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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_historic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_historic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early historic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_historic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Colonial history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post-colonial history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburbs_of_Jaffna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburbs_of_Jaffna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Suburbs of Jaffna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburbs_of_Jaffna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy and transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Literature and Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jaffna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="جفنا (سريلانكا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جفنا (سريلانكا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="জাফনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাফনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Джафна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джафна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1pan%C3%A9" title="Jápané – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jápané" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Τζάφνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζάφνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cafna" title="Ĝafna – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝafna" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جافنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جافنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE" title="જાફના – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જાફના" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%ED%94%84%EB%82%98" title="자프나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자프나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जाफना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जाफना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94" title="ג'פנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'פנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8" title="ಜಾಫ್ನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾಫ್ನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჯაფნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯაფნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEafna" title="Džafna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džafna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8" title="ജാഫ്ന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാഫ്ന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जाफना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जाफना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჯაფნა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯაფნა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جافنا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جافنا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna_(stad)" title="Jaffna (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jaffna (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जाफना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जाफना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%95%E3%83%8A" title="ジャフナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャフナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafna" title="Jafna – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jafna" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਾਫਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਫਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCafna" title="Dżafna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżafna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafanapat%C3%A3o" title="Jafanapatão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jafanapatão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Джафна (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джафна (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱡᱟᱯᱷᱱᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱯᱷᱱᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="යාපනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යාපනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCafna" title="Dżafna – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dżafna" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="யாழ்ப்பாணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யாழ்ப்பாணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE" title="జాఫ్నా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాఫ్నా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="แจฟฟ์นา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แจฟฟ์นา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Джафна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джафна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جافنا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جافنا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEafn_(lidn)" title="Džafn (lidn) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Džafn (lidn)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jaffna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E5%A4%AB%E7%B4%8D" title="賈夫納 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="賈夫納" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215277#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jaffna&params=09_39_53_N_80_01_00_E_region:LK_type:city(88138)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">09°39′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°01′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.66472°N 80.01667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.66472; 80.01667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Sri Lanka</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jaffna (disambiguation)">Jaffna (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Sri Lanka</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Jaffna</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">யாழ்ப்பாணம்<br />යාපනය</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaffna_montage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clockwise from top: Jaffna Public Library, the Jaffna-Pannai-Kayts highway, Nallur Kandaswamy temple, Jaffna Fort, Sangiliyan Statue, Jaffna Palace ruins"><img alt="Clockwise from top: Jaffna Public Library, the Jaffna-Pannai-Kayts highway, Nallur Kandaswamy temple, Jaffna Fort, Sangiliyan Statue, Jaffna Palace ruins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Jaffna_montage.jpg/250px-Jaffna_montage.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="455" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Jaffna_montage.jpg/375px-Jaffna_montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Jaffna_montage.jpg/500px-Jaffna_montage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="3276" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Jaffna Public Library">Jaffna Public Library</a>, the Jaffna-Pannai-Kayts highway, <a href="/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Nallur Kandaswamy temple">Nallur Kandaswamy temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Fort" title="Jaffna Fort">Jaffna Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangiliyan_Statue" title="Sangiliyan Statue">Sangiliyan Statue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Palace_ruins" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Palace ruins">Jaffna Palace ruins</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Sri_Lanka_Northern_Province_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jaffna is located in Northern Province"><img alt="Jaffna is located in Northern Province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Location_map_Sri_Lanka_Northern_Province_EN.svg/250px-Location_map_Sri_Lanka_Northern_Province_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Location_map_Sri_Lanka_Northern_Province_EN.svg/375px-Location_map_Sri_Lanka_Northern_Province_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Location_map_Sri_Lanka_Northern_Province_EN.svg/500px-Location_map_Sri_Lanka_Northern_Province_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="540" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.592%;left:29.589%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jaffna"><img alt="Jaffna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Jaffna</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jaffna&params=09_39_53_N_80_01_00_E_region:LK_type:city(88138)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">09°39′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°01′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.66472°N 80.01667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.66472; 80.01667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Districts of Sri Lanka">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_District" title="Jaffna District">Jaffna</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Municipal_Council" title="Jaffna Municipal Council">Municipal Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jaffna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Jaffna">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/E._Arnold_(Sri_Lankan_politician)" title="E. Arnold (Sri Lankan politician)">E. Arnold</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">TNA</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">20.2 km<sup>2</sup> (7.8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 m (16 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2012)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">88,138</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,400/km<sup>2</sup> (11,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-gazetteer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Time">Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jaffna.mc.gov.lk/en/other_mc.php">jaffna.mc.gov.lk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jaffna</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">யாழ்ப்பாணம்</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Yāḻppāṇam</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ta-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">[jaːɻpːaːɳɐm]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: <span lang="si">යාපනය</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">Yāpanaya</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="si-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[jaːpənəjə]</a></span>) is the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. It is the administrative headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_District" title="Jaffna District">Jaffna District</a> located on a <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula" title="Jaffna Peninsula">peninsula of the same name</a>. With a population of 88,138 in 2012, Jaffna is Sri Lanka's 12th <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">most populous city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteer_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaffna is approximately ten kilometres (six miles) from <a href="/wiki/Kandarodai" title="Kandarodai">Kandarodai</a> which served as an <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">emporium</a> in the Jaffna peninsula from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. Jaffna's suburb <a href="/wiki/Nallur,_Jaffna" title="Nallur, Jaffna">Nallur</a> served as the capital of the four-century-long medieval Tamil <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>, it was Sri Lanka's second most populous city after <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>. The 1980s insurgent uprising led to extensive damage, expulsion of part of the population, and military occupation. Since the end of civil war in 2009, refugees and <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced people">internally displaced people</a> began returning to homes, while government and private sector reconstruction started taking place.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, Jaffna has been a contested city. It was made into a colonial port town during the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Portuguese occupation</a> of the Jaffna peninsula in 1619 who lost it to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch</a>, only to lose it to the <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British</a> in 1796. During the civil war, the rebel <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE) occupied Jaffna in 1986. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a> (IPKF) briefly occupied the city in 1987. The LTTE again occupied the city from 1989 until 1995, when the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Army">Sri Lankan Army</a> regained control. </p><p>The majority of the city's population are <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> with a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Sri Lankan Moors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a> and other ethnic groups present in the city prior to the civil war. Most Sri Lankan Tamils are <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> followed by Christians, Muslims and a small Buddhist minority. The city is home to number of educational institutions established during the colonial and post-colonial period. It also has number of commercial institutions, minor industrial units, banks, hotels and other government institutions. It is home to many historical sites such as the popular Jaffna library that was <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">burnt down and rebuilt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna fort">Jaffna fort</a> which was rebuilt during the Dutch colonial period. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jaffna is known in Tamil as <i>Yalpanam</i> and earlier known as <i>Yalpanapattinam</i>. A 15th-century inscription of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> mentions the place as <i>Yalpaanayanpaddinam</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The name also occurs on copper plates issued by <a href="/wiki/Sethupathi" title="Sethupathi">Sethupathi</a> kings of the same era.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suffix <i>-pattinam</i> indicates the place to have been a seaport town.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of the name can be traced to a legend about the town's etymology. A king (supposedly <i><a href="/wiki/Ukkirasinghan" title="Ukkirasinghan">Ukkirasinghan</a></i>) was visited by the blind Panan musician, who was an expert in vocal music and one skilled in the use of instrument called <a href="/wiki/Yazh" title="Yazh">Yal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king who was delighted to the music played with the <a href="/wiki/Yazh" title="Yazh">Yal</a> by the Panan, presented him a sandy plain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatiresu2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatiresu2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panan returned to India and introduced some members of his tribe as impecunious as himself to accompany to this land of promise, and it is surmised that their place of settlement was that part of the city which is known at present as <a href="/wiki/Passaiyoor" title="Passaiyoor">Passaiyoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurunagar" title="Gurunagar">Gurunagar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Columbuthurai Commercial Harbor situated at <a href="/wiki/Colombuthurai" title="Colombuthurai">Colombuthurai</a> and the harbor known as ‘<i>Aluppanthy</i>’ situated previously at the <a href="/wiki/Gurunagar" title="Gurunagar">Gurunagar</a> area seem as its evidences.