rangkaian utiliti awam juga dianggap sebagai penambahbaikan tanah, bukan infrastruktur.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istilah <a href="/wiki/Kerja_awam" title="Kerja awam">kerja awam</a> termasuk infrastruktur milik dan dikendalikan oleh kerajaan serta bangunan awam, seperti sekolah dan bangunan mahkamah. Kerja awam biasanya merujuk kepada aset fizikal yang diperlukan untuk menyediakan <a href="/wiki/Perkhidmatan_awam" title="Perkhidmatan awam">perkhidmatan awam</a>. Perkhidmatan awam termasuk infrastruktur dan perkhidmatan yang biasanya disediakan oleh kerajaan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kepemilikan_dan_pembiayaan">Kepemilikan dan pembiayaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Kepemilikan dan pembiayaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kepemilikan dan pembiayaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infrastruktur boleh dimiliki dan diuruskan oleh <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan">kerajaan</a> atau syarikat swasta, seperti syarikat utiliti tunggal atau syarikat kereta api. Secara amnya kebanyakan jalan, pelabuhan utama dan lapangan terbang, sistem pengagihan air dan rangkaian kumbahan dimiliki secara awam, manakala kebanyakan rangkaian tenaga dan telekomunikasi adalah milik persendirian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Dakwaan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada sumber sahih. (March 2017)">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> Infrastruktur yang dimiliki awam boleh dibayar melalui cukai, Tol, atau yuran pengguna bermeter, sedangkan infrastruktur swasta biasanya dibayar melalui yuran pengguna yang bermeter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Dakwaan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada sumber sahih. (March 2017)">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> Projek-projek pelaburan utama secara amnya dibiayai melalui penerbitan bon (jangka panjang).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Dakwaan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada sumber sahih. (March 2017)">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Infrastruktur yang dimiliki dan dikendalikan kerajaan juga boleh dibangunkan dan dikendalikan di sektor swasta atau di dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian_awam-swasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian awam-swasta (laman tidak wujud)">perkongsian awam-swasta</a>, di samping <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sektor_awam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sektor awam (laman tidak wujud)">sektor awam</a>. Sebagai contoh, perbelanjaan awam terhadap infrastruktur telah berubah antara 2.3% dan 3.6% daripada KDNK sejak tahun 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak institusi kewangan yang melabur dalam infrastruktur. </p><p>Dalam ekonomi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keynesian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keynesian (laman tidak wujud)">Keynesian</a>, perkataan <i>infrastruktur</i> digunakan secara eksklusif untuk menggambarkan aset awam bagi memudahkan pengeluaran, tetapi bukan aset persendirian bagi tujuan yang sama. Pada zaman pasca-Keynesian, perkataan itu telah berkembang dengan populariti dan telah digunakan dengan peningkatan generalisasi untuk mencadangkan rangka kerja dalaman yang dapat dilihat dalam sistem teknologi atau organisasi perniagaan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Dakwaan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada sumber sahih. (March 2017)">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kegunaan_istilah">Kegunaan istilah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Kegunaan istilah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kegunaan istilah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kejuruteraan_dan_pembinaan">Kejuruteraan dan pembinaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Kejuruteraan dan pembinaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kejuruteraan dan pembinaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jurutera" title="Jurutera">Jurutera</a> mengehadkan istilah "infrastruktur" untuk menggambarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aset_tetap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aset tetap (laman tidak wujud)">aset tetap</a> yang berupa rangkaian besar, dengan kata lain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur_fizikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infrastruktur fizikal (laman tidak wujud)">infrastruktur fizikal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Dakwaan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada sumber sahih. (March 2017)">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> Usaha untuk merangka definisi infrastruktur generik yang lebih umum biasanya merujuk pada aspek rangkaian sebahagian besar struktur, dan nilai pelaburan terkumpul dalam rangkaian sebagai aset.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Dakwaan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada sumber sahih. (March 2017)">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> Salah satu definisi 1998 mentakrifkan infrastruktur sebagai rangkaian aset "di mana sistem secara keseluruhannya bertujuan untuk mengekalkan selama-lamanya pada standard perkhidmatan yang ditentukan melalui penggantian dan pembaikan komponennya yang berterusan".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pertahanan_sivil_dan_pembangunan_ekonomi">Pertahanan sivil dan pembangunan ekonomi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Pertahanan sivil dan pembangunan ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pertahanan sivil dan pembangunan ekonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perancang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertahanan_Awam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertahanan Awam (laman tidak wujud)">Pertahanan Awam</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_pembangunan" title="Ekonomi pembangunan">ekonomi pembangunan</a> umumnya merujuk kepada infrastruktur yang maya dan fizikal, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Perkhidmatan_awam" title="Perkhidmatan awam">perkhidmatan awam</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Sekolah" title="Sekolah">sekolah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a>, perkhidmatan