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id="toc-Ancestry_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sennacherib_as_crown_prince" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sennacherib_as_crown_prince"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Sennacherib as crown prince </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sennacherib_as_crown_prince-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyria_and_Babylonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyria_and_Babylonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Assyria and Babylonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyria_and_Babylonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Reign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_Sargon_II_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Sargon_II_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Death of Sargon II and succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Sargon_II_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Babylonian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Babylonian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 First Babylonian campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Babylonian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_the_Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_the_Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 War in the Levant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_the_Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sennacherib_at_the_gates_of_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sennacherib_at_the_gates_of_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Sennacherib at the gates of Jerusalem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sennacherib_at_the_gates_of_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolving_the_Babylonian_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolving_the_Babylonian_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Resolving the Babylonian problem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolving_the_Babylonian_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Elamite_campaign_and_revenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Elamite_campaign_and_revenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 The Elamite campaign and revenge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Elamite_campaign_and_revenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_Babylon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_Babylon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Destruction of Babylon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_Babylon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renovation_of_Nineveh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renovation_of_Nineveh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Renovation of Nineveh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renovation_of_Nineveh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy,_murder_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy,_murder_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Conspiracy, murder and succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy,_murder_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Family and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Character </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sennacherib_in_popular_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sennacherib_in_popular_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sennacherib in popular memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sennacherib_in_popular_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Archaeological discoveries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Titles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sennacherib</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" > 59 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanherib" title="Sanherib – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sanherib" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%93%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AC%E1%88%9D" title="ሰናክሬም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰናክሬም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="سنحاريب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سنحاريب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A2%DC%9A%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%92" title="ܣܢܚܪܝܒ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܢܚܪܝܒ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennaxerib" title="Sennaxerib – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sennaxerib" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سناخریب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سناخریب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC" title="সিনাহিইরিব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিনাহিইরিব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sennacherib" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1" title="Сінахерыб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінахерыб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Сенахериб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сенахериб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senn%C3%A0querib" title="Sennàquerib – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sennàquerib" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinacherib" title="Sinacherib – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sinacherib" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankerib" title="Sankerib – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sankerib" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-a%E1%B8%AB%E1%B8%ABe-eriba" title="Sîn-aḫḫe-eriba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sîn-aḫḫe-eriba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BC" title="Σενναχειρείμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σενναχειρείμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senaquerib" title="Senaquerib – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Senaquerib" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%C4%A5erib" title="Sanĥerib – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sanĥerib" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senakerib" title="Senakerib – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Senakerib" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سناخریب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سناخریب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennach%C3%A9rib" title="Sennachérib – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sennachérib" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%BC%EB%82%98%EC%BC%80%EB%A6%BD" title="센나케립 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="센나케립" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A2" title="Սինաքերիբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սինաքերիբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanherib" title="Sanherib – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sanherib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sennacherib" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91" title="סנחריב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנחריב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სინახერიბი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინახერიბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sennacherib" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinacheribas" title="Sinacheribas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sinacheribas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADn-ahh%C3%A9-er%C3%ADba" title="Szín-ahhé-eríba – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szín-ahhé-eríba" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senakeriba" title="Senakeriba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Senakeriba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="സെന്നാചെറിബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെന്നാചെറിബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სინახერიბი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სინახერიბი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="سنحاريب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سنحاريب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanherib" title="Sanherib – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sanherib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanherib" title="Sanherib – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sanherib" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AA%E3%83%96" title="センナケリブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="センナケリブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankerib" title="Sankerib – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sankerib" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sennacherib" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سنحاریب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سنحاریب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacheryb" title="Sennacheryb – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sennacheryb" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senaqueribe" title="Senaqueribe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Senaqueribe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanherib" title="Sanherib – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sanherib" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Синаххериб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синаххериб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sennacherib" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sennacherib" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanherib" title="Sanherib – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sanherib" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سەنحاریب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەنحاریب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Сенахериб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сенахериб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senaherib" title="Senaherib – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Senaherib" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanherib" title="Sanherib – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sanherib" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanherib" title="Sanherib – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sanherib" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sennacherib" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanherib" title="Sanherib – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanherib" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD-%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B5-%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Сін-аххе-еріба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сін-аххе-еріба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سنحاریب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنحاریب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sennacherib" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senaquerib" title="Senaquerib – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Senaquerib" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91" title="סנחריב – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סנחריב" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E9%82%A3%E8%B5%AB%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%83" title="辛那赫里布 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="辛那赫里布" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Sennacherib</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Assyria">King of Assyria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">King of Babylon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Four Corners of the World">King of the Four Corners of the World</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">King of the Universe</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sennacherib's portrait on the cast of a rock relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg/220px-Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg/330px-Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg/440px-Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1748" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Cast of a rock relief of Sennacherib from the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cizre</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">King of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">705–681 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 745 BC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201729-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201818-2">[2]</a> (?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 October 681 BC (aged c. 64) <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashmetu-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmetu-sharrat">Tashmetu-sharrat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Family_and_children">Among others</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Sîn-ahhī-erība</li><li>Sîn-aḥḥē-erība</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ra%27%C4%ABm%C3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra'īmâ">Ra'īmâ</a></td></tr></tbody></table>Sennacherib (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language">Neo-Assyrian Akkadian</a>: 𒀭𒌍𒉽𒈨𒌍𒋢, romanized: Sîn-ahhī-erība<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmanşah2013120-3">[3]</a> or Sîn-aḥḥē-erība,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201411-4">[4]</a> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sîn</a> has replaced the brothers")<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201812-6">[6]</a> was the king of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> from the death of his father <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> in 705 BC to his own death in 681 BC. The second king of the <a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>, Sennacherib is one of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian king">Assyrian kings</a> for the role he plays in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, which describes his <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_campaign_in_the_Levant" title="Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant">campaign in the Levant</a>. Other events of his reign include his destruction of the city of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> in 689 BC and his renovation and expansion of the last great <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> capital, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>. Although Sennacherib was one of the most powerful and wide-ranging Assyrian kings, he faced considerable difficulty in controlling <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, which formed the southern portion of his empire. Many of Sennacherib's Babylonian troubles stemmed from the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003129-7">[7]</a> tribal chief <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a>, who had been <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">Babylon's king</a> until Sennacherib's father defeated him. Shortly after Sennacherib inherited the throne in 705 BC, Marduk-apla-iddina retook Babylon and allied with the <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamites</a>. Though Sennacherib reclaimed the south in 700 BC, Marduk-apla-iddina continued to trouble him, probably instigating Assyrian vassals in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> to rebel, leading to the Levantine War of 701 BC, and himself warring against <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a>, Sennacherib's vassal king in Babylonia. After the Babylonians and Elamites captured and executed Sennacherib's eldest son <a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C4%81din-%C5%A1umi" title="Aššur-nādin-šumi">Aššur-nādin-šumi</a>, whom Sennacherib had proclaimed as his new vassal king in Babylon, Sennacherib campaigned in both regions, subduing Elam. Because Babylon, well within his own territory, had been the target of most of his military campaigns and had caused the death of his son, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Babylon" title="Siege of Babylon">he destroyed the city</a> in 689 BC. In the Levantine War, the states in the southern Levant, especially the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, were not subdued as easily as those in the north. The Assyrians thus invaded Judah. Though the biblical narrative holds that <a href="/wiki/Divine_intervention" title="Divine intervention">divine intervention</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> ended the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">Assyrian siege of Jerusalem</a> by destroying the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian army">Assyrian army</a>, an outright defeat is unlikely as Hezekiah submitted to Sennacherib at the end of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201420-8">[8]</a> Contemporary records, even those written by Assyria's enemies, do not mention the Assyrians being defeated at Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192413-9">[9]</a> Sennacherib transferred the capital of Assyria to <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, where he had spent most of his time as <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a>. To transform Nineveh into a capital worthy of his empire, he launched one of the most ambitious building projects in ancient history. He expanded the size of the city and constructed great city walls, numerous temples and a royal garden. His most famous work in the city is the Southwest Palace, which Sennacherib named his "Palace without Rival". After the death of his eldest son and crown prince Aššur-nādin-šumi, Sennacherib originally designated his second son <a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a> heir. He later replaced him with a younger son, <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>, in 684 BC, for unknown reasons. Sennacherib ignored Arda-Mulissu's repeated appeals to be reinstated as heir, and in 681 BC, Arda-Mulissu and his brother Nabu-shar-usur murdered Sennacherib,<a href="#cite_note-guilt-13">[a]</a> hoping to seize power for themselves. Babylonia and the Levant welcomed his death as <a href="/wiki/Divine_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine punishment">divine punishment</a>, while the Assyrian heartland probably reacted with resentment and horror. Arda-Mulissu's coronation was postponed, and Esarhaddon raised an army and seized Nineveh, installing himself as king as intended by Sennacherib. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry_and_early_life">Ancestry and early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancestry and early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sargon_II,_Iraq_Museum_in_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bas-relief depicting Sargon II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sargon_II%2C_Iraq_Museum_in_Baghdad.jpg/220px-Sargon_II%2C_Iraq_Museum_in_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sargon_II%2C_Iraq_Museum_in_Baghdad.jpg/330px-Sargon_II%2C_Iraq_Museum_in_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sargon_II%2C_Iraq_Museum_in_Baghdad.jpg/440px-Sargon_II%2C_Iraq_Museum_in_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="5867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">Alabaster</a> bas-relief depicting <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>, Sennacherib's father and predecessor</figcaption></figure> Sennacherib was the son and successor of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>, who had reigned as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Assyria">king of Assyria</a> from 722 to 705 BC and as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">king of Babylon</a> from 710 to 705 BC. The identity of Sennacherib's mother is uncertain. Historically, the most popular view has been that Sennacherib was the son of Sargon's wife <a href="/wiki/Ataliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ataliya">Ataliya</a>, although this is now considered unlikely. To have been Sennacherib's mother, Ataliya would have had to be born around the year 760 BC, at the latest, and lived to at least 692 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201813-14">[13]</a> as a "queen mother" is attested in that year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013115-15">[14]</a> but Ataliya's grave at <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201813-14">[13]</a> which was discovered in the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville201656-16">[15]</a> indicates she was 35 years old at most when she died. The <a href="/wiki/Assyriologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyriologist">Assyriologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Josette_Elayi" title="Josette Elayi">Josette Elayi</a> considers it more plausible Sennacherib's mother was another of Sargon's wives, <a href="/wiki/Ra%27%C4%ABm%C3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra'īmâ">Ra'īmâ</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> from <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> (once the capital of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>), discovered in 1913, specifically refers to her as the "mother of Sennacherib". Ra'īmâ's existence is a recent discovery, based on a 2014 reading of the inscription on the stele.