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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns_and_noun_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_and_noun_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nouns and noun phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_and_noun_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_and_possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_and_possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Number and possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_and_possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_and_inalienable_possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_and_inalienable_possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Number and inalienable possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_and_inalienable_possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postpositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postpositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Postpositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postpositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Educational institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demand_for_inclusion_in_the_Eighth_Schedule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demand_for_inclusion_in_the_Eighth_Schedule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demand for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demand_for_inclusion_in_the_Eighth_Schedule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ho language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho" title="Ho – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ho" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हो भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हो भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الهويوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الهويوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="হো ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হো ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Ho" title="Tataramon na Ho – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Ho" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Хо (език) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хо (език)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeg" title="Hoeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hoeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_(llengua)" title="Ho (llengua) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ho (llengua)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_(sprog)" title="Ho (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ho (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoo_keel" title="Hoo keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hoo keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoa_lingvo" title="Hoa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hoa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_bhasa" title="Ho bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ho bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_(langue)" title="Ho (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ho (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EC%96%B4" title="호어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हो भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हो भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8B_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಹೋ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೋ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiho" title="Kiho – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiho" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ho" title="Lingua Ho – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Ho" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हो भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हो भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ホー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_(lenga)" title="Ho (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ho (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ହୋ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହୋ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ہو بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہو بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ho" title="Lenga ho – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga ho" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_ho" title="Język ho – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język ho" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_ho" title="Língua ho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua ho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Хо (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хо (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon_kieli" title="Hon kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hon kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Ho (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ho (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Ho" title="Wikang Ho – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Ho" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" 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color: black; background-color: lightcoral;">Ho</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;"><span title="Ho-language text"><span lang="hoc-Wara">𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜</span></span>, <span title="Ho-language text"><span lang="hoc-Deva">हो जगर</span></span>, <span title="Ho-language text"><span lang="hoc-Orya">ହୋ ଜାଗାର</span></span>, <span title="Ho-language text"><span lang="hoc-Beng">হো জাগার</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Howarang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Howarang.png/250px-Howarang.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Howarang.png/375px-Howarang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Howarang.png/500px-Howarang.