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colloquial form of Yalpanam is Yappanam. The <i>Ya</i> and <i>Ja</i> including <i>pp</i> and <i>ff</i> are easily interchangeable. Jaffna is a version of Yalpanam that was adopted by non-Tamil speaking rulers and settlers. As soon as it went into foreign language, it lost the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> ending <i>m</i> and consequently stood as <i>Jaffna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatiresu2004_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatiresu2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_historic_period">Early historic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early historic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalithic</a> excavations reveal settlements of an early period in this region. The bronze <a href="/wiki/Annaicoddai_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Annaicoddai seal">Anaikoddai seal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus script</a> indicates a <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan-based</a> settlement of the last phase of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula" title="Jaffna Peninsula">Jaffna region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urn</a> burials including other <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> inscribed potsherds found in <a href="/wiki/Kandarodai" title="Kandarodai">Kandarodai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poonakari" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonakari">Poonakari</a> and Anaikoddai in the Jaffna region, reflects the burial practices of older times.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavated ceramic sequences in <a href="/wiki/Kandarodai" title="Kandarodai">Kandarodai</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a>, revealed South Indian <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and red ware culture">black and red ware</a>, potteries and fine <a href="/wiki/Grey_ware" title="Grey ware">grey ware</a> from 2nd to 5th BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations of <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and red ware culture">black and red wares</a> (1000 BCE – 100 CE), <a href="/wiki/Grey_ware" title="Grey ware">grey wares</a> (500 BCE – 200 CE), <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian–Islamic</a> wares (200 BCE – 800 CE), <a href="/wiki/Yue_ware" title="Yue ware">Yue green wares</a> (800 – 900 CE), <a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> stone wares (700 –1100 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> Porcelains (1300 – 1600CE) conducted at the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Fort" title="Jaffna Fort">Jaffna Fort</a> hints to maritime trade between the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula" title="Jaffna Peninsula">Jaffna Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jaffna and surrounding region was part of the chiefdom of <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ka_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāka Nadu">Naga Nadu</a> mentioned in the 5th century CE <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> epic <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> chronicle <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a> as inhabited by tribal <a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Naga people</a>, surmised as one of the earliest tribes of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. They had according to scholars fully assimilated to <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> and culture by the 9th century CE or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></div> <p>During the medieval times, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aryacakravarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Aryacakravarti">Kingdom of Aryacakravarti</a> came into existence in the 13th century as an ally to the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a> in South India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva198191–92_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva198191–92-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Pandyan Empire became weak due to Muslim invasions, successive Aryacakravarti rulers made the Jaffna kingdom independent and a regional power to reckon with in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-PP_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nallur_(Jaffna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nallur (Jaffna)">Nallur</a> a suburb of Jaffna served as the capital of the kingdom. </p><p>Politically, it was an expanding power in the 13th and 14th century with all regional kingdoms paying tribute to it.<sup id="cite_ref-PP_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it met with simultaneous confrontations with the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar empire">Vijayanagar empire</a> that ruled from <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a>, southern India, and a rebounding <a href="/wiki/Kotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotte">Kotte Kingdom</a> from the southern Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva1981132–133_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva1981132–133-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the kingdom becoming a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> of the Vijyanagar Empire as well as briefly losing its independence under the Kotte kingdom from 1450 to 1467.<sup id="cite_ref-PP_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom was re-established with the disintegration of Kotte kingdom and the fragmentation of Viyanagara Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-PP34_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PP34-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It maintained very close commercial and political relationships with the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur Nayaks">Thanjavur Nayakar</a> kingdom in southern India as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandyan kingdom">Kandyan</a> and segments of the Kotte kingdom. This period saw the building of Hindu temples in the peninsula and a flourishing of literature, both in Tamil and Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva1981132–133_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva1981132–133-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Codrington_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codrington-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_history">Colonial history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Portuguese established Jaffna city in 1621 as their colonial administrative center.<sup id="cite_ref-DA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the military capitulation to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> in 1619, the capital of the local <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a>, also known as the Kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Aryacakravarti</a> was <a href="/wiki/Nallur_(Jaffna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nallur (Jaffna)">Nallur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DA_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is close to the city limits of Jaffna.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfaffenberger35_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfaffenberger35-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital city was known in <a href="/wiki/Kotagama_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotagama inscriptions">royal inscriptions</a> and chronicles as <i>Cinkainakar</i> and in other sources as <i>Yalpaanam</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <i>Yapaapatuna</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese language">Sinhalese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Library221_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library221-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaffna_fort_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jaffna_fort_entrance.jpg/220px-Jaffna_fort_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jaffna_fort_entrance.jpg/330px-Jaffna_fort_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jaffna_fort_entrance.jpg/440px-Jaffna_fort_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Fort" title="Jaffna Fort">Jaffna Fort</a>, which the Portuguese built, and which the Dutch renovated in 1680.</figcaption></figure><p> From 1590, Portuguese merchants and Catholic missionaries were active within the Jaffna kingdom. Impetus for a permanent fortified settlement happened only after 1619, when the expeditionary forces of the Portuguese Empire led by <a href="/wiki/Phillippe_de_Oliveira" title="Phillippe de Oliveira">Filipe de Oliveira</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Cankili_II" title="Cankili II">Cankili II</a>, the last native king.<sup id="cite_ref-Abeysinghe58_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abeysinghe58-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Oliveira moved the center of political and military control from Nallur to Jaffnapatao<sup id="cite_ref-DeSilva_and_Beumer312_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeSilva_and_Beumer312-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (variously spelt as Jaffnapattan or Jaffnapattam), the Portuguese rendition of the native name for the former Royal capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Room_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Room-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaffnapatao was attacked number of times by A local rebel <a href="/wiki/Migapulle_Arachchi" title="Migapulle Arachchi">Migapulle Arachchi</a> and his allied <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Nayakar</a> expeditionary forces attacked Jaffnapatao a number of times, but the Portuguese defence of the city withstood the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Abeysinghe2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abeysinghe2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaffnapatao was a small town with a fort, a harbour, Catholic chapels, and government buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Martyn43_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martyn43-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese merchants took over the lucrative trade of elephants from the interior and monopolised the import of goods from <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, disfranchising the local merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-Abeysinghe2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abeysinghe2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese era was a time of population movement to the <a href="/wiki/Vannimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannimai">Vannimais</a> in the south, religious change, and as well as the introduction to the city of European education and health care.<sup id="cite_ref-Abeysinghe2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abeysinghe2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pfaffenberger3536_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfaffenberger3536-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMH-4491-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Jaffnapatnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AMH-4491-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Jaffnapatnam.jpg/220px-AMH-4491-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Jaffnapatnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AMH-4491-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Jaffnapatnam.jpg/330px-AMH-4491-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Jaffnapatnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AMH-4491-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Jaffnapatnam.jpg/440px-AMH-4491-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Jaffnapatnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1669" /></a><figcaption>Bird's eye view of the city of Jaffnapatnam in 1658<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1658, Portuguese lost Jaffapatao to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) after a three-month siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Library221_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library221-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Dutch occupation, the city grew in population and size. The Dutch were more tolerant towards native mercantile and religious activities than the Portuguese had been. Most of the Hindu temples that the Portuguese had destroyed were rebuilt. A community of mixed Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Dutch Burghers</a> grew up. The Dutch rebuilt the fort and expanded it considerably. They also built <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> churches and government buildings, most of which survived until the 1980s, but suffered damage or destruction during the subsequent civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-DeSilva_and_Beumer301_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeSilva_and_Beumer301-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Dutch period, Jaffna also became prominent as a trading town in locally grown agricultural products with the native merchants and farmers profiting as much as the VOC merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfaffenberger44_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfaffenberger44-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Great Britain took over the Dutch possessions in Sri Lanka from 1796.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain maintained many of the Dutch mercantile, religious, and taxation policies. During the British colonial period, almost all the schools that eventually played role in the high literacy achievement of the Jaffna residents were built by missionaries belonging to <a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Mission,_North_Ceylon" title="Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon">Wesleyan Methodist Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saivite" class="mw-redirect" title="Saivite">Saivite</a> reformer <a href="/wiki/Arumuka_Navalar" title="Arumuka Navalar">Arumuka Navalar</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Methodist34_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Methodist34-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Methodist35_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Methodist35-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under British rule, Jaffna enjoyed a period of rapid growth and prosperity,<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the British built the major roads and railway line connecting the city with Colombo, <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a> and the rest of the country. The prosperity of the city's citizens enabled them to underwrite the building of temples and schools, and the library and museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_history">Post-colonial history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-colonial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Sri Lanka became independent in 1948 from Britain, the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">majority Sinhalese and minority Tamils worsened.