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201813-14">[13]</a> Sargon claimed he was himself the son of the earlier king <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a>, but this is uncertain as Sargon usurped the throne from Tiglath-Pileser's other son <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201727-17">[16]</a> Sennacherib was probably born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  745 BC in Nimrud. If Sargon was the son of Tiglath-Pileser and not a non-dynastic usurper, Sennacherib would have grown up in the royal palace at Nimrud and spent most of his youth there. Sargon continued to live in Nimrud long after he had become king, leaving the city in 710 BC to reside at <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, and later at his new capital, <a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Dur-Sharrukin</a>, in 706 BC. By the time Sargon moved to Babylon, Sennacherib, who served as the <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> and designated heir, had already left Nimrud, living in a residence at <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201818-2">[2]</a> Nineveh had been the designated seat of the Assyrian crown prince since the reign of Tiglath-Pileser.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201830-18">[17]</a> As crown prince, Sennacherib also owned an estate at <a href="/wiki/Tarbisu" title="Tarbisu">Tarbisu</a>. The royal educator, Hunnî, would have educated Sennacherib and his siblings. They probably received a <a href="/wiki/Eduba" title="Eduba">scribal education</a>, learning arithmetic and how to read and write in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201818-2">[2]</a> Sennacherib had several brothers and at least one sister. In addition to the older brothers who died before his birth, Sennacherib had a number of younger brothers, some of whom are mentioned as being alive as late as 670 BC, then in the service of Sennacherib's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>. Sennacherib's only known sister, <a href="/wiki/Ahat-abisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahat-abisha">Ahat-abisha</a>, was married off to Ambaris, the king of <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a>, but probably returned to Assyria after Sargon's first successful campaign against Tabal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201815-19">[18]</a> Sennacherib's name, Sîn-aḥḥē-erība, means "<a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sîn</a> (the moon-god) has replaced the brothers" in Akkadian. The name probably derives from Sennacherib not being Sargon's first son, but all his older brothers being dead by the time he was born. In <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, his name was rendered as Snḥryb and in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> it was Šnḥ’ryb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201812-6">[6]</a> According to a 670 BC document, it was illegal to give the name Sennacherib (then the former king) to a commoner in Assyria, as it was considered sacrilege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201813-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sennacherib_as_crown_prince">Sennacherib as crown prince</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sennacherib as crown prince">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sargon_II_(left)_faces_a_high-ranking_official,_possibly_Sennacherib_his_son_and_crown_prince._710-705_BCE._From_Khorsabad,_Iraq._The_British_Museum,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stone relief showing Sargon II on the left wearing a crown and holding a staff facing a man on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargon_II_%28left%29_faces_a_high-ranking_official%2C_possibly_Sennacherib_his_son_and_crown_prince._710-705_BCE._From_Khorsabad%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-Sargon_II_%28left%29_faces_a_high-ranking_official%2C_possibly_Sennacherib_his_son_and_crown_prince._710-705_BCE._From_Khorsabad%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargon_II_%28left%29_faces_a_high-ranking_official%2C_possibly_Sennacherib_his_son_and_crown_prince._710-705_BCE._From_Khorsabad%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/330px-Sargon_II_%28left%29_faces_a_high-ranking_official%2C_possibly_Sennacherib_his_son_and_crown_prince._710-705_BCE._From_Khorsabad%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargon_II_%28left%29_faces_a_high-ranking_official%2C_possibly_Sennacherib_his_son_and_crown_prince._710-705_BCE._From_Khorsabad%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/440px-Sargon_II_%28left%29_faces_a_high-ranking_official%2C_possibly_Sennacherib_his_son_and_crown_prince._710-705_BCE._From_Khorsabad%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Sennacherib's father Sargon II (left) facing a high-ranking official, possibly his crown prince Sennacherib</figcaption></figure> As crown prince, Sennacherib exercised royal power with his father, or alone as a substitute while Sargon was away campaigning. During Sargon's longer absences from the Assyrian heartland, Sennacherib's residence would have served as the center of government in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, with the crown prince taking on significant administrative and political responsibilities. The vast responsibilities entrusted to Sennacherib suggests a certain degree of trust between the king and the crown prince. In reliefs depicting both Sargon and Sennacherib, they are portrayed in discussion, appearing almost as equals. As regent, Sennacherib's primary duty was to maintain relations with Assyrian governors and generals and oversee the empire's vast military intelligence network. Sennacherib oversaw domestic affairs and often informed Sargon of the progress being made on building projects throughout the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201830–31-20">[19]</a> Sargon also assigned him to the reception and distribution of audience gifts and tribute. After distributing such financial resources, Sennacherib sent letters to his father to inform him of his decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201838-21">[20]</a> A letter to his father indicates that Sennacherib respected him and that they were on friendly terms. He never disobeyed his father, and his letters indicate he knew Sargon well and wanted to please him. For unknown reasons, Sargon never took him on his military campaigns. Elayi believes that Sennacherib may have resented his father for this as he missed out on the glory attached to military victories. In any event, Sennacherib never took action against Sargon or attempted to usurp the throne despite being more than old enough to become king himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201840,_204-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyria_and_Babylonia">Assyria and Babylonia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Assyria and Babylonia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Near_East_0900BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Near East in 900 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ancient_Near_East_0900BC.svg/350px-Ancient_Near_East_0900BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ancient_Near_East_0900BC.svg/525px-Ancient_Near_East_0900BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ancient_Near_East_0900BC.svg/700px-Ancient_Near_East_0900BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> in 900 BC, on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>'s rise. The map shows the former core territories of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (Aššur) and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>.</figcaption></figure> By the time Sennacherib became king, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> had been the dominant power in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> for over thirty years, chiefly due to its well-trained and large army, superior to that of any other contemporary kingdom. Though <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> to the south had also once been a large kingdom, it was typically weaker than its northern neighbor during this period, due to internal divisions and the lack of a well-organized army. The population of Babylonia was divided into various ethnic groups with different priorities and ideals. Though old native Babylonians ruled most of the cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> itself, <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a> tribes led by chieftains who often squabbled with each other dominated most of the southernmost land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197389-23">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> lived on the fringes of settled land and were notorious for plundering surrounding territories. Because of the infighting of these three major groups, Babylonia often represented an appealing target for Assyrian campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197390-24">[23]</a> The two kingdoms had competed since the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> in the 14th century BC, and in the 8th century BC, the Assyrians consistently gained the upper hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014209-25">[24]</a> Babylon's internal and external weakness led to its conquest by the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> in 729 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197390-24">[23]</a> During the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> into a major empire, the Assyrians had conquered various neighboring kingdoms, either annexing them as Assyrian provinces or turning them into vassal states. Because the Assyrians venerated the long history and culture of Babylon, it was preserved as a full kingdom, either ruled by an appointed client king, or by the Assyrian king in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197390-24">[23]</a> The relationship between Assyria and Babylonia was similar to the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> in later centuries; much of Assyria's culture, texts and traditions had been imported from the south. Assyria and Babylonia also shared the same language (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014208-26">[25]</a> The relationship between Assyria and Babylon was emotional in a sense; Neo-Assyrian inscriptions implicitly gender the two countries, calling Assyria the metaphorical "husband" and Babylon its "wife". In the words of the Assyriologist Eckart Frahm, "the Assyrians were in love with Babylon, but also wished to dominate her". Though Babylon was respected as the well-spring of civilization, it was expected to remain passive in political matters, something that Assyria's "Babylonian bride" repeatedly refused to be.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014212-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Sargon_II_and_succession">Death of Sargon II and succession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death of Sargon II and succession">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Near_East_0700BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Near East in 700 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ancient_Near_East_0700BC.svg/350px-Ancient_Near_East_0700BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ancient_Near_East_0700BC.svg/525px-Ancient_Near_East_0700BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ancient_Near_East_0700BC.svg/700px-Ancient_Near_East_0700BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Near East in 700 BC, showing the extent of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (Aššur)</figcaption></figure> In 705 BC, Sargon, probably in his sixties, led the Assyrian army on a campaign against King Gurdî of Tabal in central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The campaign was disastrous, resulting in the defeat of the Assyrian army and the death of Sargon, whose corpse the Anatolians carried off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201420-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014201-28">[27]</a> Sargon's death made the defeat significantly worse because the Assyrians believed the gods had punished him for some major past misdeed. In Mesopotamian mythology, the afterlife suffered by those who died in battle and were not buried was terrible, being doomed to suffer like beggars for eternity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014202-29">[28]</a> Sennacherib was about 35 years old when he ascended to the Assyrian throne in August of 705 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi20183-30">[29]</a> He had a great deal of experience with how to rule the empire because of his long tenure as crown prince.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014204-31">[30]</a> His reaction to his father's fate was to distance himself from Sargon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200815-32">[31]</a> Frahm characterized Sennacherib's reaction as "one of almost complete denial", writing that Sennacherib "apparently felt unable to acknowledge and mentally deal with what had happened to Sargon". Sennacherib immediately abandoned Sargon's great new capital city, Dur-Sharrukin, and moved the capital to Nineveh instead. One of Sennacherib's first actions as king was to rebuild a temple dedicated to the god <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>, associated with death, disaster and war, at the city of Tarbisu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014202-29">[28]</a> Even with this public denial in mind, Sennacherib was superstitious and spent a great deal of time asking his diviners what kind of sin Sargon could have committed to suffer the fate that he had, perhaps considering the possibility that he had offended Babylon's deities by taking control of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391-33">[32]</a> A text, though probably written after Sennacherib's death, says he proclaimed he was investigating the nature of a "sin" committed by his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021113-34">[33]</a> A minor 704 BC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003130-35">[34]</a> campaign (unmentioned in Sennacherib's later historical accounts), led by Sennacherib's <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnates</a> rather than the king himself, was sent against Gurdî in Tabal to avenge Sargon. Sennacherib spent much time and effort to rid the empire of Sargon's imagery. Raising the level of the courtyard made images that Sargon had created at the temple in Assur invisible. When Sargon's wife Ataliya died, she was buried hastily and in the same coffin as another woman, the queen of the previous king Tiglath-Pileser. Sargon is never mentioned in Sennacherib's inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014203-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Babylonian_campaign">First Babylonian campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Babylonian campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin_027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stone carving of Sennacherib's arch enemy King Marduk-apla-iddina II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin_027.jpg/220px-Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin_027.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin_027.jpg/330px-Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin_027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin_027.jpg/440px-Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin_027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Sennacherib's arch-enemy <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">king of Babylon</a> 722–710 BC and 704/703–703 BC and the instigator of many of Sennacherib's later conflicts</figcaption></figure> Sargon II's death in the battle and the disappearance of his body inspired rebellions across the Assyrian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201420-8">[8]</a> Sargon had ruled Babylonia since 710 BC, when he defeated the Chaldean tribal chief <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a>, who had taken control of the south in the aftermath of the death of Sargon's predecessor Shalmaneser V in 722 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003129-7">[7]</a> Like his immediate predecessors, Sennacherib took the ruling titles of both Assyria and Babylonia when he became king, but his reign in Babylonia was less stable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391-33">[32]</a> Unlike Sargon and previous Babylonian rulers, who had proclaimed themselves as shakkanakku (<a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a>) of Babylon, in reverence for the city's deity <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> (who was considered Babylon's formal "king"), Sennacherib explicitly proclaimed himself as Babylon's king. Furthermore, he did not "take the hand" of the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Marduk" title="Statue of Marduk">Statue of Marduk</a>, the physical representation of the deity, and thus did not honor the god by undergoing the traditional Babylonian coronation ritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill19249-37">[36]</a> In angry response to this disrespect, revolts a month apart in 704<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003129-7">[7]</a> or 703 BC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391-33">[32]</a> overthrew Sennacherib's rule in the south. First, a Babylonian by the name of <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> took the throne, but Marduk-apla-iddina, the same Chaldean warlord who had seized control of the city once before and had warred against Sennacherib's father, deposed him after just two<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391-33">[32]</a> or four weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003129-7">[7]</a> Marduk-apla-iddina rallied large portions of Babylonia's people to fight for him, both the urban Babylonians and the tribal Chaldeans, and he also enlisted troops from the neighboring civilization of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, in modern-day south-western Iran. Though assembling all these forces took time, Sennacherib reacted slowly to these developments, which allowed Marduk-apla-iddina to station large contingents at the cities of <a href="/wiki/Kutha" title="Kutha">Kutha</a> and Kish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198236-38">[37]</a> Portions of the Assyrian army were away in Tabal in 704 BC. Because Sennacherib might have considered a two-front war too risky, Marduk-apla-iddina was left unchallenged for several months. In 703 BC, after the Tabal expedition had been completed, Sennacherib gathered the Assyrian army at Assur, often used as a mustering spot for campaigns against the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003130-35">[34]</a> The Assyrian army, led by Sennacherib's chief commander, launched an unsuccessful attack on the coalition forces near the city of Kish, bolstering the legitimacy of the coalition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2007384-39">[38]</a> However, Sennacherib also realized that the anti-Assyrian forces were divided and led his entire army to engage and destroy the portion of the army encamped at Kutha. Thereafter, he moved to attack the contingent at Kish, winning this second battle as well. Fearing for his life, Marduk-apla-iddina had already fled the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198236-38">[37]</a> Sennacherib's inscriptions state that among the captives taken after the victory was a stepson of Marduk-apla-iddina and brother of an Arab queen, <a href="/wiki/Yatie" class="mw-redirect" title="Yatie">Yatie</a>, who had joined the coalition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192410-40">[39]</a> Sennacherib then marched on Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198237-41">[40]</a> As the Assyrians appeared on the horizon, Babylon opened its gates to him, surrendering without a fight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2007384-39">[38]</a> The city was reprimanded, suffering a minor sack,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2007384-39">[38]</a> though its citizens were unharmed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1991106-42">[41]</a> After a brief period of rest in Babylon, Sennacherib and the Assyrian army then moved systematically through southern Babylonia, where there was still organized resistance, pacifying both the tribal areas and the major cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198237-41">[40]</a> Sennacherib's inscriptions state that over two hundred thousand prisoners were taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192410-40">[39]</a> Because his previous policy of reigning as king of both Assyria and Babylonia had evidently failed, Sennacherib attempted another method, appointing a native Babylonian who had grown up at the Assyrian court, <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a>, as his vassal king of the south. Sennacherib described Bel-ibni as "a native of Babylon who grew up in my palace like a young puppy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_the_Levant">War in the Levant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War in the Levant">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_campaign_in_the_Levant" title="Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant">Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Scenes from Sennacherib's <a href="/wiki/Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_siege-engine_attacking_the_city_wall_of_Lachish,_part_of_the_ascending_assaulting_wave._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib,_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh,_Iraq,_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief depicting an Assyrian siege engine attacking the city wall of Lachish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Assyrian_siege-engine_attacking_the_city_wall_of_Lachish%2C_part_of_the_ascending_assaulting_wave._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib%2C_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/167px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Assyrian_siege-engine_attacking_the_city_wall_of_Lachish%2C_part_of_the_ascending_assaulting_wave._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib%2C_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/251px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Assyrian_siege-engine_attacking_the_city_wall_of_Lachish%2C_part_of_the_ascending_assaulting_wave._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib%2C_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/334px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Assyrian siege engine attacking the city wall of <a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_soldier,_using_a_dagger,_about_to_behead_a_prisoner_from_the_city_of_Lachish._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib,_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh,_Iraq,_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief depicting an Assyrian soldier about to behead a man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Assyrian_soldier%2C_using_a_dagger%2C_about_to_behead_a_prisoner_from_the_city_of_Lachish._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib%2C_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/167px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Assyrian_soldier%2C_using_a_dagger%2C_about_to_behead_a_prisoner_from_the_city_of_Lachish._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib%2C_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/251px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Assyrian_soldier%2C_using_a_dagger%2C_about_to_behead_a_prisoner_from_the_city_of_Lachish._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib%2C_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/334px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Assyrian soldier about to behead a prisoner from Lachish</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief depicting the Judean people being deported by the Assyrians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg/167px-Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg/251px-Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg/334px-Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Judean people being deported into exile after the fall of Lachish to the Assyrians</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_fall_of_Lachish,_King_Sennacherib_reviews_Judaean_prisoners..