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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Urban structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_reserves_and_commons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_reserves_and_commons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Natural reserves and commons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_reserves_and_commons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Service_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Service industries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_hospitality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_hospitality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Tourism and hospitality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_hospitality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Primary sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Renewable energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Radio stations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Arts and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arts and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Galleries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Events and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Other entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Cultural depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sport and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Suburbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Bus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Tram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Airport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling_and_walking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling_and_walking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.5 Cycling and walking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling_and_walking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ballarat</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بالارات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بالارات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Баларат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баларат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Баларат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Баларат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84" title="Μπαλαράτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαλαράτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="بلرت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلرت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B8%EB%9F%AC%EB%9E%AB" title="밸러랫 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밸러랫" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Բալլարատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բալլարատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F" title="बैलेरैट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैलेरैट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat,_Victoria" title="Ballarat, Victoria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ballarat, Victoria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Балларат – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Балларат" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="בלאראט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלאראט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat,_Victoria" title="Ballarat, Victoria – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ballarat, Victoria" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბალარატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბალარატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaratas" title="Balaratas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Balaratas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بالارات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بالارات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Балларат – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Балларат" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="バララット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バララット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="بالارت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بالارت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarat" title="Balarat – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Balarat" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Балларат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Балларат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="बल्लारत – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बल्लारत" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بەلێرات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەلێرات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Баларат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Баларат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ballarat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D3%99%D1%82" title="Бәлерәт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бәлерәт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ballarat" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ballarat&params=37_33_39_S_143_50_51_E_type:city(110000)_region:AU-VIC">37°33′39″S 143°50′51″E / 37.56083°S 143.84750°E / -37.56083; 143.84750</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ballaarat" redirects here. For the locomotive, see <a href="/wiki/Ballaarat_steam_engine" title="Ballaarat steam engine">Ballaarat steam engine</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ballarat (disambiguation)">Ballarat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Victoria, Australia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3em; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Ballarat <div style="font-weight:normal;font-size:88%">balla arat (<a href="/wiki/Wathawurrung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wathawurrung language">Wathawurrung</a>)</div><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_Panorama_(26278190346)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ballarat_Panorama_%2826278190346%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/258px-Ballarat_Panorama_%2826278190346%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ballarat_Panorama_%2826278190346%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/387px-Ballarat_Panorama_%2826278190346%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ballarat_Panorama_%2826278190346%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/516px-Ballarat_Panorama_%2826278190346%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5770" data-file-height="2258" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">City centre</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_Town_Hall_2011_004.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ballarat Town Hall"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ballarat_Town_Hall_2011_004.JPG/138px-Ballarat_Town_Hall_2011_004.JPG" decoding="async" width="138" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ballarat_Town_Hall_2011_004.JPG/207px-Ballarat_Town_Hall_2011_004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ballarat_Town_Hall_2011_004.JPG/276px-Ballarat_Town_Hall_2011_004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="2432" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Town Hall</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_Victoria_(60458582).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post Office"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ballarat_Victoria_%2860458582%29.jpeg/116px-Ballarat_Victoria_%2860458582%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="116" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ballarat_Victoria_%2860458582%29.jpeg/174px-Ballarat_Victoria_%2860458582%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ballarat_Victoria_%2860458582%29.jpeg/232px-Ballarat_Victoria_%2860458582%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1862" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Gallery" title="Post Office Gallery">Post Office</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_Station_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ballarat station"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ballarat_Station_-_panoramio.jpg/109px-Ballarat_Station_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ballarat_Station_-_panoramio.jpg/164px-Ballarat_Station_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ballarat_Station_-_panoramio.jpg/218px-Ballarat_Station_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1902" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ballarat_railway_station" title="Ballarat railway station">Ballarat station</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_Craig%27s_Hotel_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Craig's Royal Hotel"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ballarat_Craig%27s_Hotel_001.JPG/145px-Ballarat_Craig%27s_Hotel_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="145" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ballarat_Craig%27s_Hotel_001.JPG/218px-Ballarat_Craig%27s_Hotel_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ballarat_Craig%27s_Hotel_001.JPG/290px-Ballarat_Craig%27s_Hotel_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="2456" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Craig's Royal Hotel</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_Victoria_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ballarat is located in Victoria"><img alt="Ballarat is located in Victoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Australia_Victoria_location_map.svg/270px-Australia_Victoria_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Australia_Victoria_location_map.svg/405px-Australia_Victoria_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Australia_Victoria_location_map.svg/540px-Australia_Victoria_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="967" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.379%;left:33.479%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Ballarat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ballarat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ballarat&params=37_33_39_S_143_50_51_E_type:city(110000)_region:AU-VIC">37°33′39″S 143°50′51″E / 37.56083°S 143.84750°E / -37.56083; 143.84750</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">119,096 (2024) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">346.61/km2 (897.72/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1838</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_Australia" title="Postcodes in Australia">Postcode(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3350</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">435–630 m (1,427–2,067 ft) <a href="/wiki/Australian_Height_Datum" title="Australian Height Datum">AHD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">343.6 km2 (132.7 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ABSSUAProf-1">[1]</a> (2016 census – SUA)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia" title="Time in Australia">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC10" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC10">AEST</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+10">UTC+10</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC11" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC11">AEDT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+11">UTC+11</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> 110 km (68 mi) NW of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> </li><li> 82 km (51 mi) NW of <a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a> </li><li> 95 km (59 mi) SW of <a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a> </li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria" title="Local government in Victoria">LGA(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ballarat" title="City of Ballarat">City of Ballarat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grampians_(region)" title="Grampians (region)">Grampians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electorates of the Australian states and territories">State electorate(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Eureka" title="Electoral district of Eureka">Eureka</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Ripon" title="Electoral district of Ripon">Ripon</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Wendouree" title="Electoral district of Wendouree">Wendouree</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives">Federal division(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Ballarat" title="Division of Ballarat">Ballarat</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; border: 1px #ddd solid;"> <tbody><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;">Mean max temp</td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:34%;">Mean min temp</td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;">Annual rainfall</td> </tr><tr style="border: 1px #FFF solid" class="mergedrow"> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;"> 17.4 °C 63 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:34%;">7.1 °C 45 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;">688.7 mm 27.1 in</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Ballarat (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌbæləˈræt/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BAL-ə-RAT</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wathawurrung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wathawurrung language">Wathawurrung</a>: balla arat)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> is a city in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Victoria)" title="Central Highlands (Victoria)">Central Highlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, Australia. Ballarat has a population of 119,096<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> as of March 2024 making it the third-largest urban inland city in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and the third-largest city in Victoria. Within months of Victoria <a href="/wiki/History_of_Victoria#Separation_from_New_South_Wales" title="History of Victoria">separating</a> from the colony of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> in 1851, gold was discovered near Ballarat, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a>. Ballarat subsequently became a thriving <a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">boomtown</a> that for a time rivalled <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, the capital of Victoria, in terms of wealth and cultural influence. In 1854, following a period of civil disobedience in Ballarat over gold licenses, local miners launched an armed uprising against government forces. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a>, it led to the introduction of white male <a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">suffrage in Australia</a>, and as such is interpreted as the origin of <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in Australia">Australian democracy</a>. The rebellion's symbol, the <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Flag" title="Eureka Flag">Eureka Flag</a>, has become a national symbol. Proclaimed a city on 9 September 1870,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Ballarat's prosperity, unlike that of many other gold boomtowns, continued until the late 19th century, as the city's fields experienced sustained high gold yields for many decades. By the turn of the century, Ballarat's importance relative to Melbourne rapidly faded with the slowing of gold extraction. It has endured as a major regional centre and is the commercial capital and largest city of the Central Highlands, as well as a significant tourist destination. Ballarat is known for its history, culture and well-preserved colonial-era heritage, with much of the city subject to heritage overlays. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_European_settlement">Prehistory and European settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory and European settlement">edit</a>]</div> The Ballarat region was first populated by the <a href="/wiki/Wathaurong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wathaurong">Wadawurrung</a> people, an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australian</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-history-6">[6]</a> The first Europeans to sight the area were an August 1837 party of six men, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Livingstone_Learmonth" title="Thomas Livingstone Learmonth">Thomas Livingstone Learmonth</a> and Henry Anderson, who scaled <a href="/wiki/Mount_Buninyong" title="Mount Buninyong">Mount Buninyong</a>. Some of this party set off again in January 1838, this time with others including Thomas' brother Somerville Learmonth and William Cross Yuille and his cousin Archibald Buchanan Yuille.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The Yuille cousins<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> arrived in 1838 and took up a 10,000-acre (4,000 ha) sheep run at Ballarat.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The first houses were built near Woolshed Creek (Sebastopol) by Henry Anderson and taken over by the Yuilles.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> William Yuille established a hut on the northern edge of the swamp which would be called Yuille's Swamp, later Lake Wendouree.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Archibald Yuille named his property "Ballaarat", from the local <a href="/wiki/Wathaurong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wathaurong">Wathaurong</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Aboriginal</a> words, balla and arat, meaning a camping or 'resting place', with the word 'balla' meaning bent elbow.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Both 'Ballaarat' and 'Ballarat' were used interchangeably until the present spelling was officially adopted by the City of Ballarat in 1994, when the city amalgamated with surrounding local government areas.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_rush_era">Gold rush era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gold rush era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_1853-54_von_guerard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ballarat_1853-54_von_guerard.jpg/280px-Ballarat_1853-54_von_guerard.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ballarat_1853-54_von_guerard.jpg/420px-Ballarat_1853-54_von_guerard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ballarat_1853-54_von_guerard.jpg/560px-Ballarat_1853-54_von_guerard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Painting by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_von_Guerard" title="Eugene von Guerard">Eugene von Guerard</a> of Ballarat's tent city in the summer of 1853–54.</figcaption></figure> The first publicised discovery of gold in the region was by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hiscock" title="Thomas Hiscock">Thomas Hiscock</a> on 2 August 1851, in Buninyong to the south.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The find brought other prospectors to the area and on 19 August 1851, more gold was found at Poverty Point.<a href="#cite_note-The_Courier_1851-11-05-15">[15]</a> Within days, a gold rush began, bringing thousands of prospectors to the Yarrowee Valley, which became known as the Ballarat diggings. Yields were particularly high, with the first prospectors in the area extracting between half an ounce<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> (which was more than the average wage of the time) and up to five ounces of alluvial gold per day. As news of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a> reached the world, Ballarat gained an international reputation as a particularly rich goldfield. As a result, a huge influx of immigrants occurred, including many from Ireland and China, gathering in a collection of prospecting <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">shanty towns</a> around the creeks and hills. Within a few months, numerous alluvial runs were established, several deep mining leads began, and the population had swelled to over 1,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Ballarat_Population_1852-17">[17]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:758px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_George_Rowe_SLNSW_FL4317605.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bird's-eye view of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, 1858, by George Rowe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ballarat_George_Rowe_SLNSW_FL4317605.jpg/750px-Ballarat_George_Rowe_SLNSW_FL4317605.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ballarat_George_Rowe_SLNSW_FL4317605.jpg/1125px-Ballarat_George_Rowe_SLNSW_FL4317605.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ballarat_George_Rowe_SLNSW_FL4317605.jpg/1500px-Ballarat_George_Rowe_SLNSW_FL4317605.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5316" data-file-height="2220" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_George_Rowe_SLNSW_FL4317605.jpg" title="File:Ballarat George Rowe SLNSW FL4317605.jpg"> </a></div>Bird's-eye view of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, 1858, by George Rowe</div></div></div> The first post office opened on 1 November 1851, the first to open in a Victorian gold-mining settlement.<a href="#cite_note-a-18">[18]</a> Parts of the district were first surveyed by <a href="/wiki/William_Swan_Urquhart" title="William Swan Urquhart">William Urquhart</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> as early as October 1851.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> By 1852 his <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a> and wide streets for land sales in the new township of West Ballarat,<a href="#cite_note-Ballarat:_A_Guide_to_Buildings-21">[21]</a> built upon a <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, contrasted markedly with the existing narrow unplanned streets, tents, and gullies of the original East Ballarat settlement. The new town's main streets of the time were named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Police_commissioner" title="Police commissioner">police commissioners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold_commissioner" title="Gold commissioner">gold commissioners</a> of the time, with the main street, Sturt Street, named after <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pitfield_Shirley_Sturt" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn Pitfield Shirley Sturt">Evelyn Pitfield Shirley Sturt</a>; Dana Street named after <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dana" title="Henry Dana">Henry Dana</a>; Lydiard Street after his assistant; Doveton Street after Francis Crossman Doveton, Ballarat's first gold commissioner; Armstrong after David Armstrong; and Mair Street after William Mair.<a href="#cite_note-HIS_2011-10-22">[22]</a> These officials were based at the government encampment (after which nearby Camp Street was named), which was strategically positioned on an escarpment with an optimal view over the district's diggings. The first newspaper, The Banner, published on 11 September 1853, was one of many to be distributed during the gold-rush period. Print media played a large role in the early history of the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Ballarat attracted a sizable number of miners from the Californian 1848 gold rush, and some were known as Ballafornians.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg/280px-Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg/420px-Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg/560px-Eureka_stockade_battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption>Troopers storm the rebels' stockade during the 1854 <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a>.</figcaption></figure> Civil disobedience in Ballarat led to an armed civil uprising, the <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (colloquially referred to as the "Eureka Stockade") which took place in Ballarat on 3 December 1854. The event, in which 22 miners were killed, is considered to be a defining moment in Australian history. The city earned the nickname "The Golden City" in the 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The gold rush population peaked at almost 60,000, mostly male diggers, by 1858.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> However the early population was largely itinerant. As quickly as the alluvial deposits drew prospectors to Ballarat, the rate of gold extraction fluctuated and, as they were rapidly worked dry, many quickly moved to rush other fields as new findings were announced, particularly <a href="/wiki/Castlemaine,_Victoria" title="Castlemaine, Victoria">Mount Alexander</a> in 1852, <a href="/wiki/Fiery_Creek_(Victoria)" title="Fiery Creek (Victoria)">Fiery Creek</a><a href="#cite_note-Fiery_Creek_1855-11-03-27">[27]</a> in 1855, and <a href="/wiki/Ararat,_Victoria" title="Ararat, Victoria">Ararat</a> in 1857. By 1859, a smaller number of permanent settlers numbering around 23,000,<a href="#cite_note-The_Argus_1860-08-20-28">[28]</a> many of whom had built personal wealth in gold, established a prosperous economy based around a shift to <a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">deep underground gold mining</a>. Confidence of the city's early citizens in the enduring future of their city is evident in the sheer scale of many of the early public buildings, generous public recreational spaces, and opulence of many of its commercial establishments and private housing. A local steam locomotive industry developed from 1854 with the Phoenix Foundry operating until 1906.