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="136" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">'Hō jagar' written in <a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Chiti</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hoː<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʑagar/</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ho_people" title="Ho people">Ho people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,421,418 (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>North<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Kherwarian<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Mundaric<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ho</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Warang_Chiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Warang Chiti">Warang Chiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia script</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> (additional)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hoc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hoc">hoc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hooo1248">hooo1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ho_language_distribution_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ho_language_distribution_map.svg/320px-Ho_language_distribution_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ho_language_distribution_map.svg/480px-Ho_language_distribution_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ho_language_distribution_map.svg/640px-Ho_language_distribution_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Ho language speaking region</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Ho is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Warang_Citi" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Warang Citi.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Ho</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[hoː<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʑagar]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a>: <span title="Ho-language text"><span lang="hoc">𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜</span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Munda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Munda language">Munda language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> language family spoken primarily in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> by about 2.2 million people (0.202% of India's population) per the 2001 census. It is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Ho_people" title="Ho people">Ho</a>, Munda, Kolha and Kol tribal communities of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is written using <a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a> script. <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia script</a> are also used,<sup id="cite_ref-swarthmore_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swarthmore-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although native speakers are said to prefer Warang Chiti, invented by <a href="/wiki/Lako_Bodra" title="Lako Bodra">Lako Bodra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harrison_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrison-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Ho is derived from the native word "<span title="Ho-language text"><span lang="hoc">𑣙𑣉𑣉</span></span>" meaning <i>human being</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-livingtongues_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingtongues-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ho is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a>. Ho and Mundari are often described as sister languages.<sup id="cite_ref-livingtongues_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingtongues-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ho is closer to the Mayurbhanj dialect of Mundari than the Mundari variety spoken in Jharkhand. While being ethnically and linguistically close, Ho and Mundari speakers form distinct regional identities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographcal_distribution">Geographcal distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographcal distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3978.035783976px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2651.3256287233px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:95.105651629515px 30.901699437495px 0 0; border-top-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Distribution of Ho language in the state of India (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1F78B4; color:;"> </span> Jharkhand (70%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33A02C; color:;"> </span> Odisha (29%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E31A1C; color:;"> </span> West Bengal (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:;"> </span> Madhya Pradesh (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> Other (0.4%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Around half of all Ho speakers reside in <a href="/wiki/West_Singhbhum" class="mw-redirect" title="West Singhbhum">West Singhbhum</a> district of Jharkhand, where they form a majority. Ho speakers are also found in districts of <a href="/wiki/East_Singhbhum" class="mw-redirect" title="East Singhbhum">East Singhbhum</a> in southern Jharkhand, <a href="/wiki/Mayurbhanj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayurbhanj">Mayurbhanj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keonjhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Keonjhar">Keonjhar</a> in northern Odisha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/b, ɖ/ can be heard as preglottalized [ˀb̥̚, ˀɖ̥̚] when in word-final position.</li> <li>/b/ can be heard as a fricative [β] in intervocalic positions.</li> <li>/ɳ/ has a limited phonemic distribution, and is typically a realization of /n/ before retroflex sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Oral vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Nasal vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other languages of the Munda family, Ho has a mostly suffixing agglutinative inflictional morphology and follows accusative morphosyntactic alignment. There is some debate on whether Munda languages have word classes, an item from any word class can function as a verb in Ho. Ho does not have relative pronouns natively and relies on the participle forms of verbs, the forms that includes aspect, object and transitivity, but no mood markers, to form relative clauses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns_and_noun_phrases">Nouns and noun phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nouns and noun phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Number, possession and case suffixes are added to nouns. Alienable and inalienable possesions are distinguished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_and_possession">Number and possession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Number and possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ho distinguishes singular, dual and plural numbers. Number suffixes are generally written separate from base nouns. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <td> </td> <th>Possessive </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Kula</i></span> "tiger" </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Kula<b>aḱ</b></i></span> "tiger's" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dual </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Kula <b>kin</b></i></span> "two tigers" </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Kula kin<b>aḱ</b></i></span> "of the two tigers" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Kula <b>ko</b></i></span> "tigers" </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Kula ko<b>aḱ</b></i></span> "of the tigers" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_and_inalienable_possession">Number and inalienable possession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Number and inalienable possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Construction for alienable possessions is different form inalienable possessions, <span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">En Eraaḱ Kolom</i></span> "That woman's thresing floor", and <span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">En Era Gauńte</i></span> "That woman's aunt". Suffixes for inalienable possessions only occur in the singular. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <td> </td> <th>1st person possesor </th> <th>2nd person possesor </th> <th>3rd person possesor </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Gauń</i></span> "aunt" </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Gauń<b>iń</b></i></span> "my aunt" </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Gauń<b>me</b></i></span> "your aunt" </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Gauń<b>te</b></i></span> "his/her aunt" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dual </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Gauń kin</i></span> "two aunts" </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Gauń<b>iń</b> <b>tekin</b></i></span> "my two aunts" </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Gauń<b>me</b> <b>tekin</b></i></span> "your two aunts" </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Gauń<b>te</b> <b>tekin</b></i></span> "his/her two aunts" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Gauń kin</i></span> "two aunts" </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Gauń<b>iń</b> <b>teko</b></i></span> "my aunts" </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Gauń<b>me</b> <b>teko</b></i></span> "your aunts" </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">Gauń<b>te</b> <b>teko</b></i></span> "his/her aunts"|} </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ho personal pronoun distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person and anaphoric and demonstrative third person. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th colspan="2">exclusive </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ań</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">aliń</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ale</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">inclusive </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">alaṅ</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">abu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">2nd person </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">am</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">aben</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ape</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">3rd person </th> <th colspan="2">Anaphoric </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ać</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">akin</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ako</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Demonstrative </th> <th>proximate </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">neć</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">nekin</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">neko</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>distal </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">enić</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">enkin</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">enko</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>remote </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">hanić</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">hankin</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">hanko</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Interrogative pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Animate </th> <th>Inanimate </th></tr> <tr> <th>Referential </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">okoe</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">okon</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Non-referential </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">chinić</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">chenaḱ</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Indefinite pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>Animate </th> <th>Inanimate </th></tr> <tr> <td>'any' </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">jahć</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">jahnaḱ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'another' </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">eṭaḱć</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">eṭaḱaḱ</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Demonstratives </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Simple </th> <th>Particular </th></tr> <tr> <th>Proximate </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ne, nen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">nea, nena</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Distal </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">en</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ena</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Remote </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">han</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">hana</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <th colspan="2">Cardinal </th> <th colspan="2">Distributive </th></tr> <tr> <th>Short form </th> <th>Long form </th> <th>Short form </th> <th>Long form </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">mit́</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">miat́</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">mimit́</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">mípiat́</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">bar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">barea</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">bábar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">bábarea</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">apé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">apea</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ápé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ápea</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">upun</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">upunea</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">úpun</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">úpunea</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">mõe</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">mõea</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">mṍmõe</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">mṍmõea</