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief depicting Sennacherib at Lachish, interacting with officials and reviewing prisoners" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_fall_of_Lachish%2C_King_Sennacherib_reviews_Judaean_prisoners..JPG/167px-The_fall_of_Lachish%2C_King_Sennacherib_reviews_Judaean_prisoners..JPG" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_fall_of_Lachish%2C_King_Sennacherib_reviews_Judaean_prisoners..JPG/251px-The_fall_of_Lachish%2C_King_Sennacherib_reviews_Judaean_prisoners..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_fall_of_Lachish%2C_King_Sennacherib_reviews_Judaean_prisoners..JPG/334px-The_fall_of_Lachish%2C_King_Sennacherib_reviews_Judaean_prisoners..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sennacherib (enthroned at the far right) at Lachish, interacting with his officials and reviewing prisoners</div></div></div></div></div> After the Babylonian war, Sennacherib's second campaign was in the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>. There, he subdued the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasubigallians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasubigallians (page does not exist)">Yasubigallians</a>, a people from east of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> river, and the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>, a people who had ruled Babylonia centuries before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1973313-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatty201626-44">[43]</a> Sennacherib's third campaign, directed against the kingdoms and city-states in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, is very well-documented compared to many other events in the ancient Near East and is the best-documented event in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">history of Israel</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple Period">First Temple period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201411-4">[4]</a> In 705 BC, <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, had stopped paying his annual tribute to the Assyrians and began pursuing a markedly aggressive foreign policy, probably inspired by the recent wave of anti-Assyrian rebellions across the empire. After conspiring with <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Egypt</a> (then under <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kushite</a> rule) and <a href="/wiki/Sidqia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidqia">Sidqia</a>, an anti-Assyrian king of the city of <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a>, to garner support, Hezekiah attacked <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistine</a> cities loyal to Assyria and captured the Assyrian vassal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Padi_(king_of_Ekron)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padi (king of Ekron) (page does not exist)">Padi</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a>, and imprisoned him in his capital, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201420-8">[8]</a> In the northern Levant, former Assyrian vassal cities rallied around <a href="/wiki/Luli" title="Luli">Luli</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192410-40">[39]</a> Sennacherib's arch-enemy Marduk-apla-iddina encouraged the anti-Assyrian sentiment among some of the empire's western vassals. He corresponded with and sent gifts to western rulers like Hezekiah, probably hoping to assemble a vast anti-Assyrian alliance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391-33">[32]</a> In 701 BC, Sennacherib first moved to attack the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> cities in the north. Like many rulers of these cities had done before and would do again, Luli fled rather than face the wrath of the Assyrians, escaping by boat until he was beyond Sennacherib's reach. In his stead, Sennacherib proclaimed a noble by the name <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethbaal_of_Sidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethbaal of Sidon (page does not exist)">Ethbaal</a> as the new king of Sidon and his vassal and oversaw the submission of many of the surrounding cities to his rule. Faced with a massive Assyrian army nearby, many of the Levantine rulers, including <a href="/wiki/Peduel_of_Ammon" title="Peduel of Ammon">Budu-ilu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemosh-nadab" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemosh-nadab">Kamusu-nadbi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitinti" title="Mitinti">Mitinti</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asdudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asdudu">Ashdod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aya-ramu" title="Aya-ramu">Aya-ramu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, quickly submitted to Sennacherib to avoid retribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192411-45">[44]</a> The resistance in the southern Levant was not as easily suppressed, forcing Sennacherib to invade the region. The Assyrians began by taking Ashkelon and defeating Sidqia. They then besieged and took numerous cities, including <a href="/wiki/Beth-Dagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth-Dagon">Beth-Dagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Joppa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banai-Barqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Banai-Barqa">Banai-Barqa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azjuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Azjuru">Azjuru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192431_[33]-46">[45]</a> As the Assyrians were preparing to retake Ekron, Hezekiah's ally, Egypt, intervened in the conflict. The Assyrians defeated the Egyptian expedition in a battle near the city of <a href="/wiki/Eltekeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Eltekeh">Eltekeh</a>. They took the cities of Ekron and <a href="/wiki/Timnah" title="Timnah">Timnah</a> and Judah stood alone, with Sennacherib setting his sights on Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192411-45">[44]</a> While a portion of Sennacherib's troops prepared to blockade Jerusalem, Sennacherib himself marched on the important Judean city of <a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a>. Both the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">blockade of Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish" title="Siege of Lachish">siege of Lachish</a> probably prevented further Egyptian aid from reaching Hezekiah, and intimidated the kings of other smaller states in the region. The siege of Lachish, which ended in the city's destruction, was so lengthy that the defenders eventually began using arrowheads made of bone rather than metal, which had run out. To take the city, the Assyrians constructed a great siege mound, a ramp made of earth and stone, to reach the top of Lachish's walls. After they had destroyed the city, the Assyrians deported the survivors to the Assyrian Empire, forcing some of them to work on Sennacherib's building projects, and others to serve in the king's personal guard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett1958161–164-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sennacherib_at_the_gates_of_Jerusalem">Sennacherib at the gates of Jerusalem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sennacherib at the gates of Jerusalem">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">Assyrian siege of Jerusalem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DESTRUCTION_OF_SENNACHERIB%27S_HOST..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wood engraving by Gustave Doré depicting the Biblical narrative of an angel destroying Sennacherib's army outside Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/DESTRUCTION_OF_SENNACHERIB%27S_HOST..jpg/220px-DESTRUCTION_OF_SENNACHERIB%27S_HOST..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/DESTRUCTION_OF_SENNACHERIB%27S_HOST..jpg/330px-DESTRUCTION_OF_SENNACHERIB%27S_HOST..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/DESTRUCTION_OF_SENNACHERIB%27S_HOST..jpg/440px-DESTRUCTION_OF_SENNACHERIB%27S_HOST..jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption> 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Wood_engraving" title="Wood engraving">wood engraving</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> narrative of an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> destroying Sennacherib's army outside Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> Sennacherib's account of what happened at Jerusalem begins with "As for Hezekiah ... like a caged bird I shut up in Jerusalem his royal city. I barricaded him with outposts, and exit from the gate of his city I made taboo for him." Thus, Jerusalem was blockaded in some capacity, though the lack of massive military activities and appropriate equipment meant that it was probably not a full siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201438-48">[47]</a> According to the Biblical narrative, a senior Assyrian official with the title <a href="/wiki/Rabshakeh" title="Rabshakeh">Rabshakeh</a> stood in front of the city's walls and demanded its surrender, threatening that the Judeans would 'eat feces and drink urine' during the siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201425,_40-49">[48]</a> Although the Assyrian account of the operation may lead one to believe that Sennacherib was present in person, this is never explicitly stated and reliefs depicting the campaign show Sennacherib seated on a throne in Lachish instead of overseeing the preparations for an assault on Jerusalem. According to the biblical account, the Assyrian envoys to Hezekiah returned to Sennacherib to find him engaged in a struggle with the city of <a href="/wiki/Libnah" title="Libnah">Libnah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192412-50">[49]</a> The account of the blockade erected around Jerusalem is different from the sieges described in Sennacherib's annals and the massive reliefs in Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh, which depict the successful siege of Lachish rather than events at Jerusalem. Though the blockade of Jerusalem was not a proper siege, it is clear from all available sources that a massive Assyrian army was encamped in the city's vicinity, probably on its northern side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201439–40-51">[50]</a> Though it is clear that the blockade of Jerusalem ended without significant fighting, how it was resolved and what stopped Sennacherib's massive army from overwhelming the city is uncertain. The Biblical account of the end of Sennacherib's attack on Jerusalem holds that though Hezekiah's soldiers manned the walls of the city, ready to defend it against the Assyrians, an entity referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">destroying angel</a>, sent by <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, annihilated Sennacherib's army, killing 185,000 Assyrian soldiers in front of Jerusalem's gates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201419-52">[51]</a> The ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> describes the operation as an Assyrian failure due to a "multitude of <a href="/wiki/Apodemus" title="Apodemus">field-mice</a>" descending upon the Assyrian camp, devouring crucial material such as quivers and bowstrings, leaving the Assyrians unarmed and causing them to flee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192412-50">[49]</a> It is possible that the story of the mice infestation is an allusion to some kind of disease striking the Assyrian camp, possibly the <a href="/wiki/Septicemic_plague" title="Septicemic plague">septicemic plague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaesar2017224-53">[52]</a> An alternative hypothesis, first advanced by journalist Henry T. Aubin in 2001, is that the blockade of Jerusalem was lifted through the intervention of a Kushite army from Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden_Bellis20204-54">[53]</a> The battle with the Egyptians is considered unlikely to have been an outright Assyrian defeat, especially because contemporary Babylonian chronicles, otherwise eager to mention Assyrian failures, are silent on the matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192413-9">[9]</a> Despite the seemingly inconclusive end to the blockade of Jerusalem, the Levantine campaign was largely an Assyrian victory. After the Assyrians had seized many of Judah's most important fortified cities and destroyed several towns and villages, Hezekiah realized that his anti-Assyrian activities had been disastrous military and political miscalculations and accordingly submitted to the Assyrians once more. He was forced to pay a heavier tribute than previously, probably along with a heavy penalty and the tribute that he had failed to send to Nineveh from 705 to 701 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201420-8">[8]</a> He was also forced to release the imprisoned king of Ekron, Padi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames200592-55">[54]</a> and Sennacherib granted substantial portions of Judah's land to the neighboring kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asdudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asdudu">Ashdod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201448-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolving_the_Babylonian_problem">Resolving the Babylonian problem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Resolving the Babylonian problem">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyria_slingers_hurling_stones_towards_the_enemy_at_the_city_of_-alammu._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib,_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh,_Iraq,_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wall relief showing men hurling stones towards an enemy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Assyria_slingers_hurling_stones_towards_the_enemy_at_the_city_of_-alammu._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib%2C_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Assyria_slingers_hurling_stones_towards_the_enemy_at_the_city_of_-alammu._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib%2C_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Assyria_slingers_hurling_stones_towards_the_enemy_at_the_city_of_-alammu._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib%2C_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption> Relief from Sennacherib's reign depicting Assyrian slingers hurling stones at an enemy city</figcaption></figure> By 700 BC, the situation in Babylonia had once again deteriorated to such an extent that Sennacherib had to invade and reassert his control. Bel-ibni now faced the open revolts of two tribal leaders: Shuzubu (who later became Babylonian king under the name <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a>) and Marduk-apla-iddina, now an elderly man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198240-57">[56]</a> One of Sennacherib's first measures was to remove Bel-ibni from the Babylonian throne, either because of incompetence or complicity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391-33">[32]</a> and he was brought back to Assyria, whereafter he is not heard of again in the sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198241-58">[57]</a> The Assyrians searched the northern marshes of Babylonia in an attempt to find and capture Shuzubu, but they failed. Sennacherib then hunted for Marduk-apla-iddina, a hunt so intense the Chaldean escaped on boats with his people across the Persian Gulf, taking refuge in the Elamite city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagitu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagitu (page does not exist)">Nagitu</a>. Victorious, Sennacherib attempted yet another method to govern Babylonia and appointed his son <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a> to reign as Babylonian vassal king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198240–41-59">[58]</a> Ashur-nadin-shumi was also titled māru rēštû, a title that could be interpreted either as the "pre-eminent son" or the "firstborn son". His appointment as king of Babylon and the new title suggests that Ashur-nadin-shumi was being groomed to succeed Sennacherib as the king of Assyria upon his death. If māru rēštû means "pre-eminent" such a title would befit only the crown prince, and if it means "firstborn", this also suggests that Ashur-nadin-shumi was the heir. In most cases the Assyrians followed the principle of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>, wherein the oldest son inherits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter199314-60">[59]</a> More evidence in favor of Ashur-nadin-shumi being the crown prince is Sennacherib's construction of a palace for him at the city of Assur,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter199315-61">[60]</a> something Sennacherib would also do for the later crown prince Esarhaddon. As an Assyrian king of Babylon, Ashur-nadin-shumi's position was politically important and highly delicate and would have granted him valuable experience as the intended heir to the entire Neo-Assyrian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter199316-62">[61]</a> In the years that followed, Babylonia stayed relatively quiet, with no chronicles recording any significant activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198241-58">[57]</a> In the meantime, Sennacherib campaigned elsewhere. His fifth campaign in 699 BC involved a series of raids against the villages around the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a>, located to the northeast of Nineveh. Sennacherib's generals led other small campaigns without the king present, including a 698 BC expedition against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirua (page does not exist)">Kirua</a>, an Assyrian governor revolting in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, and a 695 BC campaign against the city of <a href="/wiki/Tegarama" title="Tegarama">Tegarama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192414-63">[62]</a> In 694 BC, Sennacherib invaded Elam, with the explicit goal of the campaign being to root out Marduk-apla-iddina and the other Chaldean refugees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198241-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Elamite_campaign_and_revenge">The Elamite campaign and revenge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Elamite campaign and revenge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:AssyrianWarship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief depicting an Assyrian warship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AssyrianWarship.jpg/220px-AssyrianWarship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AssyrianWarship.jpg/330px-AssyrianWarship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AssyrianWarship.jpg/440px-AssyrianWarship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="874" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_soldiers_and_their_prisoners_from_the_town_of_-alammu,_8th_century_BC,_from_Nineveh,_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief depicting Assyrian soldiers and their prisoners" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Assyrian_soldiers_and_their_prisoners_from_the_town_of_-alammu%2C_8th_century_BC%2C_from_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Assyrian_soldiers_and_their_prisoners_from_the_town_of_-alammu%2C_8th_century_BC%2C_from_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Assyrian_soldiers_and_their_prisoners_from_the_town_of_-alammu%2C_8th_century_BC%2C_from_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Assyrian_soldiers_and_their_prisoners_from_the_town_of_-alammu%2C_8th_century_BC%2C_from_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Assyrian_soldiers_and_their_prisoners_from_the_town_of_-alammu%2C_8th_century_BC%2C_from_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg/440px-Assyrian_soldiers_and_their_prisoners_from_the_town_of_-alammu%2C_8th_century_BC%2C_from_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1361" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Reliefs