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The railway came to the town with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Geelong-Ballarat_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong-Ballarat railway line">Geelong–Ballarat line</a> in 1862 and Ballarat developed as a major <a href="/wiki/Railway_town" title="Railway town">railway town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rg-30">[30]</a> As the city grew the region's original indigenous inhabitants were quickly expelled to the fringe and by 1867 few remained.<a href="#cite_note-history-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_gold_rush">Post gold rush</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post gold rush">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dana_St_Ballarat_Victoria_c1872_63783.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dana_St_Ballarat_Victoria_c1872_63783.jpg/280px-Dana_St_Ballarat_Victoria_c1872_63783.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dana_St_Ballarat_Victoria_c1872_63783.jpg/420px-Dana_St_Ballarat_Victoria_c1872_63783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dana_St_Ballarat_Victoria_c1872_63783.jpg/560px-Dana_St_Ballarat_Victoria_c1872_63783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9480" data-file-height="7745" /></a><figcaption>Dana Street, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, c. 1872</figcaption></figure> From the late 1860s to the early 20th century, Ballarat made a successful transition from a gold rush town to an industrial-age city. The ramshackle tents and timber buildings gradually made way for permanent buildings, many impressive structures of solid stone and brick mainly built from wealth generated by early mining. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh</a> visited between 9 and 13 December 1867 and as the first royal visit, the occasion was met with great fanfare.<a href="#cite_note-Speak_Out_Boldly-31">[31]</a> The Prince Room was prepared at Craigs Royal Hotel for his stay.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The city's first civic centre—Prince Alfred Hall—erected over the Yarrowee between the two municipalities, was named in his honour during his visit. The later attempt by Ballaratian <a href="/wiki/Henry_James_O%27Farrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry James O'Farrell">Henry James O'Farrell</a> to assassinate the Prince was met with shock and great horror from locals.<a href="#cite_note-Speak_Out_Boldly-31">[31]</a> Ballarat was proclaimed a city in 1871. Gong Gong dam was built in 1877 to alleviate flooding and to provide a permanent water supply. A <a href="/wiki/Serviceton_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Serviceton railway line">direct railway to Melbourne</a> was completed in December 1889.<a href="#cite_note-newsrail-line-33">[33]</a> Many industries and workshops had been established as a result of manufacturing and servicing for the deep lead mining industry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sturt_and_lydiard_streets_in_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sturt_and_lydiard_streets_in_1899.jpg/220px-Sturt_and_lydiard_streets_in_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sturt_and_lydiard_streets_in_1899.jpg/330px-Sturt_and_lydiard_streets_in_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sturt_and_lydiard_streets_in_1899.jpg/440px-Sturt_and_lydiard_streets_in_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>The intersection of Lydiard and Sturt streets, c. 1905, shows a bustling city of trams, horses and pedestrians.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_North_Workshops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ballarat_North_Workshops.jpg/220px-Ballarat_North_Workshops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ballarat_North_Workshops.jpg/330px-Ballarat_North_Workshops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ballarat_North_Workshops.jpg/440px-Ballarat_North_Workshops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Development of the Ballarat North Workshops was a major initiative to capitalise on the city's burgeoning role as a railway town and transition from a declining gold mining industry.</figcaption></figure> Local <a href="/wiki/Boosterism" title="Boosterism">boosters</a> at the start of the 20th century adopted the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> of Australia", first used to describe Ballarat by the jurist and politician <a href="/wiki/John_Madden_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Madden (jurist)">Sir John Madden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The first electricity supply was completed in 1901, and that year a bluestone power station was built at the corner of Ripon Street and Wendouree Parade with the main aim of electrifying the city's tramway network.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-38">[38]</a> Despite such advancements, mining activity slowed at this time and Ballarat's growth all but stopped, leading to a decades-long period of decline. The <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_rail_disaster" title="Sunshine rail disaster">Sunshine rail disaster</a> in 1908 resulted in the death of dozens of Ballarat residents,<a href="#cite_note-age-39">[39]</a> and in August 1909, a great storm lashed the city, resulting in the death of one person and the injury of seven others, as well as the destruction of numerous homes.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Ballarat's significant representation in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> resulted in heavy human loss. Around this time, it was overtaken in population by the port city of <a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a>, further diminishing its provincial status.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In response, local lobbyists continually pushed the Victorian government for <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a>, the greatest success being the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Railways" title="Victorian Railways">Victorian Railways</a> opening the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_North_Workshops" title="Ballarat North Workshops">Ballarat North Workshops</a> in April 1917.<a href="#cite_note-lee144-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> proved a further setback for Ballarat, with the closure of many institutions and causing the worst unemployment in the city's history, with over a thousand people in the dole queue.<a href="#cite_note-Speak_Out_Boldly-31">[31]</a>: 38  The city's two municipalities, Ballarat East and West Town Councils, finally amalgamated in 1921 to form the City of Ballarat.<a href="#cite_note-Speak_Out_Boldly-31">[31]</a>: 32  While deep, the depression was also brief. The interwar period proved a period of recovery for Ballarat with a number of major infrastructure projects well underway including a new sewerage system. In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Airport" title="Ballarat Airport">Ballarat Airport</a> was established. By 1931, Ballarat's economy and population was recovering strongly with further diversification of industry, although in 1936 Geelong displaced it as the state's second largest city.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> During World War II an expanded Ballarat airport was the base of the <a href="/wiki/RAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF">RAAF</a> Wireless Air Gunners' School as well as the base for <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> Liberator bomber squadrons. In 1942, Ballarat became connected to the state electricity grid by a 66,000 kV line.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-38">[38]</a> Prior to this, power supply was generated locally. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Ballarat was the location of <a href="/wiki/List_of_RAAF_inland_aircraft_fuel_depots" title="List of RAAF inland aircraft fuel depots">RAAF No.1 Inland Aircraft Fuel Depot (IAFD)</a>, completed in 1942 in the defence of Australia against a Japanese invasion and decommissioned on 29 August 1944. Usually consisting of four tanks, 31 fuel depots were built across Australia for the storage and supply of aircraft fuel for the <a href="/wiki/RAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF">RAAF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Air_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Air Forces">US Army Air Forces</a> at a total cost of £900,000 ($1,800,000).<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> era, Ballarat's growth continued. In response to an acute housing shortage, significant suburban expansion occurred. An extensive <a href="/wiki/Housing_Commission_of_Victoria" title="Housing Commission of Victoria">Housing Commission of Victoria</a> estate was built on the former Ballarat Common (today known as <a href="/wiki/Wendouree_West,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendouree West, Victoria">Wendouree West</a>).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The estate was originally planned to contain over 750 prefabricated houses. While planning for the estate began in 1949, main construction occurred between 1951 and 1962. The 1950s brought a new optimism to the city. On 17 April 1952 it was announced that Lake Wendouree was to be the venue for rowing events of the 1956 Summer Olympics,<a href="#cite_note-Speak_Out_Boldly-31">[31]</a> and work soon began on an Olympic village in Gillies Street. A new prefabricted power terminal substation at Norman Street Ballarat North was constructed between 1951 and 1953 by the State Electricity Commission.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Begonia_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Begonia Festival">Begonia Festival</a>, a highly successful community celebration, was held in 1953. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> visited on 8 March 1954.<a href="#cite_note-Speak_Out_Boldly-31">[31]</a> The Civic Centre, Prince Alfred Hall had burned down suspiciously that year; however a new Civic Hall was constructed and opened in March 1955. On 23 November 1956, the Olympic torch was carried through the city, and the following day the rowing events were held at the lake.<a href="#cite_note-Speak_Out_Boldly-31">[31]</a> On 2 March 1958 the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Mother</a> visited Ballarat. During the following decades, the city saw increased threats to its heritage. In 1964, the Ballarat City Council passed laws banning pillar-supported verandahs in the CBD, which threatened the removal of historic cast iron verandahs in the city. The by-law was met by staunch opposition from the National Trust, which had begun campaigning to protect some of the city's most historic buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Speak_Out_Boldly-31">[31]</a>: 58  By the 1970s, Ballarat began to officially recognise its substantial heritage, and the first heritage controls were recommended to ensure its preservation. With the opening of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Hill" title="Sovereign Hill">Sovereign Hill</a>, the city made a rapid shift to become a major cultural tourist destination, visited by thousands each year. During the 1970s, a further 300 houses were constructed at Wendouree West. Private housing in the adjacent suburb of <a href="/wiki/Wendouree,_Victoria" title="Wendouree, Victoria">Wendouree</a> closely matched and eventually eclipsed this by the mid-1960s. The suburb of greater Wendouree and Wendouree West had evolved as the suburban middle-class heart of the city. <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles III of the United Kingdom">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> visited Ballarat on 28 October 1974 during which he toured Sovereign Hill, the Ballarat College of Advanced Education's new Mt Helen Campus and the White Swan Reservoir and spoke at Civic Hall.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Ballarat played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generation</a> throughout the 20th century, where the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Orphanage" title="Ballarat Orphanage">Ballarat Orphanage</a> saw Aboriginal children who had been taken from their families. The Ballarat and District Aboriginal Co-operative (BADAC) was established by members of the Ballarat and district Aboriginal community in 1979. It became a co-operative to deliver health, social, welfare and community development programs to local Aboriginal people. In 2017, local Aboriginal community elder Ted Lovett was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Australia_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Australia Medal">Order of Australia Medal</a> for services to the indigenous community and for his works in eliminating racism in sports in south-west Victoria. Karen Heap and Ted Lovett were listed on the Victoria's Aboriginal Honour Role both in part for their work at BADAC.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_St._Peter%27s_Anglican_Church,_Ballarat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/View_from_St._Peter%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Ballarat.jpg/220px-View_from_St._Peter%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Ballarat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/View_from_St._Peter%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Ballarat.jpg/330px-View_from_St._Peter%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Ballarat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/View_from_St._Peter%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Ballarat.jpg/440px-View_from_St._Peter%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Ballarat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3825" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>View of central Ballarat from St Peter's Anglican Church</figcaption></figure> The city continued to grow at the national average throughout the late 20th century and early 21st century. In 2008 the City of Ballarat released a plan directing that growth of the city over the next 30 years is to be concentrated to the west of the city centre. The Ballarat West Growth Area Plan was approved by the city and state government in 2010, planning an extensive fringe development consisting of 14,000 new homes and up to 40,000 new residents including new activity centres and employment zones.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_into_Institutional_Responses_to_Child_Sexual_Abuse#Catholic_Church_authorities_in_Ballarat" title="Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse">Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse</a> final report, published on 15 December 2017, found that 139 people made a claim of child sexual abuse to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ballarat" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ballarat">Diocese of Ballarat</a> between 1980 and 2015, and 21 alleged perpetrators were identified in these claims. Seventeen of the 21 alleged and convicted perpetrators were priests, which is 8.7% of the priests who ministered during this period.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> About 45 victims are estimated to have committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Warrenheip_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mount_Warrenheip_Victoria.jpg/220px-Mount_Warrenheip_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mount_Warrenheip_Victoria.jpg/330px-Mount_Warrenheip_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mount_Warrenheip_Victoria.jpg/440px-Mount_Warrenheip_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ballarat's skyline is hidden from this view of the city looking east across Lake Wendouree to Mount Warrenheip.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warrenheip_from_Dawson_St.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Warrenheip_from_Dawson_St.png/220px-Warrenheip_from_Dawson_St.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Warrenheip_from_Dawson_St.png/330px-Warrenheip_from_Dawson_St.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Warrenheip_from_Dawson_St.png/440px-Warrenheip_from_Dawson_St.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Mount Warrenheip dominating the skyline from Dawson Street, with the town hall clock tower on the right.</figcaption></figure> Ballarat lies at the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a> in Central Western Victoria. Also known as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Victoria)" title="Central Highlands (Victoria)">Central Highlands</a>, it is named so because of its elevated position and moderate hills and terrain with a lack of any alpine mountains that are situated a few hundred kilometres NE. The city lies within a mostly gently undulating section of the midland volcanic plains which stretch from Creswick in the north, to Rokewood in the south, and from Lal Lal in the south-east to Pittong in the west. Geologically, the area consists of alluvial sediment and volcanic flows originating from now-extinct volcanoes such as nearby Buninyong (750m, 2460 ft) and Warrenheip (746m, 2446 ft), which are the area's tallest peaks. As a result, the basin contains large areas of fertile agricultural soil.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Ballarat itself is situated on an alluvial basin of the Yarrowee catchment and its tributary creeks, penetrated by sub-ranges of schists composed of granites and quartz. Along with the visible river and creeks, the catchment basin has numerous active and inactive aquifers and natural wetlands, which are used for urban water supply, agriculture and recreation. There are numerous densely forested areas around Ballarat; however due to historic wood milling and land clearing there remain no old-growth forests. The major natural bodies of water are in the west and include the former shallow swamps of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Wendouree" title="Lake Wendouree">Lake Wendouree</a> which is central to the city's western suburbs and beyond Winter's Swamp and the large <a href="/wiki/Lake_Burrumbeet" title="Lake Burrumbeet">Lake Burrumbeet</a> wetland complex. Almost all of the other numerous bodies of water have been created artificially and include several reservoirs, the largest being the White Swan Reservoir and smaller suburban lakes such as Lake Esmond. The contiguous urban area of Ballarat covers approximately 90 km2 (35 sq mi) of the local government area's 740 km2 (286 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Land_Use-55">[55]</a> Approximately 90% of the urban area's land use is residential and suburban.<a href="#cite_note-Land_Use-55">[55]</a> From the city centre this area extends approximately 6 kilometres (4 miles) north to the hills around Invermay, approximately 7.5 km (4.7 mi) east to Leigh Creek in the foothills of Mount Warrenheip, approximately 7 km (4 mi) west along the plains to Lucas and approximately 8.5 km (5.3 mi) south along the Yarrowee River and Canadian Creek valley to the fringe of Buninyong.<a href="#cite_note-HIS_2011-10-22">[22]</a> The central city is situated low in the valley of the Yarrowee River and surrounded by hills such that the city skyline is visible only from the hills and the lower lying inner eastern suburbs. The reach of the Yarrowee River toward Ballarat Central becomes a stormwater drain and is completely covered over as it flows under the CBD. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_structure">Urban structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Urban structure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Central" title="Ballarat Central">Ballarat Central</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg/220px-Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg/330px-Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg/440px-Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Map of the urban area (grey) and the extent of the municipal area</figcaption></figure> The city is home to nationally significant heritage structures. These include the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Botanical_Gardens" title="Ballarat Botanical Gardens">Ballarat Botanical Gardens</a> (established 1857),<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> with the greatest concentration of public statuary,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> the official <a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers_Avenue" title="Prime Ministers Avenue">Prime Ministers Avenue</a>, the longest running lyric theatre building (Her Majesty's Theatre, established 1875),<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-58">[58]</a> the first municipal observatory, established 1886,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and the earliest and longest war memorial avenue (the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenue of Honour">Avenue of Honour</a>, established between 1917 and 1919).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Ballarat is a primarily low-rise city. The City of Ballarat defines two <a href="/wiki/Activity_centre" title="Activity centre">Major Activity Centres</a> within the urban area – the Central Business District (CBD) and Wendouree with a high concentration of business, retail and community function based primarily on the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_2030" title="Melbourne 2030">Melbourne 2030</a> planning model and a further 11 neighbourhood activity centres.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The tallest building in urban Ballarat is the seven-storey Henry Bolte wing of the Ballarat Base Hospital (1994). Beyond the central area, urban Ballarat extends into several suburban areas with a mixture of housing styles. Predominant styles are 19th-century villas, Victorian terraces,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Federation homes and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> red brick homes. Settlement patterns around Ballarat consist of small villages and country towns, some with less than a few thousand people. The central business district (located in <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Central" title="Ballarat Central">Ballarat Central</a>) is a large mixed-use office and retail district bounded to the north by railway lines, to the west by Drummond Street, to the south to Grant Street and to the east by Princes Street and spanning the floodplain of the Yarrowee River. Lydiard, Sturt Streets, Armstrong, Doveton, Dana Street and Bridge Street (known as Bridge Mall) along with the historic centre of East Ballarat—Main Street and Bakery Hill have retained stands of commercial and civic buildings of state and national heritage significance. The inner established suburbs were initially laid out around the key mining areas and include <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_East,_Victoria" title="Ballarat East, Victoria">Ballarat East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakery_Hill,_Victoria" title="Bakery Hill, Victoria">Bakery Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Point,_Victoria" title="Golden Point, Victoria">Golden Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Hill,_Victoria" title="Soldiers Hill, Victoria">Soldiers Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Hill,_Ballarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hill, Ballarat">Black Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_Hill,_Victoria" title="Brown Hill, Victoria">Brown Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eureka,_Victoria" title="Eureka, Victoria">Eureka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian,_Victoria" title="Canadian, Victoria">Canadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Victoria" title="Mount Pleasant, Victoria">Mount Pleasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redan,_Victoria" title="Redan, Victoria">Redan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastopol,_Victoria" title="Sebastopol, Victoria">Sebastopol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newington,_Victoria" title="Newington, Victoria">Newington</a>. The post gold rush era has seen a boom in expansion, extending the <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> north, south and west. To the west, Ballarat has expanded West to <a href="/wiki/Lucas,_Victoria" title="Lucas, Victoria">Lucas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredton,_Victoria" title="Alfredton, Victoria">Alfredton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delacombe,_Victoria" title="Delacombe, Victoria">Delacombe</a> To The North West <a href="/wiki/Wendouree,_Victoria" title="Wendouree, Victoria">Wendouree</a>, Wendouree West and <a href="/wiki/Miners_Rest,_Victoria" title="Miners Rest, Victoria">Miners Rest</a> To the north it has expanded to <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_North,_Victoria" title="Ballarat North, Victoria">Ballarat North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invermay_Park,_Victoria" title="Invermay Park, Victoria">Invermay Park</a>,<a href="#cite_note-id.com.au-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Invermay,_Victoria" title="Invermay, Victoria">Invermay, Victoria</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Invermay and <a href="/wiki/Nerrina,_Victoria" title="Nerrina, Victoria">Nerrina</a>; to the east to <a href="/wiki/Warrenheip,_Victoria" title="Warrenheip, Victoria">Warrenheip</a> and south to <a href="/wiki/Sebastopol,_Victoria" title="Sebastopol, Victoria">Sebastopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Clear,_Victoria" title="Mount Clear, Victoria">Mount Clear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Helen,_Victoria" title="Mount Helen, Victoria">Mount Helen</a> with the urban area encroaching the large town of <a href="/wiki/Buninyong,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Buninyong, Victoria">Buninyong</a>. Wendouree is currently the only major suburban activity centre with a large indoor shopping mall—Stockland Shopping Centre (expanded in 2007<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>) and also has a number of surrounding retail parks including a strip shopping centre along Howitt Street including the large retail chain <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Norman" title="Harvey Norman">Harvey Norman</a>. Elsewhere are small suburban hubs with supermarkets such as <a href="/wiki/IGA_(supermarkets)" class="mw-redirect" title="IGA (supermarkets)">IGA (supermarkets)</a> and small stretches of shopfronts. Unlike Melbourne, Ballarat does not have a defined <a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">urban growth boundary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> This has put continuing pressure on the city council to approve development applications for subdivisions outside of the city fringe. In response to lobbying by landholders, the Ballarat West Growth Area Plan, a major greenfield land development plan, was prepared and has approved by the city and state government to allow for planned fringe communities consisting of 14,000 new homes and up to 40,000 new residents, effectively doubling the city's urban area by extending the urban sprawl from Sebastopol, Delacombe and Alfredton west toward <a href="/wiki/Bonshaw,_Victoria" title="Bonshaw, Victoria">Bonshaw</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smythes_Creek,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smythes Creek, Victoria (page does not exist)">Smythes Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardigan,_Victoria" title="Cardigan, Victoria">Cardigan</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-51">[51]</a> with a new suburb to be known as <a href="/wiki/Lucas,_Victoria" title="Lucas, Victoria">Lucas</a> to be created.