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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Porter Alexander</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward Porter Alexander" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edward Porter Alexander" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward Porter Alexander" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward Porter Alexander" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ادوارد بورتر الكسندر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد بورتر الكسندر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="エドワード・ポーター・アレクサンダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・ポーター・アレクサンダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Alexander" title="Edward Alexander – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Alexander" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Александер, Эдвард Портер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Александер, Эдвард Портер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edward Porter Alexander" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edward Porter Alexander" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Confederate Army general</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the museum administrator, see <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Alexander" title="Edward P. Alexander">Edward P. Alexander</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Edward Porter Alexander</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EdwardPAlexander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/EdwardPAlexander.jpg/250px-EdwardPAlexander.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/EdwardPAlexander.jpg/375px-EdwardPAlexander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/EdwardPAlexander.jpg/500px-EdwardPAlexander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Photo taken in 1866</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1835-05-26</span>)</span>May 26, 1835<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_Georgia" title="Washington, Georgia">Washington, Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 28, 1910<span style="display:none">(1910-04-28)</span> (aged 74)<br /><a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Place of burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Magnolia Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/17px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/26px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/34px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1857–61 (USA)<br />1861–65 (CSA)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/35px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/53px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/70px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">Second Lieutenant (USA)</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/35px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/53px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/70px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (CSA)">Brigadier General (CSA)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Artillery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg" title="Battle of Williamsburg">Battle of Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill" title="Battle of Gaines' Mill">Battle of Gaines' Mill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Virginia Campaign">Northern Virginia Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Campaign">Maryland Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Knoxville Campaign">Knoxville Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Battle of Spotsylvania Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Battle of Cold Harbor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond-Petersburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond-Petersburg Campaign">Richmond-Petersburg Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Battle of the Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaffin%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Chaffin's Farm">Battle of Chaffin's Farm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data">Railroad executive, planter, and author</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Edward_Porter_Alexander.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Signature_of_Edward_Porter_Alexander.png/100px-Signature_of_Edward_Porter_Alexander.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Signature_of_Edward_Porter_Alexander.png/150px-Signature_of_Edward_Porter_Alexander.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Signature_of_Edward_Porter_Alexander.png/200px-Signature_of_Edward_Porter_Alexander.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="203" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Porter Alexander</b> (May 26, 1835 – April 28, 1910) was an American military engineer, railroad executive, planter, and author. He served first as an officer in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and later, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate Army</a>, rising to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a>. </p><p>Alexander was the officer in charge of the massive artillery bombardment preceding <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a>, on the third day of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, and is also noted for his early use of signals and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Military_Ballooning" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Military Ballooning">observation balloons</a> during combat. After the Civil War, he taught mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a>, spent time in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, and wrote extensive memoirs and analyses of the war, which have received much praise for their insight and objectivity. His <i>Military Memoirs of a Confederate</i> were published in 1907. An extensive personal account of his military training and his participation in the Civil War was rediscovered long after his death and published in 1989 as <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Porter_Alexander&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander, known to his friends as Porter, was born in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Georgia" title="Washington, Georgia">Washington, Georgia</a> into a wealthy and distinguished family of <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planters</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum South</a>. He was the sixth of ten children of Adam Leopold Alexander and Sarah Hillhouse Gilbert Alexander.