from Sennacherib's time depicting an Assyrian warship (top) and a number of his soldiers along with their prisoners and war trophies (bottom)</div></div></div></div> In preparation for his attack on Elam, Sennacherib assembled two great fleets on the Euphrates and the Tigris. The latter fleet was then used to transport the Assyrian army to the city of <a href="/wiki/Opis" title="Opis">Opis</a>, where the ships were then pulled ashore and transported overland to a canal that linked to the Euphrates. The two fleets then combined into one and continued down to the Persian Gulf. At the head of the Persian Gulf, a storm flooded the Assyrian camp and the Assyrian soldiers had to take refuge on their ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198242–43-64">[63]</a> They then sailed across the Persian Gulf, a journey which Sennacherib's inscriptions indicate was difficult since repeated sacrifices were made to <a href="/wiki/Ea_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea (god)">Ea</a>, the god of the deep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192415-65">[64]</a> Successfully landing on the Elamite coast, the Assyrians then hunted and attacked the Chaldean refugees, something that both Babylonian and Assyrian sources hold went well for the Assyrians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198243-66">[65]</a> Sennacherib's account of the campaign describe the affair as a "great victory" and list several cities taken and sacked by the Assyrian army. Although Sennacherib at last got his revenge on Marduk-apla-iddina, his arch-enemy had not lived to see it, having died of natural causes before the Assyrians landed in Elam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192415-65">[64]</a> The war then took an unexpected turn as the king of Elam, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallutash-Inshushinak_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallutash-Inshushinak I (page does not exist)">Hallutash-Inshushinak I</a>, took advantage of the Assyrian army being so far away from home to invade Babylonia. With the aid of surviving Chaldean troops, Hallutash-Inshushinak took the city of <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, where he also managed to capture Ashur-nadin-shumi and take him back to Elam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198243-66">[65]</a> Ashur-nadin-shumi was then never heard from again, probably having been executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197392-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertman200579-68">[67]</a> In Ashur-nadin-shumi's place, a native Babylonian, <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a>, became Babylon's king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197392-67">[66]</a> Babylonian records ascribe Nergal-ushezib's rise to power to being appointed by Hallutash-Inshushinak, whereas Assyrian records state that he was chosen by the Babylonians themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198243-66">[65]</a> The Assyrian army, by now surrounded by the Elamites in southern Babylonia, managed to kill the son of Hallutash-Inshushinak in a skirmish but remained trapped for at least nine months. Wishing to consolidate his position as king, Nergal-ushezib took advantage of the situation and captured and plundered the city of Nippur. Some months later, the Assyrians attacked and captured the southern city of Uruk. Nergal-ushezib was frightened by this development and called on the Elamites for aid. Just seven days after taking Uruk, the Assyrians and Babylonians met in battle at Nippur, where the Assyrians won a decisive victory; routing the Elamite-Babylonian army and capturing Nergal-ushezib, finally free from their entrapped position in the south. Through some unknown means, Sennacherib had managed to slip by the Babylonian and Elamite forces undetected some months prior and was not present at the final battle, instead probably being on his way from Assyria with additional troops. Once he rejoined his southern army, the war with Babylonia was already won.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198243–45-69">[68]</a> Soon thereafter, a revolt broke out in Elam which saw the deposition of Hallutash-Inshushinak and the rise of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutur-Nahhunte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutur-Nahhunte (page does not exist)">Kutur-Nahhunte</a> to the throne. Determined to end the threat of Elam, Sennacherib retook the city of Der, occupied by Elam during the previous conflict, and advanced into northern Elam. Kutur-Nahhunte could not organize an efficient defense against the Assyrians and refused to fight them, instead fleeing to the mountain city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haidalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haidalu (page does not exist)">Haidalu</a>. Shortly thereafter, the severe weather forced Sennacherib to retreat and return home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198245-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_Babylon">Destruction of Babylon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Destruction of Babylon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Babylon" title="Siege of Babylon">Siege of Babylon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sennacherib_cylinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A six-sided stone prism with text carved into its faces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sennacherib_cylinder.jpg/220px-Sennacherib_cylinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sennacherib_cylinder.jpg/330px-Sennacherib_cylinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sennacherib_cylinder.jpg/440px-Sennacherib_cylinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="4264" /></a><figcaption> Prism of Sennacherib, containing records of his military campaigns, culminating with <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Babylon" title="Siege of Babylon">Babylon's destruction</a></figcaption></figure> Despite the defeat of Nergal-ushezib and the flight of the Elamites, Babylonia did not surrender to Sennacherib. The rebel Shuzubu, hunted by Sennacherib in his 700 BC invasion of the south, had resurfaced under the name Mushezib-Marduk and, seemingly without foreign support, acceded to the throne of Babylon. As he was king by 692 BC, but not described in Assyrian sources as "revolting" until 691 BC, it is possible that his rule was initially accepted by Sennacherib. There was also a change in rulership in Elam, where Kutur-Nahhunte was deposed in favor of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humban-menanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humban-menanu (page does not exist)">Humban-menanu</a>, who began assembling the anti-Assyrian coalition once more. Mushezib-Marduk ensured Humban-menanu's support by bribing him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198240,_47–49-71">[70]</a> The Assyrian records considered Humban-menanu's decision to support Babylonia to be unintelligent, describing him as a "man without any sense or judgement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192416-72">[71]</a> Sennacherib met his enemies in battle near the city of <a href="/wiki/Halule" title="Halule">Halule</a>. Humban-menanu and his commander, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humban-undasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humban-undasha (page does not exist)">Humban-undasha</a>, led the Babylonian and Elamite forces. The outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halule" title="Battle of Halule">Battle of Halule</a> is unclear since the records of both sides claim a great victory. Sennacherib claims in his annals that Humban-undasha was killed and that the enemy kings fled for their lives whereas the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian chronicles</a> claim that it was the Assyrians who retreated. If the battle was a southern victory, the setback faced by the Assyrians would have to have been minor as Babylon was under siege in the late summer of 690 BC (and had apparently been under siege for some time at that point). The Assyrians had not marched on Babylon immediately, however, as military actions are recorded elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198249–50-73">[72]</a> In 1973, the Assyriologist John A. Brinkman wrote that it was likely that the southerners won the battle, though probably suffering many casualties, since both of Sennacherib's enemies still remained on their respective thrones after the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197393-74">[73]</a> In 1982, Assyriologist Louis D. Levine wrote that the battle was probably an Assyrian victory, though not a decisive one and that though the southerners had been defeated and fled, the Assyrian advance on Babylon itself was temporarily halted. The Assyrian army's diversion from its course could then be interpreted by the Babylonian chroniclers as an Assyrian retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198250-75">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Destruction_of_Babylon_by_Sennacherib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Destruction_of_Babylon_by_Sennacherib.png/220px-The_Destruction_of_Babylon_by_Sennacherib.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Destruction_of_Babylon_by_Sennacherib.png/330px-The_Destruction_of_Babylon_by_Sennacherib.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Destruction_of_Babylon_by_Sennacherib.png/440px-The_Destruction_of_Babylon_by_Sennacherib.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>20th-century illustration of Sennacherib's destruction of Babylon</figcaption></figure> In 690 BC, Humban-menanu suffered a stroke and his jaw became locked in a way that prevented him from speaking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192417-76">[75]</a> Taking advantage of the situation, Sennacherib embarked on his final campaign against Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192417-76">[75]</a> Although the Babylonians were successful initially, that was short-lived, and in the same year, the siege of Babylon was already well underway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197393-74">[73]</a> It is likely Babylon would have been in a poor position once it fell to Sennacherib in 689 BC, having been besieged for over fifteen months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197394-77">[76]</a> Although Sennacherib had once anxiously considered the implications of Sargon's seizure of Babylon and the role that the city's offended gods may have played in his father's downfall, his attitude towards the city had shifted by 689 BC. Ultimately, Sennacherib decided to destroy Babylon. Brinkman believed that Sennacherib's change in attitude came from a will to avenge his son and tiring of a city well within the borders of his empire repeatedly rebelling against his rule. According to Brinkman, Sennacherib might have lost the affection he once had for Babylon's gods because they had inspired their people to attack him. Sennacherib's own account of the destruction reads:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197394-77">[76]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Into my land I carried off alive Mušēzib-Marduk, king of Babylonia, together with his family and officials. I counted out the wealth of that city—silver, gold, precious stones, property and goods—into the hands of my people; and they took it as their own. The hands of my people laid hold of the gods dwelling there and smashed them; they took their property and goods. I destroyed the city and its houses, from foundation to parapet; I devastated and burned them. I razed the brick and earthenwork of the outer and inner wall of the city, of the temples, and of the ziggurat; and I dumped these into the Araḫtu canal. I dug canals through the midst of that city, I overwhelmed it with water, I made its very foundations disappear, and I destroyed it more completely than a devastating flood. So that it might be impossible in future days to recognize the site of that city and its temples, I utterly dissolved it with water and made it like inundated land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197394-77">[76]</a></blockquote> Although Sennacherib destroyed the city, he appears to have still been somewhat fearful of Babylon's ancient gods. Earlier in his account of the campaign, he specifically mentions the sanctuaries of the Babylonian deities had provided financial support to his enemies. The passage describing the seizure of the property of the gods and the destruction of some of their statues is one of the few where Sennacherib uses "my people" rather than "I".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197394-77">[76]</a> Brinkman interpreted this in 1973 as leaving the blame of the fate of the temples not personally on Sennacherib himself, but on the decisions made by the temple personnel and the actions of the Assyrian people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197395-78">[77]</a> During the destruction of the city, Sennacherib destroyed the temples and the images of the gods, except for that of Marduk, which he took to Assyria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1991118-79">[78]</a> This caused consternation in Assyria itself, where Babylon and its gods were held in high esteem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick2009156-80">[79]</a> Sennacherib attempted justifying his actions to his own countrymen through a campaign of religious propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1991118–119-81">[80]</a> Among the elements of this campaign, he commissioned a myth in which Marduk was put on trial before <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, the god of Assyria. This text is fragmentary, but it seems Marduk is found guilty of some grave offense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1991119-82">[81]</a> Sennacherib described his defeat of the Babylonian rebels in the language of the <a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Babylonian creation myth</a>, identifying Babylon with the evil demon-goddess <a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a> and himself with Marduk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2002156,_158-83">[82]</a> Ashur replaced Marduk in the New Year's festival, and in the temple of the festival he placed a symbolic pile of rubble from Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1991116-84">[83]</a> In Babylonia, Sennacherib's policy spawned a deep-seated hatred amongst much of the populace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1991109-85">[84]</a> Sennacherib's goal was the complete eradication of Babylonia as a political entity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014210-86">[85]</a> Though some northern Babylonian territories became Assyrian provinces, the Assyrians made no effort to rebuild Babylon itself, and southern chronicles from the time refer to the era as the "kingless" period when there was no king in the land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197395-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renovation_of_Nineveh">Renovation of Nineveh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Renovation of Nineveh">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard,_1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colored drawing of Nineveh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg/220px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg/330px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg/440px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1153" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">19th-century reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> by the British archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Sennacherib_Restored.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wood engraving of the Palace of Sennacherib" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Palace_of_Sennacherib_Restored.jpeg/220px-Palace_of_Sennacherib_Restored.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Palace_of_Sennacherib_Restored.jpeg/330px-Palace_of_Sennacherib_Restored.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Palace_of_Sennacherib_Restored.jpeg/440px-Palace_of_Sennacherib_Restored.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="475" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1876 reconstruction of Sennacherib's "Palace without Rival" in Nineveh by <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Newman" title="John Philip Newman">John Philip Newman</a></div></div></div></div></div> After the final war with Babylon, Sennacherib dedicated his time to improving his new capital at Nineveh rather than embarking on large military campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192417-76">[75]</a> Nineveh had been an important city in northern Mesopotamia for millennia. The oldest traces of human settlement at its location are from the 7th millennium BC, and from the 4th millennium BC and onward it formed an important administrative center in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200813-87">[86]</a> When Sennacherib made the city his new capital it experienced one of the most ambitious building projects in ancient history, being completely transformed from the somewhat neglected state it had been in before his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200814-88">[87]</a> Whereas his father's new capital, Dur-Sharrukin, was more or less an imitation of the previous capital of Nimrud, Sennacherib intended to make Nineveh into a city whose magnificence and size astonished the civilized world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade197847,_50-89">[88]</a> The earliest inscriptions discussing the building project at Nineveh date to 702 BC and concern the construction of the Southwest Palace, a large residence constructed in the southwestern part of the citadel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200815-32">[31]</a> Sennacherib called this palace the ekallu ša šānina la išu, the "Palace without Rival".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi20185-90">[89]</a> During the construction process, a smaller palace was torn down, a stream of water which had been eroding parts of the palace mound was redirected and a terrace which the new palace was to stand on was erected and raised to the height of 160 layers of brick. Though many of these early inscriptions talk about the palace as if it were already completed, this was the standard way of writing about building projects in ancient Assyria. The Nineveh described in Sennacherib's earliest accounts of its renovation was a city which at that point only existed in his imagination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200815-32">[31]</a> By 700 BC the walls of the Southwest Palace's throne room were being constructed, followed shortly by the many reliefs to be displayed within it. The final step in the palace's construction was the erection of colossal statues depicting bulls and lions, characteristic of Late Assyrian architecture. Though such stone statues have been excavated at Nineveh, similar colossal statues mentioned in the inscriptions as being made of precious metals remain missing. The roof of the palace was constructed with cypress and cedar recovered from the mountains in the west, and the palace was illuminated through multiple windows and decorated with silver and bronze pegs on the inside and glazed bricks on the outside. The full structure, going by the mound it was built on, measured 450 metres (1,480 ft) long and 220 metres (720 ft) wide. An inscription on a stone lion in the quarter associated with Sennacherib's queen, Tashmetu-sharrat, contains hopes that the king and queen would both live healthily and long within the new palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200816-91">[90]</a> The text of the inscription, written in an unusually intimate way, reads:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013116-92">[91]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And for the queen Tashmetu-sharrat, my beloved wife, whose features <a href="/wiki/Belet-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Belet-ili">Belet-ili</a> has made more beautiful than all other women, I had a palace of love, joy and pleasure built. [...] By the order of Ashur, father of the gods, and heavenly queen <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> may we both live long in health and happiness in this palace and enjoy wellbeing to the full!<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013116-92">[91]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:222px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="City plan of Nineveh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG/155px-Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG" decoding="async" width="155" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG/233px-Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG/310px-Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1023" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:222px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Quyunjiq_buildings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plan of the Kuyunjik mound in Nineveh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Quyunjiq_buildings.svg/179px-Quyunjiq_buildings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Quyunjiq_buildings.svg/269px-Quyunjiq_buildings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Quyunjiq_buildings.svg/358px-Quyunjiq_buildings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="950" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">City plan of Nineveh (left) and a close-up of the Kuyunjik mound (right), where Sennacherib's palace was constructed. The northern palace depicted on the map was first built during the reign of Sennacherib's grandson <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>.