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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Operating systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middleware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middleware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Middleware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middleware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_browsers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_browsers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Web browsers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_browsers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_application_frameworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_application_frameworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Web application frameworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_application_frameworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">SQLite</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="إس كيو لايت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إس كيو لايت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اس‌کیوال لایت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌کیوال لایت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="एसक्यूलाइट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एसक्यूलाइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="SQLite" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q319417#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Serverless relational database management system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">SQLite</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SQLite370.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SQLite370.svg/250px-SQLite370.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SQLite370.svg/330px-SQLite370.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SQLite370.svg/440px-SQLite370.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="181" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SQLite3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SQLite3.png/250px-SQLite3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SQLite3.png/330px-SQLite3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SQLite3.png/500px-SQLite3.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="605" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of <code>sqlite3</code> command-line shell program</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/D._Richard_Hipp" title="D. Richard Hipp">D. Richard Hipp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">17 August 2000<span class="noprint">;<br />24 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2000-08-17</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.49.1<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-dc57612bcadb9731e3800b80efe268815bc828df-v18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-dc57612bcadb9731e3800b80efe268815bc828df-v18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319417?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> (18 February 2025<span class="noprint">; 46 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">18 February 2025</span>)</span>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/SQLite&action=edit">[±]</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sqlite.org./docsrc">sqlite<wbr />.org<wbr />.<wbr />/docsrc</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319417#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_size" title="File size">Size</a></th><td class="infobox-data">699 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">RDBMS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Embedded_database" title="Embedded database">embedded</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a><sup id="cite_ref-license_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-license-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sqlite.org">sqlite<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319417#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom: 0.15em;">SQLite Database File Format</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> .sqlite, .sqlite3, .db, .db3, .s3db, .sl3</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><code>application/vnd.sqlite3</code><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/File_format#Magic_number" title="File format">Magic number</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><code>53 51 4c 69 74 65 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 33 00</code> (zero-terminated <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> "SQLite format 3")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">2004-06-18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">yes (<a href="/wiki/Public_Domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Domain">Public Domain</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sqlite.org/fileformat.html">sqlite<wbr />.org<wbr />/fileformat<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>SQLite</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational</a> <a href="/wiki/Database_engine" title="Database engine">database engine</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/C_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="C Language">C programming language</a>. It is not a standalone app; rather, it is a <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> that <a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">software developers</a> embed in their <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">apps</a>. As such, it belongs to the family of <a href="/wiki/Embedded_database" title="Embedded database">embedded databases</a>. It is the most widely deployed database engine, as it is used by several of the top <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> have <a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">bindings</a> to the SQLite library. It generally follows <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> syntax, but does not enforce <a href="/wiki/Type_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Type checking">type checking</a> by default.<sup id="cite_ref-Owens_2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owens_2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that one can, for example, insert a string into a <a href="/wiki/Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">column</a> defined as an integer. Although it is a lightweight embedded database, SQLite implements most of the <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> standard and the <a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">relational model</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transactions</a> and <a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> guarantees.