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">turui</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">turuiea</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">túturui</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">túturuiea</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ai</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">aiea</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ái</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">áiea</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">iril</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">irilea</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">íril</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">írilea</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">are</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">area</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">áre</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">área</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">gel</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">gelea</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">gégel</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">gégelea</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">hisi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">hisia</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">hísi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">hísia</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postpositions">Postpositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Postpositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Postposition </th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">lagit́</i></span> </td> <td>Dative </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">loḱ</i></span> </td> <td>Comitative, along with </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">paa</i></span> </td> <td>Towards, around </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">re</i></span> </td> <td>Spatio-temporal location, locative </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">paṅ</i></span> </td> <td>Temporal, indicates time </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">japaḱ</i></span> </td> <td>Near </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">te</i></span> </td> <td>Instrumental, instrument, cause, motion, direction, allative </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">leka</i></span> </td> <td>Semblative </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">taḱ</i></span> </td> <td>Adessive </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">aete</i></span> </td> <td>Ablative, source, origin </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">chetan</i></span> </td> <td>On top of </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">latar</i></span> </td> <td>Below </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">suba</i></span> </td> <td>Under </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">jóṅ</i></span>, <span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">joka</i></span> </td> <td>Terminative </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">mutit́</i></span> </td> <td>Distributive </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Particle </th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">do</i></span> </td> <td>Topic marker </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ge</i></span> </td> <td>Emphasis marker </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">chi</i></span> </td> <td>Question marker </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">ma</i></span> </td> <td>As for that </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">rená</i></span>, <span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">rengá</i></span> </td> <td>Intensifier </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">toraṅ</i></span> </td> <td>Dubitative </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">chiat́</i></span> </td> <td>Dubitative </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ho-language text"><i lang="hoc">batit́</i></span> </td> <td>Realization </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ho has been written in various scripts, starting from the first written record of 1824<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the present day, mostly using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia alphabet">Odia</a> and more recently using the <a href="/wiki/Warang_Chiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Warang Chiti">Warang Chiti</a> script. Most writing done in Jharkhand tends to use the Devanagari script, while in Odisha it is the Odia script. While community intellectuals have been promoting the usage of Warang Chiti, it is yet to be widely used among Ho people due to it not being a part of school education. In 1985, a committee consisting of intellectuals including <a href="/wiki/Ram_Dayal_Munda" title="Ram Dayal Munda">Ram Dayal Munda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagey_Gobardhan" title="Bhagey Gobardhan">Bhagey Gobardhan</a> deliberated on common script for Ho, and decided in favor of Warang Chiti, eliminating competition from scripts put forth by other inventors such as Sangram Sindhu's Owar Anka Gār Lipi, disseminated by an institution called Sindhu Jumur, <a href="/wiki/Rohidas_Singh_Nag" title="Rohidas Singh Nag">Rohidas Singh Nag</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani Hisir Champa</a>, Raghunath Purty's Ho Ol Lipi, Purushottam Godsora's Srishti Lipi among others.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lexicon of the language reflects close association with nature and living proximity with birds and beasts which is typical for tribal languages.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latin, Devanagari and Warang Citi scripts have been used in the field of teaching and learning. In 1953, the department of Education, Government of Bihar set out instructions to all the Divisional Inspectors of schools.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government maintained that 'the pupil-teachers whose mother tongue is other than Hindi should be given the option of maintaining their records in their mother tongue. In every junior Training School besides Hindi, a second mother-tongue as accepted in Government resolution no.645ER of 10 August 1953 should be invariably taught.' The plan has been to provide education in their mother tongue at the primary level. </p><p>Since 1976, the Ho language is being imparted at intermediate and graduate courses in different colleges under the Ranchi University. The university opened a separate department named Tribal and Regional Languages in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In erstwhile Bihar, the Information and Mass Communication department regularly published Ho articles, folk stories, songs in Devanagari script in a weekly named Adivasi Saptahik. </p><p>There are significant initiatives inculcated in development of Ho language. A pioneering work was started at Ete Turtung Akhara, Jhinkapani to study and develop the Ho language under the leadership of late Lako Bodra with the help of Adi Sanskriti Evam Vigyan Sansthan. The institute published a book in 1963 titled Ho Hayam Paham Puti in Warang Chiti and introduced the letters of Warang Chiti, Kakahara.