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> New activity centres have been developed at Delacombe and Alfredton. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lydiard_Street_South.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lydiard_Street_South.JPG/220px-Lydiard_Street_South.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lydiard_Street_South.JPG/330px-Lydiard_Street_South.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lydiard_Street_South.JPG/440px-Lydiard_Street_South.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Victorian era buildings</figcaption></figure> Ballarat is renowned for its Victorian architectural heritage. In 2003 Ballarat was the first of two Australian cities to be registered as a member of the International League of Historical Cities and in 2006 hosted the 10th World <a href="/wiki/League_of_Historical_Cities" title="League of Historical Cities">League of Historical Cities</a> Congress.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The city's history is a major focus of the <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_Research_Centre_in_Australian_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative Research Centre in Australian History">Collaborative Research Centre in Australian History</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Federation_University_Australia" title="Federation University Australia">Federation University Australia</a>, and is located at old <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Gaol" title="Ballarat Gaol">Ballarat Gaol</a>. The legacy of the wealth generated during Ballarat's gold boom is still visible in a large number of fine stone buildings in and around the city, especially in the Lydiard Street area. This precinct contains some of Victoria's finest examples of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> buildings, many of which are on the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Heritage_Register" title="Victorian Heritage Register">Victorian Heritage Register</a> or classified by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia" title="National Trust of Australia">National Trust of Australia</a>. Notable civic buildings include the Town Hall (1870–72), the former Post Office (1864), the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery (1887), the <a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanics' Institutes">Mechanics' Institute</a> (1860, 1869), the Queen Victoria Wards of the Ballarat Base Hospital (1890s) and the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_railway_station" title="Ballarat railway station">Ballarat railway station</a> (1862, 1877, 1888). Other historic buildings include the Provincial Hotel (1909), Reid's <a href="/wiki/Coffee_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee Palace">Coffee Palace</a> (1886), Craig's Royal Hotel (1862–1890) and Her Majesty's Theatre (1875), the oldest intact and operating lyric theatre in Australia<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-58">[58]</a> and Ballarat Fire Station (1864, 1911) one of Victoria's oldest fire fighting structures<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and the Jewish synagogue (1861) the oldest surviving synagogue on the Australian mainland.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VictorianBuilding0003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/VictorianBuilding0003.jpg/220px-VictorianBuilding0003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/VictorianBuilding0003.jpg/330px-VictorianBuilding0003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/VictorianBuilding0003.jpg/440px-VictorianBuilding0003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Streetscape with the former Post Office at the rear</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BallaratEastFireBrigade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BallaratEastFireBrigade.jpg/220px-BallaratEastFireBrigade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BallaratEastFireBrigade.jpg/330px-BallaratEastFireBrigade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BallaratEastFireBrigade.jpg/440px-BallaratEastFireBrigade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ballarat_East_Fire_Station" title="Ballarat East Fire Station">Ballarat East Fire Station</a>, the oldest continually operating fire station in the Southern Hemisphere, and the site of the first operational telephone, made by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a>.</figcaption></figure> Restoration of historic buildings is encouraged including a low interest council Heritage Loans Scheme.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and the prevention of demolition by neglect discouraged by council policies.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Since the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> the local council has become increasingly aware of the economic and social value of heritage preservation.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> This is in stark contrast to the 1950s and 60s when Ballarat followed Melbourne in encouraging the removal of Victorian buildings, verandahs in particular. Recent restoration projects funded by the Ballarat include the reconstruction of significant cast iron lace verandahs including the Mining Exchange, Art Gallery (2007), Mechanics institute (2005–)<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> on Lydiard Street and in 2010 the restoration of the Town Hall and the long neglected Unicorn Hotel façade on Sturt Street.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Ballarat Citizens for Thoughtful Development formed in 1998 and was incorporated as Ballarat Heritage Watch in 2005 to ensure that the city's architectural heritage is given due consideration in the planning process.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Botanical_Gardens" title="Ballarat Botanical Gardens">Ballarat Botanical Gardens</a> (established in 1858) are recognised as the finest example of a regional botanical gardens in Australia and are home to many heritage listed exotic tree species and feature a modern glasshouse and horticultural centre and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers_Avenue" title="Prime Ministers Avenue">Prime Ministers Avenue</a> which features bronze busts of every past Australian Prime Minister. Ballarat is notable for its very wide boulevards. The main street is Sturt Street with over 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) of central gardens known as the <a href="/wiki/Sturt_Street_Gardens" title="Sturt Street Gardens">Sturt Street Gardens</a> featuring bandstands, fountains, statues, monuments, memorials and lampposts. Ballarat is home to the largest of a collection of <a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_honour" title="Avenue of honour">Avenues of Honour</a> in Victoria. The 15-kilometre-long (9.3-mile) Ballarat Avenue of Honour consists of a total of approximately 4,000 trees, mostly <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> which in many parts arch completely over the road. Each tree has a bronze plaque dedicated to a soldier from the Ballarat region who enlisted during World War I. The Avenue of Honour and the Arch of Victory are on the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Heritage_Register" title="Victorian Heritage Register">Victorian Heritage Register</a> and are seen by approximately 20,000 visitors each year. The city also has the greatest concentration of public statuary in any Australian city with many parks and streets featuring sculptures and statues dating from the 1860s to the present. Some of the other notable memorials located in the <a href="/wiki/Sturt_Street_Gardens" title="Sturt Street Gardens">Sturt Street Gardens</a> in the middle of Ballarat's main boulevard include a bandstand situated in the heart of the city that was funded and built by the City of Ballarat Band in 1913 as a tribute to the bandsmen of the <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS Titanic</a>, a fountain dedicated to the early explorers <a href="/wiki/Burke_and_Wills" class="mw-redirect" title="Burke and Wills">Burke and Wills</a>, and those dedicated to monarchs and those who have played pivotal roles in the development of the city and its rich social fabric. These include, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lalor" title="Peter Lalor">Peter Lalor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Albert_Coates" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Albert Coates">Sir Albert Coates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Edward_Elliott" title="Harold Edward Elliott">Harold Edward Elliott</a> (Pompey Elliot), <a href="/wiki/William_Dunstan" title="William Dunstan">William Dunstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and more. Ballarat has an extensive array of significant war memorials, the most recent of which is the Australian <a href="/wiki/Ex_Prisoner_of_War_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex Prisoner of War Memorial">Ex Prisoner of War Memorial</a>. The most prominent memorial in the city is the Ballarat <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumphal Arch">Victory Arch</a> that spans the old Western Highway on the Western approaches of the city. The archway serves as the focal point for the Avenue of Honour. Other significant individual monuments located along Sturt Street include those dedicated to the Boer War (1899–1901), the World War II (1939–1945) cenotaph, and Vietnam (1962–1972) (located adjacent to the Arch of Victory). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Ballarat has a moderate oceanic climate (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Köppen-Geiger-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> with four distinct seasons. Its elevation, ranging between 400 and 630 metres (1,310 and 2,070 feet) above sea level, causes its mean monthly temperatures to tend to be on average 3 to 5 °C (5 to 9 °F) below those of Melbourne, especially in winter.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The mean daily maximum temperature for January is 25.1 °C (77 °F),<a href="#cite_note-ausbom-80">[80]</a> while the mean minimum is 10.9 °C (52 °F).<a href="#cite_note-ausbom-80">[80]</a> In July, the mean maximum is 10.0 °C (50 °F); average July minimum is 3.2 °C (38 °F). Ballarat has 55.2 clear days annually, with the grand majority in summer and early autumn. Ballarat has very rainy winters.<a href="#cite_note-ausbom-80">[80]</a> The city has a reputation for unpredictable and extreme weather, ranging from snowfall to intense heatwaves.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Perhaps the most infamous feature of Ballarat's climate is the chilly winter, often accentuated by driving winds.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 2023, a journalist for <a href="/wiki/ABC_Ballarat" title="ABC Ballarat">ABC Ballarat</a> wrote that Ballarat "is notorious for its frosty winters and the near year-round puffer jacket uniform of its residents". When measured by mean temperatures, Ballarat is the coldest city in Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oaks_and_fog_along_Lake_Wendouree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Oaks_and_fog_along_Lake_Wendouree.jpg/220px-Oaks_and_fog_along_Lake_Wendouree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Oaks_and_fog_along_Lake_Wendouree.jpg/330px-Oaks_and_fog_along_Lake_Wendouree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Oaks_and_fog_along_Lake_Wendouree.jpg/440px-Oaks_and_fog_along_Lake_Wendouree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5649" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a> is common on autumn and winter mornings but usually dissipates by mid-morning.</figcaption></figure> Temperatures can dip below freezing from May to September, however, a low of 0-2 °C is more common - widespread frosts and fog are a regular sight. Snowfall typically falls on nearby <a href="/wiki/Mount_Buninyong" title="Mount Buninyong">Mount Buninyong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Warrenheip" title="Mount Warrenheip">Mount Warrenheip</a> several times a year, but in the urban area only once or twice, particularly during heavy winters. Snow has been known to fall heavily with several centimetres accumulating even in the CBD. Heavy snow seasons occurred in 1900–1902 and 1905–1907 (with record falls in 1906), and moderate snow seasons were recorded during the 1940s and 1980s. Snowfalls in the urban area have occurred in recent years: November 2006 (light),<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> July 2007 (heavy),<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> June 2008 (light),<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> August 2008 (light),<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> August 2014 (moderate)<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and June 2016 (light),<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> July 2017 (light), June 2018 (moderate), May 2019 (light),<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and August and September 2020 (light and heavy).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sturt_street_snow_scene_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sturt_street_snow_scene_1905.jpg/220px-Sturt_street_snow_scene_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sturt_street_snow_scene_1905.jpg/330px-Sturt_street_snow_scene_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sturt_street_snow_scene_1905.jpg/440px-Sturt_street_snow_scene_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Snowy scene in Sturt Gardens in 1905</figcaption></figure>The mean annual rainfall is 693 millimetres (27.3 inches),<a href="#cite_note-ausbom-80">[80]</a> with August being the wettest month (75 mm or 3.0 in). There are an average of 198 rain-free days per year.<a href="#cite_note-ausbom-80">[80]</a> Like much of Australia, Ballarat experiences cyclical drought and heavy rainfall. Flooding of the Yarrowee catchment occurs occasionally. In 1869 a serious flood of the Yarrowee River put most of the lower section of the business district including Bridge and Grenville streets under water and caused the loss of two lives.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Prolonged drought (an average annual rainfall with falls averaging as low as 400 mm (16 in) per year since 2001) caused Lake Wendouree to dry up completely for the first time in its history between 2006 and 2007. More recently higher rainfall levels have been recorded including 95.0 mm (3.74 in) in the 24 hours to 9 am on 14 January 2011,<a href="#cite_note-bom.gov.au-94">[94]</a> ending a four-day period of flooding rains across much of Victoria and Tasmania,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and contributing to the wettest January on record, with a total of 206.0 mm (8.11 in) of rain for the month.<a href="#cite_note-bom.gov.au-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The city's mean daily wind run is 470 km,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> almost twice that of Melbourne, making it one of the windiest cities in Australia. This in turn causes warm summers to feel substantially cooler and near-freezing winter days to have a far below zero wind chill.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Ballarat's highest maximum recorded temperature was 44.1 °C (111 °F) on 7 February 2009 during the <a href="/wiki/2009_southeastern_Australia_heat_wave" title="2009 southeastern Australia heat wave">2009 southeastern Australia heat wave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burea_of_Meteorology-Heat_Wave-101">[101]</a> The lowest recorded minimum was −6.0 °C (21 °F) on 21 July 1982.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Aerodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballarat Aerodrome">Ballarat Aerodrome</a>, elev. 435 m (1,427 ft), (1991–2020 means, extremes 1951–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0 (107.6) </td> <td style="background: #DB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.1 (111.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9 (100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3 (99.1) </td> <td style="background: #E30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.5 (110.3) </td> <td style="background: #DB0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.1 (111.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 (37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 (33.3) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1 (24.6) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5 (23.9) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6 (23.7) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0 (21.2) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6 (23.7) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6 (25.5) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−6.0 (21.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.1 (1.78) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.5 (1.56) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (1.24) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.4 (1.67) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.4 (1.98) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.2 (2.37) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.4 (2.42) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.5 (2.62) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.2 (2.72) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.8 (2.12) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5 (2.15) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.2 (1.82) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">620.9 (24.44) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #3C3CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.8 </td> <td style="background: #1616FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.2 </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.9 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.6 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.8 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">160.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average afternoon <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 3 P.M.) </th> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Dew point at 3 P.M.)<a href="#cite_note-BoM-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_reserves_and_commons">Natural reserves and commons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Natural reserves and commons">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BallaratTownCommon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BallaratTownCommon.jpg/220px-BallaratTownCommon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BallaratTownCommon.jpg/330px-BallaratTownCommon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BallaratTownCommon.jpg/440px-BallaratTownCommon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ballarat Town Common in autumn 2018</figcaption></figure> While there are no national parks in Ballarat's proximity, Ballarat is bordered by extensive bushland to the north, south and south west and sensitive <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> to the east. The most central park to the city is the 130 ha Victoria Park, with a plethora of ovals and fields, playgrounds, walking tracks and quiet roads. There are a number of nearby state parks and large reserves including the <a href="/wiki/Enfield_State_Park" title="Enfield State Park">Enfield State Park</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Creswick Regional Park, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Warrenheip" title="Mount Warrenheip">Mount Warrenheip</a> Flora Reserve, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Buninyong" title="Mount Buninyong">Mount Buninyong</a> Reserve and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Burrumbeet" title="Lake Burrumbeet">Lake Burrumbeet</a> park. There are also smaller parks, like Black Hill, Victoria Park, Pioneer Park and Yarowee Reserve, located within walking distance of the city centre. Ballarat is unique in Australia—and internationally—for having retained much of its <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a> land, which can be used by any resident of Ballarat. Ballarat Town Common, Ballarat West Town Common and Ballarat Common are located to the west of the city. Ballarat Town Common can be accessed via Howe Street in Miners Rest and is used by dog walkers and ramblers, especially because of its open grass fields and native wetland. Ballarat West Town Common is presently farmed on by licensed farmers.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The commons were reduced in size during the 20th century for property development.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The region is home to a large <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koala</a> population with protected areas established in the city's outer southern and eastern settlements.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koala_Plan-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pollution">edit</a>]</div> Air quality in Ballarat is generally good,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> however dust is sometimes an issue in the summer months<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and woodsmoke from <a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">fireplaces</a> contributes to reductions in visibility in the winter months.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Ballarat's waterways have historically been affected by heavy pollution from both mining and industry.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The Ballarat Environment Network formed in 1993 to provide a voice for environmental and <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">nature conservation</a> issues in Ballarat and its surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Another large lobby group for <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> in the city is the Ballarat Renewable Energy And Zero Emissions (BREAZE) formed in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The City of Ballarat released an Environment Sustainability Strategy for the city in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Many parts of urban Ballarat have been affected by the introduction of exotic species, particularly introduced flora. <a href="/wiki/Common_gorse" class="mw-redirect" title="Common gorse">Common gorse</a> is one such problem which has prompted the formation of an official Ballarat Region Gorse Task Force in 1999 to control.