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it omits many features implemented by other databases, such as <a href="/wiki/Materialized_view" title="Materialized view">materialized views</a> and complete support for <a href="/wiki/Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">triggers</a> and <a href="/wiki/SQL_syntax" title="SQL syntax">ALTER TABLE statements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/D._Richard_Hipp" title="D. Richard Hipp">D. Richard Hipp</a> designed SQLite in the spring of 2000 while working for <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics</a> on contract with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Owens06_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owens06-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipp was designing software used for a <a href="/wiki/Damage_control_(maritime)" title="Damage control (maritime)">damage-control</a> system aboard <a href="/wiki/Guided-missile_destroyer" title="Guided-missile destroyer">guided-missile destroyers</a>; the damage-control system originally used <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a> with an <a href="/wiki/IBM_Informix" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Informix">Informix</a> <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> back-end. SQLite began as a <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a> extension.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2000, version 1.0 of SQLite was released, with storage based on <a href="/wiki/Gdbm" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdbm">gdbm</a> (GNU Database Manager). In September 2001, SQLite 2.0 replaced gdbm with a custom <a href="/wiki/B-tree" title="B-tree">B-tree</a> implementation, adding <a href="/wiki/Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">transaction</a> capability. In June 2004, SQLite 3.0 added <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">internationalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manifest_typing" title="Manifest typing">manifest typing</a>, and other major improvements, partially funded by <a href="/wiki/America_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="America Online">America Online</a>. In 2011, Hipp announced his plans to add a <a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a> interface to SQLite, as well as announcing UnQL, a functional superset of <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> designed for <a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Document-oriented databases">document-oriented databases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unql-interview_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unql-interview-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, SQLite adopted a <a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">Code of Conduct</a> because some clients would not use the software without one.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was based on the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a> and was controversial for its religious nature. The document was later renamed as a Code of Ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SQLite is one of four formats recommended for long-term storage of <a href="/wiki/Data_set" title="Data set">datasets</a> approved for use by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQLite was designed to allow the program to be operated without installing a database management system or requiring a <a href="/wiki/Database_administrator" title="Database administrator">database administrator</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server</a> database management systems, the SQLite engine has no standalone <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processes</a> with which the application program communicates. Instead, a <a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">linker</a> integrates the SQLite library—<a href="/wiki/Static_library" title="Static library">statically</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_linker" title="Dynamic linker">dynamically</a>—into an application program which uses SQLite's functionality through simple <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">function calls</a>, reducing <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a> in database operations; for simple queries with little concurrency, SQLite <a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">performance</a> profits from avoiding the overhead of <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a>. </p><p>Due to the serverless design, SQLite applications require less configuration than client–server databases. SQLite is called <i>zero-configuration</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because configuration tasks such as service management, startup scripts, and password- or <a href="/wiki/Data_control_language" title="Data control language">GRANT</a>-based access control are unnecessary. <a href="/wiki/Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access control</a> is handled through the <a href="/wiki/File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">file-system permissions</a> of the database file.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Databases in client–server systems use <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file-system</a> permissions that give access to the database files only to the <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">daemon</a> process, which handles its locks internally, allowing <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrent</a> writes from several processes. </p><p>SQLite stores the entire database, consisting of definitions, <a href="/wiki/Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">tables</a>, indices, and data, as a single <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">cross-platform</a> file, allowing several processes or <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">threads</a> to access the same database concurrently. It implements this simple design by <a href="/wiki/Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)">locking</a> the database file during writing.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Write access may fail with an <a href="/wiki/Error_code" title="Error code">error code</a>, or it can be retried until a configurable timeout expires. SQLite read operations can be <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasked</a>, though due to the serverless design, writes can only be performed sequentially. This concurrent access restriction does not apply to temporary tables, and it is relaxed in version 3.7 as <a href="/wiki/Write-ahead_logging" title="Write-ahead logging">write-ahead logging</a> (WAL) enables concurrent reads and writes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since SQLite has to rely on file-system locks, it is not the preferred choice for write-intensive deployments.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SQLite uses <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> as a reference platform. "What would PostgreSQL do" is used to make sense of the SQL standard.