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was the granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Porter_Hillhouse" title="Sarah Porter Hillhouse">Sarah Porter Hillhouse</a>, the first female editor and printer in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the brother-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Lawton" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Lawton">Alexander R. Lawton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_F._Gilmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremy F. Gilmer">Jeremy F. Gilmer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a> in 1857,<sup id="cite_ref-BDA1906_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDA1906-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> third in his class of 38 cadets, and was <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevetted</a> a <a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> of engineers. He briefly taught engineering and fencing at the academy before he was ordered to report for the <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> expedition<sup id="cite_ref-BDA1906_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDA1906-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brig. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">Albert Sidney Johnston</a>. That mission ended before he could reach Johnston, and Alexander returned to West Point. He participated in a number of weapon experiments and worked as an assistant to Major <a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Myer" title="Albert J. Myer">Albert J. Myer</a>, the first officer assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a> and the inventor of the code for "wig-wag" signal flags, or "aerial telegraphy".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander was promoted to second lieutenant on October 10, 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander met Bettie Mason of Virginia in 1859 and married her on April 3, 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would eventually have six children: <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Alexander_Ficklen" title="Bessie Alexander Ficklen">Bessie Mason</a> (born 1861), Edward Porter II and Lucy Roy (twins, born 1863), an unnamed girl (1865, died in infancy prior to naming), Adam Leopold (1867), and William Mason (1868).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lt. Alexander's final assignments for the U.S. Army were at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Steilacoom" title="Fort Steilacoom">Fort Steilacoom</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at <a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Island" title="Alcatraz Island">Alcatraz Island</a>, near <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heidler_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidler-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War_service">Civil War service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Porter_Alexander&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Civil War service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_war">Beginning of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Porter_Alexander&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beginning of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After learning of the <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> of his home state of Georgia, Alexander resigned his U.S. Army commission on May 1, 1861, to join the Confederate Army as a captain of engineers. While organizing and training new recruits to form a Confederate signal service, he was ordered to report to <a href="/wiki/Brig._Gen._(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brig. Gen. (CSA)">Brig. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G.T. Beauregard">P.G.T. Beauregard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas Junction, Virginia</a>. He became the chief engineer and signal officer of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army_of_the_Potomac" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army of the Potomac">Confederate Army of the Potomac</a> on June 3.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a>, Alexander made history by being the first to use signal flags to transmit a message during combat over a long distance. Stationed atop "Signal Hill" in Manassas, Alexander saw <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> troop movements and signaled to the brigade under Col. <a href="/wiki/Nathan_George_Evans" title="Nathan George Evans">Nathan "Shanks" Evans</a>, "Look out for your left, your position is turned".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon receiving a similar message, Beauregard and Gen. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a> sent timely reinforcements that turned the tide of battle in the Confederates' favor.<sup id="cite_ref-Heidler_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidler-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a> on July 1 and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a> on December 31, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During much of this period he was chief of ordnance, under Johnston's command, managing supplies and ammunition in what later became the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>. He was also active in signal work and intelligence gathering, dealing extensively with spies operating around <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Heidler_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidler-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a> of 1862, Alexander continued as chief of ordnance under Johnston, but he also fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg" title="Battle of Williamsburg">Battle of Williamsburg</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (CSA)">Maj. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Full_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Full General (CSA)">Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> assumed command of the army, Alexander was in charge of pre-positioned ordnance for Lee's offensive in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a>. Alexander continued his intelligence gathering by volunteering to go up in an observation balloon at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill" title="Battle of Gaines' Mill">Gaines' Mill</a> on June 27, ascending several times and returning with valuable intelligence regarding the position of the Union Army.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander continued in charge of ordnance for the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Virginia Campaign">Northern Virginia Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Bull Run</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Campaign">Maryland Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Heidler_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidler-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He barely missed capture by Federal cavalry, under Col. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Davis" title="Benjamin Franklin Davis">Benjamin F. "Grimes" Davis</a>, that had escaped from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harpers_Ferry" title="Battle of Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry</a> during the Maryland Campaign; over 40 of Longstreet's 80 ammunition wagons were captured.