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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Cantonese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Cantonese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rise of Cantonese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Cantonese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantonese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantonese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cantonese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantonese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taishanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taishanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Taishanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taishanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initials_and_medials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initials_and_medials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Initials and medials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initials_and_medials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_consonants_and_tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_consonants_and_tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Final consonants and tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_consonants_and_tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yue Chinese</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonees" title="Kantonees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kantonees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonesische_Sprache" title="Kantonesische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kantonesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B6%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="ጓንግዶንግኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጓንግዶንግኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="صينية يوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صينية يوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinu_canton%C3%A9s" title="Chinu cantonés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chinu cantonés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_%C3%87in_dili" title="Yue Çin dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yue Çin dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইউয়ে ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউয়ে ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oa%CC%8Dt-g%C3%AD_(K%C5%84g-tang-o%C4%93)" title="Oa̍t-gí (Kńg-tang-oē) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oa̍t-gí (Kńg-tang-oē)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀོང་ཏུང་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀོང་ཏུང་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin%C3%A8s_Yue" title="Xinès Yue – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xinès Yue" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCe_(jazyk)" title="Jüe (jazyk) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jüe (jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonesische_Sprache" title="Kantonesische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kantonesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino_yue" title="Chino yue – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chino yue" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_txinera" title="Yue txinera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yue txinera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="چینی یوئی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چینی یوئی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Yue Chinese" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cantonais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yueish" title="Yueish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yueish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="粵語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%CC%8Dt-ng%C3%AE" title="Ye̍t-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ye̍t-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_(%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="웨어 (언어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨어 (언어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5_%D5%B9%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Յուե չինարեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յուե չինարեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="यू चीनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यू चीनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_kineski_(jezik)" title="Yue kineski (jezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Yue kineski (jezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yue" title="Bahasa Yue – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Yue" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cantonese" title="Lingua cantonese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cantonese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Y%C3%BCt_(basa_Yit)" title="Basa Yüt (basa Yit) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Yüt (basa Yit)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyue" title="Kiyue – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiyue" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%8D_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Юэ (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Юэ (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonez%C3%AE" title="Kantonezî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kantonezî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Yue" title="Lingua Yue – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Yue" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_(lingua)" title="Guangdong (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Guangdong (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%89" title="صينيه يوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صينيه يوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%8Fk-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Uŏk-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uŏk-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonees" title="Kantonees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kantonees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="粤語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="粤語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonesisk" title="Kantonesisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kantonesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonesisk" title="Kantonesisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kantonesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="یو چینی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یو چینی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Cin%C3%A8isa,_Yue" title="Lenga Cinèisa, Yue – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Cinèisa, Yue" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantoneesche_Spraak" title="Kantoneesche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kantoneesche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_yue" title="Język yue – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język yue" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_yue" title="Língua yue – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua yue" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%8D_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Юэ (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юэ (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Kwongtong" title="Kari Kwongtong – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Kwongtong" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_language" title="Cantonese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cantonese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="یویی چینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یویی چینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jue_kineski" title="Jue kineski – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Jue kineski" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonesiska" title="Kantonesiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kantonesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Yue" title="Wikang Yue – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Yue" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="காந்தோநீசிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காந்தோநீசிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B5" title="Юе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Юе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษากวางตุ้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษากวางตุ้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_%C3%87incesi" title="Yue Çincesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yue Çincesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Юе (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юе (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="یوئی چینی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوئی چینی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahgvangjdungh" title="Vahgvangjdungh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahgvangjdungh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%C3%B4ng" title="Tiếng Quảng Đông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Quảng Đông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Primary branch of Chinese spoken in southern China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the language group. For the Chinese people sometimes called Yue, see <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese people</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Yueyu" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Yuyue_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yuyue (disambiguation)">Yuyue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuyu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yuyu (disambiguation)">Yuyu</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Yueyue_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yueyue (disambiguation)">Yueyue</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Yue</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Cantonese</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span lang="zh-Hans">粤语</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">粵語</span><br /><span lang="zh-Hans">广东话</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">廣東話</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yueyu-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Yueyu-vector.svg/200px-Yueyu-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Yueyu-vector.svg/300px-Yueyu-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Yueyu-vector.svg/400px-Yueyu-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="232" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><i><span lang="yue-Latn">Yuhtyúh</span></i>; 'Yue' written in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a> (right) character forms</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Taishanese_people" title="Taishanese people">Taishanese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 86 million (2021–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 510,000 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Total: 87 million (2021–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Yue</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han Chinese</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_Yue" title="Yuehai Yue">Yuehai</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao-Yang_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gao-Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong-Xun_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Yong-Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Gou–Lou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin-Lian_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin-Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu-Hua_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu-Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/yue" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:yue">yue</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yuec1235">yuec1235</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=79-AAA-m">79-AAA-m</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_canton%C3%A9s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Idioma_canton%C3%A9s.png/320px-Idioma_canton%C3%A9s.