</div></div></div></div> Though probably conceived as a structure like the palace Sargon built at Dur-Sharrukin, Sennacherib's palace, and especially the artwork featured within it, shows some differences. Though Sargon's reliefs usually show the king as close to other members of the Assyrian aristocracy, Sennacherib's art usually depicts the king towering above everyone else in his vicinity due to being mounted in a chariot. His reliefs show larger scenes, some almost from a bird's-eye point of view. There are also examples of a more naturalistic approach in the art; where colossal statues of bulls from Sargon's palace depict them with five legs so that four legs could be seen from either side and two from the front, Sennacherib's bulls all have four legs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200816-91">[90]</a> Sennacherib constructed beautiful gardens at his new palace, importing various plants and herbs from throughout his empire and beyond. <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> plants may have been imported from as far away as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Some suggest the famous <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>, were actually these gardens in Nineveh. Eckhart Frahm considers this idea unlikely on account of the impressive royal gardens in Babylon itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200817-93">[92]</a> Besides the palace, Sennacherib oversaw other building projects at Nineveh. He built a large second palace at the city's southern mound, which served as an arsenal to store military equipment and as permanent quarters for part of the Assyrian standing army. Numerous temples were built and restored, many of them on the Kuyunjik mound (where the Southwest Palace was located), including a temple dedicated to the god Sîn (invoked in the king's own name). Sennacherib also massively expanded the city to the south and erected enormous new city walls, surrounded by a moat, up to 25 metres (82 ft) high and 15 metres (49 ft) thick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200817-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy,_murder_and_succession">Conspiracy, murder and succession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conspiracy, murder and succession">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Flight_of_Adrammelech_Murch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration titled The Flight of Adrammelech depicting Arda-Mulissu and Nabu-shar-usur escaping after murdering Sennacherib." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Flight_of_Adrammelech_Murch.jpg/220px-The_Flight_of_Adrammelech_Murch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Flight_of_Adrammelech_Murch.jpg/330px-The_Flight_of_Adrammelech_Murch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Flight_of_Adrammelech_Murch.jpg/440px-The_Flight_of_Adrammelech_Murch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="3486" /></a><figcaption>The Flight of Adrammelech, illustration from Dalziel's Bible Gallery (1881), depicting <a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a> and Nabu-shar-usur escaping after murdering their father Sennacherib</figcaption></figure> When his eldest son and original crown prince, Ashur-nadin-shumi, disappeared, presumably executed, Sennacherib selected his eldest surviving son, <a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a>, as the new crown prince. Arda-Mulissu held the position of the heir apparent for several years until 684 BC when Sennacherib suddenly replaced him with his younger brother Esarhaddon. The reason for Arda-Mulissu's sudden dismissal is unknown, but it is clear from contemporary inscriptions that he was very disappointed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003166-94">[93]</a> Esarhaddon's influential mother, <a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a>, may have played a role in convincing Sennacherib to choose Esarhaddon as heir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201816-95">[94]</a> Despite his dismissal, Arda-Mulissu remained a popular figure, and some vassals secretly supported him as the heir to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola1980-96">[95]</a> Sennacherib forced Arda-Mulissu to swear loyalty to Esarhaddon, but Arda-Mulissu made many appeals to his father to reinstate him as heir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003166-94">[93]</a> Sennacherib noted the increasing popularity of Arda-Mulissu and came to fear for his designated successor, so he sent Esarhaddon to the western provinces. Esarhaddon's exile put Arda-Mulissu in a difficult position as he had reached the height of his popularity but was powerless to do anything to his brother. To take advantage of the opportunity, Arda-Mulissu decided he needed to act quickly and take the throne by force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola1980-96">[95]</a> He concluded a "treaty of rebellion" with another of his younger brothers, Nabu-shar-usur, and on 20 October 681 BC, they attacked and killed their father in one of Nineveh's temples,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003166-94">[93]</a> possibly the one dedicated to Sîn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200817-93">[92]</a> The murder of Sennacherib, ruler of one of the world's strongest empires at the time, shocked his contemporaries. People throughout the Near East received the news with strong emotions and mixed feelings. The denizens of the Levant and Babylonia celebrated the news and proclaimed the act as divine punishment because of Sennacherib's brutal campaigns against them, while in Assyria the reaction was probably resentment and horror. Many sources recorded the event, including the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> where Arda-Mulissu is called Adrammelech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola1980-96">[95]</a> Despite the success of their conspiracy, Arda-Mulissu could not seize the throne. The murder of the king caused some resentment against him by his own supporters which delayed his potential coronation, and in the meantime, Esarhaddon had raised an army. The army raised by Arda-Mulissu and Nabu-shar-usur met Esarhaddon's forces in <a href="/wiki/Hanigalbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanigalbat">Hanigalbat</a>, a region in the western parts of the empire. There, most of their soldiers deserted and joined Esarhaddon, who then marched on Nineveh without opposition, becoming the new king of Assyria. Shortly after taking the throne, Esarhaddon executed all of the conspirators and political enemies within his reach, including his brothers' families. Every servant involved with the security of the royal palace at Nineveh was executed. Arda-Mulissu and Nabu-shar-usur survived this purge, escaping as exiles to the northern kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003166-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_Britannica-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_children">Family and children</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Family and children">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_Crown-Prince_MET_hb32_143_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stele depicting an Assyrian crown prince" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Assyrian_Crown-Prince_MET_hb32_143_13.jpg/220px-Assyrian_Crown-Prince_MET_hb32_143_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Assyrian_Crown-Prince_MET_hb32_143_13.jpg/330px-Assyrian_Crown-Prince_MET_hb32_143_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Assyrian_Crown-Prince_MET_hb32_143_13.jpg/440px-Assyrian_Crown-Prince_MET_hb32_143_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption> Stele with a depiction of an Assyrian crown prince. Dated to Sennacherib's reign, it could depict <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a>, Arda-Mulissu or <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>.</figcaption></figure> As was traditional for Assyrian kings, Sennacherib had a harem of many women. Two of his wives are known by name—<a href="/wiki/Tashmetu-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmetu-sharrat">Tashmetu-sharrat</a> (Tašmetu-šarrat)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021114-99">[98]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a> (Naqiʾā). Whether both held the position of queen is uncertain, but contemporary sources suggest that though the king's family included multiple women, only one at a time would be recognized as queen and primary consort. For most of Sennacherib's reign, the queen was Tashmetu-sharrat, whose name literally means "<a href="/wiki/Tashmetum" title="Tashmetum">Tashmetum</a> is queen".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201815-19">[18]</a> Inscriptions suggest that Sennacherib and Tashmetu-sharrat had a loving relationship, with the king referring to her as "my beloved wife" and publicly praising her beauty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021114-99">[98]</a> Whether Naqi'a ever held the title of queen is unclear. She was referred to as the "queen mother" during Esarhaddon's reign, but as she was Esarhaddon's mother, the title may have been bestowed upon her either late in Sennacherib's reign or by Esarhaddon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201815-19">[18]</a> Though Tashmetu-sharrat was the primary consort for longer, Naqi'a is more well-known today for her role during Esarhaddon's reign. When she became one of Sennacherib's wives, she took the Akkadian name Zakûtu (Naqi'a being an Aramaic name). Having two names could point to Naqi'a being born outside Assyria proper—possibly in Babylonia or in the Levant—but there is no substantial evidence for any theory regarding her origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201816-95">[94]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief depicting Esarhaddon and his mother Naqi'a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg/220px-Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg/330px-Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg/440px-Relief_Esarhaddon_Louvre_AO20185.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption> Relief depicting Sennacherib's son and successor Esarhaddon (right) and Esarhaddon's mother (and Sennacherib's wife) <a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a> (left)</figcaption></figure> Sennacherib had at least seven sons and one daughter. Except for Esarhaddon, who is known to be Naqi'a's son, which of Sennacherib's wives were his children's mothers is unknown. Tashmetu-sharrat is likely to have been the mother of at least some of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201817-100">[99]</a> Their names were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a> (Aššur-nādin-šumi)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter199314-60">[59]</a> – probably Sennacherib's eldest son. Appointed king of Babylon and crown prince in 700 BC, he served as both until his capture and execution by the Elamites in 694 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter199314–16-101">[100]</a></li> <li>Ashur-ili-muballissu (Aššur-ili-muballissu)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021114-99">[98]</a> – probably Sennacherib's second eldest son (he is called māru terdennu, meaning "second son"). He is mentioned as being "begotten at the feet of Ashur", suggesting that he held some role in the priesthood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021114-99">[98]</a> His father gave him a house at Assur, probably at some point before 700 BC, and a precious vase later excavated at Nineveh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021115-102">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a> (Arda-Mulišši)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2016272-103">[102]</a> – Sennacherib's eldest living son by the time of Ashur-nadin-shumi's death in 694 BC, he served as his crown prince from 694 BC until 684 BC, when for unknown reasons he was replaced as heir by Esarhaddon. He orchestrated the 681 BC conspiracy which ended in Sennacherib's death in hopes of taking the throne for himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003166-94">[93]</a> After his troops were defeated by Esarhaddon, he escaped to Urartu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003166-94">[93]</a></li> <li>Ashur-shumu-ushabshi (Aššur-šumu-ušabši) – a son whose place in Sennacherib's sequence of children is unknown. Sennacherib gave him a house in Nineveh. Bricks bearing inscriptions discussing the construction of this house were later excavated at Nineveh, possibly indicating that Ashur-shumu-ushabshi had died before the house was completed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021115-102">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (Aššur-aḫa-iddina)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPostgate2014250-104">[103]</a> – a younger son who served as Sennacherib's crown prince 684–681 BC and succeeded him as the king of Assyria, reigning from 681 to 669 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003166-94">[93]</a></li> <li>Nergal-shumu-ibni (Nergal-šumu-ibni)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021115-102">[101]</a> – the reconstructed name (the full name of the prince is missing in the inscriptions) of another son of Sennacherib. He is mentioned as having employed a large staff, including a personal horse raiser called Sama. He might be the same person as an information officer mentioned in 683 BC. His name might alternatively be reconstructed as Nergal-shumu-usur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021115-102">[101]</a> Nergal-shumu-ibni might have served as crown prince alongside Arda-Mulissu, possibly as the intended heir to Babylonia, but the evidence is inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašková2010152-105">[104]</a></li> <li>Nabu-shar-usur (Nabû-šarru-uṣur)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014193-106">[105]</a> – a younger son who joined Arda-Mulissu in his plot to murder Sennacherib and seize power. He escaped with Arda-Mulissu to Urartu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2003166-94">[93]</a></li> <li>Shadditu (Šadditu)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021115-102">[101]</a> – The only one of Sennacherib's daughters known by name, Shadditu appears in land sale documents and protective rituals were conducted on her behalf. She was probably a daughter of Naqi'a as she retained a place in the royal family during Esarhaddon's reign. She or another daughter was married to an Egyptian noble named Shushanqu in 672 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201817-100">[99]</a></li></ul> A small tablet excavated at Nineveh lists the names of mythological Mesopotamian heroes, such as <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, and some personal names. As the name Ashur-ili-muballissu appears in the list of personal names, alongside fragmentary names that could possibly be reconstructed as Ashur-nadin-shumi (or Ashur-shumu-ushabshi) and Esarhaddon, it is also possible that the other personal names were names of further sons of Sennacherib. These names include Ile''e-bullutu-Aššur, Aššur-mukkaniš-ilija, Ana-Aššur-taklak, Aššur-bani-beli, Samaš-andullašu (or Samaš-salamšu) and Aššur-šakin-liti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021115-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character">Character</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Character">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:303px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanherib-Lachisch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sennacherib enthroned in Lachish, from one of his reliefs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sanherib-Lachisch.png/228px-Sanherib-Lachisch.png" decoding="async" width="228" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sanherib-Lachisch.png/342px-Sanherib-Lachisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sanherib-Lachisch.png/456px-Sanherib-Lachisch.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="1078" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:303px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:A_dictionary_of_the_Bible.._(1887)_(14801703843).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Detailed drawing of the same relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_dictionary_of_the_Bible.._%281887%29_%2814801703843%29.jpg/136px-A_dictionary_of_the_Bible.._%281887%29_%2814801703843%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_dictionary_of_the_Bible.._%281887%29_%2814801703843%29.jpg/204px-A_dictionary_of_the_Bible.._%281887%29_%2814801703843%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_dictionary_of_the_Bible.._%281887%29_%2814801703843%29.jpg/272px-A_dictionary_of_the_Bible.._%281887%29_%2814801703843%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1828" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Sennacherib shown enthroned in the <a href="/wiki/Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</a>, which depict his war in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. Detailed drawing from the 1887 book A Dictionary of the Bible by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a> on the right.</div></div></div></div> The main sources that can be used to deduce Sennacherib's personality are his royal inscriptions. These inscriptions were not written by the king, but by his royal scribes. They often served as propaganda meant to portray the king as better than all other rulers, both contemporary and ancient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201819-107">[106]</a> Furthermore, Assyrian royal inscriptions often describe only military and construction matters and were highly formulaic, differing little from king to king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014171-108">[107]</a> By examining the inscriptions and comparing them to those of other kings and non-royal inscriptions, it is possible to infer some aspects of Sennacherib's character. Like the inscriptions of other Assyrian kings, his show pride and high self-esteem, for instance in the passage: "Ashur, father of the gods, looked steadfastly upon me among all the rulers and he made my weapons greater than (those of) all who sit on (royal) daises." In several places, Sennacherib's great intelligence is emphasized, for instance in the passage, "the god Ninshiku gave me wide understanding equal to (that of) the sage Adapu (and) endowed me with broad knowledge". Several inscriptions call him "foremost of all rulers" (ašared kal malkī) and a "perfect man" (eṭlu gitmālu).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014193-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201819-107">[106]</a> Sennacherib's decision to keep his birth name when he became king rather than assuming a throne name, something at least 19 of his 21 immediate predecessors had done, suggests self-confidence. Sennacherib assumed several new epithets never used by Assyrian kings, such as "guardian of the right" and "lover of justice", suggesting a desire to leave a personal mark on a new era beginning with his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014204-31">[30]</a> When Sennacherib became king, he was already an adult and had served as Sargon's crown prince for over 15 years and understood the empire's administration. Unlike many preceding and later Assyrian kings (including his father), Sennacherib did not portray himself as a conqueror or express much desire to conquer the world. Instead, his inscriptions often portrayed the most important parts of his reign as his large-scale building projects. Most of Sennacherib's campaigns were not aimed at conquest, but at suppressing revolts against his rule, restoring lost territories and securing treasure to finance his building projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201820-109">[108]</a> That his generals led several of the campaigns, rather than Sennacherib himself, shows he was not as interested in campaigning as his predecessors had been.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201821-110">[109]</a> The brutal retribution and punishment served to Assyria's enemies described in Sennacherib's accounts do not necessarily reflect the truth. They also served as intimidating tools for propaganda and psychological warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201822-111">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inschrift_%C3%BCber_dem_Kopf_des_K%C3%B6nigs_Sennacherib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Akkadian text and its English translation from a relief depicting Sennacherib" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Inschrift_%C3%BCber_dem_Kopf_des_K%C3%B6nigs_Sennacherib.jpg/220px-Inschrift_%C3%BCber_dem_Kopf_des_K%C3%B6nigs_Sennacherib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Inschrift_%C3%BCber_dem_Kopf_des_K%C3%B6nigs_Sennacherib.jpg/330px-Inschrift_%C3%BCber_dem_Kopf_des_K%C3%B6nigs_Sennacherib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Inschrift_%C3%BCber_dem_Kopf_des_K%C3%B6nigs_Sennacherib.jpg/440px-Inschrift_%C3%BCber_dem_Kopf_des_K%C3%B6nigs_Sennacherib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption> Writing in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> and its translation into English from above the head of Sennacherib in the reliefs depicting the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish" title="Siege of Lachish">siege of Lachish</a>. From Austen Henry Layard's 1853 book Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon.</figcaption></figure> Despite the apparent lack of interest in world domination, Sennacherib assumed the traditional Mesopotamian titles that designated rule of the entire world; "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">king of the universe</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Four Corners of the World">king of the four corners of the world</a>". Other titles, such as "strong king" and "mighty king", emphasized his power and greatness, along with epithets such as "virile warrior" (zikaru qardu) and "fierce wild bull" (rīmu ekdu). Sennacherib described all of his campaigns, even the unsuccessful ones, as victories in his own accounts. This was not necessarily because of personal pride; his subjects would have viewed a failed campaign as a sign that the gods no longer favored his rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201820-109">[108]</a> Sennacherib was fully convinced that the gods supported him and saw all his wars as just for this reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201821-110">[109]</a> Frahm believes that it is possible that Sennacherib suffered from <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a> because of the catastrophic fate of his father. From the sources, it appears that bad news easily enraged Sennacherib and that he developed serious psychological problems. His son and successor Esarhaddon mentions in his inscriptions that the "alû demon" afflicted Sennacherib and that none of his diviners initially dared to tell the king they had observed signs pointing to the demon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014203-36">[35]</a> What the alû demon was is not entirely understood, but the typical symptoms described in contemporary documents include the afflicted not knowing who they are, their pupils constricting, their limbs being tense, being incapable of speech and their ears roaring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014204-31">[30]</a> Frahm and the Assyriologist Julian E. Reade have pondered the idea that Sennacherib could be classified as a <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a>. Female members of the court were more prominent and enjoyed greater privileges under Sennacherib's reign than under the reigns of previous Assyrian kings. The reasons for his policy towards his female relatives are unknown. He might have wanted to shift power away from powerful generals and magnates to his own family, having encountered powerful Arab queens who made their own decisions and led armies. He may have been compensating for the way he treated his father's memory. Evidence of the increased standing of the royal women includes the larger number of texts referencing Assyrian queens from Sennacherib's reign compared to queens of earlier times, and evidence that Sennacherib's queens had their own standing military units, just like the king. Mirroring the increased standing of the women of the royal family, during Sennacherib's time female deities were depicted more frequently. For example, the god Ashur is portrayed frequently with a female companion, probably the goddess <a href="/wiki/Mullissu" title="Mullissu">Mullissu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014213–217-112">[111]</a> Despite Sennacherib's superstition in regards to the fate of his father and his conviction of divine support,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201821-110">[109]</a> Reade believes that the king to some degree was <a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">skeptical of religion</a>. Sennacherib's ultimate treatment of Babylon, destroying the city and its temples, was sacrilege and the king appears to have neglected the temples in Assyria until he carried out a renovation of the temple of Ashur in Assur late in his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade197847-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sennacherib_in_popular_memory">Sennacherib in popular memory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sennacherib in popular memory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Sennacherib_-_1923.413_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woodcut depicting Sennacherib wearing a helmet and holding a sword" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Sennacherib_-_1923.413_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Sennacherib_-_1923.413_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Sennacherib_-_1923.413_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Sennacherib_-_1923.413_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Sennacherib_-_1923.413_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Sennacherib_-_1923.413_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">Woodcut</a> depicting Sennacherib by 16th-century German engraver, painter and printmaker <a href="/wiki/Georg_Pencz" title="Georg Pencz">Georg Pencz</a>, from a series of woodcuts titled Tyrants of the Old Testament</figcaption></figure>Throughout the millennia following Sennacherib's death, the popular image of the king has been mainly negative. The first reason for this is Sennacherib's negative portrayal in the Bible as the evil conqueror who attempted to take Jerusalem; the second is his destruction of Babylon, one of the most prominent cities in the ancient world. This negative view of Sennacherib endured until modern times. Sennacherib is presented as akin to a ruthless predator, attacking Judah as a "wolf on the fold" in the famous 1815 poem <a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_Sennacherib" title="The Destruction of Sennacherib">The Destruction of Sennacherib</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi20181-114">[113]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold, And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold; And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> (1815), <a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_Sennacherib" title="The Destruction of Sennacherib">The Destruction of Sennacherib</a>, first stanza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi20181-114">[113]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Death_of_Sennacherib_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Miniatures from a book showing three separate episodes from the Israelites' battle with Sennacherib including him being killed by two spears" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Death_of_Sennacherib_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-The_Death_of_Sennacherib_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Death_of_Sennacherib_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-The_Death_of_Sennacherib_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Death_of_Sennacherib_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-The_Death_of_Sennacherib_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4857" data-file-height="2164" /></a><figcaption>Miniature from a book of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> prophets made in <a href="/wiki/Norman_Kingdom_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> around 1300, portraying three separate scenes from Sennacherib's war against the Israelites. On the right, an angel is portrayed as destroying his army. In the center, Sennacherib and his remaining soldiers are shown on their way back to Nineveh. On the left, two of Sennacherib's sons murder him as he is praying before a pagan idol.</figcaption></figure> Biblical archaeologist Isaac Kalimi and historian Seth Richardson described Sennacherib's 701 BC attack against Jerusalem as a "world event" in 2014, noting that it drew together the fates of numerous otherwise disparate groups. According to Kalimi, the event and its aftermath affected and had consequences for not only the Assyrians and the Israelites, but also the Babylonians, Egyptians, <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubians</a>, Syro-Hittites and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a>. The siege is discussed not only in contemporary sources, but in later folklore and traditions, such as Aramaic folklore, in later <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> histories of the Near East and in the tales of medieval <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christians">Syriac Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimiRichardson20141-115">[114]</a> Sennacherib's Levantine campaign is a significant event in the Bible, being brought up and discussed in many places, notably <a href="/wiki/2_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Kings">2 Kings</a> 18:13–19:37, 20:6 and <a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Chronicles">2 Chronicles</a> 32:1–23.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201412-116">[115]</a> A vast majority of the Biblical accounts of King Hezekiah's reign in 2 Kings is dedicated to Sennacherib's campaign, cementing it as the most important event of Hezekiah's time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201415-117">[116]</a> In Chronicles, Sennacherib's failure and Hezekiah's success is emphasized. The Assyrian campaign (described as an act of aggression rather than as a response to Hezekiah's rebellious activities) is seen as doomed to fail from the start. According to the narrative, no enemy, not even the powerful king of Assyria, would have been able to triumph over Hezekiah as the Judean king had God on his side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201421-118">[117]</a> The conflict is presented as something akin to a <a href="/wiki/Holy_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war">holy war</a>: God's war against the pagan Sennacherib.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201437-119">[118]</a> Though Assyria had more than a hundred kings throughout its long history, Sennacherib (along with his son Esarhaddon and grandsons <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a>) is one of the few kings who was remembered and figured in Aramaic and Syriac folklore long after the kingdom had fallen. The ancient Aramaic <a href="/wiki/Story_of_Ahikar" title="Story of Ahikar">story of Ahikar</a> portrays Sennacherib as a benevolent patron of the titular character Ahikar, with Esarhaddon portrayed more negatively. Medieval Syriac tales characterize Sennacherib as an archetypical pagan king assassinated as part of a family feud, whose children convert to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimiRichardson20145-120">[119]</a> The legend of the 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Behnam,_Sarah,_and_the_Forty_Martyrs" title="Behnam, Sarah, and the Forty Martyrs">Saints Behnam and Sarah</a> casts Sennacherib, under the name <a href="/wiki/Sinharib" title="Sinharib">Sinharib</a>, as their royal father. After Behnam converts to Christianity, Sinharib orders his execution, but is later struck by a dangerous disease that is cured through being baptized by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthew">Saint Matthew</a> in Assur. Thankful, Sinharib then converts to Christianity and founds an important monastery near <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Mar_Behnam_Monastery" title="Mar Behnam Monastery">Deir Mar Mattai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner20157-121">[120]</a> Sennacherib also occupied various roles in later Jewish tradition. In <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>, examinations of the Old Testament and later stories, the events of 701 BC are often explored in detail; many times featuring massive armies deployed by Sennacherib and pointing out how he repeatedly consulted astrologers on his campaign, delaying his actions. In the stories, Sennacherib's armies are destroyed when Hezekiah recites <a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a> psalms on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>. The event is often portrayed as an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> scenario, with Hezekiah portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">messianic</a> figure and Sennacherib and his armies being personifications of <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimiRichardson20146-122">[121]</a> Sennacherib, due to the role he plays in the Bible, remains one of the most famous Assyrian kings to this day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark2014-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_discoveries">Archaeological discoveries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Archaeological discoveries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Assyria_Bas-Relief_of_Armed_Soldiers,_Palace_of_King_Sennacherib_(704-689_BC)_(a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief depicting two Assyrian soldiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ancient_Assyria_Bas-Relief_of_Armed_Soldiers%2C_Palace_of_King_Sennacherib_%28704-689_BC%29_%28a%29.jpg/220px-Ancient_Assyria_Bas-Relief_of_Armed_Soldiers%2C_Palace_of_King_Sennacherib_%28704-689_BC%29_%28a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ancient_Assyria_Bas-Relief_of_Armed_Soldiers%2C_Palace_of_King_Sennacherib_%28704-689_BC%29_%28a%29.jpg/330px-Ancient_Assyria_Bas-Relief_of_Armed_Soldiers%2C_Palace_of_King_Sennacherib_%28704-689_BC%29_%28a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ancient_Assyria_Bas-Relief_of_Armed_Soldiers%2C_Palace_of_King_Sennacherib_%28704-689_BC%29_%28a%29.jpg/440px-Ancient_Assyria_Bas-Relief_of_Armed_Soldiers%2C_Palace_of_King_Sennacherib_%28704-689_BC%29_%28a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Relief depicting two Assyrian soldiers, from Sennacherib's palace</figcaption></figure> The discovery of Sennacherib's own inscriptions in the 19th century, in which brutal and cruel acts such as ordering the throats of his Elamite enemies to be slit, and their hands and lips cut off, amplified his already ferocious reputation. Today, many such inscriptions are known, most of them housed in the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin" title="Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin">Vorderasiatisches Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, though many are located throughout the world in other institutions and private collections. Some large objects with Sennacherib's inscriptions remain at Nineveh, where some have even been reburied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi20182-124">[123]</a> Sennacherib's own accounts of his building projects and military campaigns, typically referred to as his "annals", were often copied several times and spread throughout the Neo-Assyrian Empire during his reign. For the first six years of his reign, they were written on clay cylinders, but he later began using clay prisms, probably because they provided a greater surface area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi20183-30">[29]</a> Letters associated with Sennacherib are fewer in number than those known from his father and the time of his son Esarhaddon; most of them are from Sennacherib's tenure as crown prince. Other types of non-royal inscriptions from Sennacherib's reign, such as administrative documents, economic documents and chronicles, are more numerous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi20184-125">[124]</a> In addition to written sources, many pieces of artwork have also survived from Sennacherib's time, notably the king's reliefs from his palace at Nineveh. They typically depict his conquests, sometimes with short pieces of text explaining the scene shown. First discovered and excavated from 1847 to 1851 by the British archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a>, the discovery of reliefs depicting Sennacherib's siege of Lachish in the Southwest Palace was the first archaeological confirmation of an event described in the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi20185-90">[89]</a> The Assyriologists <a href="/wiki/Hormuzd_Rassam" title="Hormuzd Rassam">Hormuzd Rassam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Creswicke_Rawlinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Creswicke Rawlinson">Henry Creswicke Rawlinson</a> from 1852 to 1854, <a href="/wiki/William_Kennett_Loftus" class="mw-redirect" title="William Kennett Loftus">William Kennett Loftus</a> from 1854 to 1855 and <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(Assyriologist)" title="George Smith (Assyriologist)">George Smith</a> from 1873 to 1874 led further excavations of the Southwest Palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi20185-90">[89]</a> Among the many inscriptions found at the site, Smith discovered a fragmentary account of a <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood</a>, which generated much excitement both among scholars and the public. Since Smith, the site has experienced several periods of intense excavation and study; Rassam returned from 1878 to 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologist</a> <a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">E. A. Wallis Budge</a> oversaw excavations from 1889 to 1891, the Assyriologist <a href="/wiki/Leonard_William_King" title="Leonard William King">Leonard William King</a> from 1903 to 1904 and the Assyriologist <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Campbell_Thompson" title="Reginald Campbell Thompson">Reginald Campbell Thompson</a> in 1905 and from 1931 to 1932. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Department_of_Antiquities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraqi Department of Antiquities (page does not exist)">Iraqi Department of Antiquities</a> under the Assyriologist Tariq Madhloom conducted the most recent expeditions from 1965 to 1968. Many of Sennacherib's reliefs are exhibited today at the Vorderasiatisches Museum, the British Museum, the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi20186-126">[125]</a> The traditional negative assessment of Sennacherib as a ruthless conqueror has faded away in modern scholarship. Writing in 1978, Reade assessed Sennacherib as a king who stands out among Assyrian rulers as open-minded and far-sighted and that he was a man "who not only coped effectively with ordinary crises but even turned them to advantage as he created, or attempted to create, a stable imperial structure immune from traditional problems". Reade believes that the collapse of the Assyrian Empire within seventy years of Sennacherib's death can be partly attributed to later kings ignoring Sennacherib's policies and reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReade197847-113">[112]</a> Elayi, writing in 2018, concluded that Sennacherib was different both from the traditional negative image of him and from the perfect image the king wanted to convey himself through his inscriptions, but that elements of both were true. According to Elayi, Sennacherib was "certainly intelligent, skillful, with an ability of adaptation", but "his sense of piety was contradictory, as, on the one hand, he impiously destroyed the statues of gods and temples of Babylon while, on the other hand, he used to consult the gods before acting and prayed to them". Elayi believes Sennacherib's greatest flaw was "his irascible, vindictive and impatient character" and that he, when emotional, could be pushed to make irrational decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi2018203-127">[126]</a> In 2011, a huge slope was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Shemamok" title="Qasr Shemamok">Qasr Shemamok</a> (Kilizu) in <a href="/wiki/Erbil_governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbil governorate">Erbil governorate</a>, with a multi-step staircase of very low height, the steps are built of proud bricks, and a <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> text was found on one of the proud bricks with which the stairs were built bearing the name of the Assyrian king Sennacherib. During the French excavations, many <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> inscriptions were found, most of which bear a text mentioning one of the king's titles, mentioning the construction of wall and a palace in the city.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Titles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Akkadian royal titulary</a></div>The following titulature is used by Sennacherib in early accounts of his 703 BC Babylonian campaign:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003141-131">[130]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Sennacherib, great king, mighty king, king of Assyria, king without rival, righteous shepherd, favorite of the great gods, prayerful shepherd, who fears the great gods, protector of righteousness, lover of justice, who lends support, who comes to the aid of the cripple and aims to do good deeds, perfect hero, mighty man, first among all kings, neckstock that bends the insubmissive, who strikes the enemy like a thunderbolt, Ashur, the great mountain, has bestowed upon me an unrivalled kingship and has made my weapons mightier than the weapons of all other rulers sitting on daises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003141-131">[130]</a></blockquote> This variant of the titulature is used in an inscription from the Southwest Palace at Nineveh written after Sennacherib's 700 BC Babylonian campaign:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill1927140-132">[131]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Sennacherib, the great king, the mighty king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, king of the four quarters (of the world); favorite of the great gods; the wise and crafty one; strong hero, first among all princes; the flame that consumes the insubmissive, who strikes the wicked with the thunderbolt. Assur, the great god, has intrusted to me an unrivaled kingship, and has made powerful my weapons above (all) those who dwell in palaces. From the upper sea of the setting sun to the lower sea of the rising sun, all princes of the four quarters (of the world) he has brought in submission to my feet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill1927140-132">[131]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azekah_Inscription" title="Azekah Inscription">Azekah Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halamata_Cave" title="Halamata Cave">Halamata Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">List of Assyrian kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinharib" title="Sinharib">Sinharib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_Annals" title="Sennacherib's Annals">Sennacherib's Annals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-guilt-13"><a href="#cite_ref-guilt_13-0">^</a> The overwhelming majority of scholars accept Arad-Mulissu's guilt as a matter of fact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp2020166-10">[10]</a> Other hypotheses have at time been proposed, such as that the crime was committed by some unknown Babylonian sympathizer or even by Esarhaddon himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp2020165-11">[11]</a> In 2020, Andrew Knapp suggested that Esarhaddon might actually have been behind the murder, citing inconsistencies in the account of Arad-Mulissu's guilt, that Esarhaddon might also had a difficult relationship with Sennacherib, the speed in which Esarhaddon assembled an army and defeated his brothers, and other circumstantial evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp2020167–181-12">[12]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201729-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201729_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2017">Elayi 2017</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201818-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201818_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201818_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201818_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmanşah2013120-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmanşah2013120_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarmanşah2013">Harmanşah 2013</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201411-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalimi201411_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalimi201411_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalimi2014">Kalimi 2014</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207192341/http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/cbd/qpn-x-people/x00000260.html">"Sin-ahhe-eriba [SENNACHERIB, KING OF ASSYRIA] (RN)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/cbd/qpn-x-people/x00000260.