</a>Considered the heart of Tamil culture and literature in Sri Lanka, Jaffna was concentrated with growing Tamil nationalism, which called for autonomy for Tamils to protest the discrimination against them by the Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lanka government and Sinhalese civilians since Sri Lanka gained independence from Britain in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents of Jaffna city along with the rest of Tamil population of Sri Lanka were in the fore front of the political mobilisation behind <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Tamil nationalist</a> parties. After the <a href="/wiki/1974_Tamil_conference_incident" title="1974 Tamil conference incident">Tamil conference incident</a> in 1974, the then mayor of Jaffna <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duraiappah" title="Alfred Duraiappah">Alfred Duraiappah</a> was assassinated by the leader of rebel LTTE, <a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Velupillai Prabhakaran</a> in 1975. Following further deterioration of political discourse, the Jaffna library was burnt down in 1981 by <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Police Service">Police</a> and other miscreants. Failure of the political class to find an adequate compromise led to full-scale civil war starting in 1983 soon after the <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a> pogrom.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen361365_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen361365-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri Lankan military and police were using the Dutch era fort as their encampment which was surrounded by various <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Tamil militant</a> groups. Bombardment from air and land of the city led to damage to civic and civilian properties, death and injury to civilians and destruction the economic potential of the city. In 1986, the Sri Lankan military withdrew from the city and it came under the full control of the LTTE. </p><p>In 1987, the Indian forces brought to Sri Lanka under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo- Sri Lankan peace accord</a> led an operation to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pawan" title="Operation Pawan">take the city from the rebels</a>. It led to incidents like the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_University_Helidrop" title="Jaffna University Helidrop">Jaffna University Helidrop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_hospital_massacre" title="Jaffna hospital massacre">Jaffna hospital massacre</a> in which patients and medical workers were killed by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SL_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SL-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 200 civilians were also killed during attempt to take the city over by the IPKF.<sup id="cite_ref-Chattopadhyaya112_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chattopadhyaya112-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the departure of the Indians, the city came under the control of the LTTE once more, but they were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffna_(1995)" title="Battle of Jaffna (1995)">ousted in 1995</a> after a 50-day siege. The economic embargo of the rebel controlled territories in general also had a negative impact in Jaffna including lack of power, critical medicines and food. During the period of LTTE occupation, <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">all Muslim residents</a> were expelled in 1990 and forced evacuated all residents in 1995.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Does this mean the LTTE forced ‘all residents’ out of Jaffna in 1995? Or that all (remaining/returned) Muslims were expelled in 1995? (January 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarvanathan18_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarvanathan18-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the end of civil war in 2009, refugees have begun to return and visible reconstruction has taken place. The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a> and business interests from Colombo have invested in commercial enterprises. Countries in Europe, US and India have shown an interest in investing in infrastructure projects and other economic activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Lagoon" title="Jaffna Lagoon">Jaffna Lagoon</a> to its west and south, <a href="/wiki/Kokkuvil" title="Kokkuvil">Kokkuvil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thirunelveli_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirunelveli (Sri Lanka)">Thirunelveli</a> to the north, and Nallur to the east. Jaffna peninsula is made of limestone as it was submerged under sea during the <a href="/wiki/Miocene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Miocene period">Miocene period</a>. The limestone is grey, yellow and white porous type. The entire land mass is mostly flat with terrain sloping slightly upwards towards the coasts. Except for a few towns, the landmass lies slightly above sea level. Within 1.5 kilometres (1 mile) of the city center is the island of <a href="/wiki/Mandativu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandativu">Mandativu</a> which is connected by a <a href="/wiki/Causway" class="mw-redirect" title="Causway">causway</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palmyrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmyrah">Palmyrah</a> groves can be seen where land has not been used for construction. Other notable vegetation is a leafless shrub called <i>talai</i> (alae africana) and <i>koddanai</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oleander" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleander">oleander</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Eelavar_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eelavar-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jaffna features a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> between February and August, and a <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> between September and January. Jaffna has the highest average temperature in Sri Lanka of 28 °C (83 °F). The temperature is highest in the months of April-May and August-September. The temperature is coolest in December-January. The annual rainfall is brought in by the North East <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> and it varies from one place to the other and also from year to year. The average rainfall is approximately 1,300 millimetres or 50 inches in the western part of Jaffna peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Eelavar_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eelavar-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Jaffna (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.7<br />(101.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8<br />(96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.7<br />(101.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3<br />(84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.3<br />(1.74) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(1.02) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.5<br />(1.67) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.7<br />(2.55) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.2<br />(2.61) </td> <td style="background: #E2FFE2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(0.73) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(0.89) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.3<br />(2.26) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.0<br />(3.19) </td> <td style="background: #009F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">235.0<br />(9.25) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">437.3<br />(17.22) </td> <td style="background: #006500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">273.9<br />(10.78) </td> <td style="background: #51FF51; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,369.2<br />(53.91) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.1 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMONormals_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMONormals-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Department of Meteorology (records up to 2007)<sup id="cite_ref-records_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-records-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Municipal_Council" title="Jaffna Municipal Council">Jaffna Municipal Council</a> governs the City of Jaffna. It was established under the <i>Municipalities Ordinance Act of 1865</i>. Although other cities such as <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a> and Colombo had elected municipal councils soon after the 1865 ordinance, Jaffna did not have an elected municipal council for many years. This reflected the desire of the British bureaucrats to govern the city directly rather than share power with a highly literate electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabaratnam101_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabaratnam101-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first elected mayor of Jaffna Municipal council was <a href="/wiki/Sam_A._Sabapathy" title="Sam A. Sabapathy">Sam A. Sabapathy</a>. During the civil conflict, number of mayors were assassinated such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duraiappah" title="Alfred Duraiappah">Alfred Duraiappah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Yogeswaran" title="Sarojini Yogeswaran">Sarojini Yogeswaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pon_Sivapalan" title="Pon Sivapalan">Pon Sivapalan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Subramanian_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 15 years without elections after 1983. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2009_Sri_Lankan_local_government_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Sri Lankan local government elections">post civil war elections</a> were held in 2009 after a gap of 11 years. The municipal council consists of 29 members.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the original municipal council building was destroyed during the civil war, a new building is to be constructed for the current municipal council in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Jaffna" title="List of mayors of Jaffna">List of mayors of Jaffna</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically residents of Jaffna were Tamils, Moors (Muslims), Europeans and Eurasian Burghers.<sup id="cite_ref-Library221_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library221-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time the composition changed with Tamils and Moors predominating and Europeans and Burghers either assimilating or moving away. Europeans and the natives lived in separate sections of the city. Most houses were modest in size and the streets were kept clean.<sup id="cite_ref-Martyn44_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martyn44-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1900s the population increased and Sinhalese from the south also settled in Jaffna. Prior to the civil war there were Moors, Sinhalese, Indian Tamils and other ethnic groups living in Jaffna. </p><p>During colonial times, Jaffna was Ceylon's (Sri Lanka) second largest city. Post-independence the city was overtaken by the growth of settlements near Colombo. But even in 1981 Jaffna was the largest city outside the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Colombo_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Colombo area">Greater Colombo area</a>. The population of Jaffna, like the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">East</a>, has been heavily affected by the civil war. Many of its Tamil residents have <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">emigrated</a> to the West or moved to the relative safety of <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's small Moor and Sinhalese population have either been forcibly expelled or fled. As a consequence the city's population is significantly lower than it was 30 years ago. Many of the city's residents who left during the civil war have settled down elsewhere and are unlikely to return. There have been reports, particularly after the end of the civil war in 2009, about resettling those residents who wish to return to Jaffna but there hasn't been any substantive effort to do so yet. </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Historic Population of Jaffna 1880 to 2010</b><sup id="cite_ref-Library221_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library221-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="style="height:17px;"">Year </th> <th style="">1880 </th> <th style="">1891 </th> <th style="">1901 </th> <th style="">1911 </th> <th style="">1921 </th> <th style="">1931 </th> <th style="">1946 </th> <th style="">1953 </th> <th style="">1963 </th> <th style="">1971 </th> <th style="">1981 </th> <th style="">1994 </th> <th style="">2007 </th> <th style="">2010 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="">Population </th> <td style="">4,000 </td> <td style="">43,179 </td> <td style="">33,879 </td> <td style="">40,441 </td> <td style="">42,436 </td> <td style="">45,708 </td> <td style="">62,543 </td> <td style="">77,811 </td> <td style="">94,670 </td> <td style="">107,184 </td> <td style="">118,224 </td> <td style="">149,000 </td> <td style="">83,563 </td> <td style="">84,416 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="">Rank </th> <td style=""> </td> <td style="">2nd </td> <td style="">3rd </td> <td style="">2nd </td> <td style="">2nd </td> <td style="">2nd </td> <td style="">2nd </td> <td style="">3rd </td> <td style="">3rd </td> <td style="">3rd </td> <td style="">4th </td> <td style=""> </td> <td style=""> </td> <td style="">14th </td></tr> <tr> <th style="">Source </th> <td style="">Est. </td> <td style="">Census </td> <td style="">Census </td> <td style="">Census </td> <td style="">Census </td> <td style="">Census </td> <td style="">Census </td> <td style="">Census </td> <td style="">Census </td> <td style="">Census </td> <td style="">Census </td> <td style="">Cen./Est. </td> <td style="">Est. </td> <td style="">Census </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suburbs_of_Jaffna">Suburbs of Jaffna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Suburbs of Jaffna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalai" title="Ariyalai">Ariyalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundikuli" title="Chundikuli">Chundikuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunnakam" title="Chunnakam">Chunnakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombuthurai" title="Colombuthurai">Colombuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurunagar" title="Gurunagar">Gurunagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithady" title="Kaithady">Kaithadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokkuvil" title="Kokkuvil">Kokkuvil</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kondavil" title="Kondavil">Kondavil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopay" title="Kopay">Kopay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nallur_(Jaffna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nallur (Jaffna)">Nallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navatkuly" class="mw-redirect" title="Navatkuly">Navatkuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipay" title="Manipay">Manipay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaiyoor" title="Passaiyoor">Passaiyoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellippalai" title="Tellippalai">Tellippalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumpirai" title="Urumpirai">Urumpirai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannarpannai" title="Vannarpannai">Vannarpannai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulipuram" title="Chulipuram">Chulipuram</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_in_Jaffna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mosque_in_Jaffna.jpg/180px-Mosque_in_Jaffna.