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Idioma_canton%C3%A9s.png 1.5x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (November 2022)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Yue language</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:粵語">粵語</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:粤语">粤语</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yuhtyúh</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">'<a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Yue</a>'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yuèyǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄩㄝˋ   ㄩˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Yüeh<sup>4</sup>-yü<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yuè-yǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɥê.ỳ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Yoeh nyy</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yuhtyúh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jyut6 jyu5</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yüd<sup>6</sup>yü<sup>5</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jyt̚˨.jy˩˧]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">O̍at-gí, O̍at-gú</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Guangdong language</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:廣東話">廣東話</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:广东话">广东话</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gwóngdūng wá</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">'<a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> speech'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guǎngdōnghuà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Kuang<sup>3</sup>-tung<sup>1</sup> Hua<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guǎngdong-huà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kwàŋtʊ́ŋ.xwâ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Kuaon ton ho</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwóngdūng wá</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">gwong2 dung1 waa2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Guong<sup>2</sup>dung<sup>1</sup> wa<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kʷɔŋ˧˥.tʊŋ˥ wa˧˥]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Kńg-tang-oē</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yue</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Cantonese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jyːt̚˨]</a></span>) is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a> primarily spoken in <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Southern China</a>, particularly in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> (collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Liangguang" title="Liangguang">Liangguang</a>). </p><p>The term <b>Cantonese</b> is often used to refer to the whole branch, but linguists prefer to reserve the name <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> for the variety used in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton), <a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a> (Ngchow), <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige dialect</a> of the group. <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a>, from the coastal area of <a href="/wiki/Jiangmen" title="Jiangmen">Jiangmen</a> (Kongmoon) located southwest of Guangzhou, was the language of most of the 19th-century emigrants from Guangdong to Southeast Asia and North America. Most later migrants have been speakers of Cantonese. </p><p>Yue languages are not <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> with each other or with other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese languages</a> outside the branch.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillingley19932_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillingley19932-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are among the most <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic conservatism">conservative</a> varieties with regard to the final consonants and tonal categories of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>, but have lost several distinctions in the initial consonants and medial glides that other Chinese varieties have retained. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Cantonese" is prototypically used in English to refer to the variety of Yue in Guangzhou,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is also to refer to Yue as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid confusion, academic texts may refer to the larger branch as "Yue",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198798_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198798-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> system based on <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, and either restrict "Cantonese" to the Guangzhou variety, or avoid the term altogether, distinguishing Yue from its Guangzhou dialect. </p><p>People from Hong Kong and Macau, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese immigrants</a> abroad, generally refer to their language as <span lang="zh">廣東話</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">Gwóngdūngwá</span></i>; 'Guangdong speech' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kʷɔ̌ːŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʊ́ŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>wǎː]</a></span>. In Guangdong and Guangxi, people also use the terms <span lang="zh">粵語</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">Yuhtyúh</span></i>; 'Yue language' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jỳt<span class="wrap"> </span>jy̬ː]</a></span> and <span lang="zh">白話</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">baahkwá</span></i> (plain/colloquial speech)<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[pàːk<span class="wrap"> </span>wǎː]</a></span>; for example, the expression <span lang="zh">南寧白話</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">Nàahmnìhng baahkwá</span></i> means 'Nanning colloquial speech'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area of China south of the <a href="/wiki/Nanling_Mountains" title="Nanling Mountains">Nanling Mountains</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a> (roughly modern Guangxi and Guangdong), was originally home to peoples known to the Chinese as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Yue">Hundred Yue</a> (or <i>Baiyue</i>). Large-scale Han Chinese migration to the area began after the <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_campaign_against_the_Yue_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes">Qin conquest of the region</a> in 214 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19721_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19721-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successive waves of immigration followed at times of upheaval in Northern and Central China, such as the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19721_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19721-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most popular route was via the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a>, which the Qin had connected to the <a href="/wiki/Li_River_(Guangxi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li River (Guangxi)">Li River</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Lingqu_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingqu Canal">Lingqu Canal</a>, and then into the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jiang">Xi Jiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722–3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722–3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A secondary route followed the <a href="/wiki/Gan_River" title="Gan River">Gan River</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Bei_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Bei Jiang">Bei Jiang</a> into eastern Guangdong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yue-speakers were later joined by <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> speakers following the North River route, and <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> speakers arriving by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19723_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19723-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of Qin, the Lingnan area was part of the independent state of <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> for about a century, before being incorporated into the Han empire in 111 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Tang dynasty collapsed, much of the area became part of the state of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a>, one of the longest-lived states of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a>, between 917 and 971.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large waves of Chinese migration throughout succeeding Chinese dynasties assimilated huge numbers of Yue aborigines, with the result that today's Southern Han Chinese Yue-speaking population is descended from both groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colloquial layers of Yue varieties contain elements influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a> formerly spoken widely in the area and still spoken by people such as the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kam_people" title="Kam people">Dong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19726_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19726-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer19961835–1836_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer19961835–1836-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Cantonese">Rise of Cantonese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise of Cantonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The port city of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> lies in the middle of <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a>, with access to the interior via the Xi, Bei, and <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Jiang">Dong</a> rivers, which all converge at the delta. It has been the economic centre of the Lingnan region since Qin times, when it was an important shipbuilding centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi200619–20_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi200619–20-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 660, it was the largest port in China, part of a trade network stretching as far as Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2006126_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2006126-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a>, it also became the cultural centre of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many other Chinese varieties it developed a distinct literary layer associated with the local tradition of reading the classics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Guangzhou dialect (Cantonese) was used in the popular <i>Yuèōu</i>, <i>Mùyú</i> and <i>Nányīn</i> folksong genres, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725–6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725–6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198799_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198799-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a small amount of vernacular literature, written with Chinese characters extended with a number of non-traditional characters for Cantonese words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198799_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198799-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guangzhou became the centre of rapidly expanding foreign trade after the <a href="/wiki/Haijin" title="Haijin">maritime ban</a> was lifted, with the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> establishing a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">chamber of commerce</a> in the city in 1715.