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id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Republican Party (United States)</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"GOP" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/GOP_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="GOP (disambiguation)">GOP (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1792–1834 party, see <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Republican Party, also known as the Grand Old Party (GOP), is one of the <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">major</a> contemporary <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties in the United States</a>. It emerged as the main political rival of the then-dominant <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> in the 1850s, and the two parties have dominated <a href="/wiki/American_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="American politics">American politics</a> since then. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #E81B23; border-bottom:2px solid #E81B23; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Republican Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:GOP_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GOP_logo.svg/200px-GOP_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GOP_logo.svg/300px-GOP_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GOP_logo.svg/400px-GOP_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="233"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">GOP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Chairperson</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Michael Whatley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">U.S. Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Majority Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">House Majority Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Alvan_E._Bovay" title="Alvan E. Bovay">Alvan E. Bovay</a><a href="#cite_note-college-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Henry J. Raymond</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>... and others</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis P. Blair</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Edwin D. Morgan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Amos_Tuck" title="Amos Tuck">Amos Tuck</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">March 20, 1854; 170 years ago (1854-03-20) <a href="/wiki/Ripon,_Wisconsin" title="Ripon, Wisconsin">Ripon, Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merger of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-e238-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nebraska_movement" title="Anti-Nebraska movement">Anti-Nebraska movement</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">310 First Street SE, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Student_wing" title="Student wing">Student wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_wing" title="Women's wing">Women's wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Republican_Women" title="National Federation of Republican Women">National Federation of Republican Women</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Overseas wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li>Majority:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2021-9">[9]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a><a href="#cnote_A">[A]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dominant-10">[10]</a></li></ul></div> <a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarianism</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilbur-2012-12">[12]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism#United_States" title="Centrism">Centrism</a><a href="#cite_note-Republican_feud_over_'root_canal'_spending_cuts_raises_US_government_shutdown_risk-13">[13]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Center-right</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Democracy_Union" title="Asia Pacific Democracy Union">Asia Pacific Democracy Union</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a> (global partner)<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Caucuses</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership#Affiliated_members_of_Congress" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Caucus</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">53 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">218 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors#State_governors" title="List of current United States governors">State governors</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">27 / 50<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">State upper chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">1,121 / 1,973<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 57%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">State lower chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">2,985 / 5,413<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 55%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors#Territory_governors" title="List of current United States governors">Territorial governors</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">3 / 5<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 60%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Governments_and_legislatures" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial upper chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">15 / 97<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 15%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Governments_and_legislatures" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial lower chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">9 / 91<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Election symbol</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Republican_Party_Disc_(alternate).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Republican_Party_Disc_%28alternate%29.svg/100px-Republican_Party_Disc_%28alternate%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Republican_Party_Disc_%28alternate%29.svg/150px-Republican_Party_Disc_%28alternate%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Republican_Party_Disc_%28alternate%29.svg/200px-Republican_Party_Disc_%28alternate%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gop.com">gop.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29468#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #E81B23;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of United States">Politics of United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div><hr><a href="#ref_A">^</a> A: Includes <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2024-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-v0752-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-i2772-21">[21]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Republican Party was founded in 1854 by <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">anti-slavery</a> activists who opposed the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>, which allowed for the potential extension of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> to the western territories.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The party supported <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reform">economic reform</a> geared to industry, supporting investments in manufacturing, railroads, and banking. The party was successful in the North, and by 1858, it had enlisted most former <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Free_Soilers" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Soilers">Free Soilers</a> to form majorities in almost every northern state. White Southerners of the <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter class</a> became alarmed at the threat to the future of slavery in the United States. With <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">the 1860 election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, the first Republican president, the Southern states seceded from the United States. Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress, the Republican Party led the fight to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, thereby preserving <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">the Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolishing slavery</a>. After the war, the party largely dominated national politics until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s, when it lost its congressional majorities and the Democrats' <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programs proved popular. <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>'s election in 1952 was a rare break between Democratic presidents and he presided over a period of increased economic prosperity after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Following the 1960s era of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> legislation, enacted by Democrats, the South became more reliably Republican, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> carried 49 states in the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 election</a>, with what he touted as his "<a href="/wiki/Silent_majority" title="Silent majority">silent majority</a>". The <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> realigned national politics, <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Leg_Stool_(GOP)" title="The Three Leg Stool (GOP)">bringing together</a> advocates of <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free-market economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">social conservatives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> foreign policy <a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">hawks</a> under the Republican banner.<a href="#cite_note-Devine-2014-23">[23]</a> Since 2009,<a href="#cite_note-Factionalism-29">[29]</a> the party has faced significant <a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">factionalism</a> within its own ranks and shifted towards <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RWP-30">[30]</a> ultimately becoming its dominant faction.