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mosque_in_Jaffna.jpg/270px-Mosque_in_Jaffna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mosque_in_Jaffna.jpg/360px-Mosque_in_Jaffna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._James%27_Church,_Gurunagar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/St._James%27_Church%2C_Gurunagar.jpg/180px-St._James%27_Church%2C_Gurunagar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/St._James%27_Church%2C_Gurunagar.jpg/270px-St._James%27_Church%2C_Gurunagar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/St._James%27_Church%2C_Gurunagar.jpg/360px-St._James%27_Church%2C_Gurunagar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Restored Muslim Mosque in a bombed out portion of the city. Right: St.James Church originally established in 1861, located in <a href="/wiki/Gurunagar" title="Gurunagar">Gurunagar</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Most Tamils are <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> belonging the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a> tradition but might also propitiate the <a href="/wiki/Village_deities_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Village deities of Sri Lankan Tamils">village deities</a>. Most Christians are Roman Catholics with a small but influential number of Protestants belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a>, the successor organisation of American Ceylon Mission and other colonial era Protestant churches. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Jaffna" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Jaffna">diocese</a> headquartered in the city. All Moors were Muslims with the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> sect predominating with a small number of <a href="/wiki/Shias" class="mw-redirect" title="Shias">Shias</a> prevalent amongst mercantile immigrants from <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. There is a small community of Tamil Buddhists who converted to <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> during the 20th century due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Sinhalese were either Buddhists or Catholics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There was a small community of <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic wanderers</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Kuravar" title="Kuravar">Kuravar</a> who visited Jaffna seasonally and spoke a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> or Tamil. Tamils were also divided along the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Caste system in Sri Lanka">caste system</a> but as an urban area class was more important than caste which was more pronounced in rural areas of Jaffna district.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_transportation">Economy and transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy and transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jaffna was founded as a trading town. Although a historic port used by the native Jaffna kingdom was already in existence when the Portuguese arrived, it was the European mercantile activity that made it prominent. In colonial times, production of clothes, items of gold and silver, processing of tobacco, rice and other related activities formed an important part of the economic activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Library222_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library222-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, the port was its principal source of revenue but it has declined drastically. Currently it survives as a fishing port. The city had a wide range of industries, including food processing, packaging, making of household items, and salt processing, but most ceased after 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, most industrialists, entrepreneurs, and business people have relocated to the rest of Sri Lanka and abroad. After 2009, foreign governments within the EU, US, India, and investors from the south of the island and the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora have shown an interest in making investments in Jaffna district in general and Jaffna city in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shopping malls such as the <a href="/wiki/Cargills_Square" title="Cargills Square">Cargills Square</a> and hotels such as Jetwing Jaffna, <a href="/wiki/Tilko_Jaffna_City_Hotel" title="Tilko Jaffna City Hotel">Tilko Jaffna City Hotel</a> have been built boosting the tourism industry in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jaffna is 396 kilometres (246 miles) from Colombo. It is directly connected by <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Railways" title="Sri Lanka Railways">railways</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_A-Grade_highways_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of A-Grade highways in Sri Lanka">roads system</a>. The city was served by the <a href="/wiki/Yal_Devi" title="Yal Devi">Yal Devi</a> train and other 5 trains daily from <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rail_track_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rail_track-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary railway station in the city is the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Railway Station">Jaffna Railway Station</a>. The <a href="/wiki/A9_highway_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="A9 highway (Sri Lanka)">A-9 highway</a> connecting the city with the rest of the country was opened after the 2002 ceasefire. It is served by government and private sector coaches and buses. Commercial flights are available from <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai, India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> to Jaffna via the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_International_Airport" title="Jaffna International Airport">Jaffna International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunawardena198_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunawardena198-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2017 an express ferry service connects Jaffna with Delft islands.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="List of schools in Northern Province, Sri Lanka">List of schools in Northern Province, Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jaffna" title="University of Jaffna">University of Jaffna</a></div> <p>Jaffna city has number of education institutions founded by the missionary efforts and Saivite revivalism during the British colonial period. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Percival" title="Peter Percival">Peter Percival</a> a <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Mission,_North_Ceylon" title="Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon">Wesleyan Missionary</a> started several schools in Jaffna city including <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Central_College" title="Jaffna Central College">Jaffna Central College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vembadi_Girls%E2%80%99_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Vembadi Girls’ High School">Vembadi Girls’ High School</a>. Prior to the civil war, the city had one of the highest literacy rates within Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunawardena198_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunawardena198-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_Media">Literature and Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literature and Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jaffna has had a media sector from the mid-1800s. The first known Tamil and English weekly <i>Uthayatharakai</i> (Morning Star) was published jointly in 1840 by the <a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Wesleyan church</a>. In 1863, the <i>Ceylon Patriot</i> was published by a local advocate as a weekly. The Jaffna Catholic Guardian and the Hindu Organ were published by Roman Catholic and Hindu organisations to present their religious interests between 1876 and 1889 respectively. The first Tamil monthly was <i>Sanmarkapothini</i> which was published in 1884.<a href="#CITEREFKatiresu2004">Katiresu 2004</a>, p. 29 </p><p>These early journals were followed by a number of popular newspapers in Tamil such as <i>Eelakesari</i> and <i>Eelanadu</i>. Jaffna was also the seen the publication of journals committed to the growth of modernistic and socially purposive literature such as <i>Bharati</i> and <i>Marumalarchi</i> in 1946. Now defunct English weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(Sri_Lankan_newspaper)" title="Saturday Review (Sri Lankan newspaper)">Saturday Review</a></i> was an influential news magazine that came out of Jaffna. </p><p>During the civil war many publishers, authors and journalists were assassinated or arrested and the media heavily censored. Since the 2000s Jaffna is served by newspapers such as <i><a href="/wiki/Uthayan" title="Uthayan">Uthayan</a></i>, <i>Yarl Thinakkural</i> and <i>Valampurii</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_buildings">Notable buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some historic buildings such as Temples, Saraswathy Mahal library and palaces in the royal city of Nallur and the rest of Jaffna peninsula were destroyed by the Portuguese colonials. Materials from destroyed buildings were used in the construction of the Jaffna fort and other fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-DeSilva_and_Beumer301_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeSilva_and_Beumer301-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cankilian Thopu</i> or entrance of the palace of <a href="/wiki/Cankili_I" title="Cankili I">Cankili I</a> and <i>Mantri Manai</i> or minister's palace are few of the pre-colonial buildings still standing in the royal quarters of Nallur. Within the Jaffna city proper, the Dutch fort is an imposing structure followed by many Dutch era homes, churches and civil buildings most of which were damaged during the civil war. There are number of British colonial era building such as the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Sarasenic</a> style clock tower and the Public library that are notable. Almost all Hindu temples in Jaffna including the socially important Nallur Kandaswamy temple were reconstructed during the Dutch and British period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_individuals">Notable individuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Jaffna" title="Category:People from Jaffna">Category:People from Jaffna</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sister City initiatives give opportunities for the cities' residents to become familiar with each other's cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-JBSCSSH_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBSCSSH-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initiatives will facilitate the cultural, educational, municipal, business, professional and technical exchanges and projects among the sister cities.<sup id="cite_ref-JBSCSSH_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBSCSSH-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its sister cities are:<sup id="cite_ref-JBSCSSH_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBSCSSH-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Heights,_Michigan" title="Sterling Heights, Michigan">Sterling Heights, Michigan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gazetteer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteer_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteer_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-127&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500">"Sri Lanka: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population"</a>. World Gazetteer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+largest+cities+and+towns+and+statistics+of+their+population&rft.pub=World+Gazetteer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld-gazetteer.com%2Fwg.php%3Fx%3D%26men%3Dgcis%26lng%3Den%26des%3Dwg%26geo%3D-127%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Dabcdefghinoq%26msz%3D1500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/jaffna">"Definition of Jaffna | Dictionary.com"</a>. <i>www.dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131072522/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/jaffna">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Jaffna+%7C+Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fjaffna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/08/28/improving-urban-services-livability-across-sri-lanka">"Improving Urban Services and Livability Across Sri Lanka"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923015721/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/08/28/improving-urban-services-livability-across-sri-lanka">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Improving+Urban+Services+and+Livability+Across+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2016%2F08%2F28%2Fimproving-urban-services-livability-across-sri-lanka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan1971" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, M. D. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ"><i>Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction</i></a>. Kalai Nilayam. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+culture+in+Ceylon%3A+a+general+introduction&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Kalai+Nilayam&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFb4LAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKōvintacāmi1977" class="citation book cs1">Kōvintacāmi, Mu (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHwOAAAAYAAJ"><i>A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature</i></a>. Annamalai University. p. 93. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053137/https://books.google.com/books?id=iHwOAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+the+Sources+for+the+History+of+Tamil+Literature&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Annamalai+University&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=K%C5%8Dvintac%C4%81mi&rft.aufirst=Mu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHwOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan1971" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, M. D. (1 January 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ"><i>Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction</i></a>. Kalai Nilayam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+culture+in+Ceylon%3A+a+general+introduction&rft.pub=Kalai+Nilayam&rft.date=1971-01-01&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFb4LAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatiresu2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatiresu2004_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatiresu2004_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatiresu2004">Katiresu 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasanayagamRasanayagam1993" class="citation book cs1">Rasanayagam, C.; Rasanayagam, Mudaliyar C. (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9DpMY206bMC"><i>Ancient Jaffna: Being a Research into the History of Jaffna from Very Early Times to the Portuguese Period</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120602106" title="Special:BookSources/9788120602106"><bdi>9788120602106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Jaffna%3A+Being+a+Research+into+the+History+of+Jaffna+from+Very+Early+Times+to+the+Portuguese+Period&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=9788120602106&rft.aulast=Rasanayagam&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Rasanayagam%2C+Mudaliyar+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk9DpMY206bMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICTA" class="citation web cs1">ICTA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812100047/http://www.jaffna.ds.gov.lk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=63&lang=en">"Jaffna Divisional Secretariat – Overview"</a>. <i>jaffna.ds.gov.lk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jaffna.ds.gov.lk&rft.atitle=Jaffna+Divisional+Secretariat+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.au=ICTA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaffna.ds.gov.lk%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D4%26Itemid%3D63%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMativāṇan̲MahalingamCivilization1995" class="citation book cs1">Mativāṇan̲, Irāman̲; Mahalingam, N.; Civilization, International Society for the Investigation of Ancient (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlFjAAAAMAAJ&q=Anaikottai+seal"><i>Indus script among Dravidian speakers</i></a>. International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilizations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053126/https://books.google.com/books?id=VlFjAAAAMAAJ&q=Anaikottai+seal">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indus+script+among+Dravidian+speakers&rft.pub=International+Society+for+the+Investigation+of+Ancient+Civilizations&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mativ%C4%81%E1%B9%87an%CC%B2&rft.aufirst=Ir%C4%81man%CC%B2&rft.au=Mahalingam%2C+N.&rft.au=Civilization%2C+International+Society+for+the+Investigation+of+Ancient&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlFjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAnaikottai%2Bseal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Indrapala2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._Indrapala" title="K. Indrapala">K. Indrapala</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SkFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Anaikoddai"><i>The evolution of an ethnic identity: the Tamils in Sri Lanka c. 300 BCE to c. 1200 CE</i></a>. M.V. Publications for the South Asian Studies Centre, Sydney. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780646425467" title="Special:BookSources/9780646425467"><bdi>9780646425467</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053140/https://books.google.com/books?id=SkFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Anaikoddai">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+an+ethnic+identity%3A+the+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka+c.+300+BCE+to+c.+1200+CE&rft.pub=M.V.+Publications+for+the+South+Asian+Studies+Centre%2C+Sydney&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780646425467&rft.au=K.+Indrapala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkFuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAnaikoddai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cItyybhNOLoC&q=Anaikottai+seal"><i>International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics</i></a>. Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053124/https://books.google.com/books?id=cItyybhNOLoC&q=Anaikottai+seal">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Journal+of+Dravidian+Linguistics&rft.pub=Department+of+Linguistics%2C+University+of+Kerala.&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcItyybhNOLoC%26q%3DAnaikottai%2Bseal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllchinErdosy1995" class="citation book cs1">Allchin, F. R.; Erdosy, George (7 September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&q=burial+urn+jaffna&pg=PA170"><i>The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521376952" title="Special:BookSources/9780521376952"><bdi>9780521376952</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053133/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&q=burial+urn+jaffna&pg=PA170">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Early+Historic+South+Asia%3A+The+Emergence+of+Cities+and+States&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995-09-07&rft.isbn=9780521376952&rft.aulast=Allchin&rft.aufirst=F.+R.&rft.au=Erdosy%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5kI02_zW70C%26q%3Dburial%2Burn%2Bjaffna%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dur.ac.uk/research/directory/view/?mode=project&id=1002">"Post-Conflict Archaeology of the Jaffna Peninsula – Durham University"</a>. <i>dur.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181207050335/https://www.dur.ac.uk/research/directory/view/?mode=project&id=1002">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dur.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Post-Conflict+Archaeology+of+the+Jaffna+Peninsula+%E2%80%93+Durham+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dur.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fdirectory%2Fview%2F%3Fmode%3Dproject%26id%3D1002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2011" class="citation book cs1">Holt, John (13 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kj_aWm4DeFEC&q=naga+nadu&pg=PA74"><i>The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. 73–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822349822" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822349822"><bdi>978-0822349822</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053143/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kj_aWm4DeFEC&q=naga+nadu&pg=PA74">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sri+Lanka+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011-04-13&rft.isbn=978-0822349822&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKj_aWm4DeFEC%26q%3Dnaga%2Bnadu%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva198191–92-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva198191–92_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva1981">De Silva 1981</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PP-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PP_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PP_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PP_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peebles, <i>History of Sri Lanka</i>, p.31-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva1981132–133-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva1981132–133_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva1981132–133_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva1981">De Silva 1981</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PP34-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PP34_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peebles, <i>History of Sri Lanka</i>, p.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunarasa, K <i>The Jaffna Dynasty</i>, p.73-75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Codrington-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Codrington_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCodrington,_Humphry_William" class="citation web cs1">Codrington, Humphry William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap05.html">"Short history of Sri Lanka:Dambadeniya and Gampola Kings (1215–1411)"</a>. Lakdiva.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604001504/http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap05.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+history+of+Sri+Lanka%3ADambadeniya+and+Gampola+Kings+%281215%E2%80%931411%29&rft.pub=Lakdiva.org&rft.au=Codrington%2C+Humphry+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flakdiva.org%2Fcodrington%2Fchap05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DA_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DA_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1996">Alden 1996</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfaffenberger35-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pfaffenberger35_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfaffenberger1982">Pfaffenberger 1982</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilnet.com/pic.html?path=/img/publish/2008/08/Jaffna_sat_1.jpg&width=859&height=891&caption=Part">Map of Nallur and Jaffna fort</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908031109/http://www.tamilnet.com/pic.html?path=%2Fimg%2Fpublish%2F2008%2F08%2FJaffna_sat_1.jpg&width=859&height=891&caption=Part">Archived</a> 8 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library221-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Library221_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library221_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library221_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library221_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLibrary1880">Library 1880</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abeysinghe58-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abeysinghe58_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbeysinghe2005">Abeysinghe 2005</a>, pp. 58–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeSilva_and_Beumer312-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeSilva_and_Beumer312_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_SilvaBeumer1997">De Silva & Beumer 1997</a>, p. 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Room-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Room_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoom2004">Room 2004</a>, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abeysinghe2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abeysinghe2_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abeysinghe2_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abeysinghe2_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbeysinghe2005">Abeysinghe 2005</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martyn43-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martyn43_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartyn2002">Martyn 2002</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfaffenberger3536-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pfaffenberger3536_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfaffenberger1982">Pfaffenberger 1982</a>, pp. 35–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/inventaris/inleiding/eadid/4.VEL/inventarisnr/997/level/file">"Bird's eye view of the city of Jaffnapatnam / , 4.VEL inventorynumber 997"</a> (in Dutch). The Hague: Nationaal Archief. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040851/http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/inventaris/inleiding/eadid/4.VEL/inventarisnr/997/level/file">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bird%27s+eye+view+of+the+city+of+Jaffnapatnam+%2F+%2C+4.VEL+inventorynumber+997&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Nationaal+Archief&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gahetna.nl%2Fcollectie%2Farchief%2Finventaris%2Finleiding%2Feadid%2F4.VEL%2Finventarisnr%2F997%2Flevel%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeSilva_and_Beumer301-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeSilva_and_Beumer301_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeSilva_and_Beumer301_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_SilvaBeumer1997">De Silva & Beumer 1997</a>, p. 301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfaffenberger44-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pfaffenberger44_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfaffenberger1982">Pfaffenberger 1982</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carpenter-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2007">Carpenter 2007</a>, p. 566</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Methodist34-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Methodist34_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFindlayHoldsworth1924">Findlay & Holdsworth 1924</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Methodist35-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Methodist35_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFindlayHoldsworth1924">Findlay & Holdsworth 1924</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTHOTTAM2009" class="citation magazine cs1">THOTTAM, JYOTI (19 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1899590,00.html">"Prabhakaran: The Life and Death of a Tiger"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128052205/https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1899590,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Prabhakaran%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+a+Tiger&rft.date=2009-05-19&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=THOTTAM&rft.aufirst=JYOTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1899590%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen361365-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen361365_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2005">Cohen 2005</a>, pp. 361–365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SL-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SL_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayasri2008" class="citation web cs1">Dayasri, Gomin (26 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112005528/http://www.defence.lk/PrintPage.asp?fname=20080426_03">"Eminent Persons' displayed lack of independence"</a>. Ministry of Defense, Sri Lanka. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defence.lk/PrintPage.asp?fname=20080426_03">the original</a> on 12 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2008</span>. <q>These crimes against humanity include the Mass Murders committed by the IPKF at the Jaffna Hospital on the 20th October 1987 when they entered the hospital and indiscriminately murdered patients, doctors, nurses and attendants by shooting and exploding grenades indiscriminately.