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A. Pathak and N.K. Verma tried to compare the Warang Citi with <a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus script</a> in <i>Echoes of Indus Valley</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudhanshu Kumar Ray in his 'Indus Script' described that the script Warang Chiti resembles the script of Indus that was discovered by Ashok Pagal and Bulu Imam in the caves of Aswara hill near Baraka village.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xavier Ho Publication, Lupungutu has been publishing Ho books in Devanagri. John Deeney published Ho Grammar and Vocabulary in 1975, written in the Latin .<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Multilingual Education (MLE) programme, Odisha government has been providing primary education in Ho speaking areas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">University Grants Commission of India</a> has already recognized Ho as a language and literature. Now, UGC is conducting <a href="/wiki/National_Eligibility_Test" title="National Eligibility Test">National Eligibility Test</a> examination in Ho language under the "'subject code 70"' in Tribal and Regional Language/Literature group.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Odisha and Jharkhand, Education in Ho at the primary level was introduced in 20 and 449 schools respectively and about 44,502 tribal students are pursuing their studies in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofindia.indiatimes.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides education, Ho has also got its due recognition in the world of mass media. For the last few years, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> (AIR) has been airing songs in Ho from the AIR centres in <a href="/wiki/Keonjhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Keonjhar">Keonjhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a> besides <a href="/wiki/Baripada" title="Baripada">Baripada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mayurbhanj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayurbhanj">Mayurbhanj</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> state. Regular programs in Ho are broadcast from <a href="/wiki/Chaibasa" title="Chaibasa">Chaibasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a> AIR centres in Jharkhand. Similarly, from <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a> AIR centre in Jharkhand, regional news bulletins are broadcast two days a week Friday and Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofindia.indiatimes.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following universities offer courses on Ho: </p> <ul><li>Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_institutions">Educational institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Educational institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following educational institutions offer courses on Ho: </p> <ul><li>Ho Language Education Council, Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ho Language +2 Junior College, Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kolguru Lako Bodra Ho Language High school, Birbasa, Bhubaneswar, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Banajyoti Bahubhasi Vidya Mandir, Purunapai, Deogorh, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Veer Birsa Warangchity Mondo, Rairangpur, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Birsa Munda Ho Language High school, Jamunalia, Keonjhar, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Padmashree Tulasi Munda Ho Language High School, Machhgorh, Keonjhar, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kol guru Lako Bodra Ho Language High School, Dobati, Balasore, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Birsa Munda Ho Language High School, Nuagaon, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Atteh Turtung Rumtulay mondo, singda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bankipirh Marshal Mondo, Bankidihi, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Similipal Baa bagan mondo, Thakurmapatna, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kolguru Lako Bodra Ho Language High School, Gokul Chandra pur, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Birsa Munda Ho Language High School, Hadagutu, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kolhan High School, Satakosia, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Guru Lako Bodra Ho Language High School, Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ho Hayam Seyannoh Moond, Madkamhatu, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sitadevi Warangchity Moond, Khunta, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>P.C.Haibru Warangchity School, Kadadiha, Mayurbhanj, Odisha<sup id="cite_ref-holanguageodishaedu.in_28-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holanguageodishaedu.in-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ho folk literature's collection of folk songs by Sharatchandra Rai, Dr. D.N. Majumdar, B. Sukumar, Haldhaar, Kanhuram Devgum etc. (1915–26).</li> <li>Tuturd, Sayan Marsal by Dr. S.K. Tiyu.</li> <li>The Affairs of a Tribe by Dr. D.N. Majumdaar.</li> <li>Aandi and Sarjom Ba Dumba by Jaidev Das.</li> <li>Ho Durang by <a href="/wiki/W.G._Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="W.G. Archer">W.G. Archer</a>.</li> <li>Folklore of Kolhaan by C.H. Bompaas.</li> <li>Sengail (Poems), Satish Rumul (Poems), Ho Chapakarh Kahin, Satish Chandra Sanhita, and Chaas Raiy Takh by Satish Kumar Koda.</li> <li>Dishum Rumul Mage Durudh by Shivcharan Birua.</li> <li>Adivasi Sivil Durang, Adivasi Deyoan, Adivasi Muni and Urri Keda Kova Red-Ranu by Durga Purti.</li> <li>Bonga Buru Ko (Ho Religion), Horoh Hoan Ko, Maradh Bonga, and Gosain-Devgum Mage Poraab (on Maage Parv) by Pradhan Gagrai.</li> <li>Warangchity (on Ho Lipi), Pompo, Shaar Hora 1-7 (Play), Raghuvansh (Play), Kol ruul(Hindi and Ho (warangchity), Homoyom pitika, Hora-Bara, Ho Hayam paam puti, Halang halpung, Ela ol itu ute, Jiboan * * Gumpai Durang, Baa buru Bonga buru and Bonga Singirai (Novel) by Ot Guru Kol <a href="/wiki/Lako_Bodra" title="Lako Bodra">Lako Bodra</a>.</li> <li>Ho Kudih (Novel) by Dumbi Ho.</li> <li>Ho Kudih (Novel) and Adhunik Ho Shishth Kawya by Prof. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janum_Singh_Soy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janum Singh Soy (page does not exist)">Janum Singh Soy</a>.</li> <li>Jaira Jeebon Dastur, Durrn Dudugar, and Ho Bhasha Shastra Ayun Vyakaran by Prof. Balram Paat Pingua.</li> <li>Ho Dishum Ho Hoon Ko by Dhanusingh Purti.