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2006126_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2006126-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestors of most of the Han Chinese population of Hong Kong came from Guangzhou after the territory was ceded to Britain in 1842. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong Cantonese</a>, the most widely spoken language in Hong Kong and Macau, is an offshoot of the Guangzhou dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197270_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197270-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of Cantonese-language media, <a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Cantopop</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema of Hong Kong</a> has since led to substantial exposure of Cantonese to China and the rest of Asia. On the mainland, the national policy is to promote Standard Chinese, which is also the medium of instruction in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangYang2004154_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangYang2004154-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The place of local Cantonese language and culture remains contentious. In 2010, a <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Television_Cantonese_controversy" title="Guangzhou Television Cantonese controversy">controversial proposal to switch some programming on Guangzhou local television</a> from Cantonese to Mandarin was abandoned following widespread backlash accompanied by public <a href="/wiki/Protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests">protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolton201166–68_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton201166–68-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yue languages are spoken in the southern provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi, an area long dominated culturally and economically by the city of Guangzhou at the delta of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a>. Cantonese, also spoken in Hong Kong and Macau, is the prestige variety of Yue. </p><p>The influence of Guangzhou has spread westward along the Pearl River system, so that, for example, the speech of the city of <a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a> some 190 km (120 mi) upstream in Guangxi is much more similar to that of Guangzhou than dialects of coastal districts that are closer but separated from the city by hilly terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198723_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198723-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these coastal languages, Taishanese, is the most common Yue variety among overseas communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198798_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198798-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yue varieties are not totally mutually intelligible with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillingley19932_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillingley19932-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yue Chinese is the most widely spoken local language in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. Its native speakers constitute around a half (47%) of its population. The other half is equally divided between <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min languages</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Teochew</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhounese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-langatlas2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langatlas2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yue is also the most widespread Sinitic language in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, spoken by slightly more than a half of its Han population. The other half is almost equally divided between the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a>, Hakka, and <a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a>; there is also a considerable <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a>-speaking population and a small <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>-speaking minority. Yue Chinese is spoken by 35% of the total population of Guangxi, being one of the two largest languages in that province, along with <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-langatlas2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langatlas2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, as of 2004, 60% of all Yue speakers lived in Guangdong, 28.3% lived in Guangxi, and 11.6% lived in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-langatlas2_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langatlas2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg/400px-Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg/600px-Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg/800px-Ping_and_Yue_dialect_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:small;">Pinghua and Yue dialect groups in Guangxi and Guangdong identified in the <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Atlas_of_China" title="Language Atlas of China">Language Atlas of China</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWurmLiBaumannLee1987_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurmLiBaumannLee1987-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> <table align="center" width="100%" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #ABD5F5; background-color:#F1F5FC; margin-top:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:center"></div> <table cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td width="50%"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ffd264; color:#ffd264;">    </span> Guibei (N <a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a>) </span></span></td><td width="50%"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#aab4ff; color:#aab4ff;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Gou-Lou_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gou-Lou Yue">Gou–Lou</a> </span></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ffb478; color:#ffb478;">    </span> Guinan (S Pinghua) </span></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ffaaaa; color:#ffaaaa;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Guangfu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangfu dialects">Guangfu</a> </span></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#c88cc8; color:#c88cc8;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Siyi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Siyi dialects">Siyi</a> </span></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#96c83c; color:#96c83c;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Yong-Xun_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Yong-Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a> </span></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#8c64b4; color:#8c64b4;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Gaoyang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaoyang dialect">Gao–Yang</a> </span></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#78c8a0; color:#78c8a0;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Qin-Lian_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin-Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a> </span></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#64a0f0; color:#64a0f0;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Wu-Hua_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu-Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a> </span></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Jiahua" title="Yuan Jiahua">Yuan Jiahua</a>'s 1962 dialect manual, Yue dialects were divided into five groups:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYan2006192–193_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYan2006192–193-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a>, covering the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xi_River" title="Xi River">Xi River</a> valley.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Siyi dialects">Seiyap</a> ('four counties'), in the coastal prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Jiangmen" title="Jiangmen">Jiangmen</a> to the southwest of Guangzhou.</li> <li>Gao–Lei, in southwestern Guangdong.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin-Lian_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin-Lian Yue">Hamlim</a> in southern Guangxi.</li> <li>Guinan, in southwestern Guangxi.</li></ul> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Atlas_of_China" title="Language Atlas of China">Language Atlas of China</a></i>, some varieties spoken in western Guangxi formerly classified as Yue are placed in a separate <a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201076_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201076-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining Yue dialects are divided into seven groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWurmLiBaumannLee1987_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurmLiBaumannLee1987-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three groups are found in the watershed of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a>: </p> <ul><li>Guangfu (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue-Hani">廣府話</span></span>) includes Cantonese proper, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, as well as the dialects of surrounding areas in the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, and in southern parts of the inland prefectures of <a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qingyuan" title="Qingyuan">Qingyuan</a> and in parts of Guangxi such as the city of <a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a>. Almost a half of all Yue speakers speak Guangfu dialects natively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gou-Lou_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gou-Lou Yue">Ngau–Lau</a> dialects are spoken in inland areas of western Guangdong and eastern Guangxi, and include the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Guangxi" title="Yulin, Guangxi">Yulin (Bobai)</a>. Ngau–Lau is spoken by 17% of all Yue speakers, with two-thirds of them living in Guangxi and one-third in Guangdong.