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Richly+Annotated+Cuneiform+Corpus&rft.atitle=Sin-ahhe-eriba+%5BSENNACHERIB%2C+KING+OF+ASSYRIA%5D+%28RN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Fribo%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-people%2Fx00000260.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201812-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201812_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201812_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003129-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003129_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003129_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003129_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003129_7-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrahm2003">Frahm 2003</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201420-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalimi201420_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalimi201420_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalimi201420_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalimi201420_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalimi201420_8-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalimi2014">Kalimi 2014</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192413-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192413_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckenbill192413_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuckenbill1924">Luckenbill 1924</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp2020166-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnapp2020166_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnapp2020">Knapp 2020</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp2020165-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnapp2020165_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnapp2020">Knapp 2020</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp2020167–181-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnapp2020167–181_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnapp2020">Knapp 2020</a>, pp. 167–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201813-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201813_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201813_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201813_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201813_14-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013115-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013115_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville201656-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville201656_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelville2016">Melville 2016</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201727-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201727_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2017">Elayi 2017</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201830-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201830_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201815-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201815_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201815_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201815_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201830–31-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201830–31_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201838-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201838_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201840,_204-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi201840,_204_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, pp. 40, 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197389-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197389_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkman1973">Brinkman 1973</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197390-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197390_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197390_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197390_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkman1973">Brinkman 1973</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014209-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014209_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrahm2014">Frahm 2014</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014208-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014208_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrahm2014">Frahm 2014</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014212-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014212_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrahm2014">Frahm 2014</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014201-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014201_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrahm2014">Frahm 2014</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014202-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014202_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014202_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrahm2014">Frahm 2014</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi20183-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi20183_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElayi20183_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElayi2018">Elayi 2018</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014204-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014204_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014204_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014204_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrahm2014">Frahm 2014</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200815-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm200815_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm200815_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm200815_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrahm2008">Frahm 2008</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197391_33-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkman1973">Brinkman 1973</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021113-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm20021113_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrahm2002">Frahm 2002</a>, p. 1113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003130-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003130_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003130_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrahm2003">Frahm 2003</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014203-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014203_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014203_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrahm2014">Frahm 2014</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill19249-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckenbill19249_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuckenbill1924">Luckenbill 1924</a>, p. 9. </li> <li 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G. «Late Bronze and Iron Age Levels from Qasr Shemamok. A First Evaluation of the Impact of the Assyrian Presence in the Region East of Calah», Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, p.253–264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003141-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003141_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003141_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrahm2003">Frahm 2003</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill1927140-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckenbill1927140_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckenbill1927140_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuckenbill1927">Luckenbill 1927</a>, p. 140. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> Print <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2016" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Robin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn2kDAAAQBAJ">Hollow Men, Strange Women: Riddles, Codes and Otherness in the Book of Judges</a>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-32267-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-32267-7"><bdi>978-9-004-32267-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollow+Men%2C+Strange+Women%3A+Riddles%2C+Codes+and+Otherness+in+the+Book+of+Judges&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9-004-32267-7&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn2kDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1958" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, R. D. (1958). "The Siege of Lachish". <a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Journal" title="Israel Exploration Journal">Israel Exploration Journal</a>. 8 (3): 161–164. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27924740">27924740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Siege+of+Lachish&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=161-164&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27924740%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2007" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Susan Wise (2007). The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05974-8"><bdi>978-0-393-05974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+From+the+Earliest+Accounts+to+the+Fall+of+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05974-8&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Susan+Wise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertman2005" class="citation book cs1">Bertman, Stephen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4NKp4zgIQC">Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518364-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518364-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518364-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518364-1&rft.aulast=Bertman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1C4NKp4zgIQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkman1973" class="citation journal cs1">Brinkman, J. A. (1973). "Sennacherib's Babylonian Problem: An Interpretation". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cuneiform_Studies" title="Journal of Cuneiform Studies">Journal of Cuneiform Studies</a>. 25 (2): 89–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1359421">10.2307/1359421</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1359421">1359421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163623620">163623620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cuneiform+Studies&rft.atitle=Sennacherib%27s+Babylonian+Problem%3A+An+Interpretation&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-95&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163623620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1359421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1359421&rft.aulast=Brinkman&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaesar2017" class="citation journal cs1">Caesar, Stephen W. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jbqnew.jewishbible.org/assets/Uploads/454/jbq_454_caesarplague.pdf">"The Annihilation of Sennacherib's Army: A Case of Septicemic Plague"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bible_Quarterly" title="Jewish Bible Quarterly">Jewish Bible Quarterly</a>. 45 (4): 222–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Bible+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Annihilation+of+Sennacherib%27s+Army%3A+A+Case+of+Septicemic+Plague&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=222-228&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Caesar&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjbqnew.jewishbible.org%2Fassets%2FUploads%2F454%2Fjbq_454_caesarplague.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElayi2017" class="citation book cs1">Elayi, Josette (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TsctDwAAQBAJ">Sargon II, King of Assyria</a>. Atlanta: SBL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-177-2"><bdi>978-1-62837-177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sargon+II%2C+King+of+Assyria&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-62837-177-2&rft.aulast=Elayi&rft.aufirst=Josette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTsctDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElayi2018" class="citation book cs1">Elayi, Josette (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVNtDwAAQBAJ">Sennacherib, King of Assyria</a>. 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Helsinki: The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Text_Corpus_Project" title="Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project">Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C3%AEn-ahhe-eriba&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Neo-Assyrian+Empire%2C+Vol.+3%2C+Part.+I%3A+P%E2%80%93S&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=The+Neo-Assyrian+Text+Corpus+Project&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1011901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrahm2003" class="citation journal cs1">Frahm, Eckart (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1011924">"New sources for Sennacherib's "first campaign""</a>. Isimu. 6: 129–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isimu&rft.atitle=New+sources+for+Sennacherib%27s+%22first+campaign%22&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=129-164&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1011924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrahm2008" class="citation journal cs1">Frahm, Eckart (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1011995">"The Great City: Nineveh in the Age of Sennacherib"</a>. 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Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004265615" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004265615"><bdi>978-9004265615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Matters%3A+Psychohistorical+Reflections+on+Sennacherib+and+His+Times&rft.btitle=Sennacherib+at+the+Gates+of+Jerusalem%3A+Story%2C+History+and+Historiography&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9004265615&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbF_bAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson1991" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, A.K. 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Retrieved 28 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%27s+Survival%2C+Sennacherib%27s+Departure%2C+and+the+Kushite+Role+in+701+BCE%3A+An+Examination+of+Henry+Aubin%27s+Rescue+of+Jerusalem&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4632-4156-8&rft.aulast=Ogden+Bellis&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.library.ualberta.ca%2Fjhs%2Findex.php%2Fjhs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F29552%2F21565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1993" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Barbara N. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J6toY--R430C">Images, Power, and Politics: Figurative Aspects of Esarhaddon's Babylonian Policy</a>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-208-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-208-5"><bdi>978-0-87169-208-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images%2C+Power%2C+and+Politics%3A+Figurative+Aspects+of+Esarhaddon%27s+Babylonian+Policy&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-208-5&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Barbara+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ6toY--R430C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostgate2014" class="citation book cs1">Postgate, Nicholas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KDcUAgAAQBAJ">Bronze Age Bureaucracy: Writing and the Practice of Government in Assyria</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04375-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04375-6"><bdi>978-1-107-04375-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+Bureaucracy%3A+Writing+and+the+Practice+of+Government+in+Assyria&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04375-6&rft.aulast=Postgate&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKDcUAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadner2003" class="citation journal cs1">Radner, Karen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/3476">"The Trials of Esarhaddon: The Conspiracy of 670 BC"</a>. ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad. 6: 165–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISIMU%3A+Revista+sobre+Oriente+Pr%C3%B3ximo+y+Egipto+en+la+antig%C3%BCedad&rft.atitle=The+Trials+of+Esarhaddon%3A+The+Conspiracy+of+670+BC&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=165-183&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Radner&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.uam.es%2Fhandle%2F10486%2F3476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadner2015" class="citation book cs1">Radner, Karen (2015). Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871590-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871590-0"><bdi>978-0-19-871590-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Assyria%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871590-0&rft.aulast=Radner&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReade1978" class="citation journal cs1">Reade, Julian E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23282290">"Studies in Assyrian Geography: Part I: Sennacherib and the Waters of Nineveh"</a>. Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 72 (1): 47–72. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23282290">23282290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Assyriologie+et+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.atitle=Studies+in+Assyrian+Geography%3A+Part+I%3A+Sennacherib+and+the+Waters+of+Nineveh&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-72&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23282290%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reade&rft.aufirst=Julian+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23282290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠašková2010" class="citation book cs1">Šašková, Kateřina (2010). "Esarhaddon's accession to the Assyrian throne". In Šašková, Kateřina; Pecha, Lukáš; Charvát, Petr (eds.). Shepherds of the Black-headed People: The Royal Office vis-à-vis godhead in ancient Mesopotamia. Západočeská univerzita v Plzni. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-070-43969-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-070-43969-2"><bdi>978-8-070-43969-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esarhaddon%27s+accession+to+the+Assyrian+throne&rft.btitle=Shepherds+of+the+Black-headed+People%3A+The+Royal+Office+vis-%C3%A0-vis+godhead+in+ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=Z%C3%A1pado%C4%8Desk%C3%A1+univerzita+v+Plzni&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8-070-43969-2&rft.aulast=%C5%A0a%C5%A1kov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Kate%C5%99ina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Web <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Esarhaddon">"Esarhaddon"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Esarhaddon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FEsarhaddon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2014" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/sennacherib/">"Sennacherib"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416043928/https://www.worldhistory.org/sennacherib/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Sennacherib&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fsennacherib%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola1980" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simo_Parpola" title="Simo Parpola">Parpola, Simo</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/introduction/murderersennacherib.htm">"The Murderer of Sennacherib"</a>. Gateways to Babylon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218155554/http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/introduction/murderersennacherib.