seperti polis dan bomba, dan perkhidmatan kewangan asas. Pandangan bagi pembangunan berasaskan infrastruktur yang menggabungkan pelaburan infrastruktur jangka panjang melalui agensi-agensi kerajaan di peringkat pusat dan serantau dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkongsian_persendirian_awam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkongsian persendirian awam (laman tidak wujud)">perkongsian persendirian awam</a> telah terbukti popular di kalangan negara Asia, terutamanya <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> dan <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>; Tanah besar Eropah; dan ahli ekonomi Amerika Latin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tentera">Tentera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Tentera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tentera"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Para ahli strategi <a href="/wiki/Tentera" class="mw-redirect" title="Tentera">Tentera</a> menggunakan istilah infrastruktur untuk merujuk kepada semua bangunan dan pemasangan tetap yang diperlukan untuk menyokong pasukan tentera, sama ada mereka ditempatkan di pangkalan, dikerahkan atau terlibat dalam operasi. Contohnya berek, ibu pejabat, lapangan terbang, kemudahan komunikasi, stor peralatan ketenteraan, kemudahan pelabuhan dan stesen penyelenggaraan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bandar">Bandar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Bandar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bandar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Bandar</i> atau <i>infrastruktur perbandaran</i> merujuk kepada sistem infrastruktur fizikal yang dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh perbandaran seperti jalan, pengagihan air dan pembetung. Ia juga mungkin merangkumi beberapa kemudahan yang berkaitan dengan infrastruktur maya, seperti taman, kolam awam, sekolah, hospital dan perpustakaan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastruktur_hijau">Infrastruktur hijau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Infrastruktur hijau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Infrastruktur hijau"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur_hijau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infrastruktur hijau (laman tidak wujud)">Infrastruktur hijau</a> (atau infrastruktur biru-hijau) merupakan konsep yang memaparkan kepentingan persekitaran semula jadi dalam keputusan bagi perancangan penggunaan tanah.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khususnya terdapat penekanan pada fungsi "sokongan hidup" yang disediakan oleh rangkaian ekosistem semulajadi, dengan penekanan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sambungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sambungan (laman tidak wujud)">sambungan</a> untuk menyokong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemampanan_jangka_panjang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemampanan jangka panjang (laman tidak wujud)">kemampanan jangka panjang</a>. Contohnya termasuk air yang bersih dan tanah yang sihat, serta fungsi <a href="/wiki/Antroposentrisme" title="Antroposentrisme">antroposentrisme</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Rekreasi" title="Rekreasi">rekreasi</a> dan memberi naungan dan tempat perlindungan di dalam dan di sekitar pekan dan bandar. Konsep ini boleh diperluaskan untuk pengurusan aliran air hujan di peringkat tempatan melalui penggunaan sistem semulajadi, atau sistem kejuruteraan yang menyerupai sistem semulajadi, untuk merawat aliran air lumpur yang tercemar.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komunikasi">Komunikasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Komunikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Komunikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istilah infrastruktur boleh merujuk kepada saluran komunikasi, <a href="/wiki/Politik" title="Politik">politik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rangkaian_sosial" title="Rangkaian sosial">rangkaian sosial</a> yang tidak formal dan formal, atau kepercayaan yang dipegang oleh ahli-ahli kumpulan tertentu, serta <a href="/wiki/Teknologi_maklumat" title="Teknologi maklumat">teknologi maklumat</a>, alat pembangunan perisian. Masih mendasari penggunaan lebih konseptual ini adalah idea bahawa infrastruktur menyediakan struktur dan sokongan untuk sistem atau organisasi yang berfungsi, sama ada ia adalah sebuah bandar, sebuah negara, sebuah syarikat, atau kumpulan orang yang mempunyai kepentingan bersama. Contohnya ialah infrastruktur IT, infrastruktur penyelidikan, infrastruktur pengganas, infrastruktur pekerjaan dan infrastruktur pelancongan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Dakwaan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada sumber sahih. (March 2017)">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Di_dunia_membangun">Di dunia membangun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Di dunia membangun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Di dunia membangun"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menurut para penyelidik di Institut Pembangunan Luar Negara, kurangnya infrastruktur di kebanyakan negara berkembang mewakili salah satu batasan paling ketara dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pencapaian Matlamat Pembangunan Millennium. Pelaburan dan penyelenggaraan infrastruktur boleh menjadi sangat mahal, terutamanya di kawasan-kawasan seperti negara-negara negara tanpa laut, kawasan pedalaman dan kurang penduduk di Afrika. Telah dikatakan bahawa pelaburan infrastruktur menyumbang kepada lebih separuh daripada prestasi pertumbuhan Afrika yang lebih baik antara tahun 1990 dan 2005, dan peningkatan pelaburan diperlukan untuk mengekalkan pertumbuhan dan menangani <a href="/wiki/Kemiskinan" title="Kemiskinan">kemiskinan</a>. Pulangan untuk pelaburan dalam infrastruktur sangat penting, dengan pulangan purata tiga puluh hingga empat puluh peratus bagi pelaburan <a href="/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi">telekomunikasi</a> (ICT), lebih dari empat puluh peratus untuk penjanaan elektrik, dan lapan puluh peratus untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalan (laman tidak wujud)">jalan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber_pembiayaan">Sumber pembiayaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Sumber pembiayaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sumber pembiayaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumber pembiayaan sangat berbeza jika merentasi pelbagai sektor. Beberapa sektor didominasi oleh perbelanjaan kerajaan, yang lain oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan_pembangunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan pembangunan (laman tidak wujud)">bantuan pembangunan luar negeri (ODA)</a>, tetapi juga yang lain melalui pelabur swasta.