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong-Xun_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Yong-Xun Yue">Yuhng–Cham</a> is spoken mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Yongjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongjiang">Yong</a>–<a href="/wiki/Yu_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yu River (China)">Yu</a>–<a href="/wiki/Xun_River" title="Xun River">Xun</a> valley in Guangxi, including the provincial capital <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a>. It is spoken by around 7% of Yue speakers.</li></ul> <p>The remaining four groups are found in coastal areas: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siyi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Siyi dialects">Sze-yap</a> or Siyi dialects are spoken in the coastal prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Jiangmen" title="Jiangmen">Jiangmen</a> to the southwest of Guangzhou. They include the <a href="/wiki/Taishan,_Guangdong" title="Taishan, Guangdong">Taishan</a> variety, also known as <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a>, which was ubiquitous in American <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatowns</a> before the 1970s. Sze-yap dialects are spoken by 6.5% of total Yue speakers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoyang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaoyang dialect">Gao–Yang</a> dialects are spoken in areas of southwestern Guangdong such as <a href="/wiki/Yangjiang" title="Yangjiang">Yangjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lianjiang,_Guangdong" title="Lianjiang, Guangdong">Lianjiang</a>. They cover around 11% of all Yue Chinese speakers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu-Hua_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu-Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a> is spoken mainly in western Guangdong around <a href="/wiki/Wuchuan,_Guangdong" title="Wuchuan, Guangdong">Wuchuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huazhou,_Guangdong" title="Huazhou, Guangdong">Huazhou</a>. Native speakers of this variety constitute only 2.1% of all Yue speakers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin-Lian_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin-Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a> dialects are spoken in the southern Guangxi areas of <a href="/wiki/Beihai" title="Beihai">Beihai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinzhou" title="Qinzhou">Qinzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fangcheng_District" title="Fangcheng District">Fangcheng</a>. They are spoken by 6.5% of all Yue speakers.</li></ul> <p>Anne Yue-Hashimoto has proposed an alternative classification based on a wider sampling of features:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict1997xxxvii–xxxviii_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict1997xxxvii–xxxviii-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYan2006195–196_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYan2006195–196-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue200676–77_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue200676–77-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue2015186_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue2015186-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Pearl River Delta <ul><li>Northern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanyi" title="Sanyi">Sanyi–Zhaoqing</a>: dialects of <a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a> and southeast <a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a></li> <li>Interior: western part of the Pearl River catchment, including the <i>Atlas'</i>s Gou–Lou and southern <a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a> dialects.</li></ul></li> <li>Guangfu <ul><li>Core: <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> proper (Guangzhou, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong Cantonese</a>)</li> <li>Interior: Gao–Yang dialects of <a href="/wiki/Maoming" title="Maoming">Maoming</a> and the Yong–Xun dialects of <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guiping" title="Guiping">Guiping</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li>Zhongshan, including <a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi dialect</a></li> <li>Guan–Lian: dialects of the east delta region (<a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a>) as well as the coastal Guangxi dialects classified as Qin–Lian in the <i>Atlas</i>.</li> <li>Interior: Huazhou, Wuchuan, Yulin</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Wuyi–Liangyang <ul><li>Wuyi <ul><li>Xin–En: Xinhui, Taishan, Enping and the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Doumen_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Doumen District">Doumen District</a>.</li> <li>Kai-He: Kaiping and Heshan.</li></ul></li> <li>Liangyang: <a href="/wiki/Yangjiang" title="Yangjiang">Yangjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yangchun" title="Yangchun">Yangchun</a> (the eastern part of the <i>Atlas'</i>s Gao–Yang area)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng dialect</a> is a variety displaying features of both Cantonese and Hakka, spoken by 3,000–5,500 people in Dapeng, Shenzhen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2016_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantonese">Cantonese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cantonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm/220px-seek%3D94-%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="247" data-mwtitle="字言字語_手遊"課金"_曾鈺成_am730.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm.480p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:49,00:02:35" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm.720p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:49,00:02:35" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm#t=00:00:49,00:02:35" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:49,00:02:35" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:49,00:02:35" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm/%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E_%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8A%22%E8%AA%B2%E9%87%91%22_%E6%9B%BE%E9%88%BA%E6%88%90_am730.webm.360p.webm#t=00:00:49,00:02:35" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tsang" title="Jasper Tsang">Jasper Tsang</a> reciting <i>Letter to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Song" title="Emperor Renzong of Song">the Emperor</a></i> (by <a href="/wiki/Su_Xun" title="Su Xun">Su Xun</a>, 1058) in Cantonese</figcaption></figure> <p>The Guangzhou (Canton) dialect of <i>Yuehai</i>, usually called "Cantonese", is the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige dialect</a> of Guangdong province and social standard of Yue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988215_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988215-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most widely spoken dialect of Yue and is an <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Bilingualism in Hong Kong">official language of Hong Kong</a> and of Macau, alongside English and Portuguese respectively. It is the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of not only Guangdong, but also many overseas Cantonese emigrants, though in many areas abroad it is numerically second to the <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a> dialect of Yue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197210_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197210-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By law, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing dialect</a> of Mandarin, is taught nearly universally as a supplement to local languages such as Cantonese. In Guangzhou, much of the distinctively Yue vocabulary have been replaced with Cantonese pronunciations of corresponding Standard Chinese terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict1997431–432_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict1997431–432-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cantonese is the de facto official language of Hong Kong (along with English) and Macau (along with Portuguese), though legally the official language is just "Chinese". It is the oral language of instruction in Chinese schools in Hong Kong and Macau, and is used extensively in Cantonese-speaking households. Cantonese-language media (Hong Kong films, television serials, and <a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Cantopop</a>), which exist in isolation from the other regions of China, local identity, and the non-Mandarin speaking Cantonese diaspora in Hong Kong and abroad give the language a unique identity. Colloquial Hong Kong Cantonese often incorporates English words due to historical British influences. </p><p>Most <i><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">wuxia</a></i> films from Canton are filmed originally in Cantonese and then dubbed or subtitled in Mandarin, English, or both. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taishanese">Taishanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Taishanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="298" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Joseph_speaking_Siyi_Yue.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A speaker of Siyi Yue Chinese providing examples of differences between Siyi Yue and Cantonese</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Chinese government removed the prohibition on emigration in the mid-19th century, many people from rural areas in the coastal regions of Fujian and Guangdong emigrated to Southeast Asia and North America. Until the late 20th century, the vast majority of Chinese immigrants to North America came from the <a href="/wiki/Sze_Yup" class="mw-redirect" title="Sze Yup">Siyi</a> ('four counties') to the southwest of Guangzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197210_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197210-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech of this region, particularly the Taishan dialect, is thus the most common Yue variety in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198798_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198798-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is only partially understood by speakers of Cantonese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzeto20014_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzeto20014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeldon200357_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkeldon200357-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg/280px-Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg/420px-Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg/560px-Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Yue and other subgroups of Chinese in East Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>Yue varieties are among the most <a href="/wiki/Conservative_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative (language)">conservative</a> of Chinese varieties regarding the final consonants and tonal categories of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>, so that the rhymes of Tang poetry are clearer in Yue dialects than elsewhere. However they have lost several distinctions in the initial consonants and medial vowels that other Chinese varieties have retained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198799–100_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198799–100-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initials_and_medials">Initials and medials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Initials and medials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to aspirated and unaspirated voiceless initials, Middle Chinese had a series of voiced initials, but voicing has been lost in Yue and most other modern Chinese varieties apart from <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Old Xiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988216_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988216-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Guangfu, Siyi and Gao–Yang subgroups, these initials have yielded aspirated consonants in the level and rising tones, and unaspirated consonants in the departing and entering tones. These initials are uniformly unaspirated in Gou–Lou varieties and uniformly aspirated in Wu–Hua.