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One major deviation is that, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Primary_key" title="Primary key">primary keys</a>, SQLite does not enforce <a href="/wiki/Type_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Type checking">type checking</a>; the type of a value is dynamic and not strictly constrained by the <a href="/wiki/Database_schema" title="Database schema">schema</a> (although the schema will trigger a conversion when storing, if such a conversion is potentially reversible). SQLite strives to follow <a href="/wiki/Robustness_principle" title="Robustness principle">Postel's rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQLite implements most of the <a href="/wiki/SQL-92" title="SQL-92">SQL-92</a> standard for SQL, but lacks some features. For example, it only partially provides <a href="/wiki/Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">triggers</a> and cannot write to <a href="/wiki/View_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="View (database)">views</a> (however, it provides INSTEAD OF triggers that provide this functionality). Its support of <a href="/wiki/Data_definition_language#ALTER_statement" title="Data definition language">ALTER TABLE</a> statements is limited.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SQLite uses an unusual <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type system</a> for an SQL-compatible DBMS: instead of assigning a <a href="/wiki/SQL_data_types" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL data types">type</a> to a column as in most SQL database systems, types are assigned to individual values; in language terms it is <i>dynamically typed</i>. Moreover, it is <i>weakly typed</i> in some of the same ways that <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> is: one can insert a <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">string</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">integer</a> column (although SQLite will try to convert the string to an integer first, if the column's preferred type is integer). This adds flexibility to columns, especially when bound to a dynamically typed scripting language. However, the technique is not portable to other SQL products. A common criticism is that SQLite's type system lacks the <a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">data integrity</a> mechanism provided by statically typed columns, although it can be emulated with constraints like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">CHECK</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">typeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'integer'</span><span class="p">)</span></code>.<sup id="cite_ref-Owens06_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owens06-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, support for static typing was added through STRICT tables, which enforce datatype constraints for columns.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tables normally include a hidden <i>rowid</i> index column, which provides faster access.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a table includes an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column, SQLite will typically optimize it by treating it as an alias for the <i>rowid</i>, causing the contents to be stored as a <a href="/wiki/Strictly_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Strictly typed">strictly typed</a> 64-bit signed integer and changing its behavior to be somewhat like an auto-incrementing column. SQLite includes an option to create a table without a rowid column, which can save disk space and improve lookup speed. WITHOUT ROWID tables are required to have a primary key.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SQLite supports foreign key constraints,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they are disabled by default and must be manually enabled with a PRAGMA statement.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">Stored procedures</a> are not supported; this is an explicit choice by the developers to favor simplicity, as the typical use case of SQLite is to be embedded inside a host application that can define its own procedures around the database.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SQLite does not have full <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> support by default for backwards compatibility and due to the size of the Unicode tables, which are larger than the SQLite library.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full support for <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> case-conversions can be enabled through an optional extension.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SQLite supports <a href="/wiki/Full-text_search" title="Full-text search">full-text search</a> through its FTS5 loadable extension, which allows users to efficiently search for a keyword in a large number of documents similar to how <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a> search webpages.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SQLite includes support for working with <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> through its <i>json1</i> extension, which is enabled by default since 2021. SQLite's JSON functions can handle JSON5 syntax since 2023. In 2024, SQLite added support for JSONB, a binary serialization of SQLite's internal representation of JSON. Using JSONB allows applications to avoid having to parse the JSON text each time it is processed and saves a small amount of disk space.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maximum supported size for an SQLite database file is 281 terabytes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_distribution">Development and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQLite's code is hosted with <a href="/wiki/Fossil_(software)" title="Fossil (software)">Fossil</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_version_control_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed version control system">distributed version control system</a> that uses SQLite as a local cache for its non-relational database format, and SQLite's SQL as an implementation language.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SQLite is <a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">public domain</a>, but not "open-contribution", with the website stating "the project does not accept patches from people who have not submitted an <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> dedicating their contribution into the public domain."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of a <a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">code of conduct</a>, the founders have adopted a <a href="/wiki/Ethical_code" title="Ethical code">code of ethics</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of St. Benedict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A standalone <a href="/wiki/Console_application" title="Console application">command-line</a> <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a> program called <i>sqlite3</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is provided in SQLite's distribution. It can be used to create a database, define tables, insert and change rows, run queries and manage an SQLite database file. It also serves as an example for writing applications that use the SQLite library. </p><p>SQLite uses automated <a href="/wiki/Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">regression testing</a> prior to each release. Over 2 million tests are run as part of a release's verification. The SQLite library has 156,000 lines of source code, while all the test suites combined add up to 92 million lines of test code. SQLite's tests simulate a number of exceptional scenarios, such as power loss and I/O errors, in addition to testing the library's functionality. Starting with the August 10, 2009 release of SQLite 3.6.17, SQLite releases have 100% branch test coverage, one of the components of <a href="/wiki/Code_coverage" title="Code coverage">code coverage</a>. SQLite has four different <a href="/wiki/Test_harness" title="Test harness">test harnesses</a>: the original public-domain TCL tests, the proprietary C-language TH3 test suite, the SQL Logic Tests, which check SQLite against other SQL databases, and the dbsqlfuzz proprietary <a href="/wiki/Fuzzing" title="Fuzzing">fuzzing</a> engine.