<a href="#cite_note-Environment_Victoria_2010-12-13-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_rabbit" title="European rabbit">European rabbits</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> cause significant environmental damage in the region's agriculture areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> The economy of Ballarat is driven by all three <a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">economic sectors</a>, though contemporary Ballarat has emerged as a primarily <a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">service economy</a> with its main <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industry</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Service_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Service industry">service industry</a> and its key areas of business including <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_services" title="Professional services">professional services</a>, government administration and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>. <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sector">Secondary sector</a> including <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, which had grown in the 20th century remains an important sector. The city's historic <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sector">primary sector</a> roots including <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> continue to play a role, though one that has declined since the 20th century. Industries emerging this century include <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> service sector and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_industries">Service industries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Service industries">edit</a>]</div> As a major service centre for the populous goldfields region, Ballarat has large sectors of employment in business including retail, professional services and <a href="/wiki/Tradespeople" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradespeople">trades</a> as well as state and federal government branch offices for <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-government</a> <a href="/wiki/Service_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Service organisation">service organisations</a>. Collectively these industries employ more than half of the city's workforce and generate the bulk of the city's economic activity. Ballarat is the main retail economy in the region. The city has several key retail districts including a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian mall">pedestrian mall</a> known as Bridge Mall comprising over 100 traders. There are also indoor shopping malls including Central Square Shopping Centre and <a href="/wiki/Stockland_Wendouree" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockland Wendouree">Stockland Wendouree</a>. better known as Wendouree Village, with a large number of <a href="/wiki/Specialty_store" title="Specialty store">specialty stores</a>. Major department stores include <a href="/wiki/Myer" title="Myer">Myer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Target_Australia" title="Target Australia">Target</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_W" title="Big W">Big W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kmart_Australia" title="Kmart Australia">Kmart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Norman" title="Harvey Norman">Harvey Norman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harris_Scarfe" title="Harris Scarfe">Harris Scarfe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Additionally each of the major supermarkets (<a href="/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets" title="Coles Supermarkets">Coles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolworths_(supermarket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolworths (supermarket)">Woolworths</a>, <a href="/wiki/IGA_(Australian_supermarket_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="IGA (Australian supermarket group)">IGA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aldi" title="Aldi">Aldi</a>) are represented. Servicing the financial sector are branches of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(banks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Four (banks)">big four</a> Australian retail banks (<a href="/wiki/National_Australia_Bank" title="National Australia Bank">National Australia Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia_%26_New_Zealand_Banking_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia & New Zealand Banking Group">ANZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank" title="Commonwealth Bank">Commonwealth Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westpac" title="Westpac">Westpac</a>) along with <a href="/wiki/Bendigo_%26_Adelaide_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendigo & Adelaide Bank">Bendigo & Adelaide Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_George_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="St George Bank">St George Bank</a> and a number of smaller independent financial services firms. <a href="/wiki/Federation_University_Australia" title="Federation University Australia">Federation University Australia</a> exports education through a large international students program and throughout Australia through <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a> programs. In recent years, a large technology park, the Ballarat Technology Park with communications centre has been established, with tenants including <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and employing over 1,400 people.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Ballarat West Employment Zone (BWEZ) is located on the north-west fringe of Ballarat, adjacent to the Ballarat Airport, existing rail infrastructure and the Ballarat Western Link Road.<a href="#cite_note-development.vic.gov.au-123">[123]</a> Ballarat West Employment Zone (BWEZ) will become the engine room for jobs and economic growth in Ballarat over the next 20 years. The project involves the development of surplus Crown Land for industrial, wholesale, logistics, construction, commercial and residential uses, encouraging employment growth in Ballarat and the surrounding region. BWEZ will also include a freight hub, secure infrastructure and access to road, rail and ports.<a href="#cite_note-development.vic.gov.au-123">[123]</a> Businesses located un BWEZ include CHS Broadbent, Westlab Pty Ltd, Agrimac, Milestone Benchtops, Kane Transport and Office Vision. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tourism_and_hospitality">Tourism and hospitality</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism and hospitality">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sovereign_Hill_(4278666452).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sovereign_Hill_%284278666452%29.jpg/220px-Sovereign_Hill_%284278666452%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sovereign_Hill_%284278666452%29.jpg/330px-Sovereign_Hill_%284278666452%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sovereign_Hill_%284278666452%29.jpg/440px-Sovereign_Hill_%284278666452%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Main Street in Sovereign Hill, a large open-air gold mining museum, is Ballarat's most famous attraction.</figcaption></figure> Ballarat attracts 2.2 million visitors a year<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and the tourism and hospitality industry is a <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>480 million a year sector which accounts for around 15% of Ballarat's economy and employs around 2,870 people.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Tourism in Ballarat is promoted by Ballarat Regional Tourism.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> A significant <a href="/wiki/Heritage_tourism" title="Heritage tourism">heritage tourism</a> industry has not grown substantially in Ballarat since the 1960s. Ballarat is most notable for the award-winning <a href="/wiki/Open-air_museum" title="Open-air museum">open-air museum</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Hill" title="Sovereign Hill">Sovereign Hill</a>, a recreated 1850s gold mining settlement opened in 1970. Sovereign Hill is Ballarat's biggest tourism drawcard and is consistently rated among the best outdoor museums in the world and continues to expand. Sovereign Hill accounts for over half a million of Ballarat's visitors and $40 million in tourism revenue.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Several businesses and attractions have capitalised on Ballarat's gold mining history. They include <a href="/wiki/Kryal_Castle" title="Kryal Castle">Kryal Castle</a> (1972), "Gold Rush Mini Golf" (2002) featuring the "Big Miner" (2006) one of <a href="/wiki/Australia%27s_big_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia's big things">Australia's big things</a> (although the original proposal appeared larger and for the miner to hold the Eureka Flag)<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> at Ballarat's eastern entrance. Other tourist attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Centre" title="Eureka Centre">Eureka Centre</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Gold_Museum,_Ballarat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Gold Museum, Ballarat (page does not exist)">The Gold Museum, Ballarat</a>;<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Ballarat Botanic gardens and Lake Wendouree; the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Tramway_Museum" title="Ballarat Tramway Museum">Ballarat Tramway Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Wildlife_Park" title="Ballarat Wildlife Park">Ballarat Wildlife Park</a>. A large number of Ballarat hotels, motels and restaurants service the tourism industry. The Ballarat Tourist Association is an industry based non-profit, membership organisation representing the city's tourism industry. Ballarat hosts a number of annual festivals with historical and cultural focus including the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Begonia_Festival" title="Ballarat Begonia Festival">Ballarat Begonia Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Heritage_Weekend" title="Ballarat Heritage Weekend">Ballarat Heritage Weekend</a> and Ballarat Beat Rockabilly Festival.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Manufacturing">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 Australian Census</a>, manufacturing is Ballarat's sixth largest employment sector, accounting for 7% of all workers.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Ballarat attracts investment from several international manufacturers. The Australian headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Mars,_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars, Incorporated">Mars, Incorporated</a> was established in Ballarat in 1979 with the main Ballarat factory producing popular confectionery including <a href="/wiki/Mars_bar" title="Mars bar">Mars bars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Snickers" title="Snickers">Snickers</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%26M%27s" title="M&M's">M&M's</a> for the Australian market as well as expanding in 2013 to produce <a href="/wiki/Maltesers" title="Maltesers">Maltesers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/McCain_Foods_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="McCain Foods Limited">McCain Foods Limited</a> Australian headquarters was established in Ballarat in 1970 and the company continues to expand its operations.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_North_Workshops" title="Ballarat North Workshops">Ballarat North Workshops</a> is a major manufacturer of public transportation products with current investment from <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Ballarat also has a large number of home-grown companies producing textiles, general industrial engineering, food products, brick and tiles, building components, prefabricated housing components and automotive components. <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> was once a large-scale operation, with many large businesses including the public company Phoenix Brewery, and although large-scale brewing has ceased, the city retains a substantial <a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">microbrewery</a> industry.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sector">Primary sector</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Primary sector">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_%22Welcome_Nugget%22_Replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_%22Welcome_Nugget%22_Replica.jpg/220px-The_%22Welcome_Nugget%22_Replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_%22Welcome_Nugget%22_Replica.jpg/330px-The_%22Welcome_Nugget%22_Replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_%22Welcome_Nugget%22_Replica.jpg/440px-The_%22Welcome_Nugget%22_Replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4050" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the "<a href="/wiki/Welcome_Nugget" title="Welcome Nugget">Welcome Nugget</a>", found at Ballarat, the second-largest gold nugget discovered in recorded history</figcaption></figure> Though historically an important sector, the production of Ballarat's primary sector declined for many decades, recovering only marginally since 2006.<a href="#cite_note-ballarat.vic.gov.au-137">[137]</a> Where historically the mining industry supported tens of thousands of workers or the majority of the population, today agriculture dominates the sector, though collectively both industries employ less than thousand people or just over 2% of the City of Ballarat's total workforce.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Ballarat rose to prominence as a goldrush boomtown, though gold no longer plays a pivotal role in the economy of the city. Nevertheless, deep underground mining continues to the present date with a single main mine operating. There are still thought to be large, undiscovered gold reserves in the Ballarat region, with investigations being made by local and national companies.<a href="#cite_note-The_Age_2010-02-20-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lihir_Gold" title="Lihir Gold">Lihir Gold</a> invested in Ballarat Goldfields in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> however it downscaled its operations in 2009 due to the expense of extraction<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> before selling its stake in 2010 to Castlemaine Goldfields.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Along with gold, lignite (coal), kaolin (clay) and iron ore have also been mined in the Ballarat region and nearby <a href="/wiki/Lal_Lal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Lal">Lal Lal</a> however many of the resource deposits have since been exhausted. An active quarrying industry with large enterprises including <a href="/wiki/Boral" title="Boral">Boral</a> Limited<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> extracts and manufactures building materials from the Ballarat region, including clays, aggregates, cements, asphalts. Approximately half (38,000 hectares or 94,000 acres) of the municipality's area is rural with optimal conditions for agriculture including rich volcanic soils and climate.<a href="#cite_note-ballarat.vic.gov.au-137">[137]</a> This area is used primarily for agriculture and animal husbandry and generates more than $37 million in commodities.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The region supports an active potato growing industry that has supplied local food manufacturers including McCain, though more recently has been threatened by cheaper imports.<a href="#cite_note-Courier_2014-02-04-145">[145]</a> Other large crops include grains, vegetables, grapes and berries. Cattle and poultry stocks, including sheep, cows and pigs, support an active local meat and dairy industry. The Ballarat Livestock Selling Centre is the largest cattle exchange in regional Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The Ballarat Agricultural and Pastoral Society formed in 1856<a href="#cite_note-Ballarat_Agricultural_Society-147">[147]</a> and has run the Ballarat Show annually since 1859.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> A$7.5 million<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> forestry industry is active in nearby state forests as well as on a small scale in the urban area along the Canadian Valley around the suburbs of Mt Clear and Mt Helen areas with pine plantations and sawmill operations.<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Valley_Pines-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renewable_energy">Renewable energy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Renewable energy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waubra_Wind_Farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Waubra_Wind_Farm.jpg/220px-Waubra_Wind_Farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Waubra_Wind_Farm.jpg/330px-Waubra_Wind_Farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Waubra_Wind_Farm.jpg/440px-Waubra_Wind_Farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Part of the Waubra Wind Farm</figcaption></figure> The Ballarat region has a rapidly growing renewable energy industry, in particular due to its abundant wind energy, attracting significant investment and generating revenue for local landholders and local councils. The region is also a source of bountiful geothermal energy,<a href="#cite_note-geothermal-151">[151]</a> solar power<a href="#cite_note-geothermal-151">[151]</a> and biomass<a href="#cite_note-Biomass_2010-10-20-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biomass_Agribusiness_2012-05-09-153">[153]</a> although to date, only its wind, solar and hydroelectricity has been harvested commercially. All local commercially produced electricity is sent to the <a href="/wiki/National_Electricity_Market" title="National Electricity Market">National Electricity Market</a>. Wind energy is generated by local wind farms. The largest, <a href="/wiki/Waubra_Wind_Farm" title="Waubra Wind Farm">Waubra Wind Farm</a>, completed in 2009, is capable of producing enough electricity to power a city 3 to 4 times the size of Ballarat.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Other significant nearby wind farms include <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mercer_Wind_Farm" title="Mount Mercer Wind Farm">Mount Mercer</a>, completed 2014, which produces enough energy to power 100,000 homes, equivalent to Ballarat's population.<a href="#cite_note-Mount_Mercer_Wind_Farm-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mount_Mercer_Wind_Farm_2007-04-13-156">[156]</a> The first community-owned wind farm in Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_Wind_Project" title="Hepburn Wind Project">Hepburn Wind Project</a> at <a href="/wiki/Leonards_Hill,_Victoria" title="Leonards Hill, Victoria">Leonards Hill</a>, completed in 2011, produces the equivalent amount of electricity used by the town of <a href="/wiki/Daylesford,_Victoria" title="Daylesford, Victoria">Daylesford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hepburn_Wind_2008-07-25-157">[157]</a> Hydroelectricity is generated at White Swan reservoir micro hydro plant established in 2008 and producing the equivalent electricity needs of around 370 homes.<a href="#cite_note-CHW_Hydro-158">[158]</a> Ballarat Solar Park, opened in 2009 at the Airport site in Mitchell Park, is Victoria's first ground-mounted, flat-plate and grid-connected photovoltaic farm. Built by <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp Corporation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Origin_Energy" title="Origin Energy">Origin Energy</a>, it is 14,993 m2 (161,380 sq ft) and generates the equivalent electricity needs of around 150 homes.<a href="#cite_note-Solar_Park_2009-11-27-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_St_Peters_Anglican_Church.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ballarat_St_Peters_Anglican_Church.JPG/220px-Ballarat_St_Peters_Anglican_Church.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ballarat_St_Peters_Anglican_Church.JPG/330px-Ballarat_St_Peters_Anglican_Church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ballarat_St_Peters_Anglican_Church.JPG/440px-Ballarat_St_Peters_Anglican_Church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3556" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>St Peter's Anglican Church, which represents the second most common religious affiliation in Ballarat</figcaption></figure> Ballarat is the 4th largest inland city in Australia, and the 3rd largest Victorian city behind Melbourne and Geelong. According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 census</a>, there were 111,973 people in Ballarat,<a href="#cite_note-Age_The_Courier_2007-05-02-160">[160]</a> a moderate increase from 105,471 in June 2018.<a href="#cite_note-ABSSUA-161">[161]</a> This follows annual growth of 1.78% since June 2013 (slightly faster than the national rate of 1.56% during the same period).<a href="#cite_note-ABSSUA-161">[161]</a> The recently accelerated growth rate has been attributed by demographers to increased commuter activity arising from surging house and land prices in Melbourne coupled with public transport improvements between Ballarat and Melbourne.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While most of the city's population can trace their ancestry to Anglo-Celtic descent, 16.3% of the population are born overseas.<a href="#cite_note-Age_The_Courier_2007-05-02-160">[160]</a> These include people from England (2.1%), India (1.6%), New Zealand (0.9%), China (0.6%), and the Philippines (0.6%).<a href="#cite_note-Age_The_Courier_2007-05-02-160">[160]</a> 8.2% speak a language other than English.<a href="#cite_note-Age_The_Courier_2007-05-02-160">[160]</a> 18.8% of the population is over the age of 65.<a href="#cite_note-Age_The_Courier_2007-05-02-160">[160]</a> The median age in Ballarat is 38 years.<a href="#cite_note-Age_The_Courier_2007-05-02-160">[160]</a> Ballarat's ethnic make up is partly the result of the mid 19th Century gold rush, where people of Celtic, Anglo-Saxon and East Asian descent emigrated here in the hope of landing a fortune. The median income of the local government area of Ballarat in 2019-2010 was $A50,767.<a href="#cite_note-Income_The_Courier_2010-09-14-162">[162]</a> According to the 2021 Census, Ballarat's working population include Professionals (22.8%), Community and Personal Service Workers (13.8%), Technicians and Trades Workers (13.8%), Clerical and Administrative Workers (12.3%), and Managers (11.2%).<a href="#cite_note-Age_The_Courier_2007-05-02-160">[160]</a> The unemployment rate in 2021 was 4.8%.<a href="#cite_note-Age_The_Courier_2007-05-02-160">[160]</a> 21.9% of the population have completed further education after high school.<a href="#cite_note-Age_The_Courier_2007-05-02-160">[160]</a> Christianity is the most common religion in Ballarat. Catholics (21.3%), <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> (7.9%) and the <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniting Church">Uniting Church</a> (4.7%) were the largest Christian denominations. 47.6% stated they had no religion and a further 5.9% did not answer the question. .<a href="#cite_note-Age_The_Courier_2007-05-02-160">[160]</a> According to the 2017 Victorian Population Health Survey, Ballarat is home to the fifth largest community of LGBTIQA+ people by LGA in the State.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_Central_VIC_3350,_Australia_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ballarat_Central_VIC_3350%2C_Australia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/170px-Ballarat_Central_VIC_3350%2C_Australia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ballarat_Central_VIC_3350%2C_Australia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/255px-Ballarat_Central_VIC_3350%2C_Australia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ballarat_Central_VIC_3350%2C_Australia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/340px-Ballarat_Central_VIC_3350%2C_Australia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Ballarat Town Hall</figcaption></figure> Council Chamber in Ballarat Town Hall, Sturt Street, is the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_local_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of local government">seat of local government</a> for the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ballarat" title="City of Ballarat">City of Ballarat</a>. The council was created in 1994 as an amalgamation of a number of other municipalities in the region. The city is made up of 3 <a href="/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (country subdivision)">wards</a>, each represented by three <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">councillors</a> elected once every four years by <a href="/wiki/Postal_voting" title="Postal voting">postal voting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Ballarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Ballarat">Mayor of Ballarat</a>, currently Des Hudson, is elected from these councillors by their colleagues for a one-year term. The Town Hall and annexe contains some council offices, however the council's administrative headquarters are located at the council owned Phoenix Building and the leased Gordon Buildings on the opposite side of Bath Lane.