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYan2006193_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYan2006193-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many Yue varieties, including Cantonese, Middle Chinese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> has become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> in most words; in Taishanese, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> has also changed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987100–101_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987100–101-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, in the native name of the dialect, "Hoisan". In Siyi and eastern Gao–Yang, Middle Chinese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> has become a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless lateral fricative">voiceless lateral fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYan2006204_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYan2006204-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Yue varieties have merged the Middle Chinese <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> sibilants with the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> sibilants, in contrast with <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin dialects">Mandarin dialects</a>, which have generally maintained the distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988216_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988216-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the words <span lang="zh">將</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiāng</span></i> and <span lang="zh">張</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhāng</span></i> are distinguished in Mandarin, but in modern Cantonese they are both pronounced as <i><span lang="yue-Latn">jēung</span></i>. </p><p>Many Mandarin varieties, including the Beijing dialect, have a third sibilant series, formed through a merger of palatalized alveolar sibilants and velars, but this is a recent innovation, which has not affected Yue and other Chinese varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988193_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988193-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <span lang="zh">晶</span>, <span lang="zh">精</span>, <span lang="zh">經</span> and <span lang="zh">京</span> are all pronounced as <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jīng</span></i> in Mandarin, but in Cantonese the first pair is pronounced <i><span lang="yue-Latn">jīng</span></i>, while the second pair is pronounced <i><span lang="yue-Latn">gīng</span></i>. The earlier pronunciation is reflected in historical Mandarin romanizations, such as "Peking" for Beijing, "Kiangsi" for <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, and "Tientsin" for <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>. </p><p>Some Yue speakers, such as many Hong Kong Cantonese speakers born after World War II, merge <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict199724,_32–33_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict199724,_32–33-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Taishanese and most other Yue varieties preserve the distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988216_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988216-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Younger Cantonese speakers also tend not to distinguish between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> and the zero initial,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict199724–25_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict199724–25-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this distinction is retained in most Yue dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988216_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988216-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yue varieties retain the initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> in words where Late Middle Chinese shows a shift to a labiodental consonant, realized in most Northern varieties of Chinese as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987101_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987101-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasals can be independent syllables in Yue words, e.g. Cantonese <span lang="zh">五</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">ńgh</span></i>; 'five', and <span lang="zh">唔</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">m̀h</span></i>; 'not', although Middle Chinese did not have syllables of this type.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987101_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987101-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most Yue varieties (except for <a href="/wiki/Tengxian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengxian">Tengxian</a>), the rounded medial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> has merged with the following vowel to form a <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a>, except after velar initials. In most analyses velars followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> are treated as <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labio-velars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988216–217_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988216–217-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Yue varieties have retained the Middle Chinese palatal medial, but in Cantonese it has also been lost to monophthongization, yielding a variety of vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988217_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988217-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_consonants_and_tones">Final consonants and tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Final consonants and tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Middle Chinese syllables could end with glides <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, nasals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>, or stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>. Syllables with vocalic or nasal endings could occur with one of three tonal contours, called <span lang="zh">平</span>; 'level', <span lang="zh">上</span>; 'rising', or <span lang="zh">去</span>; 'departing'. Syllables with final stops were traditionally treated as a fourth tone category, the <a href="/wiki/Entering_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Entering tone">entering tone</a> <span lang="zh">入</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">rù</span></i>, because the stops were distributed in the same way as the corresponding final nasals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198852_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198852-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While northern and central varieties have lost some of the Middle Chinese final consonants, they are retained by most southern Chinese varieties, though sometimes affected by sound shifts. They are most faithfully preserved in Yue dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988217_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988217-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Final stops have disappeared entirely in most Mandarin dialects, including the Beijing-based standard, with the syllables distributed across the other tones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988193_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988193-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the characters <span lang="zh">裔</span>, <span lang="zh">屹</span>, <span lang="zh">藝</span>, <span lang="zh">憶</span>, <span lang="zh">譯</span>, <span lang="zh">懿</span>, <span lang="zh">肄</span>, <span lang="zh">翳</span>, <span lang="zh">邑</span>, and <span lang="zh">佚</span> are all pronounced <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yì</span></i> in Mandarin, but they are all distinct in Yue: in Cantonese, <i><span lang="yue-Latn">yeuih</span></i>, <i><span lang="yue-Latn">ngaht</span></i>, <i><span lang="yue-Latn">ngaih</span></i>, <i><span lang="yue-Latn">yīk</span></i>, <i><span lang="yue-Latn">yihk</span></i>, <i><span lang="yue-Latn">yi</span></i>, <i><span lang="yue-Latn">yih</span></i>, <i><span lang="yue-Latn">ai</span></i>, <i><span lang="yue-Latn">yāp</span></i>, and <i><span lang="yue-Latn">yaht</span></i>, respectively. </p><p>Similarly, in Mandarin dialects the Middle Chinese final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> has merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, but the distinction is maintained in southern varieties of Chinese such as <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> and Yue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988193_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988193-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Cantonese has <span lang="zh">譚</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">taahm</span></i> and <span lang="zh">壇</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">tàahn</span></i> versus Mandarin <i><span lang="zh-Latn">tán</span></i>, <span lang="zh">鹽</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">yìhm</span></i> and <span lang="zh">言</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">yìhn</span></i> versus Mandarin <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yán</span></i>, <span lang="zh">添</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">tìm</span></i> and <span lang="zh">天</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">tìn</span></i> versus Mandarin <i><span lang="zh-Latn">tiān</span></i>, and <span lang="zh">含</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">hàhm</span></i> and <span lang="zh">寒</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">hòhn</span></i> versus Mandarin <i><span lang="zh-Latn">hán</span></i>. </p><p>Middle Chinese is described in contemporary dictionaries as having <a href="/wiki/Four_tones" class="mw-redirect" title="Four tones">four tones</a>, where the fourth category, the entering tone, consists of syllables with final stops. Many modern Chinese varieties contain traces of a split