<sup id="cite_ref-tests_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tests-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_uses"><span class="anchor" id="Adoption"></span>Notable uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQLite is included by default in:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a> OS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a> where it is used by the <a href="/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">rpm</a> core package management system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> where starting with 10-RELEASE version in January 2014, it is used by the core package management system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.4" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.4">Mac OS X 10.4</a> onwards (Apple adopted it as an option in <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Core_Data" title="Core Data">Core Data</a> API from the original implementation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maemo" title="Maemo">Maemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeeGo" title="MeeGo">MeeGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a> 3.10 onwards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NixOS" title="NixOS">NixOS</a> where it is used by the <a href="/wiki/Nix_(package_manager)" title="Nix (package manager)">Nix</a> core package management system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a> where it is used in the same way as Fedora, from which Red Hat Enterprise Linux is derived</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris 10">Solaris 10</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Service_Management_Facility" title="Service Management Facility">Service Management Facility</a> database is serialized for booting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbian_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbian OS">Symbian OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">webOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> onwards<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middleware">Middleware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middleware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a> adapter, initially developed by Robert Simpson, is maintained jointly with the SQLite developers since April 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC">ODBC</a> driver has been developed and is maintained separately by Christian Werner.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Werner's ODBC driver is the recommended connection method for accessing SQLite from <a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a> (<a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a>) wrapper making SQLite accessible on Windows to scripted languages such as <a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a>. This adds SQLite database capabilities to <a href="/wiki/HTML_Application" title="HTML Application">HTML Applications</a> (HTA).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_browsers">Web browsers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Web browsers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The browsers <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Android_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Browser">Android Browser</a> all allow for storing information in, and retrieving it from, an SQLite database within the browser, using the official SQLite Wasm (<a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a>) build,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or using the <a href="/wiki/Web_SQL_Database" title="Web SQL Database">Web SQL Database</a> technology, although the latter is becoming deprecated (namely superseded by SQLite Wasm or by <a href="/wiki/IndexedDB" class="mw-redirect" title="IndexedDB">IndexedDB</a>). Internally, these <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a> based browsers use SQLite databases for storing configuration data like site visit history, cookies, download history etc.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Mozilla Thunderbird</a> store a variety of configuration data (bookmarks, cookies, contacts etc.) in internally managed SQLite databases. Until Firefox version 57 (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Firefox#Firefox_57" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Firefox">"Firefox Quantum"</a>), there was a third-party add-on that used the API supporting this functionality to provide a user interface for managing arbitrary SQLite databases.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Several third-party add-ons can make use of <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> APIs to manage SQLite databases.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_application_frameworks">Web application frameworks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Web application frameworks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symfony" title="Symfony">Symfony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laravel" title="Laravel">Laravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugzilla" title="Bugzilla">Bugzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a>'s default database management system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupal" title="Drupal">Drupal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trac" title="Trac">Trac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a>'s default database management system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web2py" title="Web2py">web2py</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam.py_(web_framework)" title="Jam.py (web framework)">Jam.py</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a> uses SQLite as its file format in <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Lightroom" title="Adobe Lightroom">Adobe Lightroom</a>, a standard database in <a href="/wiki/Adobe_AIR" title="Adobe AIR">Adobe AIR</a>, and internally within <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Reader">Adobe Reader</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Apple Photos</a> uses SQLite internally.<sup id="cite_ref-apple-photos_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple-photos-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audacity_(audio_editor)" title="Audacity (audio editor)">Audacity</a> uses SQLite as its file format, as of version 3.0.0.