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrika_Sub-Sahara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrika Sub-Sahara (laman tidak wujud)">Afrika Sub-Sahara</a>, kerajaan membelanjakan kira-kira AS $9.4 bilion daripada sejumlah AS $24.9 bilion bagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaliran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengaliran (laman tidak wujud)">pengaliran</a>, di mana kerajaan mewakili hampir semua pembiayaan. Dalam industri <a href="/wiki/Pengangkutan" title="Pengangkutan">pengangkutan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tenaga" title="Tenaga">tenaga</a> majoriti pelaburan adalah perbelanjaan kerajaan. Dalam teknologi maklumat dan komunikasi (ICT) dan <a href="/wiki/Bekalan_air" title="Bekalan air">bekalan air</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sanitasi" title="Sanitasi">sanitasi</a>, sektor swasta mewakili sebahagian besar pembiayaan modal. Keseluruhannya, di antara mereka bantuan, sektor swasta dan pembiaya bukan <a href="/wiki/OECD" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a> melebihi perbelanjaan kerajaan. Perbelanjaan sektor swasta sahaja sama dengan perbelanjaan modal negeri, walaupun majoriti memberi tumpuan kepada pelaburan infrastruktur ICT. Pembiayaan luar meningkat pada tahun 2000 (dekad) dan di Afrika sahaja pelaburan infrastruktur luaran meningkat daripada US$7 bilion pada tahun 2002 kepada US$27 bilion pada tahun 2009. <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, khususnya, telah muncul sebagai pelabur penting.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penggunaan_dalam_perancangan_bandar">Penggunaan dalam perancangan bandar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Penggunaan dalam perancangan bandar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penggunaan dalam perancangan bandar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istilah ini kerap digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Perancangan_bandar" title="Perancangan bandar">perancangan bandar</a> dan merujuk kepada kemudahan yang menyokong penggunaan tanah serta persekitaran bangunan secara terperinci </p><p>Lazimnya, infrastruktur ini digunakan dalam konteks dua sistem sokongan iaitu modaliti pengangkutan seperti (<a href="/wiki/Lebuh_raya" title="Lebuh raya">lebuh raya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kereta_api" title="Kereta api">kereta api</a>, dan sebagainya.) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemudahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemudahan (laman tidak wujud)">kemudahan</a>. </p><p>Selain itu, infrastruktur merujuk kepada perkhidmatan asas yang disediakan oleh majlis perbandaran tempatan, sama ada kerajaan atau swasta. </p><p>Infrastruktur (dari segi awam) termasuklah: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengangkutan" title="Pengangkutan">Pengangkutan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalan_raya" title="Jalan raya">Jalan raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebuh_raya" title="Lebuh raya">Lebuh raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landasan_kereta_api" title="Landasan kereta api">Landasan kereta api</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengangkutan_awam" title="Pengangkutan awam">Pengangkutan awam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapangan_terbang" title="Lapangan terbang">Lapangan terbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelabuhan" title="Pelabuhan">Pelabuhan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemudahan_awam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemudahan awam (laman tidak wujud)">Kemudahan awam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektrik" title="Elektrik">Elektrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_asli" title="Gas asli">Gas asli</a></li> <li>Penghantaran <a href="/wiki/Arang" title="Arang">arang</a></li> <li>Bekalan dan pemrosesan <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembentungan_Najis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembentungan Najis (laman tidak wujud)">Pembentungan najis</a></li> <li>Perkhidmatan <a href="/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi">Telekomunikasi</a></li> <li>Peruntukan <a href="/wiki/Lebar_jalur" title="Lebar jalur">lebar jalur</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Televisyen" title="Televisyen">televisyen</a></li> <li>Perkhidmatan <a href="/wiki/Kabel" title="Kabel">kabel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khidmat_perbandaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khidmat perbandaran (laman tidak wujud)">Khidmat perbandaran</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengutipan_sampah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengutipan sampah (laman tidak wujud)">Pengutipan sampah</a></li> <li>Pelindungan <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></li> <li>Pelindungan <a href="/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba">bomba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelindungan_banjir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelindungan banjir (laman tidak wujud)">Pelindungan daripada banjir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_Pos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem Pos (laman tidak wujud)">Sistem Pos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mint_(coin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mint (coin) (laman tidak wujud)">Mint</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Infrastruktur Lembut</b> (<i>soft infratructure</i>) bermaksud institusi yang mengekalkan mutu kesihatan dan budaya masyarakat sesebuah negara. Ia merujuk kepada <ul><li>Sistem <a href="/wiki/Pendidikan" title="Pendidikan">Pendidikan</a> Awam</li> <li>Sistem <a href="/wiki/Kesihatan_awam" title="Kesihatan awam">kesihatan awam</a> termasuklah <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital-hospital</a> awam</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Selain itu, contoh-contoh lain juga termasuk: </p> <ul><li>Kemudahan Infrastruktur</li></ul> <ol><li>Pusat gimnasium</li> <li>Kompleks sukan</li> <li>Sekolah</li> <li>Balai polis</li> <li>Masjid</li> <li>Kuil</li> <li>Tokong</li> <li>Gereja</li> <li>Pejabat pos</li> <li>Dispenseri</li> <li>Hospital kerajaan</li> <li>Klinik</li> <li>Klinik haiwan</li> <li>Klinik perubatan</li> <li>Hospital awam<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5868370">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><p class="asbox-body">Rencana ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tunas">rencana tunas</a>. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit">mengembangkannya</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6453376">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tunas" title="Templat:Tunas"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Tunas" title="Perbincangan templat:Tunas"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tunas&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></li></ol> <hr /> <p><small>Jika anda melihat rencana yang menggunakan templat {{<a href="/wiki/Templat:Tunas" title="Templat:Tunas">tunas</a>}} ini, gantikanlah dengan templat tunas yang lebih spesifik.</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/infrastructure">Infrastructure | Define Infrastructure at Dictionary.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'SullivanSheffrin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_O%27Sullivan_(economist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur O'Sullivan (economist) (laman tidak wujud)">O'Sullivan, Arthur</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_M._Sheffrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven M. Sheffrin (laman tidak wujud)">Sheffrin, Steven M.</a> (2003). <i>Economics: Principles in Action</i>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. m/s. 474. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-13-063085-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-13-063085-3"><bdi>0-13-063085-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics%3A+Principles+in+Action&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey+07458&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-13-063085-3&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Sheffrin%2C+Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastruktur" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_location" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFFulmer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fulmer, Jeffrey (2009). "What in the world is infrastructure?". <i>PEI Infrastructure Investor</i> (July/August): 30–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PEI+Infrastructure+Investor&rft.atitle=What+in+the+world+is+infrastructure%3F&rft.issue=July%2FAugust&rft.pages=30-32&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Fulmer&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastruktur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Land improvement</i>, Online BusinessDictionary.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/land-development.html">http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/land-development.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526231021/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/land-development.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2010-05-26 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed January 31, 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Land development</i>, Online BusinessDictionary.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/land-development.html">http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/land-development.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526231021/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/land-development.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2010-05-26 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed January 31, 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/11/19/business/economy/19leonhardt_graphic.ready.html">"Money for Public Projects"</a>, November 19, 2008 (accessed January 26, 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Association of Local Government Engineers New Zealand: "Infrastructure Asset Management Manual", June 1998 - Edition 1.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.O.D. Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 2001 (rev. 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Conservation Fund, Arlington, VA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greeninfrastructure.net/">"Green Infrastructure."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117104810/http://www.greeninfrastructure.net/">Diarkibkan</a> 2013-01-17 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 2009-10-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.md.us/greenways/gi/gidoc/gidoc.html"><i>Maryland's Green Infrastructure Assessment: A Comprehensive Strategy for Land Conservation and Restoration.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309184735/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/greenways/gi/gidoc/gidoc.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2008-03-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> May 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C., et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/gi_intentstatement.pdf"><i>Green Infrastructure Statement of Intent.</i></a> 2007-04-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512021555/http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/gi_intentstatement.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> Mei 12, 2009, di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EPA et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/gi_action_strategy.pdf">"Managing Wet Weather with Green Infrastructure: Action Strategy 2008."</a> January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512021449/http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/gi_action_strategy.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> Mei 12, 2009, di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODI1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian K.M. Kingombe 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6311.pdf">Mapping the new infrastructure financing landscape</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411215934/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6311.