<a href="#cite_note-Council_Offices-165">[165]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Victoria" title="Politics of Victoria">state politics</a>, Ballarat is located in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly" title="Victorian Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> districts of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Eureka" title="Electoral district of Eureka">Eureka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Wendouree" title="Electoral district of Wendouree">Wendouree</a>, with both of these seats currently held by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">federal politics</a>, Ballarat is located in a single <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> division—the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Ballarat" title="Division of Ballarat">Division of Ballarat</a>. The Division of Ballarat has been a safe <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> seat since 2001,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> and was the seat of the second <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> is overseen from regional police headquarters at the law complex in Dana Street with a single local police station operating in Buninyong. Due to an increase in crime rates and population, two additional local police stations were proposed in 2011 one each for the suburbs of North Ballarat and Sebastopol.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Justice is conducted locally overseen through branches of the Supreme, County, Magistrates and Children's Court of Victoria which operate out of the Ballarat courts Complex adjacent police headquarters in Dana Street.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Corrections, at least in the longer term are no longer handled locally since the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Gaol" title="Ballarat Gaol">Ballarat Gaol</a> in 1965. Offenders can be detained in 25 available cells at the police complex though are commonly transferred to nearby <a href="/wiki/Corrections_Victoria" title="Corrections Victoria">Corrections Victoria</a> facilities such as the <a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Correctional_Centre_(Ararat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopkins Correctional Centre (Ararat)">Hopkins Correctional Centre</a> in Ararat.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety">Public safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency services">emergency services</a> are provided by several state funded organisations including local volunteer based organisations. Storms and flooding are handled by the <a href="/wiki/State_Emergency_Service" title="State Emergency Service">State Emergency Service</a> (SES) Mid West Region Headquarters at Wendouree. Bushfires are handled by the <a href="/wiki/Country_Fire_Authority" title="Country Fire Authority">Country Fire Authority</a> District 15 Headquarters and Grampians Region Headquarters at Wendouree<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> and urban structure fires are handled by multiple urban fire brigades operating at fire stations including the Ballarat Fire Brigade at Barkly Street Ballarat East, Ballarat City Fire Brigade at Sturt Street Ballarat Central and suburban stations including Wendouree and Sebastopol. Medical emergency and paramedic services are provided through <a href="/wiki/Ambulance_Victoria" title="Ambulance Victoria">Ambulance Victoria</a> and include the <a href="/wiki/Rural_Ambulance_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Ambulance Victoria">Rural Ambulance Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._John_Ambulance" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John Ambulance">St. John Ambulance</a> and Ballarat Base Hospital ambulance services.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> City of Ballarat is responsible for coordinating the Municipal Emergency Management Planning Committee (MEMPC) which prepares the Municipal Emergency Management Plan which is actioned in conjunction with local police.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> Ballarat has two local newspapers, one owned by Australian Community Media and one a private equity. <a href="/wiki/The_Courier_(Ballarat)" title="The Courier (Ballarat)">The Courier</a> is a daily and The Ballarat Times News Group is a free weekly. The latter is distributed across most of the city on Thursday and contains news of community events, advertisements for local businesses, and a classifieds section. Ballarat was the hub of Australian Community Media's Victoria production and manufacturing with all printed material for the state coming from the Wendouree print site until it closed in September 2020. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_stations">Radio stations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Radio stations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_house_ballarat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Radio_house_ballarat.jpg/170px-Radio_house_ballarat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Radio_house_ballarat.jpg/255px-Radio_house_ballarat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Radio_house_ballarat.jpg/340px-Radio_house_ballarat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Radio House, Lydiard Street North. Home to 3BA and Power FM</figcaption></figure> Local radio stations include 3BA, Power FM and several community radio stations. There is also a Ballarat branch of <a href="/wiki/ABC_Local_Radio" title="ABC Local Radio">ABC Local Radio</a>'s national network. <ul><li>102.3 FM – 3BA (local "classic hits" commercial radio station)</li> <li>103.1 FM – Power FM 103.1 FM (local "top-40" commercial radio station)</li> <li>99.9 FM – <a href="/wiki/Voice_FM_99.9" title="Voice FM 99.9">Voice FM 99.9</a> – formerly known as 3BBB (local community radio station)</li> <li>107.9 FM – <a href="/wiki/ABC_Ballarat" title="ABC Ballarat">ABC Ballarat</a> (government-funded local news, current affairs, light entertainment and talkback)</li> <li>103.9 FM – <a href="/wiki/Good_News_Radio_103.9" title="Good News Radio 103.9">Good News Radio 103.9</a> (Christian community-based radio station)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> Television station <a href="/wiki/VTV_(TV_station)#BTV-6_Ballarat_&_Western_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="VTV (TV station)">BTV Channel 6 Ballarat</a> commenced transmission of test patterns on 17 March 1962. Today Ballarat is serviced by numerous "free to air" High Definition and Standard Definition Digital television services. Two television broadcasting stations are located in the city, including <a href="/wiki/WIN_Television" title="WIN Television">WIN</a>, <a href="/wiki/WIN_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="WIN HD">WIN HD</a>, <a href="/wiki/9Life" title="9Life">9Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/9Go!" title="9Go!">9Go!</a> and <a href="/wiki/9Gem" title="9Gem">9Gem</a> (sub-licensees of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven</a>, <a href="/wiki/7HD" class="mw-redirect" title="7HD">7HD</a>, <a href="/wiki/7two" title="7two">7two</a>, <a href="/wiki/7mate" title="7mate">7mate</a>, <a href="/wiki/7Bravo" title="7Bravo">7Bravo</a> and <a href="/wiki/7flix" title="7flix">7flix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a> owned and operated). These two stations broadcast relayed services throughout regional Victoria. The city also receives <a href="/wiki/10_(Southern_Cross_Austereo)" title="10 (Southern Cross Austereo)">Southern Cross 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="10 HD">10 HD</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_Peach" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Peach">10 Peach</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_Bold" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Bold">10 Bold</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_Shake" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Shake">10 Shake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_News_Regional" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky News Regional">Sky News Regional</a> (sub-licensees of <a href="/wiki/Network_10" title="Network 10">Network 10</a>) which is based in <a href="/wiki/Bendigo,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendigo, Victoria">Bendigo</a> but operates a local office. Ballarat television maintains a similar schedule to the national television network but maintains local commercials and regional news programming. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VTV_(TV_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="VTV (TV station)">WIN</a> previously presented a 30-minute local <a href="/wiki/WIN_News" title="WIN News">WIN News</a> bulletin from its studios in the city, where WIN News bulletins for <a href="/wiki/Albury" title="Albury">Albury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gippsland" title="Gippsland">Gippsland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepparton,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepparton, Victoria">Shepparton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mildura" title="Mildura">Mildura</a> were also broadcast. In 2015, the Ballarat studios closed with production of the regional Victorian news bulletins being relocated to <a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a> in New South Wales, where they now originate from.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> WIN retains reporters and camera crews for its Ballarat bulletin in the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLV/BCV" title="GLV/BCV">Southern Cross 10</a>, airs short local news updates like Seven throughout the day, broadcast from its Hobart studios.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven</a> airs short local news and weather updates throughout the day, broadcast from its <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> studios with an office in the city.</li></ul> In addition to commercial television services, Ballarat receives Government funded <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a> (ABC TV, ABC TV Plus, ABC Kids, ABC Me, ABC News) and <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a> (SBS TV, SBS Viceland, SBS World Movies, SBS WorldWatch, SBS Food and NITV) television services. On 5 May 2011, analog television transmissions ceased in most areas of regional Victoria and some border regions including Ballarat and surrounding areas. All local free-to-air television services are now broadcasting in digital transmission only. This was done as part of the federal government's plan for <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_Australia" title="Digital terrestrial television in Australia">digital terrestrial television in Australia</a>, where all analogue transmission systems are gradually turned off and replaced with modern <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> transmission systems. Subscription television services are provided by <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_Cable" title="Neighbourhood Cable">Neighbourhood Cable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a> and <a href="/wiki/SelecTV_(Australian_television)" title="SelecTV (Australian television)">SelecTV</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ballarat" title="Education in Ballarat">Education in Ballarat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Ballarat_SMB_Campus_Lydiard_Street_Sth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/University_of_Ballarat_SMB_Campus_Lydiard_Street_Sth.jpg/220px-University_of_Ballarat_SMB_Campus_Lydiard_Street_Sth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/University_of_Ballarat_SMB_Campus_Lydiard_Street_Sth.jpg/330px-University_of_Ballarat_SMB_Campus_Lydiard_Street_Sth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/University_of_Ballarat_SMB_Campus_Lydiard_Street_Sth.jpg/440px-University_of_Ballarat_SMB_Campus_Lydiard_Street_Sth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federation_University_Australia" title="Federation University Australia">Federation University Australia</a>'s SMB campus is set among heritage buildings, including the former School of Mines and Industry (left).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg/220px-Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg/330px-Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg/440px-Ballarat_mechanics_institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Ballarat Mechanics' Institute</figcaption></figure> Ballarat has two universities, <a href="/wiki/Federation_University_Australia" title="Federation University Australia">Federation University</a> and a campus of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Catholic_University" title="Australian Catholic University">Australian Catholic University</a>. Formerly the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ballarat" title="University of Ballarat">University of Ballarat</a>, Federation University Australia was opened in 2014. It originated as the Ballarat School of Mines, founded in 1870, and was once affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>. The main campus is located in Mount Helen, approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) southeast of the city. The university also has campuses in the Ballarat CBD, <a href="/wiki/Horsham,_Victoria" title="Horsham, Victoria">Horsham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berwick,_Victoria" title="Berwick, Victoria">Berwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisbane, Queensland">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Victoria" title="Churchill, Victoria">Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ararat,_Victoria" title="Ararat, Victoria">Ararat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stawell,_Victoria" title="Stawell, Victoria">Stawell</a>. The Australian Catholic University's Ballarat campus is located on Mair Street. It was formerly the Aquinas Training College, run by the Ballarat East <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy" title="Sisters of Mercy">Sisters of Mercy</a> in 1909. It is ACU's only campus located outside of a capital city. Ballarat has five State Government-operated secondary schools of which <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_High_School" title="Ballarat High School">Ballarat High School</a> (established in 1907) is the oldest. Ballarat High School and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Clear_College" title="Mount Clear College">Mount Clear College</a> are the only state school members of the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Associated_Schools" title="Ballarat Associated Schools">Ballarat Associated Schools</a>. The three remaining schools are <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_P-12_Community_College" title="Phoenix P-12 Community College">Phoenix College</a> and the two newly formed schools Mount Rowan Secondary College and Woodmans Hill Secondary College which emerged from the old Ballarat Secondary College.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Phoenix College was formed in 2012 as an amalgamation of Sebastopol College and Redan Primary School.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The city is well serviced by Catholic schools, with eight primary schools and three secondary colleges which include the all-boys <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College,_Ballarat" title="St Patrick's College, Ballarat">St Patrick's College</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> the all-girls <a href="/wiki/Loreto_College,_Victoria" title="Loreto College, Victoria">Loreto College</a> and the co-educational <a href="/wiki/Damascus_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Damascus College">Damascus College</a>, which was formed by the amalgamation of St Martin's in the Pines, <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College,_Ballarat" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's College, Ballarat">St Paul's College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_College,_Ballarat" title="Sacred Heart College, Ballarat">Sacred Heart College</a> in 1995. Ballarat has three other non-government secondary schools: Ballarat Christian College, <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Clarendon_College" title="Ballarat Clarendon College">Ballarat Clarendon College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Grammar_School" title="Ballarat Grammar School">Ballarat Grammar School</a>. The later two schools are day and boarding schools who provide education from Preschool to Year 12. Both of these co-educational schools are classified as academically excellent as the only Ballarat schools to be ranked on the tables of the top 100 Victorian schools based on median VCE scores and percentage of scores of 40 and above. In 2015, Clarendon was placed at 9th best VCE results in the State, above <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Grammar_School" title="Melbourne Grammar School">Melbourne Grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Geelong_College" class="mw-redirect" title="The Geelong College">Geelong College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotch_College,_Melbourne" title="Scotch College, Melbourne">Scotch College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Grammar_School_(Victoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Grammar School (Victoria)">Trinity Grammar School (Victoria)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xavier_College" title="Xavier College">Xavier College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haileybury,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Haileybury, Melbourne">Haileybury College</a>. Ballarat Grammar was placed at 82nd, above <a href="/wiki/Wesley_College_(Victoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesley College (Victoria)">Wesley College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geelong_Grammar_School" title="Geelong Grammar School">Geelong Grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tintern_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Tintern Schools">Tintern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The City of Ballarat has three public libraries, the largest and most extensive of which is the Ballarat Library, run by the City of Ballarat and located on Doveton Street North.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Another library service is provided by the Ballarat <a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanics' Institute">Mechanics' Institute</a> in Sturt Street, which is the oldest library in the city and a significant heritage site; it contains a collection of historic, archival and rare reference material as well as more general books. The <a href="/wiki/Xin_Jin_Shan_Chinese_Library" title="Xin Jin Shan Chinese Library">Xin Jin Shan Chinese Library</a> opened in 2022. It contains over 240,000 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese-language</a> books, reportedly the largest collection in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Arts and culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_fine_art_gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ballarat_fine_art_gallery.jpg/220px-Ballarat_fine_art_gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ballarat_fine_art_gallery.jpg/330px-Ballarat_fine_art_gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ballarat_fine_art_gallery.jpg/440px-Ballarat_fine_art_gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Fine_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballarat Fine Art Gallery">Ballarat Fine Art Gallery</a>, the oldest and largest art gallery in regional Australia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galleries">Galleries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Galleries">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Ballarat" title="Art Gallery of Ballarat">Art Gallery of Ballarat</a> houses one of Australia's oldest and most extensive collections of early Australian works. It is the oldest and largest regional gallery in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Federation_University_Australia" title="Federation University Australia">Federation University Australia</a> operates the <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Gallery" title="Post Office Gallery">Post Office Gallery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/William_Wardell" title="William Wardell">Wardell</a>-designed former Post Office on the corner of Sturt and Lydiard Streets.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Her_majestys_ballarat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Her_majestys_ballarat.jpg/220px-Her_majestys_ballarat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Her_majestys_ballarat.jpg/330px-Her_majestys_ballarat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Her_majestys_ballarat.jpg/440px-Her_majestys_ballarat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Her Majesty's Theatre, built in 1875</figcaption></figure> Ballarat has a lively and well-established theatrical community, with several local ensembles as well as a number of large <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> venues. Major performing arts venues include the 900-capacity Her Majesty's Theatre, the Wendouree Centre for Performing Arts, Mary's Mount Theatre, and the Post Office Box Theatre.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some notable theatre organisations in Ballarat include Ballarat National Theatre (since 1938);<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> BLOC (Ballarat Light Opera Company; since 1959);<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> the amateur theatre troupe Creswick Theatre Company (since 1981);<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> and the female-led boutique company, Salty Theatre (established 2018).<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The Ballarat Civic Hall is a large public building constructed in 1958 as a general purpose venue. Its stripped classical design was heavily criticised during its planning, however it has gained some cultural significance to the city with its cavernous spaces holding many significant events over the years. Civic Hall was closed in 2002 and public pressure forced the council to redevelop it in 2018<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> as a modern performing arts and exposition centre. The refurbished building is a modern interpretation of its original 1950s built form and features a 1000 capacity main hall capable of use for concerts, meetings and civic events.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Regent Cinemas, which opened in the heart of the city in 1928, was once the largest <a href="/wiki/Picture_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture palace">picture palace</a> in regional Victoria, with nearly 2,000 seats in <a href="/wiki/Stalls_(theatre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalls (theatre)">stalls</a> and balcony.<a href="#cite_note-kirkham2024-190">[190]</a> It was designed by noted Melbourne theatre architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cedric_Heise_Ballantyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cedric Heise Ballantyne (page does not exist)">Cedric Heise Ballantyne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ct-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-kirkham2024-190">[190]</a> and who was also responsible designing the <a href="/wiki/Regent_Theatre,_Melbourne" title="Regent Theatre, Melbourne">Regent Theatre</a> on <a href="/wiki/Collins_Street,_Melbourne" title="Collins Street, Melbourne">Collins Street, Melbourne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kirkham2024-190">[190]</a> After the interiors were damaged by fire in 1943 (although the front <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">facade</a> survived), the architectural firm Cowper, Murphy & Appleford redesigned the building. <a href="/wiki/Hoyts" title="Hoyts">Hoyts</a> ran the cinema from its inception until it closed the venue in 1964<a href="#cite_note-ct-191">[191]</a> or 1970. It was acquired and renovated by the Anderson family, who reopened it in 1976. It was completely refurbished and the interiors redesigned to create a <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)" title="Multiplex (movie theater)">multiplex</a> containing three separate theatres in 1986, and a further three screens were added in the early 2000s. The facade remained intact, and the sign at its entrance showed the words "The Regent Multiplex", while the vertical sign simply said "Regent". On 24 June, the owners announced the closure of the cinema, effective immediately, to the dismay of many patrons and the mayor of Ballarat.<a href="#cite_note-kirkham2024-190">[190]</a> Ballarat has its own symphony orchestra, the Ballarat Symphony Orchestra, which was formed in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The city has several dance clubs as well as a highly active live music and jazz scene.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_and_festivals">Events and festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Events and festivals">edit</a>]</div> Ballarat is home to many annual festivals and events that attract thousands of visitors. The oldest large annual event is the Ballarat Agricultural Show (since 1859), currently held at the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Showgrounds" title="Ballarat Showgrounds">Ballarat Showgrounds</a> and has attracted attendances of up to 30,000 and is an official <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">public holiday</a> for residents of the city.