</li> <li>Eitaa Bataa Nalaa Basaa, Joaur, Parem Sanadh (Poems), Sarjom Ba Taral, etc. By Kamal Lochan Kohaar.</li> <li>Ho Lokkatha by Dr. Aditya Prasad Sinha.</li> <li>Magazines like Johar, Turturd, Ottoroad, and Sarnaphool also have Ho language articles.</li> <li>HO Language Digital Journal "Diyang"</li> <li>Ho Language monthly journal"Dostur Korang"by Kairasingh Bandiya</li> <li>HO Kaboy (Poem) poti "<i>Tangi Meyanj Sorogo Kore</i>" by Ghanshyam Bodra</li> <li>Ho language song"Dureng Dala"by Dibakar Soy</li> <li>Ho language learning books "Ol initu" and "Mage Porob"by Kairasingh Bandiya"</li> <li>Ho hayam sibil dureng(Ho and Hindi) by Doboro Buliuli</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demand_for_inclusion_in_the_Eighth_Schedule">Demand for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demand for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Governments of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> have been making demands for Ho to be included in the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ho peoples are also making continuous efforts to fulfill their demands as to be included in 8th scheduled.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rajya Sabha member and Union Petroleum and Steel Minister <a href="/wiki/Dharmendra_Pradhan" title="Dharmendra Pradhan">Dharmendra Pradhan</a> had also submitted a memorandum demanding that the Government of India include Ho in the Constitution to give it an <i>official status</i>.The same request has also been made by the Department of Personnel, Jharkhand.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Home Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajnath_singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajnath singh">Rajnath singh</a> had assured that Ho would be included in Eighth Scheduled, and assured to take appropriates steps to fulfil the demand, said union minister Dharmendra Pradhan.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erstwhile Jharkhand Chief Minister Hemant Soren has written to the Home Ministry for the inclusion of Ho into the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Gregory D. S., Toshiki Osada and K. David Harrison. <i>Ho and the other Kherwarian Languages</i> In Gregory Anderson (ed.) <i>Munda Languages</i>. (2008). Routledge. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32890-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32890-6">978-0-415-32890-6</a></li> <li>Burrows, L. (1915). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hogrammarwithvoc00burruoft">Ho grammar: with vocabulary</a></i>.</li> <li>Deeney, J. J. (1991). <i>Introduction to the Ho language: Learn Ho Quickly and Well</i>. Chaibasa: Xavier Ho Publications.</li> <li>Deeney, J. J. (1975). <i>Ho Grammar and Vocabulary</i>. Chaibasa: Xavier Ho Publications.</li> <li>Deeney, J. J. (1978). <i>Ho-English Dictionary</i>. Chaibasa: Xavier Ho Publications.</li> <li>Deogam, Chandrabhusan, <i>Larka Ho</i>.</li> <li>Hoffmann, Johann [Baptist] & Arthur Van Emelen. 1930-1950. <i>Encyclopaedia Mundarica</i> [Mundari encyclopaedia]. Patna, Bihar: Superintendent Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa. xv+10+4889+xiipp. (13 vols.)</li> <li>Nottrott, A., Fitzgerald, A. G. F. (1905). Grammar of the Kol-language. India: Printed at the G.E.L. Mission Press.</li> <li>Perumalsamy P (2021) "Ho language" in Linguistic Survey of India: Jharkhand Volume, Language Division, Office of the Registrar General India: New Delhi pp: 339 – 431. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/45248">[2]</a></li> <li>Pucilowski, A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/13241/Pucilowski_oregon_0171A_10666.pdf">Topics in Ho Morphophonology and Morphosyntax</a> (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon).</li> <li>Uxbond, F. A. (1928). Munda-Magyar-Maori, an Indian Link Between the Antipodes, New Tracks of Hungarian Origins, by FA Uxbond. Luzac.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Languages with official status in India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX">"C-16 POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE"</a>. <i>www.censusindia.gov.in</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pradhan+for+inclusion+of+%27Ho%27+in+8th+Schedule+-+OrissaPOST&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orissapost.com%2Fpradhan-for-inclusion-of-ho-in-8th-schedule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/include-ho-language-in-8th-schedule-bjp-mp-113082201216_1.html">"Include Ho language in 8th Schedule: BJP MP"</a>. Press Trust of India. 22 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2019</span> – via Business Standard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Include+Ho+language+in+8th+Schedule%3A+BJP+MP&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fpti-stories%2Finclude-ho-language-in-8th-schedule-bjp-mp-113082201216_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPioneer" class="citation web cs1">Pioneer, The. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/rajnath-assures-for-ho-inclusion-in-8th-schedule.html">"Rajnath assures for Ho inclusion in 8th Schedule"</a>. <i>The Pioneer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Rajnath+assures+for+Ho+inclusion+in+8th+Schedule&rft.aulast=Pioneer&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2F2018%2Fstate-editions%2Frajnath-assures-for-ho-inclusion-in-8th-schedule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/news/hemant-soren-demands-inclusion-of-mundari-ho-and-kudkhu-tribal-languages-in-eighth-schedule-127640748.html">https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/news/hemant-soren-demands-inclusion-of-mundari-ho-and-kudkhu-tribal-languages-in-eighth-schedule-127640748.html</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskar.com%2Flocal%2Fjharkhand%2Fnews%2Fhemant-soren-demands-inclusion-of-mundari-ho-and-kudkhu-tribal-languages-in-eighth-schedule-127640748.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/hoc" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/hoc">Ho language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/Ho/">The Ho language webpage by K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai">RWAAI | RWAAI, Lunds universitet</a> RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105153015/https://corpora.humlab.lu.se/ds/asv/;jsessionid=993AE7A4210859D631621012CBFF3FA9?0&openhandle=hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8">"Ho language"</a>. <i>Lund University Humanities Lab Archive</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10050%2F00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8">10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpora.humlab.lu.se/ds/asv/;jsessionid=993AE7A4210859D631621012CBFF3FA9?0&openhandle=hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8">the original</a> on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lund+University+Humanities+Lab+Archive&rft.atitle=Ho+language&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10050%2F00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpora.humlab.lu.se%2Fds%2Fasv%2F%3Bjsessionid%3D993AE7A4210859D631621012CBFF3FA9%3F0%26openhandle%3Dhdl%3A10050%2F00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">"Ho <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/45248">https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/45248</a>".