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> 2019-04-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Overseas_Development_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overseas Development Institute (laman tidak wujud)">Overseas Development Institute</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <p>Nurre, Sarah G. "Restoring infrastructure systems: An integrated network design and scheduling (INDS) problem." European Journal of Operational Research. (12/2012), 223 (3), p. 794–806. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bibliografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAscher2007" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Kate; researched by Wendy Marech (2007). <i>The works: anatomy of a city</i> (ed. Reprint.). New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0143112709" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0143112709"><bdi>978-0143112709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+works%3A+anatomy+of+a+city&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint.&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0143112709&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Kate%3B+researched+by+Wendy+Marech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastruktur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Larry W. Beeferman, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure: A Resource Paper", Capital Matter (Occasional Paper Series), No.3 December 2008</li> <li>A. Eberhard, "Infrastructure Regulation in Developing Countries", PPIAF Working Paper No. 4 (2007) World Bank</li> <li>M. Nicolas J. Firzli and Vincent Bazi, "Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity : The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective", published jointly in Revue Analyse Financière, Q4 2011 issue, pp. 34–37 and USAK/JTW July 30, 2011 (online edition)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2005" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Brian (2005). <i>Infrastructure: the book of everything for the industrial landscape</i> (ed. 1st). New York City: Norton. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0393329599" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0393329599"><bdi>978-0393329599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrastructure%3A+the+book+of+everything+for+the+industrial+landscape&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0393329599&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastruktur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFHuler2010" class="citation book cs1">Huler, Scott (2010). <i>On the grid: a plot of land, an average neighborhood, and the systems that make our world work</i>. Emmaus, Penn.: Rodale. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-60529-647-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-60529-647-0"><bdi>978-1-60529-647-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+grid%3A+a+plot+of+land%2C+an+average+neighborhood%2C+and+the+systems+that+make+our+world+work&rft.place=Emmaus%2C+Penn.&rft.pub=Rodale&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60529-647-0&rft.aulast=Huler&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastruktur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Inderst, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure", OECD Working Papers on Insurance and Private Pensions, No. 32 (2009)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="extiw" title="commons:Laman Utama">Wikimedia Commons</a> mempunyai media berkaitan <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Infrastructure?uselang=ms">Infrastruktur</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Cari <i><b><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/infrastructure" class="extiw" title="wikt:infrastructure">infrastructure</a></b></i> dalam <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiktionary">Wikikamus</a> bahasa Melayu, kamus bebas.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regulationbodyofknowledge.org/">Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nextgenerationinfrastructures.eu/">Next Generation Infrastructures international research programme</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/">Report Card on America's Infrastructure</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&oldid=6115542">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur&oldid=6115542</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Semua_rencana_dengan_kenyataan_tidak_bersumber_dari_March_2017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Semua rencana dengan kenyataan tidak bersumber dari March 2017 (laman tidak wujud)">Semua rencana dengan kenyataan tidak bersumber dari March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Infrastruktur" title="Kategori:Infrastruktur">Infrastruktur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pembinaan" title="Kategori:Pembinaan">Pembinaan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_location" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pautan_wayback_templat_webarchive" title="Kategori:Pautan wayback templat webarchive">Pautan wayback templat webarchive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_rencana_dengan_kenyataan_tidak_bersumber" title="Kategori:Semua rencana dengan kenyataan tidak bersumber">Semua rencana dengan kenyataan tidak bersumber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_parameter_tarikh_tak_sah_dalam_templat" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan parameter tarikh tak sah dalam templat">Rencana dengan parameter tarikh tak sah dalam templat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_rencana_tunas" title="Kategori:Semua rencana tunas">Semua rencana tunas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tunas" title="Kategori:Tunas">Tunas</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 01:30, 14 Februari 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; 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id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>93 bahasa</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Tambah topik</span> </a> </div> 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