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Ballarat is home to Australia's oldest and largest annual performing arts <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">eisteddfod</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_South_Street_Eisteddfod" title="Royal South Street Eisteddfod">Royal South Street Eisteddfod</a> is an all-encompassing performing arts festival and competition event that is conducted over twelve weeks annually.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> From the late 1880s, there were annual competitions run by the <a href="/wiki/South_Street_Society" title="South Street Society">South Street Society</a>, later revived as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_South_Street_Eisteddfod" title="Royal South Street Eisteddfod">Royal South Street Eisteddfod</a> (in recess in 2020 due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria">COVID-19 restrictions</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beggs_avenue_ballarat_showgrounds_from_ferris_wheel_during_ballarat_show.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Beggs_avenue_ballarat_showgrounds_from_ferris_wheel_during_ballarat_show.jpg/220px-Beggs_avenue_ballarat_showgrounds_from_ferris_wheel_during_ballarat_show.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Beggs_avenue_ballarat_showgrounds_from_ferris_wheel_during_ballarat_show.jpg/330px-Beggs_avenue_ballarat_showgrounds_from_ferris_wheel_during_ballarat_show.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Beggs_avenue_ballarat_showgrounds_from_ferris_wheel_during_ballarat_show.jpg/440px-Beggs_avenue_ballarat_showgrounds_from_ferris_wheel_during_ballarat_show.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Annual Agricultural Society Show at Ballarat Showgrounds, Wendouree</figcaption></figure> Lake Wendouree is featured in many including the biggest and most prominent is the <a href="/wiki/Begonia_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Begonia Festival">Begonia Festival</a> (held annually since 1953).<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> SpringFest (held annually since 2001) attracts more than 15,000 people from around Victoria<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> and features market stalls and activities around the lake. The Ballarat Swap Meet (formerly the Super Southern Swap Meet and held annually since 1989) attracts 30,000 visitors a year.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Heritage_Weekend" title="Ballarat Heritage Weekend">Ballarat Heritage Weekend</a> (held annually since 2006) celebrates the city's heritage with activities such as historic vehicles and displays in and around the CBD and has attracted as many as 14,500 visitors a year from around Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> The Ballarat Beer Festival at the City Oval (since 2012) has attracted more than 4,000 visitors.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The Ballarat Airport Open Day (Ballarat's unofficial air show, held annually since 2009) also attracts thousands.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Other minor cultural festivals include the Ballarat Writers Festival, <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_International_Foto_Biennale" title="Ballarat International Foto Biennale">Ballarat International Foto Biennale</a> and the Goldfields Music Festival.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_entertainment">Other entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other entertainment">edit</a>]</div> In the 1970s the Ballarat urban area contained around 60 hotels. The introduction of gaming machines in the early 1990s has brought about significant change in the city entertainment precincts. By 2006 at least 20 hotels had closed and some of the remaining ones had been redeveloped as dining and/or gaming venues. Gaming machines brought significant revenue to the remaining hotels, sports and social clubs, enabling expansion and modernisation. The city has many restaurants and wine bars.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions">edit</a>]</div> Ballarat has inspired many <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual artists</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_von_Guerard" title="Eugene von Guerard">Eugene von Guerard</a> documented the city's establishment as a gold digging settlement, while <a href="/wiki/Albert_Henry_Fullwood" title="Albert Henry Fullwood">Albert Henry Fullwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knut_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Knut Bull">Knut Bull</a> depicted the city's boom era streetscapes.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Ballarat features prominently in literature and fiction, including "<a href="/wiki/The_Boscombe_Valley_Mystery" title="The Boscombe Valley Mystery">The Boscombe Valley Mystery</a>", a short story from <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes" title="The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes">The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes</a> (1891); <a href="/wiki/King_Billy_of_Ballarat_and_Other_Stories" class="mw-redirect" title="King Billy of Ballarat and Other Stories">King Billy of Ballarat and Other Stories</a> (1892) by <a href="/wiki/Morley_Roberts" title="Morley Roberts">Morley Roberts</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Richard_Mahony" title="The Fortunes of Richard Mahony">The Fortunes of Richard Mahony</a> (1917) by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Handel_Richardson" title="Henry Handel Richardson">Henry Handel Richardson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Murder_on_the_Ballarat_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder on the Ballarat Train">Murder on the Ballarat Train</a> (1993) by <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Greenwood" title="Kerry Greenwood">Kerry Greenwood</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Illywhacker" title="Illywhacker">Illywhacker</a> (1985) by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carey_(novelist)" title="Peter Carey (novelist)">Peter Carey</a>. Ballarat is also a popular filming location.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Australia's second oldest feature film, <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade_(1907_film)" title="Eureka Stockade (1907 film)">Eureka Stockade</a> (1907), is the first in a line of films about the historic Ballarat event. The city makes cameos in <a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_Space" title="Dogs in Space">Dogs in Space</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/My_Brother_Jack" title="My Brother Jack">My Brother Jack</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(2003_film)" title="Ned Kelly (2003 film)">Ned Kelly</a> (2003) and The Writer (2005).<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The television series <a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_Blake_Mysteries" title="The Doctor Blake Mysteries">The Doctor Blake Mysteries</a> (2012–2017) is set in Ballarat and also mostly shot there.<a href="#cite_note-Doctor_Blake_Mysteries_2012-04-02-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The series was picked by the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a>, which proposes to make several telemovies without the Blake character, picking up the story line after his death, leaving his widow Jean.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carmody2018-214">[214]</a> Two ships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> have been named <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Ballarat" title="HMAS Ballarat">HMAS Ballarat</a> after the city, the corvette <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Ballarat_(J184)" title="HMAS Ballarat (J184)">HMAS Ballarat (J184)</a> and the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Ballarat_(FFH_155)" title="HMAS Ballarat (FFH 155)">HMAS Ballarat (FFH 155)</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport_and_recreation">Sport and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sport and recreation">edit</a>]</div> Ballarat Highlanders Rugby Football Club (est. 1976) is based at Doug Dean Reserve, Delecombe. They play in the statewide Victoria Rugby Championship, which they last won in 2016. They also host the Ballarat Charity 7s (est 2022), a short form version of Rugby Union and all proceeds from the event get donated to a local charity (2022 – Ballarat Men's Mental Health, 2023 – GROW Group Ballarat). Current notable players include ex-Fiji 7s star Jone Qorovarua and 2016 Ballarat Championship winner Josh Pyalanda being the current highest capped player (130+). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_Football_Team_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ballarat_Football_Team_1889.jpg/220px-Ballarat_Football_Team_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ballarat_Football_Team_1889.jpg/330px-Ballarat_Football_Team_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ballarat_Football_Team_1889.jpg/440px-Ballarat_Football_Team_1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Football_Club" title="Ballarat Football Club">Ballarat Football Club</a>, 1889. The club was founded in 1860 and is one of the <a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest football club">oldest football clubs</a> in the world.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> is the most popular spectator and participation sports in Ballarat. It has its own dedicated stadium, <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stadium" title="Eureka Stadium">Eureka Stadium</a>, which serves as a venue of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> (AFL), as well as the home ground of the semi-professional <a href="/wiki/North_Ballarat_Football_Club" title="North Ballarat Football Club">North Ballarat Roosters</a>, which formerly competed in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Football_League" title="Victorian Football League">Victorian Football League</a> (VFL). The <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Football_League" title="Ballarat Football League">Ballarat Football League</a>, established in 1893, features six local teams, including the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Football_Club" title="Ballarat Football Club">Ballarat Football Club</a>, which was founded in 1860 and remains one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest football club">oldest football clubs</a>. Other Ballarat-based teams compete in the regional <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_Football_League" title="Central Highlands Football League">Central Highlands Football League</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is Ballarat's second most-popular sport. It has three international standard cricket ovals, including <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Oval" title="Eastern Oval">Eastern Oval</a>, which was one of the host venues of the <a href="/wiki/1992_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1992 Cricket World Cup">1992 Cricket World Cup</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Cricket_Association" title="Ballarat Cricket Association">Ballarat Cricket Association</a> is the city's principle cricket competition. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a> is also popular in Ballarat. Based at <a href="/wiki/Morshead_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Morshead Park">Morshead Park</a> Stadium,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> the semi-professional <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_City_FC" title="Ballarat City FC">Ballarat City FC</a> competes in the <a href="/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria_2" class="mw-redirect" title="National Premier Leagues Victoria 2">National Premier League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_soccer_league_system" title="Australian soccer league system">third tier</a> competition of <a href="/wiki/Soccer_in_Australia" title="Soccer in Australia">Australian soccer</a>. Melbourne's <a href="/wiki/Western_United_FC" title="Western United FC">Western United FC</a> plays four <a href="/wiki/A-League" class="mw-redirect" title="A-League">A-League</a> matches per year at Eureka Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> is played in Ballarat with the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Sports_Events_Centre" title="Ballarat Sports Events Centre">Ballarat Sports Events Centre</a> hosting <a href="/wiki/South_East_Australian_Basketball_League" title="South East Australian Basketball League">South East Australian Basketball League</a> matches involving the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Miners" title="Ballarat Miners">Ballarat Miners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballarat Rush">Ballarat Rush</a>. Netball is similarly popular, with many netball clubs affiliated with local Australian rules clubs. <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a> is and has historically been very popular with 4 local clubs competing at the BRAC<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> (Ballarat Regional Athletics Centre) located at the Llanberis Athletics Track in <a href="/wiki/Golden_Point,_Victoria" title="Golden Point, Victoria">Golden Point</a>, 5 minutes from the CBD. The city features a rich and decorated athletics history with Australia's most successful track and field athlete (<a href="/wiki/Jared_Tallent" title="Jared Tallent">Jared Tallent</a> - Racewalker), and many other Olympians (<a href="/wiki/Steve_Moneghetti" title="Steve Moneghetti">Steve Moneghetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Smith_(Paralympian)" title="Greg Smith (Paralympian)">Greg Smith (Paralympian)</a>) having been born in Ballarat. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Wendouree_Ballarat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lake_Wendouree_Ballarat.jpg/220px-Lake_Wendouree_Ballarat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lake_Wendouree_Ballarat.jpg/330px-Lake_Wendouree_Ballarat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lake_Wendouree_Ballarat.jpg/440px-Lake_Wendouree_Ballarat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wendouree" title="Lake Wendouree">Lake Wendouree</a> hosted the rowing and canoeing events for the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Summer Olympics</a>.</figcaption></figure> Rowing and kayaking are centred on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Wendouree" title="Lake Wendouree">Lake Wendouree</a>, which hosts the Victorian Schools Rowing Championships as well as the annual "Head of the Lake" rowing regatta. The city hosted rowing events for the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Summer Olympic Games">1956 Summer Olympic Games</a>. <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound racing</a> are also popular, with dedicated facilities. The <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_racing_in_Australia" title="Thoroughbred racing in Australia">Ballarat Turf Club</a> schedules around 28 race meetings a year including the Ballarat Cup meeting in mid-November.<a href="#cite_note-RaceClub-218">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a> facilities include an international standard athletics track at <a href="/wiki/Golden_Point,_Victoria" title="Golden Point, Victoria">Golden Point</a>. Swimming and <a href="/wiki/Water_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sport">water sport</a> is facilitated at two Olympic-sized pools as well as an indoor 25-metre (82-foot) competition short course pool. The main facility is the Ballarat Aquatic Centre located in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Gardens,_Victoria" title="Lake Gardens, Victoria">Lake Gardens</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> was first organised in Australia at Ballarat in 1857,<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> and three local teams compete in the <a href="/wiki/Geelong_Baseball_Association" title="Geelong Baseball Association">Geelong Baseball Association</a>. Golf is played at four main venues which include the Ballarat Golf Course in <a href="/wiki/Alfredton,_Victoria" title="Alfredton, Victoria">Alfredton</a>, home to the Ballarat Golf Club.<a href="#cite_note-golf-220">[220]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Roller_Derby_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballarat Roller Derby League">Ballarat Roller Derby League</a> was formed in 2008, and held their first match in 2009. They have two teams who compete in local events, and a combined travelling team, the Rat Pack, who compete in interleague <a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">roller derby</a> competitions.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a>-Certified Ballarat Marathon Road Running Festival, inaugurated in 2024, is now an annual event. It features a variety of road running events, including a full marathon, half marathon, 10km run, and family-friendly fun runs, attracting participants from across the region and beyond. The 2024 Marathon Event was a qualifying race for the <a href="/wiki/Abbott_World_Marathon_Majors" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott World Marathon Majors">Abbott World Marathon Majors</a> 2025 Age Group Championships. The festival promotes community participation, and showcases Ballarat's scenic landmarks.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Until they were cancelled in July 2023, Ballarat, along with other cities in regional Victoria, was scheduled to host the <a href="/wiki/2026_Commonwealth_Games" title="2026 Commonwealth Games">2026 Commonwealth Games</a> with <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stadium" title="Eureka Stadium">Eureka Stadium</a> flagged to host athletics, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Oval" title="Eastern Oval">Eastern Oval</a> T20 cricket, and Selkirk Stadium to host boxing.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Stadium_Ballarat_(Winter_2022).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mars_Stadium_Ballarat_%28Winter_2022%29.png/220px-Mars_Stadium_Ballarat_%28Winter_2022%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mars_Stadium_Ballarat_%28Winter_2022%29.png/330px-Mars_Stadium_Ballarat_%28Winter_2022%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mars_Stadium_Ballarat_%28Winter_2022%29.png/440px-Mars_Stadium_Ballarat_%28Winter_2022%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stadium" title="Eureka Stadium">Mars Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BAllarat_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BAllarat_Hospital.jpg/220px-BAllarat_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BAllarat_Hospital.jpg/330px-BAllarat_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BAllarat_Hospital.jpg/440px-BAllarat_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Base_Hospital" title="Ballarat Base Hospital">Ballarat Base Hospital</a>'s Henry Bolte wing</figcaption></figure> Ballarat has two major hospitals. The public health services are managed by Grampians Health Ballarat<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Base_Hospital" title="Ballarat Base Hospital">Ballarat Base</a> which services the entire region and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Centre,_Ballarat" title="Queen Elizabeth Centre, Ballarat">Queen Elizabeth Centre</a> for aged care on Ascot Street Sth. The <a href="/wiki/St_John_of_God_Health_Care" title="St John of God Health Care">St John of God Health Care</a> centre also on Drummond Street Nth, established in 1915 is currently the largest private hospital in regional Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The Ballarat Regional Integrated Cancer Centre (BRICC) on the corner of Drummond and Sturt Street includes a number of facilities focused on cancer treatment.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> The Heart Foundation did a study in 2014 that Ballarat had the highest level of physical inactivity (85.3 per cent) in Australia and that 32.9 per cent of residents were deemed obese.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a>]</div> Ballarat's residents are serviced by a wide range of public utilities including water, gas and electricity, telephony and data communications supplied, overseen and regulated by state based authorities and private enterprise and local council. Water supply as well as sewage collection and disposal are provided by Central Highlands Water.<a href="#cite_note-Essential_Services_Ballarat-228">[228]</a> Drinking water is sourced from a network reservoirs all located in the highlands to the east, however the majority is sourced from two main reservoirs—Lal Lal and White Swan. The Lal Lal Reservoir (built in 1970<a href="#cite_note-StreamsLakesStorages-229">[229]</a> with a capacity of 59,500 megalitres (1.57×1010 US gallons)<a href="#cite_note-WaterVicGovAu-230">[230]</a>) is Ballarat's largest water catchment accounting for approximately two-thirds of the city's water usage.<a href="#cite_note-LalLalCatchment-231">[231]</a> The White Swan reservoir (built in 1952<a href="#cite_note-StreamsLakesStorages-229">[229]</a> with a 14,100 Ml (3.7×109 US gal) capacity) supplies most of the remainder.<a href="#cite_note-WaterVicGovAu-230">[230]</a> Since May 2008, the White Swan has been topped up by water from Bendigo's Sandhurst Reservoir through the Goldfields Superpipe with water originally sourced from the <a href="/wiki/Goulburn_River_(Victoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goulburn River (Victoria)">Goulburn River</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-Water_Shortages_2010-01-21-232">[232]</a> Kirks Reservoir (built between 1860 and 1862 with a capacity of 400 Ml (110,000,000 US gal)) and Gong Gong Reservoir (built in 1877 at Gong Gong, Victoria<a href="#cite_note-chw.net.au-233">[233]</a> with a capacity of 1,902 Ml (502,000,000 US gal)<a href="#cite_note-WaterVicGovAu-230">[230]</a>) are historic main water supplies now maintained for emergency use.<a href="#cite_note-Water_Supply_Critical_2009-05-13-234">[234]</a> Other reservoirs supplying Ballarat include Moorabool reservoir (located in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolwarrah,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolwarrah, Victoria (page does not exist)">Bolwarrah, Victoria</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> with a capacity of 6,738 Ml (1.780×109 US gal)), Wilson's Reservoir (located in the <a href="/wiki/Wombat_State_Forest" title="Wombat State Forest">Wombat State Forest</a> with a capacity of 1,013 Ml (268,000,000 US gal)), Beales reservoir (built 1863<a href="#cite_note-Cochran1974-236">[236]</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Wallace,_Victoria" title="Wallace, Victoria">Wallace</a> with a capacity of 415 Ml (110,000,000 US gal)) and Pincotts reservoir (built 1867<a href="#cite_note-Cochran1974-236">[236]</a> located at Leigh Creek, Victoria<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> with a capacity of 218 Ml (58,000,000 US gal)).<a href="#cite_note-Water_Supply_Catchments_1979-238">[238]</a> Sewage is managed by two plants—the Ballarat North Wastewater Treatment Plant and the Ballarat South Waste Water Treatment Plant.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Residential electricity is supplied by Victorian electricity distributor <a href="/wiki/Powercor" class="mw-redirect" title="Powercor">Powercor</a>, while residential natural gas is supplied by <a href="/wiki/AGL_Energy" title="AGL Energy">AGL Energy</a>. Telephone services are provided via the Doveton Street (BRAT) telephone exchange<a href="#cite_note-Telstra_Exchange_2000-11-02-240">[240]</a> which was originally built by the Australian Telecommunications Commission (now known as <a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a>) who remains its owner, though <a href="/wiki/Optus" title="Optus">Optus</a> now also operates services from this facility. The city's cellular network currently uses Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). Telstra has provided mobile telecommunications to Ballarat since 2003 (initially as CDMA). Optus provided competition with its entrance to the market in 2003 along with significant service upgrades in 2004<a href="#cite_note-Optus_2004-04-18-241">[241]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a> in mid-2009.<a href="#cite_note-CNET_Vodafone-242">[242]</a> Data communications are provided by several companies. Telstra was the first company to provide dial-up Internet access via the Ballarat exchange, however the first network for broadband Internet access available in the city was a hybrid <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fiber cable">optical fiber cable</a> and coaxial cable built by <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_Cable" title="Neighbourhood Cable">Neighbourhood Cable</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Whirlpool_2001-04-18-243">[243]</a> Since then, Telstra and Optus have entered the Ballarat market, providing Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) services for residential Internet access from four main exchanges—Ballarat, Wendouree (Howitt Street), Sebastopol (Skipton Street) and Alfredton (Cuthberts Road). These companies also provide mobile data access Evolved HSPA and since late 2011 3GPP Long Term Evolution (4G). Ballarat's rollout of the <a href="/wiki/National_Broadband_Network" title="National Broadband Network">National Broadband Network</a> (NBN) is seen as vital for the city's growing IT industry.