of each of these four tones into two registers, an upper or <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yīn</span></i> register from voiceless initials and a lower or <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yáng</span></i> register from voiced initials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200377_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200377-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Mandarin dialects retain the register distinction only in the level tone, yielding the first and second tones of the standard language (corresponding to the first and fourth tones in Cantonese), but have merged several of the other categories. Most Yue dialects have retained all eight categories, with a further split of the upper entering tone conditioned by vowel length, as also found in neighbouring Tai dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200380_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200380-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few dialects spoken in Guangxi, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bobai_dialect" title="Bobai dialect">Bobai dialect</a>, have also split the lower entering tone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most Chinese varieties form compounds consisting of a qualifier followed by a qualified element, Yue dialects may use the reverse order. For example, the Standard Chinese, and widely used Cantonese word for "guest" is <span lang="zh">客人</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">kèrén</span></i>; 'guest-person', but the same morphemes may be reversed in Cantonese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɐn<span class="wrap"> </span>ha:k]</span> versus Taishanese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋin<span class="wrap"> </span>hak]</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Teng_County" title="Teng County">Tengxian</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jən<span class="wrap"> </span>hɪk]</span>. This has been hypothesized to be the influence of <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a>, in which modifiers normally follow nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197220_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197220-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it is notable that the Standard Chinese word for 'married woman' (<span lang="zh">人妻</span>) also follows the same structure. Gender markers for nouns are also suffixed, as in other southern varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197220_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197220-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Yue dialects, including Cantonese, can use the same word <span lang="zh">邊個</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">bīn-go</span></i>; 'which one', for both 'who' and 'which'. Other dialects, including Taishanese, use <span lang="zh">誰</span>; <i><span lang="yue-Latn">sŭe</span></i> (cf. Mandarin <span lang="zh">誰</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shéi</span></i>) for 'who', and words meaning 'which one' for 'which'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197248_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197248-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Chinese input methods for computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingnan culture">Lingnan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/yue">Yue</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Victor H. Mair</a> (2009): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1211">Mutual Intelligibility of Sinitic Languages</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillingley19932-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillingley19932_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillingley19932_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKillingley1993">Killingley (1993)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Cantonese" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Cantonese">"Cantonese"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cantonese&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DCantonese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAger" class="citation web cs1">Ager, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/chinese/cantonese.htm">"Cantonese language, pronunciation and special characters"</a>. <i>Omniglot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Cantonese+language%2C+pronunciation+and+special+characters&rft.aulast=Ager&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fchinese%2Fcantonese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnologue: "Yue Chinese"; "Yue" or older "Yüeh" in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">OED</a>; <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> code <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">yue</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198798-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198798_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198798_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198798_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19721-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19721_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19721_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722–3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722–3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19722_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19723-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19723_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19724_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19726-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19726_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer19961835–1836-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer19961835–1836_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer1996">Bauer (1996)</a>, pp. 1835–1836.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi200619–20-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi200619–20_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2006">Li (2006)</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2006126-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2006126_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2006126_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2006">Li (2006)</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725–6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto19725–6_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198799-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198799_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198799_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197270-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197270_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangYang2004154-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangYang2004154_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhangYang2004">Zhang & Yang (2004)</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton201166–68-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolton201166–68_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBolton2011">Bolton (2011)</a>, pp. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198723-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198723_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langatlas2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-langatlas2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langatlas2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langatlas2_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Language atlas of China (2nd edition)</i>, <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="City University of Hong Kong">City University of Hong Kong</a>, 2012, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-10-007054-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-10-007054-6"><bdi>978-7-10-007054-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span 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href="#CITEREFYan2006">Yan (2006)</a>, pp. 195–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue200676–77-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue200676–77_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue2006">Yue (2006)</a>, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue2015186-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue2015186_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue2015">Yue (2015)</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2016-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2016_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChen2016">Chen (2016)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988215-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988215_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeldon200357_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkeldon2003">Skeldon (2003)</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198799–100-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198799–100_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988216-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988216_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988216_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988216_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988216_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYan2006193-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYan2006193_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYan2006">Yan (2006)</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987100–101-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987100–101_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYan2006204-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYan2006204_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYan2006">Yan (2006)</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988193-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988193_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988193_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988193_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict199724,_32–33-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict199724,_32–33_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauerBenedict1997">Bauer & Benedict (1997)</a>, pp. 24, 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict199724–25-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict199724–25_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauerBenedict1997">Bauer & Benedict (1997)</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987101-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987101_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987101_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988216–217-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988216–217_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988217-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988217_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988217_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198852-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198852_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200377-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200377_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2003">Norman (2003)</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200380-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200380_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2003">Norman (2003)</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197220-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197220_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197220_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197248-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue-Hashimoto197248_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972">Yue-Hashimoto (1972)</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1996" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Robert S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bauer1996identifying.pdf">"Identifying the Tai substratum in Cantonese"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics, Pan-Asiatic Linguistics</i>. Salaya, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. pp. <span class="nowrap">1806–</span>1844.