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porter Alexander is best known as an artilleryman who played a prominent role in many of the important battles of the war. He served in different artillery capacities for Longstreet's <a href="/wiki/First_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">First Corps</a> of the Army of Northern Virginia, starting that role on November 7, 1862, after leaving Lee's staff to command the battalion that was the corps' artillery reserve. He was promoted to colonel on December 5.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was instrumental in arranging the artillery in defense of Marye's Heights at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a> in December 1862, which proved to be the decisive factor in the Confederate victory. While the rest of Longstreet's corps was located around <a href="/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia" title="Suffolk, Virginia">Suffolk, Virginia</a>, Alexander accompanied <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a> on his flanking march at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a> in May 1863, and his artillery placements in Hazel Grove at Chancellorsville proved decisive.<sup id="cite_ref-Heidler_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidler-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gettysburg_cannonade">Gettysburg cannonade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Porter_Alexander&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gettysburg cannonade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlexandersBattalion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/AlexandersBattalion.JPG/220px-AlexandersBattalion.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/AlexandersBattalion.JPG/330px-AlexandersBattalion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/AlexandersBattalion.JPG/440px-AlexandersBattalion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>This monument on <a href="/wiki/Seminary_Ridge" title="Seminary Ridge">Seminary Ridge</a> marks the location of Alexander's artillery.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, Confederate artillery was outmatched in number of pieces, gunnery training, and especially quality and quantity of ammunition. The then 28 year old Alexander was in charge of artillery preparation for <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a>, and given responsibility for assessing its success. The two hours' bombardment was the largest of the war, and explosions in the rear of the Union line caused by overshooting, in combination with Union guns deceptively ceasing to fire, made it seem to have destroyed enemy artillery. However, when the charge began, Union cannon opened up and inflicted severe casualties on the attackers. In his memoir, Alexander bemoaned that an artillery duel earlier in the multi-day battle had already wasted a lot of ammunition from the limited amount the Confederates had available, and that he lacked the authority to concentrate all Confederate artillery present for the bombardment.<sup id="cite_ref-Sears2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his later writings, Alexander accused Lee of making fundamental errors at Gettysburg, as the Union position on high ground was too strong for an attack to be advisable, and Lee had ordered the assault on the center, which entailed Confederates advancing for three quarters of a mile while under fire and then being enfiladed as they closed with the Union line. Writing in 1901 Alexander said "Never, never, never did Gen. Lee himself bollox  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] a fight as he did this."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longstreet's_chief_of_artillery"><span id="Longstreet.27s_chief_of_artillery"></span>Longstreet's chief of artillery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Porter_Alexander&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Longstreet's chief of artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander accompanied the First Corps to northern Georgia in the fall of 1863 to reinforce Gen. <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a>. He personally arrived too late to participate in the battle but served as Longstreet's chief of artillery in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Knoxville Campaign">Knoxville Campaign</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_East_Tennessee_and_West_Virginia" title="Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia">Department of East Tennessee</a> in early 1864. He returned with the corps to Virginia for the remainder of the war, now with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Brig._Gen._(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brig. Gen. (CSA)">brigadier general</a> (as of February 26, 1864). He served in all the battles of the <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a>, and when Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> slipped around Lee's army to cross the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a> and assault <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a>, Alexander was able to move his guns quickly through the lines, emplacing them to repel the main attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Heidler_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidler-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a>, Alexander had to adapt his artillery tactics to trench warfare, including experimentation with various types of mortars. He became convinced that the Union forces were attempting to tunnel under the Confederate lines, but before he was able to act on this, on June 30, 1864, he was wounded in the shoulder by a sharpshooter. As he departed on medical leave to Georgia, he informed Lee of his suspicion. After unsuccessful attempts were made to locate the tunneling activity, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Battle of the Crater</a> caught the Confederates by surprise although it ended in a significant Union defeat. Alexander returned to the Army in February 1865 and supervised the defenses of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> along the James River. He retreated along with Lee's army in the <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Appomattox Campaign">Appomattox Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heidler_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidler-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox Court House</a>, it was Alexander who made the famous proposal to Lee for the army to disperse, rather than surrender. Lee rebuked him, and Alexander later wrote about regretting his suggestion. Although the incident is sometimes described as a proposal for "<a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a>", Alexander describes his proposal in his memoir, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, as one in which "the army may be ordered to scatter in the woods & bushes & either to rally upon Gen. Johnston in North Carolina, or to make their way, each man to his own state, with his arms, & to report to his governor."