</cite><span 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austroasiatic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austroasiatic_languages" title="Template:Austroasiatic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austroasiatic_languages" title="Template talk:Austroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austroasiatic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austroasiatic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeh_language" title="Jeh language">Jeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halang_language" title="Halang language">Halang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayong_language" title="Kayong language">Kayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaco%CA%BC_language" title="Kacoʼ language">Kacoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takua_language" title="Takua language">Takua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monom_language" title="Monom language">Monom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todrah_language" title="Todrah language">Todrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedang_language" title="Sedang language">Sedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahnar_language" title="Bahnar language">Bahnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengao_language" title="Rengao language">Rengao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%AA_language" title="Hrê language">Hrê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Duan language (Austroasiatic)">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katua_language" title="Katua language">Katua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavi_language" title="Lavi language">Lavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jru%27_language" title="Jru' language">Jru'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laven_language" title="Laven language">Laven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%27_language" title="Su' language">Su'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juk_language" title="Juk language">Juk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaheun_language" title="Nyaheun language">Nyaheun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapuan_language" title="Sapuan language">Sapuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi_language" title="Oi language">Oi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brao_language" title="Brao language">Brao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alak_language" title="Alak language">Alak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariang_language" title="Tariang language">Tariang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampuan_language" title="Tampuan language">Tampuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrau_language" title="Chrau language">Chrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koho_language" title="Koho language">Koho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_language" title="Stieng language">Stieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%CA%BCong_language" title="Raʼong language">Raʼong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnong_language" title="Mnong language">Mnong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel-Khaonh_language" title="Mel-Khaonh language">Mel-Khaonh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thmon_language" title="Thmon language">Thmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cua_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Cua language (Austroasiatic)">Cua</a> (East)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_language" title="Kuy language">Kuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Katu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katu_language" title="Katu language">Katu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuong_language" title="Phuong language">Phuong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacoh_language" title="Pacoh language">Pacoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27Oi_language" title="Ta'Oi language">Ta'Oi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viet-Muong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese dialects">Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="vi:Phương ngữ tiếng Việt">vi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese language in China">in China</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kinh_t%E1%BA%A1i_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" class="extiw" title="vi:Tiếng Kinh tại Trung Quốc">vi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Vietnamese language in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_language" title="Mường language">Mường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_language" title="Nguồn language">Nguồn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chut_languages" title="Chut languages">Chut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arem_language" title="Arem language">Arem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0y_language" title="Mày language">Mày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruc_language" title="Ruc language">Ruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sach_language" title="Sach language">Sach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maleng_language" title="Maleng language">Maleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri_language" title="Kri language">Kri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Thavưng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phong–Liha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phong_language" title="Phong language">Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liha_language" title="Liha language">Liha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%91i_language" title="Cuối language">Cuối</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phay-Pram</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prai_language" title="Prai language">Prai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_language" title="Mal language">Mal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksingmul_language" title="Ksingmul language">Ksingmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCdu_language" title="Oʼdu language">Oʼdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniang_language" title="Kniang language">Phong-Kniang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_language" title="Khmu language">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_language" title="Pear