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Identifying+the+Tai+substratum+in+Cantonese&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+International+Symposium+on+Languages+and+Linguistics%2C+Pan-Asiatic+Linguistics&rft.place=Salaya%2C+Thailand&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1806-%3C%2Fspan%3E1844&rft.pub=Institute+of+Language+and+Culture+for+Rural+Development%2C+Mahidol+University&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf8%2Fbauer1996identifying.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerBenedict1997" class="citation cs2">Bauer, Robert S.; Benedict, Paul K. (1997), <i>Modern Cantonese Phonology</i>, Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014893-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014893-0"><bdi>978-3-11-014893-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Cantonese+Phonology&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014893-0&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Benedict%2C+Paul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2011" class="citation cs2">Bolton, Kingsley (2011), "Language policy and planning in Hong Kong: Colonial and post-colonial perspectives", <i>Applied Linguistics Review</i>, <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>74, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110239331.51">10.1515/9783110239331.51</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10220%2F38780">10220/38780</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154551337">154551337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Linguistics+Review&rft.atitle=Language+policy+and+planning+in+Hong+Kong%3A+Colonial+and+post-colonial+perspectives&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10220%2F38780&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154551337%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110239331.51&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Kingsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2016" class="citation cs2">Chen, Litong (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469032185"><i>Dapeng Dialect: An Undocumented Cantonese-Hakka Mixed Language in Southern China</i></a> (Ph.D. thesis), Ohio State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dapeng+Dialect%3A+An+Undocumented+Cantonese-Hakka+Mixed+Language+in+Southern+China&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Litong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frave.ohiolink.edu%2Fetdc%2Fview%3Facc_num%3Dosu1469032185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillingley1993" class="citation cs2">Killingley, Siew-Yue (1993), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cantonese0000kill"><i>Cantonese</i></a></span>, Lincom Europa, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-929075-12-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-929075-12-0"><bdi>978-3-929075-12-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantonese&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-929075-12-0&rft.aulast=Killingley&rft.aufirst=Siew-Yue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcantonese0000kill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurpaska2010" class="citation cs2">Kurpaska, Maria (2010), <i>Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects"</i>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021914-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021914-2"><bdi>978-3-11-021914-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Language%28s%29%3A+A+Look+Through+the+Prism+of+%22The+Great+Dictionary+of+Modern+Chinese+Dialects%22&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021914-2&rft.aulast=Kurpaska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2006" class="citation cs2">Li, Qingxin (2006), <i>Maritime Silk Road</i>, translated by Wang, William W., China Intercontinental Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0932-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0932-7"><bdi>978-7-5085-0932-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Silk+Road&rft.pub=China+Intercontinental+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0932-7&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Qingxin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a> (1988), <i>Chinese</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3"><bdi>978-0-521-29653-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29653-3&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2003" class="citation cs2">——— (2003), "The Chinese dialects: phonology", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), <i>Sino-Tibetan Languages</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">72–</span>83, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+dialects%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=Sino-Tibetan+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1129-1&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey1987" class="citation cs2">Ramsey, S. Robert (1987), <i>The Languages of China</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01468-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01468-5"><bdi>978-0-691-01468-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+China&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01468-5&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=S.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeldon2003" class="citation cs2">Skeldon, Ronald (2003), "The Chinese diaspora or the migration of Chinese peoples?", in Ma, Laurence J. C.; Cartier, Carolyn L. (eds.), <i>The Chinese Diaspora: Space, Place, Mobility, and Identity</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>68, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1756-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1756-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-1756-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+diaspora+or+the+migration+of+Chinese+peoples%3F&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Diaspora%3A+Space%2C+Place%2C+Mobility%2C+and+Identity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1756-1&rft.aulast=Skeldon&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzeto2001" class="citation cs2">Szeto, Cecilia (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als2000/szeto.pdf">"Testing intelligibility among Sinitic dialects"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Allan, Keith; Henderson, John (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als2000.html"><i>Proceedings of ALS2k, the 2000 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Testing+intelligibility+among+Sinitic+dialects&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+ALS2k%2C+the+2000+Conference+of+the+Australian+Linguistic+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Szeto&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.als.asn.au%2Fproceedings%2Fals2000%2Fszeto.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurmLiBaumannLee1987" class="citation cs2">Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987), <i>Language Atlas of China</i>, Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-359-085-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-359-085-3"><bdi>978-962-359-085-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Atlas+of+China&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-962-359-085-3&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Adolphe&rft.au=Li%2C+Rong&rft.au=Baumann%2C+Theo&rft.au=Lee%2C+Mei+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan2006" class="citation cs2">Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), <i>Introduction to Chinese Dialectology</i>, LINCOM Europa, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-629-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-629-6"><bdi>978-3-89586-629-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Chinese+Dialectology&rft.pub=LINCOM+Europa&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-89586-629-6&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Mian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYue-Hashimoto1972" class="citation cs2">Yue-Hashimoto, Anne Oi-Kan (1972), <i>Studies in Yue Dialects 1: Phonology of Cantonese</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08442-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08442-0"><bdi>978-0-521-08442-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Yue+Dialects+1%3A+Phonology+of+Cantonese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08442-0&rft.aulast=Yue-Hashimoto&rft.aufirst=Anne+Oi-Kan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYue2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">Yue, Oi-Kan (2006), "<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yuè</span></i> <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yīn</span></i> <i><span lang="zh-Latn">gòunǐ</span></i> <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhī</span></i> èr: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shēngmǔ</span></i>" <bdi lang="zh">粵音構擬之二：聲母</bdi> [Reconstruction of the Yue dialects II: initials], in Ho, D.-a.; Cheung, S.; Pan, W.; Wu, F. (eds.), <i><i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shāngāo</span></i> <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shuǐ</span></i> cháng: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dīng</span></i> <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bāngxīn</span></i> <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiānshēng</span></i> <i><span lang="zh-Latn">qī</span></i> <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhì</span></i> <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shòu</span></i> <i><span lang="zh-Latn">qìng</span></i> <i><span lang="zh-Latn">lùnwén</span></i> jí</i> <bdi lang="zh">山高水長:丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集</bdi> [<i>Linguistic Studies in Chinese and Neighboring Languages: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Pang-Hsin Ting on His 70th Birthday</i>], Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3EYu%C3%A8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3Ey%C4%ABn%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3Eg%C3%B2un%C7%90%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3Ezh%C4%AB%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%C3%A8r%3A+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3Esh%C4%93ngm%C7%94%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%E7%B2%B5%E9%9F%B3%E6%A7%8B%E6%93%AC%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%9A%E8%81%B2%E6%AF%8D&rft.btitle=%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ESh%C4%81ng%C4%81o%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3Eshu%C7%90%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+ch%C3%A1ng%3A+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ED%C4%ABng%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3EB%C4%81ngx%C4%ABn%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3Exi%C4%81nsh%C4%93ng%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3Eq%C4%AB%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3Ezh%C3%AC%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3Esh%C3%B2u%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3Eq%C3%ACng%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3El%C3%B9nw%C3%A9n%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+j%C3%AD+%E5%B1%B1%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%B4%E9%95%B7%3A%E4%B8%81%E9%82%A6%E6%96%B0%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%83%E7%A7%A9%E5%A3%BD%E6%85%B6%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=Institute+of+Linguistics%2C+Academia+Sinica&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Yue&rft.aufirst=Oi-Kan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYue2015" class="citation cs2">Yue, Anne O. (2015), "The Yue language", in Wang, William S.