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate_gold">Confederate gold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Porter_Alexander&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Confederate gold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the end of the Civil War, stories of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_gold" title="Confederate gold">Confederate gold</a> and its vast wealth have been told and retold. One of these stories involves Alexander. He helped organize search parties in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Georgia" title="Lincoln County, Georgia">Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilkes_County,_Georgia" title="Wilkes County, Georgia">Wilkes</a> Counties. Alexander and bank officials soon located some of the gold through Alexander's neighbors in Wilkes County and persuaded them that the money belonged to wives and children of Confederate veterans. With Alexander's help, bank officials eventually recovered some $111,000 of the stolen money. Former Confederate cabinet official <a href="/wiki/Robert_Toombs" title="Robert Toombs">Robert Toombs</a> also turned over $5,000 that, intentionally or accidentally, had been thrown into his yard in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Porter_Alexander&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Porter_Alexander,_circa_1900s_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Edward_Porter_Alexander%2C_circa_1900s_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Edward_Porter_Alexander%2C_circa_1900s_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Edward_Porter_Alexander%2C_circa_1900s_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Edward_Porter_Alexander%2C_circa_1900s_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Edward_Porter_Alexander%2C_circa_1900s_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Edward_Porter_Alexander%2C_circa_1900s_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Edward Porter Alexander in 1900s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20-02-384-aeronauts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/20-02-384-aeronauts.jpg/220px-20-02-384-aeronauts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/20-02-384-aeronauts.jpg/330px-20-02-384-aeronauts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/20-02-384-aeronauts.jpg/440px-20-02-384-aeronauts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1991" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Plaque honoring Alexander and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Cevor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Cevor (page does not exist)">Charles Cevor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" title="Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame">Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the surrender, Alexander briefly considered joining the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Army" title="Imperial Brazilian Army">Imperial Brazilian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finding that he no longer desired the Georgia plantation life of his youth, he taught mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a>, and then served in executive positions with the <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Columbia,_and_Augusta_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte, Columbia, and Augusta Railroad">Charlotte, Columbia, and Augusta Railroad</a> (executive superintendent), the <a href="/wiki/Savannah_and_Memphis_Railroad" title="Savannah and Memphis Railroad">Savannah and Memphis Railroad</a> (president), the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad" title="Louisville and Nashville Railroad">Louisville and Nashville Railroad</a> (president),<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the late 1880s the <a href="/wiki/Central_Rail_Road_and_Banking_Company_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Rail Road and Banking Company of Georgia">Central Rail Road and Banking Company of Georgia</a> until 1891. During his employment at the Savannah and Memphis Railroad, the decision was made to route the railroad through <a href="/wiki/Alexander_City,_Alabama" title="Alexander City, Alabama">Youngsville, Alabama</a>. Youngsville was later renamed <a href="/wiki/Alexander_City,_Alabama" title="Alexander City, Alabama">Alexander City</a> in his honor. </p><p>Alexander was a member of the boards on the navigation of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and on the ship canal between <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Bay" title="Delaware Bay">Delaware</a> bays, from 1892 to 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-BDA1906_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDA1906-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became friends with <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> and the two spent many hours hunting for ducks on Alexander's estate. In May 1897, President Cleveland appointed Alexander as the arbiter of the commission tasked with fixing and demarcating the boundary between the Republics of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, with a view towards the possible construction of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">an interoceanic canal</a> to be dug across <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. Alexander spent two years at the head of that commission, headquartered in the coastal village of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Nicaragua" title="San Juan de Nicaragua">Greytown</a> (now San Juan de Nicaragua). He completed the work to the satisfaction of the two governments and returned to the U.S. in October 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife Bettie became ill while he was in Nicaragua and she died shortly after his return, on November 20, 1899. In October 1901, Alexander married Mary Mason, his first wife's niece.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander was selected to give the Confederate veteran's speech on Alumni Day during the centennial celebration at the United States Military Academy on June 9, 1902. The speech was so well received that it was reprinted in <i>The New York Times</i> in its entirety in the 15 June 1902 edition. The <i>Times</i> referred to the speech as "decidedly the feature of Alumni Day."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The audience included President Theodore Roosevelt as well as Alexander's former commander, General Longstreet. </p><p>After the war, Alexander became a well-respected author. He wrote many magazine articles and published his <i>Military Memoirs of a Confederate: A Critical Narrative</i> (1907), praised by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman" title="Douglas Southall Freeman">Douglas Southall Freeman</a> as "altogether the best critique of the operations of the Army of Northern Virginia."