language">Pear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western<br />(Chong)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Central Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samre_language_of_Pursat" title="Samre language of Pursat">Samre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasong_dialect" title="Kasong dialect">Kasong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suoy_language" title="Suoy language">Suoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27och_language" title="Sa'och language">Sa'och</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somray_language" title="Somray language">Somray</a> (Northern Chong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Western Chong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khasi%E2%80%93Palaungic_languages" title="Khasi–Palaungic languages">Khasi–<br />Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_language" title="Pnar language">Pnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngngam_language" title="Lyngngam language">Lyngngam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharam_language" title="Maharam language">Maharam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_language" title="War language">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angkuic_languages" title="Angkuic languages">Angkuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mok_language" title="Mok language">Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waic_languages" title="Waic languages">Waic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawa_language" title="Lawa language">Lawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meung_Yum_language" title="Meung Yum language">Meung Yum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savaiq_language" title="Savaiq language">Savaiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bit%E2%80%93Khang_languages" title="Bit–Khang languages">Bit-Khang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_L%C3%A2m_language" title="Quảng Lâm language">Quảng Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ng_language" title="Kháng language">Kháng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lamet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_language" title="Lamet language">Lamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiorr_language" title="Kiorr language">Kiorr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danau_language" title="Danau language">Danau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Loi_language" title="Tai Loi language">Tai Loi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kherwarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mundaric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korwa_language" title="Korwa language">Korwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asur_language" title="Asur language">Asur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birjia_language" title="Birjia language">Birjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birhor_language" title="Birhor language">Birhor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koda_language" title="Koda language">Koda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhwar_language" title="Majhwar language">Majhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turi_language" title="Turi language">Turi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agariya_language" title="Agariya language">Agariya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Santalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Bangladesh)" title="Kol language (Bangladesh)">Kol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sora-Gorum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorum_language" title="Gorum language">Gorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juray_language" title="Juray language">Juray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodhi_language" title="Lodhi language">Lodhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gutob-Remo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonda_language" title="Bonda language">Bonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutob_language" title="Gutob language">Gutob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gta%CA%BC_language" title="Gtaʼ language">Gtaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juang_language" title="Juang language">Juang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chaura-Teresa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaura_language" title="Chaura language">Chaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teressa_language" title="Teressa language">Teressa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Nicobarese_languages" title="Central Nicobarese languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancowry_language" title="Nancowry language">Nancowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camorta_language" title="Camorta language">Camorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katchal_language" title="Katchal language">Katchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_language" title="Car language">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nicobarese_language" title="Southern Nicobarese language">Southern Nicobarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jahaic_languages" title="Jahaic languages">Jahaic</a> (Northern)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Ten'edn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senoic_languages" title="Senoic languages">Senoic</a> (Central)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semelaic (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Aslian_languages" title="Southern Aslian languages">Southern</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i> (unclassified; possibly a language isolate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_dialect" title="Northern Khmer dialect">Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Khmer_dialect" title="Western Khmer dialect">Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Khe_dialect" title="Khmer Khe dialect">Khmer Khe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyah Kur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a> (Pakan)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Austroasiatic language">Proto-Austroasiatic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Palaungic_language" title="Proto-Palaungic language">Proto-Palaungic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Khmeric_language" title="Proto-Khmeric language">Proto-Khmeric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Aslian_language" title="Proto-Aslian language">Proto-Aslian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Munda_language" title="Proto-Munda language">Proto-Munda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li><li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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