<sup id="cite_ref-audacity_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audacity-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evernote" title="Evernote">Evernote</a> uses SQLite to store its local database repository in Windows.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a><sup id="cite_ref-skype_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skype-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Service Management Facility, used for service management within the <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> operating systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_(malware)" title="Flame (malware)">Flame (malware)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> <a href="/wiki/IDrive" class="mw-redirect" title="IDrive">IDrive</a> Sat Nav system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TomTom" title="TomTom">TomTom</a> GPS systems, for the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Data_Standard" title="Navigation Data Standard">NDS</a> map data</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxmox_Virtual_Environment" title="Proxmox Virtual Environment">Proxmox VE</a> - <i>Proxmox Cluster File System</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Proxmox_Cluster_File_System_(pmxcfs)">pmxcfs</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">Comparison of relational database management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="List of relational database management systems">List of relational database management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpatiaLite" title="SpatiaLite">SpatiaLite</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-dc57612bcadb9731e3800b80efe268815bc828df-v18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-dc57612bcadb9731e3800b80efe268815bc828df-v18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sqlite.org/releaselog/3_49_1.html">"SQLite Release 3.49.1 On 2025-02-18"</a>. 18 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SQLite+Release+3.49.1+On+2025-02-18&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsqlite.org%2Freleaselog%2F3_49_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-license-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-license_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sqlite.org/copyright.html">"SQLite Copyright"</a>. sqlite.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SQLite+Copyright&rft.pub=sqlite.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsqlite.org%2Fcopyright.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/vnd.sqlite3">"SQLite database file format media type at IANA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority&rft.atitle=SQLite+database+file+format+media+type+at+IANA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Fmedia-types%2Fapplication%2Fvnd.sqlite3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://changelog.com/podcast/201">"Why SQLite succeeded as a database — Richard Hipp, creator of SQLite"</a>. <i>The Changelog</i>. Episode 201. Event occurs at 00:17:25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707033506/https://changelog.com/podcast/201">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-06</span></span>. <q>How do I pronounce the name of the product? I say S-Q-L-ite, like a mineral.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Changelog&rft.series=Episode+201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchangelog.com%2Fpodcast%2F201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Richard_Hipp" title="D. Richard Hipp">D. Richard Hipp</a> (presenter) (May 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f428dSRkTs4#t=1m14s"><i>An Introduction to SQLite</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. Google Inc. Event occurs at 00:01:14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2010</span>. <q>[...] ess-kju-ellite [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+SQLite&rft.pub=Google+Inc.&rft.date=2006-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Df428dSRkTs4%23t%3D1m14s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Richard_Hipp" title="D. Richard Hipp">D. Richard Hipp</a> (presenter) (May 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f428dSRkTs4#t=48m15s"><i>An Introduction to SQLite</i></a>. Google Inc. Event occurs at 00:48:15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2010</span>. <q>[...] sequelite [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+SQLite&rft.pub=Google+Inc.&rft.date=2006-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Df428dSRkTs4%23t%3D48m15s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sqlite.org/mostdeployed.html">"Most Widely Deployed SQL Database Estimates"</a>. SQLite.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+Widely+Deployed+SQL+Database+Estimates&rft.pub=SQLite.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsqlite.org%2Fmostdeployed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owens_2006-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Owens_2006_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwens2006" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsZ5bUh0XAkC&pg=PA133">"Chapter 4: SQL"</a>. In Gilmore, Jason; <a href="/wiki/Keir_Thomas" title="Keir Thomas">Thomas, Keir</a> (eds.). <i>The Definitive Guide to SQLite</i>. <a href="/wiki/D._Richard_Hipp" title="D. Richard Hipp">D. Richard Hipp</a> (foreword), Preston Hagar (technical reviewer). <a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-673-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-673-9"><bdi>978-1-59059-673-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124002058/https://books.google.com/books?id=VsZ5bUh0XAkC&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+SQL&rft.btitle=The+Definitive+Guide+to+SQLite&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59059-673-9&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsZ5bUh0XAkC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sqlite.org/stricttables.html">"STRICT Tables"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807204905/https://sqlite.org/stricttables.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STRICT+Tables&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsqlite.org%2Fstricttables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sqlite.org/fullsql.html">"Full-Featured SQL"</a>. <i>SQLite</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SQLite&rft.atitle=SQL+Features+That+SQLite+Does+Not+Implement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqlite.org%2Fomitted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owens06-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Owens06_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owens06_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwens2006" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Michael (2006). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Well-Known+Users+Of+SQLite&rft.pub=SQLite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsqlite.org%2Ffamous.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unql-interview-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unql-interview_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/news/2011/08/UnQL">"Interview: Richard Hipp on UnQL, a New Query Language for Document Databases"</a>. InfoQ. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SQLite&rft.atitle=Code+of+Ethics&rft.aulast=Hipp&rft.aufirst=D.+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsqlite.org%2Fcodeofethics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Kieren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2018/10/22/sqlite_code_of_conduct/">"SQLite creator crucified after code of conduct warns devs to love God, and not kill, commit adultery, steal, curse..."</a> <i>www.theregister.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117120853/https://www.theregister.com/2018/10/22/sqlite_code_of_conduct/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theregister.com&rft.atitle=SQLite+creator+crucified+after+code+of+conduct+warns+devs+to+love+God%2C+and+not+kill%2C+commit+adultery%2C+steal%2C+curse...&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Kieren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2018%2F10%2F22%2Fsqlite_code_of_conduct%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sqlite.org/locrsf.html">"LoC Recommended Storage Format"</a>. <i>sqlite.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423212849/https://sqlite.org/locrsf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sqlite.org&rft.atitle=LoC+Recommended+Storage+Format&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsqlite.org%2Flocrsf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000461.shtml">"SQLite, Version 3"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>. 2017-03-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511194518/https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000461.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2011</span>. <q>WAL provides more concurrency as readers do not block writers and a writer does not block readers. Reading and writing can proceed concurrently.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Write+Ahead+Logging+in+SQLite+3.7&rft.pub=SQLite.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsqlite.org%2Fwal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sqlite.org/whentouse.html">"Appropriate Uses For SQLite"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lwn.net&rft.atitle=PGCon+2014%3A+Clustering+and+VODKA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F601144%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pgcon.org/2014/schedule/events/736.en.html">"PGCon2014: SQLite: Protégé of PostgreSQL"</a>. <i>Pgcon.org</i>. 20 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230193958/http://www.pgcon.org/2014/schedule/events/736.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Addons.mozilla.org&rft.atitle=SQLite+Manager+%E2%80%93+Get+this+Extension+for+%F0%9F%A6%8A+Firefox+%28en-US%29&rft.date=2018-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddons.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Ffirefox%2Faddon%2Fsqlite-manager-webext%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/sql-reader/">"SQLite Reader – Get this Extension for 🦊 Firefox (en-US)"</a>. <i>Addons.mozilla.org</i>. 2018-09-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112536/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/sql-reader/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Simon+Willison%E2%80%99s+Weblog&rft.atitle=Using+SQL+to+find+my+best+photo+of+a+pelican+according+to+Apple+Photo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsimonwillison.net%2F2020%2FMay%2F21%2Fdogsheep-photos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-audacity-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-audacity_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814021313/https://www.audacityteam.org/audacity-3-0-0-released/">"Audacity 3.0.0 Released"</a>. 17 March 2021. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audacity+3.0.0+Released&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audacityteam.org%2Faudacity-3-0-0-released%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skype-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-skype_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinegardner2007" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Hinegardner, Jeremy (August 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117061133/https://www.mail-archive.com/sqlite-users%40sqlite.org/msg27326.html">"Skype client using SQLite?"</a>. <i>sqlite-users</i> (Mailing list). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mail-archive.com/sqlite-users%40sqlite.org/msg27326.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skype+client+using+SQLite%3F&rft.date=2007-08-28&rft.aulast=Hinegardner&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mail-archive.com%2Fsqlite-users%2540sqlite.org%2Fmsg27326.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQLite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllenOwens2010" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Grant; Owens, Mike (November 5, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230035043/http://apress.com/book/view/1430232250"><i>The Definitive Guide to SQLite</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-3225-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-3225-4"><bdi>978-1-4302-3225-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apress.com/book/view/1430232250">the original</a> on December 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Definitive+Guide+to+SQLite&rft.pages=368&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2010-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4302-3225-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft.au=Owens%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapress.com%2Fbook%2Fview%2F1430232250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKreibich2010" class="citation book cs1">Kreibich, Jay A. (August 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596521196"><i>Using SQLite</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. p. 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52118-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52118-9"><bdi>978-0-596-52118-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225102001/http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596521196">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+SQLite&rft.pages=528&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2010-08-17&rft.isbn=978-0-596-52118-9&rft.aulast=Kreibich&rft.aufirst=Jay+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foreilly.com%2Fcatalog%2F9780596521196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQLite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewman2004" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Chris (November 9, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=067232685X"><i>SQLite (Developer's Library)</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Sams" title="Sams">Sams</a>. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-32685-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-32685-X"><bdi>0-672-32685-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075902/http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=067232685X">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>35 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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