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gateways+to+Babylon&rft.atitle=The+Murderer+of+Sennacherib&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Simo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewaystobabylon.com%2Fintroduction%2Fmurderersennacherib.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Biblical Oratorio "The Deliverance of Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-133">[1]</a>" by Lionheart Revival (2024) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sennacherib&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sennacherib" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Sennacherib </div><div><a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a></div>Born: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 745 BC Died: 20 October 681 BC </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Assyria">King of Assyria</a> 705 – 681 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">King of Babylon</a> 705 – 704/703 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">King of Babylon</a> (de facto, Babylon destroyed) 689 – 681 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Assyrian_kings" title="Template:Assyrian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Assyrian_kings" title="Template talk:Assyrian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Assyrian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Assyrian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Assyria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of Assyria</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">List of Assyrian kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings#Early_Assyrian_rulers" title="List of Assyrian kings">Legendary kings and early governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings#Later_Assyrian_kingship" title="List of Assyrian kings">Later kingship</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2025–1364 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1363–912 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–609 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-dan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Babylon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Babylonian_kings" title="Template talk:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Babylon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of Babylon</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">List of kings of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Kings  (foreign ruler</li><li>vassal king</li><li>female♀)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a> (1894–1595 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amorite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite dynasty">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a></li> <li>Unknown king (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a></li> <li>mDIŠ+U-EN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite period</a> (1729–1157 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="III" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandash">Gandash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum I">Agum I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash I">Kashtiliash I</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Rattash" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-Rattash">Abi-Rattash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash II">Kashtiliash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urzigurumash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urzigurumash">Urzigurumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harba-Shipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Harba-Shipak">Harba-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipta%27ulzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipta'ulzi">Shipta'ulzi</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a></li> <li>Kadashman-Sah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian period</a> (1157–732 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sealand_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sealand dynasty">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bazi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazi dynasty">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_dynasty" title="Elamite dynasty">VII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty of E">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II" title="Nabu-suma-ukin II">Nabu-suma-ukin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian period</a> (732–626 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="IX" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_dynasty_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian dynasty of Babylon">IX</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C4%81din-%C5%A1umi" title="Aššur-nādin-šumi">Aššur-nādin-šumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" title="Šamaš-šuma-ukin">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-%C5%A1umu-l%C4%AB%C5%A1ir" title="Sîn-šumu-līšir">Sîn-šumu-līšir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> (626–539 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="X" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:1.0em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Babylon_under_foreign_rule_(539_BC_–_AD_224)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian period</a> (539–331 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XI" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nebuchadnezzar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_IV" title="Nebuchadnezzar IV">Nebuchadnezzar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-shimanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-shimanni">Bel-shimanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (331–141 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></li> <li>Seleucus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III Megas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Seleucus_IV)" title="Antiochus (son of Seleucus IV)">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timarchus" title="Timarchus">Timarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian period</a> (141 BC – AD 224)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinnu" title="Rinnu">Rinnu</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></li> <li>Ubulna♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a></li> <li>Asi'abatar♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a></li> <li>Ispubarza♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a></li> <li>Piriustana♀</li> <li>Teleuniqe♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Babylon" title="Category:Kings of Babylon">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neo-Assyrian_Empire_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neo-Assyrian_Empire_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Neo-Assyrian Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neo-Assyrian_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Neo-Assyrian Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-Assyrian_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-Assyrian Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neo-Assyrian_Empire_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resettlement_policy_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Resettlement policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Queens</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rulers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a> (regent?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_communications_in_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="State communications in the Neo-Assyrian Empire">State communications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_sculpture" title="Assyrian sculpture">Assyrian sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish_Reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish Reliefs">Lachish Reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawat_Gates" title="Balawat Gates">Balawat Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Category:Neo-Assyrian Empire">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sargonid_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Template:Sargonid dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Template talk:Sargonid dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sargonid dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sargonid_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a> (Babylon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a> (Babylon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Atalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashmetu-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmetu-sharrat">Tashmetu-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esharra-hammat" class="mw-redirect" title="Esharra-hammat">Esharra-hammat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbali-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Libbali-sharrat">Libbali-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana-Tashmetum-taklak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana-Tashmetum-taklak">Ana-Tashmetum-taklak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arda-Mulissu" title="Arda-Mulissu">Arda-Mulissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serua-eterat" class="mw-redirect" title="Serua-eterat">Serua-eterat</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty#Family_tree_of_the_Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Full family tree</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sargonid_dynasty" title="Category:Sargonid dynasty">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/ dates <a href="#cite_note-134">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[6]</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/50px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/75px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/100px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> (4000–3100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/100px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/150px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/200px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a> (Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/35px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/53px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/70px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a> (Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>) Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a> Animal <a href="/wiki/Stork_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stork (Pharaoh)">Stork</a> <a href="/wiki/Canide_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canide (Pharaoh)">Canide</a> <a href="/wiki/Bull_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (Pharaoh)">Bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a> <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a> <a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/80px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> (3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa III</a>) (3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a> <a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a> <a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a> <a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a> <a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/30px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/45px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">First Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>, <a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a> <a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a> <a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Mesh-ki-ang-gasher" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh-ki-ang-gasher">Mesh-ki-ang-gasher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>") </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a> <a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<a href="#cite_note-SKL-139">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/22px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/33px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/44px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Old Elamite period</a> (2700–1500 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a> (First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty (5 kings) <a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a> <a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a> <a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> <a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal- shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a> <a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/30px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/45px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>) <a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mes-he" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes-he">Mes-he</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamanna">Melamanna</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> <a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/50px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/75px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/100px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a> "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500-539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a> <a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/30px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/45px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a> <a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3">Kish III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha- kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/30px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/45px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a> <a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a> <a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a> <a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> invasions (3 kings)<a href="#cite_note-SKL-139">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun- tarana</a> <a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/30px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/45px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a> (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a> <a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a> <a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a> <a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a> <a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a> <a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a> <a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a> <a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty Nanni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kiku-siwe-tempti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannemundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalannemundu">Lugalannemundu</a> "King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<a href="#cite_note-SKL-139">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugalzagesi</a> (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3">Akkadian Governors: <a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/25px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/38px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/50px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a> (vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6">Second <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a> dynasty) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a> (Vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"> <a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years) <a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-Ratep" class="mw-redirect" title="Hishep-Ratep">Hishep-Ratep</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/25px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/38px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/50px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a> (21 kings) <a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a> <a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a> (vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a> <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> V dynasty <a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a> (Vassals of Ur III)<a href="#cite_note-140">[8]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a> "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025-1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Third Eblaite</a> Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/30px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/45px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a> (...) Lim Dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/45px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Eshtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipit-Eshtar">Lipit-Eshtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a> Dynasty of Larsa: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a> Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>) (Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a> 1700–722 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/80px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a> ("Old Babylonian Period") (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-eshuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-eshuh">Abi-eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-ditana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-ditana">Ammi-ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-saduqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-saduqa">Ammi-saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"> Second Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>") <a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">mDIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a> <a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth</a> Dynasty </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>") <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a> <a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (1600–1260 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Parshatatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshatatar">Parshatatar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/45px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Agum-Kakrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum-Kakrime">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-harbe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadashman-harbe I">Kadashman-harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaburiash II">Burnaburiash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliashu_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliashu IV">Kashtiliashu IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Middle Elamite period</a> (1500–1100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Kidinuid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Igehalkid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a> <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>") <a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") <a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Eight Babylonian Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a> <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_(son_of_Urtak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammaritu (son of Urtak)">Tammaritu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>") <a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>) <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a>† <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sennacherib</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a>† <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetis</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra IV of Egypt">Cleopatra IV</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI of Egypt">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11">Hellenistic Period <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Kingdom of Judea</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahralanyozan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahralanyozan">Sahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/10px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/15px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Central Asia">Rulers of Ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lionheartrevival.com/the-deliverance-of-jerusalem">""The Deliverance of Jerusalem" - Epic Biblical Oratorio"</a>. Lionheart Revival. Retrieved 24 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lionheart+Revival&rft.atitle=%22The+Deliverance+of+Jerusalem%22+-+Epic+Biblical+Oratorio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flionheartrevival.com%2Fthe-deliverance-of-jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, W.</a> (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford%2C+CNRS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14">Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</a>. Getty Publications. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=Potts%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534">Ancient Iraq</a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_139-2">c</a> Per <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASennacherib" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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