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eminent+Persons%27+displayed+lack+of+independence&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defense%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2008-04-26&rft.aulast=Dayasri&rft.aufirst=Gomin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defence.lk%2FPrintPage.asp%3Ffname%3D20080426_03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chattopadhyaya112-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chattopadhyaya112_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyaya1994">Chattopadhyaya 1994</a>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarvanathan18-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarvanathan18_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarvanathan2007">Sarvanathan 2007</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eelavar-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eelavar_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eelavar_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710174345/http://www.eelavar.com/jaffna/page.php?index=104">"Yarl-Paanam"</a>. Eelavar Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eelavar.com/jaffna/page.php?index=104">the original</a> on 10 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yarl-Paanam&rft.pub=Eelavar+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eelavar.com%2Fjaffna%2Fpage.php%3Findex%3D104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMONormals-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMONormals_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SriLanka/CSV/Jaffna_43404.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Jaffna"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991-2020+%E2%80%94+Jaffna&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-2-WMO-Normals-9120%2FSriLanka%2FCSV%2FJaffna_43404.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-records-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-records_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229081618/http://www.meteo.gov.lk/Up_Date/weather/Extreme%20Values.pdf">"Ever Recorded Daily Extreme Values"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Meteorology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteo.gov.lk/Up_Date/weather/Extreme%20Values.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ever+Recorded+Daily+Extreme+Values&rft.pub=Department+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteo.gov.lk%2FUp_Date%2Fweather%2FExtreme%2520Values.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabaratnam101-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sabaratnam101_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSabaratnam2001">Sabaratnam 2001</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Subramanian-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian1999" class="citation news cs1">Subramanian, T.S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Chronicle+of+murders&rft.date=1999-08-14&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Ffline%2Ffl1617%2F16171020.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=29473">"Jaffna Municipal Council election to be held soon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tamilnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamilnet">Tamilnet</a>. 28 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818063143/http://tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=29473">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jaffna+Municipal+Council+election+to+be+held+soon&rft.pub=Tamilnet&rft.date=2009-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnet.com%2Fart.html%3Fcatid%3D13%26artid%3D29473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130914212859/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20100324_05">"New Town Hall for the Jaffna Municipal Council"</a>. Ministry of Defence, Sri Lanka. 30 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20100324_05">the original</a> on 14 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Town+Hall+for+the+Jaffna+Municipal+Council&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2010-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defence.lk%2Fnew.asp%3Ffname%3D20100324_05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martyn44-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martyn44_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartyn2002">Martyn 2002</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"2.4 Population of principal towns by sex, census years". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110124074836/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/abstract2009/chapters/Chap2/AB2-4.pdf"><i>Statistical Abstract 2009</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Census and Statistics. 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Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/Preliminary%20Reports%20Special%20Enumeration%202007/Basic%20Population%20Information%20on%20Jaffna%20District%202007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Population+Information+on+Jaffna+District+%E2%80%93+2007&rft.pub=Department+of+Census+and+Statistics%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.lk%2FPopHouSat%2FPreliminary%2520Reports%2520Special%2520Enumeration%25202007%2FBasic%2520Population%2520Information%2520on%2520Jaffna%2520District%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlunkettEllemor2003">Plunkett & Ellemor 2003</a>, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library222-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Library222_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLibrary1880">Library 1880</a>, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLTD" class="citation web cs1">LTD, Lankacom PVT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=149851">"The Island"</a>. <i>island.lk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913205601/http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=149851">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=island.lk&rft.atitle=The+Island&rft.aulast=LTD&rft.aufirst=Lankacom+PVT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.island.lk%2Findex.php%3Fpage_cat%3Darticle-details%26page%3Darticle-details%26code_title%3D149851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130303/business-times/jaffna-wakes-up-to-tourism-but-long-way-to-go-34551.html">"Jaffna wakes up to tourism but long way to go | The Sundaytimes Sri Lanka"</a>. <i>sundaytimes.lk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510114505/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130303/business-times/jaffna-wakes-up-to-tourism-but-long-way-to-go-34551.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sundaytimes.lk&rft.atitle=Jaffna+wakes+up+to+tourism+but+long+way+to+go+%7C+The+Sundaytimes+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundaytimes.lk%2F130303%2Fbusiness-times%2Fjaffna-wakes-up-to-tourism-but-long-way-to-go-34551.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rail_track-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rail_track_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021043821/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/03/24/news02.asp">"Dailynews"</a>. <i>President requests patriotic citizens: Join us in building Northern rail track</i>. 24 March 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Express+ferry+service+between+Jaffna+and+Delft+Island&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymirror.lk%2Farticle%2FExpress-ferry-service-between-Jaffna-and-Delft-Island--122555.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBSCSSH-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JBSCSSH_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBSCSSH_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBSCSSH_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ft.lk/article/581491/Jaffna-becomes-a-Sister-City-of%C2%A0Sterling-Heights--United-States">"Jaffna becomes a Sister City of Sterling Heights, United States"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_FT" title="Daily FT">Daily FT</a></i>. 23 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123132913/http://www.ft.lk/article/581491/Jaffna-becomes-a-Sister-City-of%C2%A0Sterling-Heights--United-States">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+FT&rft.atitle=Jaffna+becomes+a+Sister+City+of+Sterling+Heights%2C+United+States&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.lk%2Farticle%2F581491%2FJaffna-becomes-a-Sister-City-of%25C2%25A0Sterling-Heights--United-States&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tamildiplomat.com/twin-city-agreement-signed-city-jaffna-city-kingston-london/">"Twin City Agreement signed between the City of Jaffna and City of Kingston in London"</a>. <i>tamildiplomat.com</i>. 19 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228193514/http://tamildiplomat.com/twin-city-agreement-signed-city-jaffna-city-kingston-london/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tamildiplomat.com&rft.atitle=Twin+City+Agreement+signed+between+the+City+of+Jaffna+and+City+of+Kingston+in+London&rft.date=2016-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftamildiplomat.com%2Ftwin-city-agreement-signed-city-jaffna-city-kingston-london%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbeysinghe2005" class="citation book cs1">Abeysinghe, Tikiri (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hsYLAAAAIAAJ&q=Jaffna+under+the+Portuguese"><i>Jaffna under the Portuguese</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamford Lake">Stamford Lake</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789555520003" title="Special:BookSources/9789555520003"><bdi>9789555520003</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75481767">75481767</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053220/https://books.google.com/books?id=hsYLAAAAIAAJ&q=Jaffna+under+the+Portuguese">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaffna+under+the+Portuguese&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=Stamford+Lake&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F75481767&rft.isbn=9789555520003&rft.aulast=Abeysinghe&rft.aufirst=Tikiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhsYLAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DJaffna%2Bunder%2Bthe%2BPortuguese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlden1996" class="citation cs2">Alden, Dauril (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nVIBhrRb9AC&q=Jaffnapatao&pg=PA152"><i>The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750</i></a>, Stanford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2271-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2271-4"><bdi>0-8047-2271-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053200/https://books.google.com/books?id=7nVIBhrRb9AC&q=Jaffnapatao&pg=PA152">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+an+Enterprise%3A+The+Society+of+Jesus+in+Portugal%2C+Its+Empire%2C+and+Beyond%2C+1540%E2%80%931750&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8047-2271-4&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=Dauril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nVIBhrRb9AC%26q%3DJaffnapatao%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2007" class="citation cs2">Carpenter, C (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC&q=Jaffna+city&pg=PA566"><i>World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Cavendish Corporation">Marshall Cavendish Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7631-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7631-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-7631-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053131/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC&q=Jaffna+city&pg=PA566">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Corporation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ZBaVhmRvCkC%26q%3DJaffna%2Bcity%26pg%3DPA566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyaya1994" class="citation cs2">Chattopadhyaya, H.P. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRU6QKPBTFQC&q=Jaffn+city"><i>Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations</i></a>, South Asia Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85880-52-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-85880-52-2"><bdi>81-85880-52-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053130/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRU6QKPBTFQC&q=Jaffn+city">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Unrest+in+Modern+Sri+Lanka%3A+An+Account+of+Tamil-Sinhalese+Race+Relations&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=81-85880-52-2&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMRU6QKPBTFQC%26q%3DJaffn%2Bcity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2005" class="citation cs2">Cohen, Roberta (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NUJfmOZQipkC&q=Jaffna"><i>The Forsaken People:The case studies of the internally displaced</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-1514-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-1514-5"><bdi>0-8157-1514-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053131/https://books.google.com/books?id=NUJfmOZQipkC&q=Jaffna">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forsaken+People%3AThe+case+studies+of+the+internally+displaced&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8157-1514-5&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNUJfmOZQipkC%26q%3DJaffna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Silva1981" class="citation cs2">De Silva, K.M.D (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65gegDaEsToC&q=Portuguese+%2B+jaffna&pg=RA1-PA117"><i>A History of Sri Lanka</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04320-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04320-0"><bdi>0-520-04320-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053132/https://books.google.com/books?id=65gegDaEsToC&q=Portuguese+%2B+jaffna&pg=RA1-PA117">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-520-04320-0&rft.aulast=De+Silva&rft.aufirst=K.M.D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65gegDaEsToC%26q%3DPortuguese%2B%252B%2Bjaffna%26pg%3DRA1-PA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_SilvaBeumer1997" class="citation cs2">De Silva, R.K.; Beumer, W.G.M. (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59AUAAAAIAAJ&q=jaffna+city+++Portuguese&pg=PA132"><i>Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon 1602–1796: A Comprehensive Work of Pictorial Reference With Selected Eye-Witness Accounts</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Academic Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08979-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08979-9"><bdi>90-04-08979-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053128/https://books.google.com/books?id=59AUAAAAIAAJ&q=jaffna+city+++Portuguese&pg=PA132">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrations+and+Views+of+Dutch+Ceylon+1602%E2%80%931796%3A+A+Comprehensive+Work+of+Pictorial+Reference+With+Selected+Eye-Witness+Accounts&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-08979-9&rft.aulast=De+Silva&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft.au=Beumer%2C+W.G.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59AUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Djaffna%2Bcity%2B%2B%2BPortuguese%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlayHoldsworth1924" class="citation cs2">Findlay, George Gillanders; Holdsworth, William West (1924), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwesley05finduoft/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The history of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society</i></a>, vol. 5, London:Epworth Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Wesleyan+Methodist+Missionary+Society&rft.pub=London%3AEpworth+Press&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Findlay&rft.aufirst=George+Gillanders&rft.au=Holdsworth%2C+William+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofwesley05finduoft%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunawardena2004" class="citation cs2">Gunawardena, C. A. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&q=Jaffna+city&pg=PA197"><i>Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka</i></a>, New Dawn Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932705-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-932705-48-1"><bdi>1-932705-48-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053134/https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&q=Jaffna+city&pg=PA197">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=New+Dawn+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-932705-48-1&rft.aulast=Gunawardena&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhWLQSMPddikC%26q%3DJaffna%2Bcity%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatiresu2004" class="citation cs2">Katiresu, A. (2004) [1905], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4_domy-aYsC&q=jaffna+++Morning+Star&pg=PA29"><i>A hand book to the Jaffna Peninsula and a souvenir of the opening of the railway to the North</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Educational_Services" title="Asian Educational Services">Asian Educational Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120618725" title="Special:BookSources/9788120618725"><bdi>9788120618725</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56367740">56367740</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053733/https://books.google.com/books?id=S4_domy-aYsC&q=jaffna+++Morning+Star&pg=PA29">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+hand+book+to+the+Jaffna+Peninsula+and+a+souvenir+of+the+opening+of+the+railway+to+the+North&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56367740&rft.isbn=9788120618725&rft.aulast=Katiresu&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS4_domy-aYsC%26q%3Djaffna%2B%2B%2BMorning%2BStar%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartyn2002" class="citation cs2">Martyn, John (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xoIcCReqErUC&q=Jaffna+city&pg=PA158"><i>Martyn's notes on Jaffna</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Educational_Services" title="Asian Educational Services">Asian Educational Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1670-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1670-7"><bdi>81-206-1670-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053642/https://books.google.com/books?id=xoIcCReqErUC&q=Jaffna+city&pg=PA158">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyn%27s+notes+on+Jaffna&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-206-1670-7&rft.aulast=Martyn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxoIcCReqErUC%26q%3DJaffna%2Bcity%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfaffenberger1982" class="citation cs2">Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wt2QgAACAAJ&q=Caste+in+Tamil+culture:The+Religious+foundations+of+Sudra+domination+in+Tamil+Sri+Lanka"><i>Caste in Tamil culture:The Religious foundations of Sudra domination in Tamil Sri Lanka</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915984-84-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-915984-84-9"><bdi>0-915984-84-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053643/https://books.google.com/books?id=-wt2QgAACAAJ&q=Caste+in+Tamil+culture:The+Religious+foundations+of+Sudra+domination+in+Tamil+Sri+Lanka">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste+in+Tamil+culture%3AThe+Religious+foundations+of+Sudra+domination+in+Tamil+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Syracuse+University&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-915984-84-9&rft.aulast=Pfaffenberger&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-wt2QgAACAAJ%26q%3DCaste%2Bin%2BTamil%2Bculture%3AThe%2BReligious%2Bfoundations%2Bof%2BSudra%2Bdomination%2Bin%2BTamil%2BSri%2BLanka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeebles2006" class="citation book cs1">Peebles, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SxO0eISluqEC&q=Media+in+Jaffna&pg=PA76"><i>The History of Sri Lanka</i></a>. USA: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33205-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33205-3"><bdi>0-313-33205-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053643/https://books.google.com/books?id=SxO0eISluqEC&q=Media+in+Jaffna&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-33205-3&rft.aulast=Peebles&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSxO0eISluqEC%26q%3DMedia%2Bin%2BJaffna%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlunkettEllemor2003" class="citation cs2">Plunkett, B.; Ellemor, R (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZuhdR2sEZ0C&q=Jaffna+%2B+%22nagavihara+international%22&pg=PA277"><i>Lonely Planet:Sri Lanka</i></a>, Lonely Planet Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-423-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-423-1"><bdi>1-74059-423-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053734/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZuhdR2sEZ0C&q=Jaffna+%2B+%22nagavihara+international%22&pg=PA277">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet%3ASri+Lanka&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-74059-423-1&rft.aulast=Plunkett&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Ellemor%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ZuhdR2sEZ0C%26q%3DJaffna%2B%252B%2B%2522nagavihara%2Binternational%2522%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasanayagam1926" class="citation cs2">Rasanayagam, C. (1926), <i>Ancient Jaffna</i>, Asian Educational Services (1993 reprint)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Jaffna&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services+%281993+reprint%29&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Rasanayagam&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoom2004" class="citation cs2">Room, Adrian (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&q=Jaffna+city&pg=PA179"><i>Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites</i></a>, McFarland & Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2248-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2248-3"><bdi>0-7864-2248-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053643/https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&q=Jaffna+city&pg=PA179">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World%3A+Origins+and+Meanings+of+the+Names+for+6%2C600+Countries%2C+Cities%2C+Territories%2C+Natural+Features+and+Historic+Sites&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7864-2248-3&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1JIPAN-eJ4C%26q%3DJaffna%2Bcity%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabaratnam2001" class="citation cs2">Sabaratnam, Lakshmanan (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKYgia9hiB0C&q=Jaffna+municipal+council&pg=PA101"><i>Ethnic Attachments in Sri Lanka: Social Change and Cultural Continuity</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29348-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-29348-8"><bdi>0-312-29348-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053729/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKYgia9hiB0C&q=Jaffna+municipal+council&pg=PA101">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Attachments+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Social+Change+and+Cultural+Continuity&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-312-29348-8&rft.aulast=Sabaratnam&rft.aufirst=Lakshmanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKYgia9hiB0C%26q%3DJaffna%2Bmunicipal%2Bcouncil%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarvanathan2007" class="citation book cs1">Sarvanathan, Muttukrishna (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234429/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/search-for-publications/browse-alphabetic-list-of-titles/?class_call=view&pub_ID=2554"><i>Economy of the conflict zone in Sri Lanka:From embargo to repression</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/East-West_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Center">East-West Center</a>, Washington D.C. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932728-72-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932728-72-9"><bdi>978-1-932728-72-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/search-for-publications/browse-alphabetic-list-of-titles/?class_call=view&pub_ID=2554">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economy+of+the+conflict+zone+in+Sri+Lanka%3AFrom+embargo+to+repression&rft.pub=East-West+Center%2C+Washington+D.C.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-932728-72-9&rft.aulast=Sarvanathan&rft.aufirst=Muttukrishna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastwestcenter.org%2Fpublications%2Fsearch-for-publications%2Fbrowse-alphabetic-list-of-titles%2F%3Fclass_call%3Dview%26pub_ID%3D2554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary1880" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryofunivers10newy"><i>Library of Universal Knowledge</i></a>. American Book Exchange. 1880. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryofunivers10newy/page/221">221</a>. <q>Population of Jaffna city.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Library+of+Universal+Knowledge&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=American+Book+Exchange&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryofunivers10newy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabry2003" class="citation book cs1">Fabry, Philippe (2003). <i>the Essential guide for Jaffna and its region</i>. Negombo: Viator Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-8736-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/955-8736-01-5"><bdi>955-8736-01-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Essential+guide+for+Jaffna+and+its+region&rft.place=Negombo&rft.pub=Viator+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=955-8736-01-5&rft.aulast=Fabry&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando1987" class="citation book cs1">Fernando, A. D. N. (1987). <i>Peninsular Jaffna from ancient to medieval times, Its significant historical and settlement aspects</i>. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peninsular+Jaffna+from+ancient+to+medieval+times%2C+Its+significant+historical+and+settlement+aspects&rft.pub=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Fernando&rft.aufirst=A.+D.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPujangga1997" class="citation book cs1">Pujangga, Putra (1997). <i>A requiem for Jaffna</i>. London: Anantham Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902098-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-902098-00-5"><bdi>1-902098-00-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+requiem+for+Jaffna&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Anantham+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-902098-00-5&rft.aulast=Pujangga&rft.aufirst=Putra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanagasingam2007" class="citation book cs1">Kanagasingam, Rajkumar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MrBi0ghiZN0C&q=german+memories+asia"><i>German Memories in Asia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>, USA: <a href="/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4343-1582-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4343-1582-3"><bdi>978-1-4343-1582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Memories+in+Asia&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana%2C+USA&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4343-1582-3&rft.aulast=Kanagasingam&rft.aufirst=Rajkumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMrBi0ghiZN0C%26q%3Dgerman%2Bmemories%2Basia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKannangara1984" class="citation book cs1">Kannangara, E. T. (1984). <i>Jaffna and the Sinhala Heritage</i>. Homagama.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaffna+and+the+Sinhala+Heritage&rft.place=Homagama&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Kannangara&rft.aufirst=E.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambiah2004" class="citation book cs1">Tambiah, H. W.. (2004). <i>The laws and customs of the Tamils of Jaffna</i>. Colombo: Women's Education and Research Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laws+and+customs+of+the+Tamils+of+Jaffna&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=Women%27s+Education+and+Research+Centre&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tambiah&rft.aufirst=H.+W..&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaffna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jaffna" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jaffna" title="Template:Jaffna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jaffna" title="Template talk:Jaffna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jaffna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jaffna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jaffna" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jaffna</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Tamil_conference_incident" title="1974 Tamil conference incident">Tamil conference incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Burning of Jaffna Public Library">Burning of Jaffna Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_University_Helidrop" title="Jaffna University Helidrop">Jaffna University Helidrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_hospital_massacre" title="Jaffna hospital massacre">Jaffna hospital massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffna_(1995)" title="Battle of Jaffna (1995)">Battle of Jaffna</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/125px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/188px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/250px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_Library,_Jaffna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Public_Library%2C_Jaffna.JPG/125px-Public_Library%2C_Jaffna.