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long after his death, it was realized that Alexander had produced the <i>Military Memoirs</i>, which sought to be a professional work of military history and analysis, after a long effort of editing a collection of much more personal memoirs that he had started compiling during his time in Greytown, Nicaragua, at the behest of his family. Those earlier memoirs were edited and published posthumously in 1989 as <i>Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander</i>, edited by Gary W. Gallagher. </p><p>Unlike such Confederate officers as <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_N._Pendleton" title="William N. Pendleton">William Pendleton</a>, Alexander eschewed the bitter <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause</a> theories of why the South was doomed to fail, given the overwhelming superiority of the North. He was willing to express in writing his criticisms of prominent Confederate officers, including General Lee himself. Many historians regard Alexander's memoirs as among the most objective and sharpest sources produced by a Civil War combatant. <a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">David Eicher</a> called <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i> "a superb personal narrative with a good deal of analysis of Lee's operations ... Dramatic and revealing, an important source on the general, his fellow officers, and the Army of Northern Virginia."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander's other books include <i>Railway Practice</i> (1887) and <i>Catterel, Ratterel (Doggerel)</i> (1888).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander died in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a> and is buried in Magnolia Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a>. In 2006 he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" title="Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame">Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Porter_Alexander&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/James_Patrick_Stuart" title="James Patrick Stuart">James Patrick Stuart</a> in the 1993 film <i><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_(1993_film)" title="Gettysburg (1993 film)">Gettysburg</a></i> and its 2003 prequel <i><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Generals_(film)" title="Gods and Generals (film)">Gods and Generals</a></i>. </p><p>In the alternate history novel <i><a href="/wiki/How_Few_Remain" title="How Few Remain">How Few Remain</a></i>, Alexander continues his career as a brigadier general in a victorious Confederacy. </p><p>Alexander is a character in the <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate history (fiction)">alternate history</a> novels <i><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg:_A_Novel_of_the_Civil_War" title="Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War">Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War</a></i> (2003), <i><a href="/wiki/Grant_Comes_East" title="Grant Comes East">Grant Comes East</a></i> (2004), and <i><a href="/wiki/Never_Call_Retreat:_Lee_and_Grant:_The_Final_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Never Call Retreat: Lee and Grant: The Final Victory">Never Call Retreat: Lee and Grant: The Final Victory</a></i> (2005) by <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Forstchen" class="mw-redirect" title="William Forstchen">William Forstchen</a>. </p><p>Alexander is featured as a point of view character in <i>Cain at Gettysburg</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Peters" title="Ralph Peters">Ralph Peters</a>. </p><p>Alexander is the protagonist of the 2023 playlet <i>Alas, Confederates</i> by James F. Bruns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Porter_Alexander&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Confederate)" title="List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)">List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Porter_Alexander&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, pp. 5, 613, 618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEberhard2019" class="citation journal cs1">Eberhard, Wallace B. (July 31, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00947679.1974.12066755">"Sarah Porter Hillhouse: Setting the Record Straight"</a>. <i>Journalism History</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 133–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00947679.1974.12066755">10.1080/00947679.1974.12066755</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-7679">0094-7679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+History&rft.atitle=Sarah+Porter+Hillhouse%3A+Setting+the+Record+Straight&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=133-136&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00947679.1974.12066755&rft.issn=0094-7679&rft.aulast=Eberhard&rft.aufirst=Wallace+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00947679.1974.12066755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Porter+Alexander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eicher-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, <i>Civil War High Commands</i>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDA1906-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BDA1906_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BDA1906_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BDA1906_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1906">Johnson 1906</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, p. 21; Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, p. 612.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, pp. 16–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heidler-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heidler_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heidler_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heidler_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heidler_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heidler_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heidler_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heidler_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidler, pp. 29–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, pp. 43–45; Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, pp. 50–51. Alexander recalls that the signal was "You are flanked."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, pp. 69–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, pp. 115–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, p. 144. In his earlier work, <i>Military Memoirs</i>, p. 232, Alexander incorrectly identified the cavalry as under the command of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/David_McMurtrie_Gregg" title="David McMurtrie Gregg">David McMurtrie Gregg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sears2003-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sears2003_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears 2003</a>, p. 397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallagher, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, pp. 531–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2002" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Robert Scott (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9425698&site=eds-live&scope=site">"The Georgia Odyssey of the Confederate Gold"</a>. <i>Georgia Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>86</b> (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Georgia+Odyssey+of+the+Confederate+Gold&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Robert+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Da9h%26AN%3D9425698%26site%3Deds-live%26scope%3Dsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Porter+Alexander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, p. 531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, pp. xix, 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confederateveter00alex"><i>The Confederate Veteran: Address of General E. P. Alexander On Alumni Day, West Point Centennial, June 9, 1902</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Veteran%3A+Address+of+General+E.