<a href="#cite_note-Broadband_Revolution_2009-05-13-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-ballaratICT-245">[245]</a> During Ballarat's first stage NBN rollout in 2012, 17,800 homes will be directly connected to the network via optical fibre cable.<a href="#cite_note-NBN_Ballarat_2012-02-12-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Suburbs">edit</a>]</div> Ballarat has the following suburbs: Addington, Alfredton, Ascot, Bakery Hill, Ballarat Central, Ballarat East, Ballarat North, Black Hill, Blowhard, Bonshaw, Brown Hill, Bunkers Hill, Canadian, Cardigan, Cardigan Village, Chapel Flat, Coghills Creek, Delacombe, Eureka, Glendaurel, Glendonald, Golden Point, Gong Gong, Invermay Park, Lake Gardens, Lake Wendouree, Learmonth, Lucas, Magpie, Miners Rest, Mitchell Park, Mount Bolton, Mount Clear, Mount Helen, Mount Pleasant, Mount Rowan, Nerrina, Newington, Redan, Scotchmans Lead, Sebastopol, Soldiers Hill, Tourello, Weatherboard, Wendouree, Windermere and Winter Valley. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_Arch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ballarat_Arch.jpg/220px-Ballarat_Arch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ballarat_Arch.jpg/330px-Ballarat_Arch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ballarat_Arch.jpg/440px-Ballarat_Arch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption>Arch of Victory over the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_honour" title="Avenue of honour">Avenue of Honour</a></figcaption></figure> The motor vehicle is the main form of transport in Ballarat. A network of state highways radiate from Ballarat and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Freeway_(Victoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Freeway (Victoria)">Western Freeway</a> (A8) <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a> bypasses the central city to the north of the urban area, providing a direct road connection to Melbourne (approximately 90 minutes), westward to <a href="/wiki/Ararat,_Victoria" title="Ararat, Victoria">Ararat</a> (approximately 75 minutes) and <a href="/wiki/Horsham,_Victoria" title="Horsham, Victoria">Horsham</a>. Five freeway interchanges service the urban area, East Ballarat (half diamond) interchange at Victoria Street (C805); Brown Hill interchange (full diamond) at Daylesford-Ballarat Road (C292), Creswick Road interchange (full diamond) at Wendouree (A300); the Mount Rowan interchange (half diamond) at Gillies Road, Wendouree (C307) and the Mitchell Park interchange (full diamond) at Howe Street (C287). The <a href="/wiki/Midland_Highway_(Victoria)" title="Midland Highway (Victoria)">Midland Highway</a> is a dual carriageway which runs north along Creswick Road to the Western Freeway interchange but becomes a single carriageway north of Ballarat to <a href="/wiki/Creswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Creswick">Creswick</a> (approximately 25 minutes) and runs south as the dual carriageway of Skipton Road to Magpie before becoming a single carriageway to <a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a> (approximately 87 minutes). The <a href="/wiki/Glenelg_Highway" title="Glenelg Highway">Glenelg Highway</a> connects directly to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gambier" title="Mount Gambier">Mount Gambier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunraysia_Highway" title="Sunraysia Highway">Sunraysia Highway</a> west of Ballarat which connects directly to <a href="/wiki/Mildura" title="Mildura">Mildura</a>. Sturt Street and Victoria Street, both dual carriageways carry the bulk of the east-west CBD traffic, while Mair Street is planned to become a four lane dual carriageway to relieve pressure on these main streets.<a href="#cite_note-CBD_Strategy-247">[247]</a> Other dual carriageway main roads in the west include Howitt Street and Gillies Street.<a href="#cite_note-Road_Strategy-248">[248]</a> The busiest roads by far are located in the west and south at Albert Street in Redan, Sturt Street in Newington and Gillies Street in Lake Gardens which carry 22,400, 22,000 and 21,500 vehicles per day respectively and all have 4 traffic lanes.<a href="#cite_note-Road_Strategy-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ballarat_station.jpg/170px-Ballarat_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ballarat_station.jpg/255px-Ballarat_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ballarat_station.jpg/340px-Ballarat_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ballarat_railway_station" title="Ballarat railway station">Ballarat railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_at_ballarat_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Train_at_ballarat_station.jpg/220px-Train_at_ballarat_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Train_at_ballarat_station.jpg/330px-Train_at_ballarat_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Train_at_ballarat_station.jpg/440px-Train_at_ballarat_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/V/Line" title="V/Line">V/Line</a> train arriving at Ballarat station </figcaption></figure> Ballarat is a major <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a> hub in Victoria. Situated at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Serviceton_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Serviceton railway line">Ballarat line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serviceton_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Serviceton railway line">Ararat line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mildura_railway_line" title="Mildura railway line">Mildura lines</a>, it currently has several connections for both <a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger rail">passenger rail</a> services and <a href="/wiki/Freight_rail_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail transport">freight rail</a>. The city has two passenger railway stations, the hub of <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_railway_station" title="Ballarat railway station">Ballarat railway station</a> and suburban <a href="/wiki/Wendouree_railway_station" title="Wendouree railway station">Wendouree railway station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> From Ballarat station, <a href="/wiki/V/Line" title="V/Line">V/Line</a> operates <a href="/wiki/V/Line_VLocity" title="V/Line VLocity">VLocity</a> trains to Melbourne, west to <a href="/wiki/Ararat_railway_station" title="Ararat railway station">Ararat</a> and north to <a href="/wiki/Maryborough_railway_station,_Victoria" title="Maryborough railway station, Victoria">Maryborough</a>. Since the controversial removal of "flagship" express services in 2011, successive timetable changes have slowed peak hour services to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_railway_station" title="Southern Cross railway station">Southern Cross</a>, with the current journey taking a minimum of 73 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Patronage however has continued to grow.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Regional_Rail_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Rail Link">Regional Rail Link</a> project was built in 2015 to separate Ballarat trains from Melbourne's suburban rail network.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Interurban services (Ballarat-Melbourne) now run half-hourly during weekday peak and hourly during weekday non-peak and on weekends from Ballarat station. A twice daily (thrice daily on weekdays) (57 minute) service connects Ballarat to Ararat (stopping at <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_railway_station,_Victoria" title="Beaufort railway station, Victoria">Beaufort</a>) while there is a (53 minute) service to and from Maryborough (stopping at <a href="/wiki/Creswick_railway_station" title="Creswick railway station">Creswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clunes_railway_station,_Victoria" title="Clunes railway station, Victoria">Clunes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talbot_railway_station" title="Talbot railway station">Talbot</a>) once a day (twice a day on weekdays) each way.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Victoria's electronic ticketing system, <a href="/wiki/Myki" title="Myki">Myki</a>, was implemented on rail services between Wendouree and Melbourne on 24 July 2013.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Ballarat is connected to Geelong by rail via the <a href="/wiki/Geelong-Ballarat_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong-Ballarat railway line">Geelong-Ballarat railway line</a>, which currently operates only for freight. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bus">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/CDC_Ballarat" title="CDC Ballarat">CDC Ballarat</a> operates the bus network covering the city centre, Ballarat and Wendouree stations, and most surrounding suburbs, contracted by <a href="/wiki/Public_Transport_Victoria" title="Public Transport Victoria">Public Transport Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tram">Tram</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Tram">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballarat_Tram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ballarat_Tram.jpg/220px-Ballarat_Tram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ballarat_Tram.jpg/330px-Ballarat_Tram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ballarat_Tram.jpg/440px-Ballarat_Tram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>A tourist tram on Wendouree Parade</figcaption></figure> The once extensive <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Ballarat" title="Trams in Ballarat">Ballarat tramway network</a> operated between 1887 and 1971 with a small section of remaining track being utilised as a tourist and museum tramway.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> There have been proposals to extend the network, particularly as a major tourist facility but also to connect it to the railways and return it as a viable component of the Ballarat public transport system, including a strong lobby in 2001–2002,<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> 2010–11 and 2014,<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> however Ballarat City Council and federal member of parliament have dismissed recent proposals.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cowie2013-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Airport">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Airport" title="Ballarat Airport">Ballarat Airport</a> located 8 km (5 mi) north-west of the CBD consists of two sealed runways (each approximately 1,400 m (4,600 ft) long and 30 m (98 ft) wide) as well as extensive sealed aprons, night lighting and <a href="/wiki/Non-directional_beacon" title="Non-directional beacon">NDB</a> navaid. Master Plans for the Airport were completed in 2005 and subsequently 2013.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> The report made a series of recommendations and forecasts that included lengthening, widening and strengthening of the existing main runway, consideration for expansion of the passenger terminal, recommendations for future use of aprons, and development of future structures supporting larger aircraft that would result from the forecast increased frequent usage. In 2020, initial Federal funding was provided to enable the re-building and re-instatement of the main north–south runway to 1900m (6233 feet). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling_and_walking">Cycling and walking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Cycling and walking">edit</a>]</div> Ballarat has a long history of cycling as a form of transport and recreation. The current cycling network continues to grow and consists of several marked on-road routes and 50 kilometres (31 miles) of <a href="/wiki/Segregated_bicycle_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregated bicycle facilities">segregated bicycle facilities</a> including several main routes: the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat%E2%80%93Skipton_Rail_Trail" title="Ballarat–Skipton Rail Trail">Ballarat–Skipton Rail Trail</a> and the Yarrowee River Trail with connections to the Gong Gong Reservoir.<a href="#cite_note-chw.net.au-233">[233]</a> Buningyong Trail, Sebastopol Trail, and the Lake Wendouree shared path.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> The Ballarat Bicycle Users Group provides advocacy for the growing number of cyclists in the city.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> The popularity of cycling in Ballarat is also demonstrated by the large number of spectators and participants drawn to cycling sporting events held in the city.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crime">Crime</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, the city was one of a number of Australian regional centres examined by an ABC <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners_(Australian_TV_program)" title="Four Corners (Australian TV program)">Four Corners</a> report on the use of methamphetamine, along with <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burnie" title="Burnie">Burnie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castlemaine,_Victoria" title="Castlemaine, Victoria">Castlemaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Arnaud,_Victoria" title="St Arnaud, Victoria">St Arnaud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/64px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Victoria" title="Portal:Victoria">Victoria portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Ballarat" title="List of people from Ballarat">List of people from Ballarat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ABSSUAProf-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ABSSUAProf_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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ABS Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/2003">the original</a> on 26 October 2017. 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Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sovereign+Hill+Education&rft.atitle=Ballarat%27s+Indigenous+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsheducationcom.ascetinteractive.biz%2Fuploads%2F%2FSovHill%2520indigenousheritage%2520notes%2520ss1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithers1887" class="citation book cs1">Withers, William Bramwell (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofballara00with/page/n26/mode/1up">The history of Ballarat, from the first pastoral settlement to the present time</a> (2nd ed.). Ballarat: F. W. 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Retrieved 22 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oolac.com&rft.atitle=OOLAC+%E2%80%93+%23Ballarat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oolac.com%2Fdictionary%2Fen%2Fen%2Ftag%2FBallarat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames" class="citation web cs1">James, Ken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027064407/http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/provenance/no8/SurveyingCareer1.asp">"The surveying career of William Swan Urquhart, 1845–1864"</a>. Public Record Office Victoria. Government of Victoria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/provenance/no8/SurveyingCareer1.asp">the original</a> on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Record+Office+Victoria&rft.atitle=The+surveying+career+of+William+Swan+Urquhart%2C+1845%E2%80%931864&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prov.vic.gov.au%2Fprovenance%2Fno8%2FSurveyingCareer1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ballarat:_A_Guide_to_Buildings-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Ballarat:_A_Guide_to_Buildings_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsNigelElizabethRichard1981" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Wendy; Nigel, Lewis; Elizabeth, Vines; Richard, Aitken (1981). Ballarat: A Guide to Buildings and Areas 1851–1940. Jacobs Lewis Vines Architects and Conservation Planners. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9593970-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9593970-0-0"><bdi>0-9593970-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ballarat%3A+A+Guide+to+Buildings+and+Areas+1851%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Jacobs+Lewis+Vines+Architects+and+Conservation+Planners&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-9593970-0-0&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=Nigel%2C+Lewis&rft.au=Elizabeth%2C+Vines&rft.au=Richard%2C+Aitken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HIS_2011-10-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HIS_2011-10_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIS_2011-10_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308213340/http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/">"Heritage Impact Statement – Civic Hall"</a>. 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Ballarat Heritage Services. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876478-61-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-876478-61-6"><bdi>1-876478-61-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eureka+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Ballarat+Heritage+Services&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-876478-61-6&rft.aulast=Cornfield&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Wickham%2C+Dorothy&rft.au=Gervasoni%2C+Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> K. T-. Livingston, Richard Jordan, Gay Sweely (2001) Becoming Australians: the movement towards federation in Ballarat and the nation p.34. Wakefield Press </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Perkin, Corrie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/golden-city-of-ballarat-comes-into-the-picture/story-e6frg8n6-1225768084821">Golden city of Ballarat comes into the picture</a> The Australian 1 September 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page6460448?zoomLevel=1">"Gold Rush Population Peak 1858-9-23"</a>. The Star. 23 September 1858. p. 2. 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Retrieved 3 June 2020 – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Maitland+Mercury+and+Hunter+River+General+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Colonial+News.&rft.pages=3+%28Supplement+to+the+Maitland+Mercury%29&rft.date=1855-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article708233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Argus_1860-08-20-28"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Argus_1860-08-20_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Summary for Europe – Introduction". The Argus. 20 August 1860. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=Summary+for+Europe+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1860-08-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButrimsMacartney2013" class="citation book cs1">Butrims, Robert; Macartney, David (2013). The Phoenix Foundry: Locomotive Builders of Ballarat. Australian Railway History Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-90402-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-90402-3"><bdi>978-0-646-90402-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenix+Foundry%3A+Locomotive+Builders+of+Ballarat&rft.pub=Australian+Railway+History+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-646-90402-3&rft.aulast=Butrims&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Macartney%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rg-30"><a href="#cite_ref-rg_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railgeelong.com/lineguide/geelong">"Rail Geelong – Geelong Line Guide"</a>. railgeelong.com. 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Ballarat: The Courier. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-09971-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-09971-2"><bdi>978-0-646-09971-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speak+Out+Boldly%3A+The+first+125+years+of+the+Ballarat+Courier&rft.place=Ballarat&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=The+Courier&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-646-09971-2&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525042154/http://www.craigsroyal.com.au/accommodation/Video/history/">"Craig's Royal Hotel – History"</a>. craigsroyal.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.craigsroyal.com.au/accommodation/Video/history/">the original</a> on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Craig%27s+Royal+Hotel+%E2%80%93+History&rft.pub=craigsroyal.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.craigsroyal.com.au%2Faccommodation%2FVideo%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsrail-line-33"><a href="#cite_ref-newsrail-line_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSid_Brown1990" class="citation journal cs1">Sid Brown (March 1990). "Tracks Across the State". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division): 71–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsrail&rft.atitle=Tracks+Across+the+State&rft.pages=71-76&rft.date=1990-03&rft.au=Sid+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> THE ATHENS OF AUSTRALIA, Poverty Bay Herald, Volume XXXVI, Issue 11988, 3 November 1909, p. 7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=PBH19091103.2.86&e=-------10--1----2--">Papers Past – Poverty Bay Herald – 3 November 1909 – "The Athens of Australia."</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Douglas Pike, Geoffrey Serle: Australian dictionary of biography, Vol. 9, Melbourne University Press, 1983 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Frederic C. (Frederic Chambers) Spurr : Five years under the Southern Cross; experiences and impressions <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/frederic-c-frederic-chambers-spurr/five-years-under-the-southern-cross-experiences-and-impressions-ala/page-10-five-years-under-the-southern-cross-experiences-and-impressions-ala.shtml">Read the ebook Five years under the Southern Cross; experiences and impressions by Frederic C. (Frederic Chambers) Spurr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012042738/http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/frederic-c-frederic-chambers-spurr/five-years-under-the-southern-cross-experiences-and-impressions-ala/page-10-five-years-under-the-southern-cross-experiences-and-impressions-ala.shtml">Archived</a> 12 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10742486">The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1954), Saturday 23 October 1909</a>. Trove.nla.gov.au (23 October 1909). 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Melbourne: David Syme & Co. 21 August 1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Terrible+railway+disaster&rft.date=1908-08-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> "The Ballarat Tornado" p6. The Mercury. 25 August 1909. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> "Furious Storm at Ballarat – several houses demolished, woman crushed to death, several persons injured" p5. The West Australian. 23 August 1909. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Progressive Geelong – Industrial Expansion. Development of the Harbour. <a href="/wiki/The_Argus,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="The Argus, Melbourne">The Argus, Melbourne</a> 14 October 1921 p 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-lee144-43"><a href="#cite_ref-lee144_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee,_RobertRosemary_AnnableDonald_Stuart_Garden2007" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Robert; Rosemary Annable; Donald Stuart Garden (1 August 2007). The Railways of Victoria 1854–2004. 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The Argus (Melbourne), 28 April 1936, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralia._Royal_Australian_Air_Force._Historical_Section1995" class="citation cs2">Australia. Royal Australian Air Force. 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Retrieved 12 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballarat+Sustainability+Strategy&rft.pub=City+of+Ballarat&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballarat.vic.gov.au%2Fmedia%2F66766%2Fcity%2520of%2520ballarat%2520environment%2520sustainability%2520strategy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environment_Victoria_2010-12-13-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Environment_Victoria_2010-12-13_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity04-2a.html#cs18">"Biodiversity, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001 (Theme Report): Biodiversity issues and challenges (part 2)"</a>. Environment Victoria. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biodiversity%2C+Australia+State+of+the+Environment+Report+2001+%28Theme+Report%29%3A+Biodiversity+issues+and+challenges+%28part+2%29&rft.pub=Environment+Victoria&rft.date=2010-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fsoe%2F2001%2Fpublications%2Ftheme-reports%2Fbiodiversity%2Fbiodiversity04-2a.html%23cs18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecourier.com.au/news/local/news/general/rabbit-numbers-on-the-rise-across-ballarat-region/2411329.aspx">"Rabbit numbers on the rise across Ballarat region"</a>. The Courier. Fairfax. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier&rft.atitle=Rabbit+numbers+on+the+rise+across+Ballarat+region&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecourier.com.au%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2Frabbit-numbers-on-the-rise-across-ballarat-region%2F2411329.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2013" class="citation news cs1">McGrath, Gav (19 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecourier.com.au/story/1581083/foxes-in-plague-numbers-across-ballarat-district/">"Foxes in plague numbers across Ballarat district"</a>. The Courier. Fairfax. Retrieved 12 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier&rft.atitle=Foxes+in+plague+numbers+across+Ballarat+district&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Gav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecourier.com.au%2Fstory%2F1581083%2Ffoxes-in-plague-numbers-across-ballarat-district%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Harris Scarfe Ballarat store opens. The Courier. 15 June 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110406064658/http://www.mmv.vic.gov.au/NewsIBMexpansionbrings300jobstoBallarat">"Multimedia Victoria – IBM expansion brings 300 jobs to Ballarat"</a>. Mmv.vic.gov.au. 4 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmv.vic.gov.au/NewsIBMexpansionbrings300jobstoBallarat">the original</a> on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multimedia+Victoria+%E2%80%93+IBM+expansion+brings+300+jobs+to+Ballarat&rft.pub=Mmv.vic.gov.au&rft.date=2009-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmv.vic.gov.au%2FNewsIBMexpansionbrings300jobstoBallarat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-development.vic.gov.au-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-development.vic.gov.au_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-development.vic.gov.au_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.development.vic.gov.au/projects/ballarat-west-employment-zone?page=overview">"Ballarat West Employment Zone"</a>. 7 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballarat+West+Employment+Zone&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.development.vic.gov.au%2Fprojects%2Fballarat-west-employment-zone%3Fpage%3Doverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tourismexcellence.com.au/images/stories/pdf/module5/BallaratVisitorServices.pdf">City of Ballarat Visitor Services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216155217/http://tourismexcellence.com.au/images/stories/pdf/module5/BallaratVisitorServices.pdf">Archived</a> 16 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (PDF). Retrieved 18 August 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401080313/http://www.ballarattouristassociation.asn.au/">"Ballarat Tourist Association"</a>. Ballarat Tourist Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ballarattouristassociation.asn.au/">the original</a> on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballarat+Tourist+Association&rft.pub=Ballarat+Tourist+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballarattouristassociation.asn.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172832/http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/about-council/communications-and-publications/media-releases/january-2011/ballarat-regional-tourism-comes-of-age-.aspx">"Ballarat Regional Tourism comes of age"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/about-council/communications-and-publications/media-releases/january-2011/ballarat-regional-tourism-comes-of-age-.aspx">the original</a> on 19 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballarat+Regional+Tourism+comes+of+age&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballarat.vic.gov.au%2Fabout-council%2Fcommunications-and-publications%2Fmedia-releases%2Fjanuary-2011%2Fballarat-regional-tourism-comes-of-age-.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessballarat.com/?id=sovereignhil">Business Ballarat – Sovereign Hill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325193018/http://www.businessballarat.com/?id=sovereignhil">Archived</a> 25 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110218003049/http://www.goldrushgolf.com.au/uploads/GoldrushEditorial_4_web.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldrushgolf.com.au/uploads/GoldrushEditorial_4_web.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldrushgolf.com.au%2Fuploads%2FGoldrushEditorial_4_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sovereignhill.com.au/gold-museum-ballarat/">"sovereignhill – Ballarat Attraction, Museum"</a>. sovereignhill.com.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sovereignhill.com.au&rft.atitle=sovereignhill+%E2%80%93+Ballarat+Attraction%2C+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sovereignhill.com.au%2Fgold-museum-ballarat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecourier.com.au/story/5895858/why-there-is-more-to-the-rockabilly-festival-than-dancing-dress-and-rock-beats/">"Why there is more to the rockabilly festival than dancing, dress and rock beats"</a>. 9 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+there+is+more+to+the+rockabilly+festival+than+dancing%2C+dress+and+rock+beats&rft.date=2019-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecourier.com.au%2Fstory%2F5895858%2Fwhy-there-is-more-to-the-rockabilly-festival-than-dancing-dress-and-rock-beats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/2003">"2021 Ballarat, Census Community Profiles | Australian Bureau of Statistics"</a>. www.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=2021+Ballarat%2C+Census+Community+Profiles+%7C+Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fcommunity-profiles%2F2021%2F2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Sobey, Emily <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecourier.com.au/news/local/news/general/mars-celebrates-30-years-in-ballarat/1688226.aspx">Mars celebrates 30 years in Ballarat</a> The Courier. 24 November 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/6146-nothing-pleases-like-maltesers-made-in-ballarat.html">Nothing pleases like Maltesers made in Ballarat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524175132/http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/6146-nothing-pleases-like-maltesers-made-in-ballarat.html">Archived</a> 24 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 28 February 2013 From the Victorian Premier, and Minister for Manufacturing, Exports and Trade </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccain.com.au/our-company_about-mccain_company-history.aspx">Company History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133016/http://mccain.com.au/our-company_about-mccain_company-history.aspx">Archived</a> 10 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from mccain.com.au </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tandlnews.com.au/2010/08/31/article/XTrapolis-train-manufacturing-under-way-in-Ballarat/HQBRJFWKRB.html">X'trapolis Train Manufacturing Under Way in Ballarat</a>. Tandlnews.com.au. Retrieved 18 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421095020/http://tandlnews.com.au/2010/08/31/article/XTrapolis-train-manufacturing-under-way-in-Ballarat/HQBRJFWKRB.html">Archived</a> 21 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003212406/http://www.business.vic.gov.au/busvicwr/_assets/main/lib60053/beer%20lovers%27%20guide%20to%20victoria%27s%20microbreweries.pdf">"The Beer Lovers Guide to Victoria's microbreweries 4th edition"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business.vic.gov.au/busvicwr/_assets/main/lib60053/beer%20lovers'%20guide%20to%20victoria's%20microbreweries.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Beer+Lovers+Guide+to+Victoria%27s+microbreweries+4th+edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business.vic.gov.au%2Fbusvicwr%2F_assets%2Fmain%2Flib60053%2Fbeer%2520lovers%27%2520guide%2520to%2520victoria%27s%2520microbreweries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ballarat.vic.gov.au-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ballarat.vic.gov.au_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ballarat.vic.gov.au_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182004/http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/470869/rlus%20strategy_pb%20final.pdf">"Ballarat rural land use strategy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/470869/rlus%20strategy_pb%20final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballarat+rural+land+use+strategy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballarat.vic.gov.au%2Fmedia%2F470869%2Frlus%2520strategy_pb%2520final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallarat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Ballarat Rural Land Use Strategy pg.31 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/470869/rlus%20strategy_pb%20final.pdf">http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/470869/rlus%20strategy_pb%20final.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182004/http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/470869/rlus%20strategy_pb%20final.pdf">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Age_2010-02-20-139"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Age_2010-02-20_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbin2010" class="citation news cs1">Dobbin, Marika (20 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/miners-still-search-for-a-cart-of-gold-20100219-oly6.html">"Miners still search for a cart of gold"</a>. The Age. Fairfax Media. 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Lucky City: The First Generation of Ballarat 1851–1901 (1978)</li> <li>Bate, Weston. Life After Gold: Twentieth-Century Ballarat Melbourne University Press (1993)</li> <li>Carboni, Raffaello. The Eureka Stockade (1980) first published (1855)</li> <li>Goodman, David. Gold Seeking: Victorian and California in the 1850s (1994)</li> <li>Jacobs, Wendy. Ballarat: A Guide to Buildings and Areas 1851–1940 Jacob Lewis Vines Conservation Architects and Planners (1981)</li> <li>Lynch, John. The Story of the Eureka Stockade: Epic Days in the early fifties at Ballarat, (1947?)</li> <li>Flett, James. The History of Gold Discovery in Victoria</li> <li>Molony, John. Eureka, (1984)</li> <li>Molony, John. By Wendouree, (2010)</li> <li>Serle, Geoffrey. The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria, 1851–1860, (1963)</li> <li>Freund, Peter, with Val Sarah. Her Maj: A History of Her Majesty's Theatre, Ballarat (2007)</li> <li>Ballarat City Council</li> <li>Victorian Heritage Register, Heritage Victoria</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballarat&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ballarat_and_Ballarat_East" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ballarat and Ballarat East">Ballarat and Ballarat East</a>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Eureka_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eureka_Flag.svg/30px-Eureka_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eureka_Flag.svg/45px-Eureka_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eureka_Flag.svg/60px-Eureka_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></a> Localities in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ballarat" title="City of Ballarat">City of Ballarat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #001A57; color: White;;width:1%">City</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfredton,_Victoria" title="Alfredton, Victoria">Alfredton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastopol,_Victoria" title="Sebastopol, Victoria">Sebastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendouree,_Victoria" title="Wendouree, Victoria">Wendouree</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg/80px-Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg/120px-Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg/160px-Australia_Victoria_Ballarat_City_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="700" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #001A57; color: White;;width:1%">Town</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Central,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballarat Central, Victoria">Ballarat Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballarat_East,_Victoria" title="Ballarat East, Victoria">Ballarat East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballarat_North,_Victoria" title="Ballarat North, Victoria">Ballarat North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hill,_Victoria" title="Black Hill, Victoria">Black Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonshaw,_Victoria" title="Bonshaw, Victoria">Bonshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Hill,_Victoria" title="Brown Hill, Victoria">Brown Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buninyong,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Buninyong, Victoria">Buninyong</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunkers_Hill,_Victoria" title="Bunkers Hill, Victoria">Bunkers Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burrumbeet,_Victoria" title="Burrumbeet, Victoria">Burrumbeet</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian,_Victoria" title="Canadian, Victoria">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardigan,_Victoria" title="Cardigan, Victoria">Cardigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardigan_Village,_Victoria" title="Cardigan Village, Victoria">Cardigan Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswick,_Victoria" title="Creswick, Victoria">Creswick</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delacombe,_Victoria" title="Delacombe, Victoria">Delacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Lead,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Durham Lead, Victoria">Durham Lead</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka,_Victoria" title="Eureka, Victoria">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Point,_Victoria" title="Golden Point, Victoria">Golden Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invermay,_Victoria" title="Invermay, Victoria">Invermay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invermay_Park,_Victoria" title="Invermay Park, Victoria">Invermay Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Gardens,_Victoria" title="Lake Gardens, Victoria">Lake Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wendouree,_Victoria" title="Lake Wendouree, Victoria">Lake Wendouree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learmonth,_Victoria" title="Learmonth, Victoria">Learmonth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas,_Victoria" title="Lucas, Victoria">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magpie,_Victoria" title="Magpie, Victoria">Magpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miners_Rest,_Victoria" title="Miners Rest, Victoria">Miners Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Park,_Victoria" title="Mitchell Park, Victoria">Mitchell Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Clear,_Victoria" title="Mount Clear, Victoria">Mount Clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Helen,_Victoria" title="Mount Helen, Victoria">Mount Helen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Victoria" title="Mount Pleasant, Victoria">Mount Pleasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rowan,_Victoria" title="Mount Rowan, Victoria">Mount Rowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerrina,_Victoria" title="Nerrina, Victoria">Nerrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newington,_Victoria" title="Newington, Victoria">Newington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redan,_Victoria" title="Redan, Victoria">Redan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotsburn,_Victoria" title="Scotsburn, Victoria">Scotsburn</a>^</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smythes_Creek,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smythes Creek, Victoria (page does not exist)">Smythes Creek</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Hill,_Victoria" title="Soldiers Hill, Victoria">Soldiers Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulky,_Victoria" title="Sulky, Victoria">Sulky</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrenheip,_Victoria" title="Warrenheip, Victoria">Warrenheip</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waubra,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Waubra, Victoria">Waubra</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Valley,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Valley, Victoria">Winter Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #001A57; color: White;;width:1%">Locality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addington,_Victoria" title="Addington, Victoria">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascot,_Ballarat" title="Ascot, Ballarat">Ascot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakery_Hill,_Victoria" title="Bakery Hill, Victoria">Bakery Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Hills,_Victoria" title="Bald Hills, Victoria">Bald Hills</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowhard,_Victoria" title="Blowhard, Victoria">Blowhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Peep,_Victoria" title="Bo Peep, Victoria">Bo Peep</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_Flat,_Victoria" title="Chapel Flat, Victoria">Chapel Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coghills_Creek,_Victoria" title="Coghills Creek, Victoria">Coghills Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ercildoune,_Victoria" title="Ercildoune, Victoria">Ercildoune</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Park,_Victoria" title="Glen Park, Victoria">Glen Park</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendaruel,_Victoria" title="Glendaruel, Victoria">Glendaruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendonald,_Victoria" title="Glendonald, Victoria">Glendonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Gong,_Victoria" title="Gong Gong, Victoria">Gong Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bolton,_Victoria" title="Mount Bolton, Victoria">Mount Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotchmans_Lead,_Victoria" title="Scotchmans Lead, Victoria">Scotchmans Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourello,_Victoria" title="Tourello, Victoria">Tourello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_Flat,_Victoria" title="Wattle Flat, Victoria">Wattle Flat</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherboard,_Victoria" title="Weatherboard, Victoria">Weatherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windermere,_Victoria" title="Windermere, Victoria">Windermere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #001A57; color: White;"><div>^ - Territory divided with another <a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Victoria" title="Local government areas of Victoria">LGA</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Australia" title="Template:Cities of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Cities of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> (national capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albury" title="Albury">Albury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armidale" title="Armidale">Armidale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst, New South Wales">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill" title="Broken Hill">Broken Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessnock,_New_South_Wales" title="Cessnock, New South Wales">Cessnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffs_Harbour" title="Coffs Harbour">Coffs Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbo" title="Dubbo">Dubbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosford" title="Gosford">Gosford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulburn" title="Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton,_New_South_Wales" title="Grafton, New South Wales">Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffith,_New_South_Wales" title="Griffith, New South Wales">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="City of Lake Macquarie">Lake Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lismore,_New_South_Wales" title="Lismore, New South Wales">Lismore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithgow,_New_South_Wales" title="Lithgow, New South Wales">Lithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland,_New_South_Wales" title="Maitland, New South Wales">Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_South_Wales" title="Orange, New South Wales">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Macquarie" title="Port Macquarie">Port Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queanbeyan" title="Queanbeyan">Queanbeyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_New_South_Wales" title="Tamworth, New South Wales">Tamworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagga_Wagga" title="Wagga Wagga">Wagga Wagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston,_Northern_Territory" title="Palmerston, Northern Territory">Palmerston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg" title="Bundaberg">Bundaberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloundra" title="Caloundra">Caloundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gympie" title="Gympie">Gympie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_Bay" title="Hervey Bay">Hervey Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Queensland" title="Ipswich, Queensland">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryborough,_Queensland" title="Maryborough, Queensland">Maryborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Isa" title="Mount Isa">Mount Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockhampton" title="Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gambier" title="Mount Gambier">Mount Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bridge,_South_Australia" title="Murray Bridge, South Australia">Murray Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta" title="Port Augusta">Port Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Pirie" title="Port Pirie">Port Pirie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Harbor,_South_Australia" title="Victor Harbor, South Australia">Victor Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whyalla" title="Whyalla">Whyalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnie" title="Burnie">Burnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat,_Victoria" title="Ararat, Victoria">Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bairnsdale" title="Bairnsdale">Bairnsdale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ballarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benalla" title="Benalla">Benalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlemaine,_Victoria" title="Castlemaine, Victoria">Castlemaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colac,_Victoria" title="Colac, Victoria">Colac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Victoria" title="Hamilton, Victoria">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham,_Victoria" title="Horsham, Victoria">Horsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildura" title="Mildura">Mildura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe,_Victoria" title="Moe, Victoria">Moe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morwell,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Morwell, Victoria">Morwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Victoria" title="Portland, Victoria">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sale,_Victoria" title="Sale, Victoria">Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour,_Victoria" title="Seymour, Victoria">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepparton" title="Shepparton">Shepparton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stawell,_Victoria" title="Stawell, Victoria">Stawell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Hill,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Swan Hill, Victoria">Swan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traralgon" title="Traralgon">Traralgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangaratta" title="Wangaratta">Wangaratta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warragul,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Warragul, Victoria">Warragul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrnambool" title="Warrnambool">Warrnambool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodonga" title="Wodonga">Wodonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunbury,_Western_Australia" title="Bunbury, Western Australia">Bunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busselton" title="Busselton">Busselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie-Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17856#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145404560">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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