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Public_Library%2C_Jaffna.JPG/188px-Public_Library%2C_Jaffna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Public_Library%2C_Jaffna.JPG/250px-Public_Library%2C_Jaffna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suburbs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suburbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalai" title="Ariyalai">Ariyalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundikuli" title="Chundikuli">Chundikuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombuthurai" title="Colombuthurai">Colombuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurunagar" title="Gurunagar">Gurunagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokkuvil" title="Kokkuvil">Kokkuvil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondavil" title="Kondavil">Kondavil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navanthurai" title="Navanthurai">Navanthurai</a></li> <li>Passaiyoor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirunelvely_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirunelvely (Sri Lanka)">Thirunelvely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannarpannai" title="Vannarpannai">Vannarpannai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Municipal_Council" title="Jaffna Municipal Council">Jaffna Municipal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jaffna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Jaffna">Mayor of Jaffna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargills_Square" title="Cargills Square">Cargills Square</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hotels" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hotels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnanams_Hotel" title="Gnanams Hotel">Gnanams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetwing_Jaffna" title="Jetwing Jaffna">Jetwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Hotel" title="Subhas Hotel">Subhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilko_Jaffna_City_Hotel" title="Tilko Jaffna City Hotel">Tilko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum,_Jaffna" title="Archaeological Museum, Jaffna">Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Jaffna Public Library">Public Library</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalai_Siddhivinayakar_Temple" title="Ariyalai Siddhivinayakar Temple">Ariyalai Siddhivinayakar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Nallur Kandaswamy temple">Nallur Kandaswamy temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddanathar_Kovil" title="Saddanathar Kovil">Saddanathar Kovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Muthu_Vinayagar_Kovil" title="Sri Muthu Vinayagar Kovil">Sri Muthu Vinayagar Kovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James%27_Church,_Nallur" title="St. James' Church, Nallur">St. James' Church, Nallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Jaffna" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Jaffna">St. Mary's Cathedral, Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannarpannai_Vaitheeswaran_Temple" title="Vannarpannai Vaitheeswaran Temple">Vannarpannai Vaitheeswaran Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cankilian_Thoppu" title="Cankilian Thoppu">Cankilian Thoppu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Clock_Tower" title="Jaffna Clock Tower">Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Fort" title="Jaffna Fort">Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantri_Manai" title="Mantri Manai">Mantri Manai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Park" title="Old Park">Old Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_House,_Jaffna" title="Queen's House, Jaffna">Queen's House, Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_of_Jaffna_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruins of Jaffna kingdom">Ruins of Jaffna kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiliyan_Statue" title="Sangiliyan Statue">Sangiliyan Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniam_Park" title="Subramaniam Park">Subramaniam Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerasingam_Hall" title="Veerasingam Hall">Veerasingam Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_Eri" title="Yamuna Eri">Yamuna Eri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Teaching_Hospital" title="Jaffna Teaching Hospital">Jaffna Teaching Hospital</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Transport" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A9_highway_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="A9 highway (Sri Lanka)">A9 highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_railway_station" title="Jaffna railway station">Railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarl_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarl Devi">Yarl Devi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jaffna" title="University of Jaffna">University of Jaffna</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Schools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Central_College" title="Jaffna Central College">Central College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundikuli_Girls%27_College" title="Chundikuli Girls' College">Chundikuli Girls' College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Hindu_College" title="Jaffna Hindu College">Hindu College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Hindu_Ladies%27_College" title="Jaffna Hindu Ladies' College">Hindu Ladies' College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_Convent,_Jaffna" title="Holy Family Convent, Jaffna">Holy Family Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmania_College" title="Osmania College">Osmania College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshwara_College,_Jaffna" title="Parameshwara College, Jaffna">Parameshwara College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_Jaffna" title="St. John's College, Jaffna">St. John's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_College,_Jaffna" title="St. Patrick's College, Jaffna">St. Patrick's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaitheeswara_Vidyalayam" title="Vaitheeswara Vidyalayam">Vaitheeswara Vidyalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannarpannai_Navalar_Maha_Vidyalayam" title="Vannarpannai Navalar Maha Vidyalayam">Vannarpannai Navalar Maha Vidyalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembadi_Girls_High_School" title="Vembadi Girls High School">Vembadi Girls High School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(Sri_Lankan_newspaper)" title="Saturday Review (Sri Lankan newspaper)">Saturday Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siriththiran" title="Siriththiran">Siriththiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthayan" title="Uthayan">Uthayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jaffna" title="Category:Jaffna">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sri_Lankan_cities_with_a_50,000+_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_Sri_Lankan_cities" title="Template:Largest Sri Lankan cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_Sri_Lankan_cities" title="Template talk:Largest Sri Lankan cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_Sri_Lankan_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest Sri Lankan cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lankan_cities_with_a_50,000+_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan cities</a> with a 50,000+ population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehiwala-Mount_Lavinia" title="Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia">Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moratuwa" title="Moratuwa">Moratuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">50,000–249,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negombo" title="Negombo">Negombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmunai" title="Kalmunai">Kalmunai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavuniya" title="Vavuniya">Vavuniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katunayake" title="Katunayake">Katunayake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambulla" title="Dambulla">Dambulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonnawa" title="Kolonnawa">Kolonnawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnapura" title="Ratnapura">Ratnapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metropolitan_cities_of_Sri_Lanka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Municipalities_and_Urban_areas_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Municipalities and Urban areas of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_and_Urban_areas_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Municipalities and Urban areas of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_and_Urban_areas_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities and Urban areas of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metropolitan_cities_of_Sri_Lanka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Metropolitan cities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National capitals<sup>#</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a><sup>*</sup></b> <small>(Commercial)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></b> <small>(Administrative)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/80px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/160px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_councils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Municipal councils of Sri Lanka">Municipal councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jaffna</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnapura" title="Ratnapura">Ratnapura</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badulla" title="Badulla">Badulla</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurunegala" title="Kurunegala">Kurunegala</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaduwela,_Western_Province" title="Kaduwela, Western Province">Kaduwela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehiwala-Mount_Lavinia" title="Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia">Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moratuwa" title="Moratuwa">Moratuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negombo" title="Negombo">Negombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmunai" title="Kalmunai">Kalmunai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matara,_Sri_Lanka" title="Matara, Sri Lanka">Matara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gampaha" title="Gampaha">Gampaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale" title="Matale">Matale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkaraipattu" title="Akkaraipattu">Akkaraipattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandarawela" title="Bandarawela">Bandarawela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwara_Eliya" title="Nuwara Eliya">Nuwara Eliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambulla" title="Dambulla">Dambulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hambantota" title="Hambantota">Hambantota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban_councils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Urban councils of Sri Lanka">Urban councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambalangoda" title="Ambalangoda">Ambalangoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampara" title="Ampara">Ampara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangoda" title="Balangoda">Balangoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beruwala" title="Beruwala">Beruwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralesgamuwa" title="Boralesgamuwa">Boralesgamuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakachcheri" title="Chavakachcheri">Chavakachcheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilaw" title="Chilaw">Chilaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embilipitiya" title="Embilipitiya">Embilipitiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravur" title="Eravur">Eravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gampola" title="Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haputale" title="Haputale">Haputale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatton,_Sri_Lanka" title="Hatton, Sri Lanka">Hatton</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dickoya" title="Dickoya">Dickoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikkaduwa" title="Hikkaduwa">Hikkaduwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horana" title="Horana">Horana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja-Ela" title="Ja-Ela">Ja-Ela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadugannawa" title="Kadugannawa">Kadugannawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalutara" title="Kalutara">Kalutara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattankudy" title="Kattankudy">Kattankudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katunayake" title="Katunayake">Katunayake Seeduwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kegalle" title="Kegalle">Kegalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesbewa" title="Kesbewa">Kesbewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinniya" title="Kinniya">Kinniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonnawa" title="Kolonnawa">Kolonnawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuliyapitiya" title="Kuliyapitiya">Kuliyapitiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharagama" title="Maharagama">Maharagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Sri_Lanka" title="Mannar, Sri Lanka">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuwangoda" title="Minuwangoda">Minuwangoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawalapitiya" title="Nawalapitiya">Nawalapitiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panadura" title="Panadura">Panadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peliyagoda" title="Peliyagoda">Peliyagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Pedro" title="Point Pedro">Point Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttalam" title="Puttalam">Puttalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avissawella" title="Avissawella">Seethawakapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talawakelle" title="Talawakelle">Talawakelle</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lindula" title="Lindula">Lindula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangalle" title="Tangalle">Tangalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvettithurai" title="Valvettithurai">Valvettithurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavuniya" title="Vavuniya">Vavuniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattala" title="Wattala">Wattala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattegama" title="Wattegama">Wattegama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weligama" title="Weligama">Weligama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i><b>Note:</b></i> <sup>*</sup> also a <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of capitals in Sri Lanka">Provincial capital</a>, <sup>#</sup> also a Municipal council</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provincial_capitals_of_Sri_Lanka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provincial_capitals_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Provincial capitals of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provincial_capitals_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template 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title="Kurunegala">Kurunegala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badulla" title="Badulla">Badulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnapura" title="Ratnapura">Ratnapura</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/50px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/75px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/100px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215277#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215277#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215277#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/168085174">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1213731/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4436804-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81063327">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131774271">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131774271">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jaffna (Srí Lanka)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge445117&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5682284">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564532505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035260424">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&oldid=1258024570">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffna&oldid=1258024570</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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