+P.+Alexander+On+Alumni+Day%2C+West+Point+Centennial%2C+June+9%2C+1902&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfederateveter00alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Porter+Alexander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Fighting for the Confederacy</i>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, <i>Civil War in Books</i>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupuy, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170601005621/http://www.gaaviationhalloffame.com/Hall-of-Fame.48.0.html?avid=1">"E. Porter Alexander"</a>. <i>Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaaviationhalloffame.com/Hall-of-Fame.48.0.html?avid=1">the original</a> on June 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Aviation+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=E.+Porter+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaaviationhalloffame.com%2FHall-of-Fame.48.0.html%3Favid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Porter+Alexander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Alexander, Edward P. <i>Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander</i>. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher" title="Gary W. Gallagher">Gary W. Gallagher</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4722-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-4722-4">0-8078-4722-4</a>.</li> <li>Alexander, Edward P. <i>Military Memoirs of a Confederate: A Critical Narrative</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80509-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80509-X">0-306-80509-X</a>. First published 1907 by Charles Scribner's Sons.</li> <li>Brown, J. Willard. <i>The Signal Corps, U.S.A. in the War of the Rebellion</i>. U.S. Veteran Signal Corps Association, 1896. Reprinted 1974 by Arno Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-06036-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-06036-X">0-405-06036-X</a>.</li> <li>Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson, and David L. Bongard. <i>The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography</i>. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270015-5">978-0-06-270015-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a> <i>The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5">0-684-84944-5</a>.</li> <li>Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. <i>Civil War High Commands</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3">0-8047-3641-3</a>.</li> <li>Gallagher, Gary W., ed. <i>Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership</i>. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-629-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-629-9">0-87338-629-9</a>.</li> <li>Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler. "Edward Porter Alexander." In <i>Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History</i>, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04758-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04758-X">0-393-04758-X</a>.</li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rossiter_Johnson" title="Rossiter Johnson">Johnson, Rossiter</a>, ed. (1906). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America/Alexander,_Edward_Porter" class="extiw" title="s:The Biographical Dictionary of America/Alexander, Edward Porter">Alexander, Edward Porter</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America" title="The Biographical Dictionary of America">The Biographical Dictionary of America</a></i>. Vol. 1. Boston: American Biographical Society. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander%2C+Edward+Porter&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=American+Biographical+Society&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Porter+Alexander" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears" title="Stephen W. Sears">Sears, Stephen W.</a> (2003). <i>Gettysburg</i>. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin. p. 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-86761-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-86761-4"><bdi>0-395-86761-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gettysburg&rft.place=Boston%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-395-86761-4&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Porter+Alexander" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Porter_Alexander&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Edward_Porter_Alexander" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Edward Porter Alexander">Edward Porter Alexander</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Klein, Maury. <i>Edward Porter Alexander</i>. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-318-77984-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-318-77984-6">0-318-77984-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Porter_Alexander&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edward_Porter_Alexander" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edward Porter Alexander">Edward Porter Alexander</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/a/Alexander,Edward_Porter.html">Inventory of the Edward Porter Alexander Papers, 1852–1910</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Collection" title="Southern Historical Collection">Southern Historical Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">UNC-Chapel Hill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208215607/http://www.generalsandbrevets.com/sga/alexander.htm">Photographs of Alexander</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived February 8, 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8335">Edward Porter Alexander</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Anderson" title="George T. Anderson">G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Archer" title="James J. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Addison_Armistead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Addison Armistead">Armistead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barksdale" title="William Barksdale">Barksdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Benning" title="Henry L. Benning">Benning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Brockenbrough" title="John M. Brockenbrough">Brockenbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Chambliss" title="John R. Chambliss">Chambliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_Daniel" title="Junius Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Davis" title="Joseph R. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Doles" title="George P. Doles">Doles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Garnett" title="Richard B. Garnett">Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Hays" title="Harry T. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Heth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_G._Humphreys" title="Benjamin G. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Imboden" title="John D. Imboden">Imboden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Iverson_Jr." title="Alfred Iverson Jr.">Iverson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins" title="Albert G. Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(general)" title="Edward Johnson (general)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Jones" title="John M. Jones">J. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jones_(general)" title="William E. Jones (general)">W. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw" title="Joseph B. Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Confederate_general)" title="James Henry Lane (Confederate general)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evander_M._Law" title="Evander M. Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">F. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fitzhugh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Fitzhugh Lee">W. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">Mahone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Marshall" title="James K. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">McLaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._O%27Neal" title="Edward A. O'Neal">O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Oates" title="William C. Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">Pender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnot_Posey" title="Carnot Posey">Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dodson_Ramseur" title="Stephen Dodson Ramseur">Ramseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_B._Robertson" title="Jerome B. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Rodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore_Scales" title="Alfred Moore Scales">Scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jones_Semmes" title="Paul Jones Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(brigadier_general)" title="George H. Steuart (brigadier general)">G. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_Thomas" title="Edward Lloyd Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Walker" title="James A. Walker">J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Lindsay_Walker" title="Reuben Lindsay Walker">R. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Wofford" title="William T. Wofford">Wofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_R._Wright" title="Ambrose R. Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeyn_B._Ayres" title="Romeyn B. Ayres">Ayres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barnes_(general)" title="James Barnes (general)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baxter" title="Henry Baxter">Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapman_Biddle" title="Chapman Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Birney" title="David B. Birney">Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">Buford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Caldwell" title="John C. Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Candy" title="Charles Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henry_Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Henry Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradford_Carr" title="Joseph Bradford Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" title="Joshua Chamberlain">J. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_W._Claflin" title="Ira W. Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Cross" title="Edward E. Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Cushing" title="Alonzo Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Cutler" title="Lysander Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Crawford" title="Samuel W. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_J._Farnsworth" title="Elon J. Farnsworth">Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Geary" title="John W. Geary">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Gilsa" title="Leopold von Gilsa">Gilsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Graham" title="Charles K. Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Greene" title="George S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McMurtrie_Gregg" title="David McMurtrie Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harrow" title="William Harrow">Harrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hays" title="Alexander Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Kilpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski">Krzyżanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Meredith" title="Solomon Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newton_(engineer)" title="John Newton (engineer)">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_M._Nolan" title="Nicholas M. Nolan">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rene_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Rene Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Pleasonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clay_Rice" title="James Clay Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Algeo_Rowley" title="Thomas Algeo Rowley">Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ruger" title="Thomas H. Ruger">Ruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schimmelfennig" title="Alexander Schimmelfennig">Schimmelfennig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Warner_Slocum" title="Henry Warner Slocum">Slocum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Stannard" title="George J. Stannard">Stannard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Starr" title="Samuel H. Starr">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_von_Steinwehr" title="Adolph von Steinwehr">Steinwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Tilton" title="William S. Tilton">Tilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Tyler" title="Robert O. Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Vincent" title="Strong Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Wadsworth" title="James S. Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Hobart_Ward" title="J. H. Hobart Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Weed" title="Stephen H. Weed">Weed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb" title="Alexander S. Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Willard" title="George L. Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Zook" title="Samuel K. Zook">Zook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other notable<br />military personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Avery" title="Isaac E. Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_S._Baker" title="Laurence S. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Horatio_Belo" title="Alfred Horatio Belo">Belo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Berdan" title="Hiram Berdan">Berdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Biddle" title="Alexander Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Brooke" title="John R. Brooke">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Brown" title="Stephen F. Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goode_Bryan" title="Goode Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_K._Burgwyn" title="Henry K. Burgwyn">Burgwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Burling" title="George C. Burling">Burling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Carroll" title="Samuel S. Carroll">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Carter_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Henry Carter (Civil War)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chamberlain_(soldier)" title="Thomas Chamberlain (soldier)">T. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Colvill" title="William J. Colvill">Colvill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Corby" title="William Corby">Corby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coster" title="Charles Coster">Coster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dearing" title="James Dearing">Dearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Devin" title="Thomas Devin">Devin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_van_Horne_Ellis" title="Augustus van Horne Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Enderlin" title="Richard Enderlin">Enderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Fremantle" title="Arthur Lyon Fremantle">Lyon Fremantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkett_D._Fry" title="Birkett D. Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gamble_(general)" title="William Gamble (general)">Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenner_Garrard" title="Kenner Garrard">Garrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_C._Godwin" title="Archibald C. Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Goree" title="T. J. Goree">Goree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Irvin_Gregg" title="John Irvin Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Grimes" title="Bryan Grimes">Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gwyn" title="James Gwyn">Gwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Hall" title="Norman J. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Harrison" title="Henry Thomas Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Haskell" title="Frank A. Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Hazlett" title="Charles E. Hazlett">Hazlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Stockton_Howell" title="Horatio Stockton Howell">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Humiston" title="Amos Humiston">Humiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Jeffords" title="Harrison Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Jones" title="Marcellus Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kelly_(Civil_War)" title="Patrick Kelly (Civil War)">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Keogh" title="Myles Keogh">Keogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lang_(Civil_War)" title="David Lang (Civil War)">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Latimer" title="Joseph W. Latimer">Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Lewis" title="William G. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCandless" title="William McCandless">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_L._McDougall" title="Archibald L. McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._McFarland" title="George F. McFarland">McFarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baillie_McIntosh" title="John Baillie McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Murphy_Mayo" title="Robert Murphy Mayo">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holman_S._Melcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Holman S. Melcher">Melcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goodale_Morrill" title="Walter Goodale Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Muhlenberg" title="Edward D. Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Rorke" title="Patrick O'Rorke">O'Rorke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ario_Pardee,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ario Pardee, Jr.">Pardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ransom_Johnson_Pegram" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ransom Johnson Pegram">Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Poague" title="William T. Poague">Poague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Salomon" title="Edward S. Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orland_Smith" title="Orland Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxley_Sorrel" title="Moxley Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Spear" title="Ellis Spear">Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Stone_(general)" title="Roy Stone (general)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Taylor" title="Walter H. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_de_Trobriand" title="Régis de Trobriand">Trobriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Wainwright" title="Charles S. Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hull_Ward" title="George Hull Ward">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Local civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Broadhead" title="Sarah Broadhead">Broadhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Burns" title="John L. Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_McClean" title="Moses McClean">McClean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McConaughy" title="David McConaughy">McConaughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_McPherson" title="Edward McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnie_Wade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginnie Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wills_(Gettysburg)" title="David Wills (Gettysburg)">Wills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1293272#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1293272#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1293272#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081047513">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/25401978">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18437/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGrvf4cVRRVYCTTvDDv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118949128">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50058320">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35002950">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p168751968">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007452242405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/785565">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/138929734">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qr516x">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" 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