-Y.; Sun, Chaofen (eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">173–</span>188, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985633-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985633-6"><bdi>978-0-19-985633-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Yue+language&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-985633-6&rft.aulast=Yue&rft.aufirst=Anne+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangYang2004" class="citation cs2">Zhang, Bennan; Yang, Robin R. (2004), "Putonghua education and language policy in postcolonial Hong Kong", in Zhou, Minglang (ed.), <i>Language policy in the People's Republic of China: theory and practice since 1949</i>, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>161, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8038-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8038-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-8038-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Putonghua+education+and+language+policy+in+postcolonial+Hong+Kong&rft.btitle=Language+policy+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China%3A+theory+and+practice+since+1949&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8038-8&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Bennan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Robin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span lang="zh">詹伯慧</span> & <span lang="zh">张日昇</span> (1987). <span lang="zh">珠江三角洲方言字音对照</span>. Guangzhou: <span lang="zh">广东人民出版社</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7540500565" title="Special:BookSources/7540500565">7540500565</a>.</li> <li><span lang="zh">詹伯慧</span> & <span lang="zh">张日昇</span> (1988). <span lang="zh">珠江三角洲方言词汇对照</span>. Guangzhou: <span lang="zh">广东人民出版社</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7540502606" title="Special:BookSources/7540502606">7540502606</a>.</li> <li><span lang="zh">詹伯慧</span> & <span lang="zh">张日昇</span> (1990). <span lang="zh">珠江三角洲方言综述</span>. Guangzhou: <span lang="zh">广东人民出版社</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7540504854" title="Special:BookSources/7540504854">7540504854</a>.</li> <li><span lang="zh">詹伯慧</span> & <span lang="zh">张日昇</span> (1994). <span lang="zh">粤北十县市粤方言调查报告</span>. Guangzhou: <span lang="zh">暨南大学出版社</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7810293631" title="Special:BookSources/978-7810293631">978-7810293631</a>.</li> <li><span lang="zh">詹伯慧</span> & <span lang="zh">张日昇</span> (1998). <span lang="zh">粤西十县市粤方言调查报告</span>. Guangzhou: <span lang="zh">暨南大学出版社</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7810297252" title="Special:BookSources/7810297252">7810297252</a>.</li> <li><span lang="zh">谢建猷</span> (2007). <span lang="zh">广西汉语方言研究</span>. Nanning: <span lang="zh">广西人民出版社</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7219059432" title="Special:BookSources/978-7219059432">978-7219059432</a>.</li> <li><span lang="zh">广西壮族自治区地方志编纂委员会</span> (1998). <span lang="zh">广西通志: 汉语方言志(2册)</span>. Nanning: <span lang="zh">广西人民出版社</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7219037236" title="Special:BookSources/7219037236">7219037236</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787219037232" title="Special:BookSources/9787219037232">9787219037232</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Kwok, Bit-Chee; Chin, Andy C.; Tsou, Benjamin K. (2016), "Grammatical diversity across the Yue dialects", <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i>, <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>152, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjcl.2016.0002">10.1353/jcl.2016.0002</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170745725">170745725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Grammatical+diversity+across+the+Yue+dialects&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjcl.2016.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170745725%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kwok&rft.aufirst=Bit-Chee&rft.au=Chin%2C+Andy+C.&rft.au=Tsou%2C+Benjamin+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Yue-Hashimoto, Anne (1991), "The Yue dialect", in Wang, William S.-Y. (ed.), <i>Languages and Dialects of China</i>, <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i> Monograph Series, vol. 3, Chinese University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">292–</span>322, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23827041">23827041</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/600555701">600555701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Yue+dialect&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Dialects+of+China&rft.series=%27%27Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics%27%27+Monograph+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E292-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F600555701&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23827041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yue-Hashimoto&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-yue:"> Cantonese edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Chan, Marjorie K.M. (1980), <i>Zhong-shan phonology: a synchronic and diachronic analysis of a Yue (Cantonese) dialect</i> (MA thesis), University of British Columbia, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0100261">10.14288/1.0100261</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2429%2F22089">2429/22089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhong-shan+phonology%3A+a+synchronic+and+diachronic+analysis+of+a+Yue+%28Cantonese%29+dialect&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2429%2F22089&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2F1.0100261&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+K.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Huang, Karen (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-karenhuang.pdf">"A reconstruction of proto-Yue vowels"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Working Papers in Linguistics</i>, <b>40</b> (2), Department of Linguistics, University of Hawaii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+reconstruction+of+proto-Yue+vowels&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.hawaii.edu%2Fresearch%2FWorkingPapers%2Fwp-karenhuang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYue+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric45" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a>–<a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic45" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language163" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Major_linguistic_groups163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major linguistic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li>(?) <a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%B4%A1%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:江贡小片">zh</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui%E2%80%93Liu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gui–Liu">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ürümqi dialect (page does not exist)">Ürümqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/205px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="460" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/308px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/410px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li>(?) <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Huizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_Min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan Min (page does not exist)">Houguan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E5%AE%98%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:侯官片">zh</a>]</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_Min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning Min (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%AE%81%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:福宁片">zh</a>]</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Teochew" title="Pontianak Teochew">Pontianak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Inland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huiyang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huiyang dialect (page does not exist)">Huiyang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E9%98%B3%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:惠阳话">zh</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Hakka" title="Pontianak Hakka">Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkawang_Hakka" title="Singkawang Hakka">Singkawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:新会话">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern Pinghua</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern Pinghua</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(?) <a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Standard_forms_of_Chinese163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard forms of Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Other varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="History,_phonology,_and_grammar163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History, phonology, and grammar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Written_Chinese_and_input_methods163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Written Chinese and input methods</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Logographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshiamy_method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boshiamy method (page does not exist)">Boshiamy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%B8%E8%9D%A6%E7%B1%B3%E8%BC%B8%E5%85%A5%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="zh:嘸蝦米輸入法">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q9_input_method" title="Q9 input method">Q9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&oldid=1268777196">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yue_Chinese&oldid=1268777196</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yue_Chinese" title="Category:Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_languages_in_Singapore" title="Category:Chinese languages in Singapore">Chinese languages in Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_languages" title="Category:Subject–verb–object 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