<a href="#cite_note-Dominant-10">[10]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, the party has pivoted towards <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2024-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-v0752-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-i2772-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trump_era-31">[31]</a> In the 21st century, the Republican Party receives its strongest support from <a href="/wiki/Urban%E2%80%93rural_political_divide" title="Urban–rural political divide">rural voters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">White evangelical Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">senior citizens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Voter turnout in United States presidential elections">voters</a> without <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">college degrees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Polarization_by_education-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-cambridge.org-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Higher_Education-34">[34]</a> On economic issues, the party has maintained a pro-business attitude since its inception. It supports low taxes and deregulation while opposing <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United States">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">labor unions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare" title="Single-payer healthcare">single-payer healthcare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_Fusionism-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gerstle2022-36">[36]</a> The party's dominant populist wing also supports economic <a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">protectionism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gilded_Age_vision-37">[37]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Tariff_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff in United States history">tariffs</a> on imports.<a href="#cite_note-2024_Platform-38">[38]</a> On social issues, it advocates for <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Abortion law in the United States by state">restricting abortion</a>, discouraging and often prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drug use</a>, promoting gun ownership and <a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">easing gun restrictions</a>, and opposing <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">transgender rights</a>. In foreign policy, the party establishment is interventionist, while the <a href="/wiki/Trumpism#Foreign_policy" title="Trumpism">populist</a> faction supports <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a> and in some cases <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#19th_century">1.1 19th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Founding_and_U.S._Civil_War">1.1.1 Founding and U.S. Civil War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Reconstruction">1.1.2 Reconstruction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Gilded_Age">1.1.3 Gilded Age</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#20th_century">1.2 20th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Progressives_vs._Standpatters">1.2.1 Progressives vs. Standpatters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_the_New_Deal_era">1.2.2 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Eisenhower_era">1.2.3 Eisenhower era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#From_Goldwater_to_Reagan">1.2.4 From Goldwater to Reagan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Reagan_era">1.2.5 Reagan era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Gingrich_Revolution">1.2.6 Gingrich Revolution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#21st_century">1.3 21st century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#George_W._Bush">1.3.1 George W. Bush</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Tea_Party_movement">1.3.2 Tea Party movement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Trump_era">1.3.3 Trump era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Current_status">1.3.4 Current status</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Name_and_symbols">2 Name and symbols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Factions">3 Factions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_era">3.1 Civil War and Reconstruction era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#20th_century_2">3.2 20th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#21st_century_2">3.3 21st century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Conservatives">3.3.1 Conservatives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Right-wing_populists">3.3.2 Right-wing populists</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Christian_right">3.3.3 Christian right</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Libertarians">3.3.4 Libertarians</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Moderates">3.3.5 Moderates</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Political_positions">4 Political positions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Economic_policies">4.1 Economic policies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Taxes">4.1.1 Taxes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Spending">4.1.2 Spending</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Entitlements">4.1.3 Entitlements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Labor_unions_and_the_minimum_wage">4.1.4 Labor unions and the minimum wage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Trade">4.1.5 Trade</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Environmental_policies">4.1.6 Environmental policies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Health_care">4.1.7 Health care</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Foreign_policy">4.2 Foreign policy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#Israel">4.2.1 Israel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Taiwan">4.2.2 Taiwan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#War_on_terror">4.2.3 War on terror</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Europe,_Russia_and_Ukraine">4.2.4 Europe, Russia and Ukraine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Foreign_relations_and_aid">4.2.5 Foreign relations and aid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Social_issues">4.3 Social issues</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Abortion_and_embryonic_stem_cell_research">4.3.1 Abortion and embryonic stem cell research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="#Affirmative_action">4.3.2 Affirmative action</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="#Gun_ownership">4.3.3 Gun ownership</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#Drug_legalization">4.3.4 Drug legalization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-48"><a href="#Immigration">4.3.5 Immigration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="#LGBT_issues">4.3.6 LGBT issues</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="#Voting_rights">4.3.7 Voting rights</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#Composition">5 Composition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Demographics">5.1 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="#Income">5.1.1 Income</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54"><a href="#Gender">5.1.2 Gender</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-55"><a href="#Education">5.1.3 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-56"><a href="#Ethnicity">5.1.4 Ethnicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-57"><a href="#Religious_communities">5.1.5 Religious communities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-58"><a href="#Members_of_the_business_community">5.1.6 Members of the business community</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#Republican_presidents">6 Republican presidents</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#Recent_electoral_history">7 Recent electoral history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#In_congressional_elections:_1950%E2%80%93present">7.1 In congressional elections: 1950–present</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="#In_presidential_elections:_1856%E2%80%93present">7.2 In presidential elections: 1856–present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-63"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-64"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-65"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-66"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-67"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History of the Republican Party (United States)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Founding_and_U.S._Civil_War">Founding and U.S. Civil War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party (United States)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg/220px-Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="1922"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg/220px-Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg/330px-Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg/440px-Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Republican Party hosted its first <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> at <a href="/wiki/Musical_Fund_Hall" title="Musical Fund Hall">Musical Fund Hall</a> at 808 <a href="/wiki/Locust_Street" title="Locust Street">Locust Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> from June 17 to 19, 1856, nominating <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> as its presidential candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 presidential election</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesRJennison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CharlesRJennison.jpg/220px-CharlesRJennison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="830"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 343px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CharlesRJennison.jpg/220px-CharlesRJennison.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="343" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CharlesRJennison.jpg/330px-CharlesRJennison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CharlesRJennison.jpg/440px-CharlesRJennison.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Jennison" title="Charles R. Jennison">Charles R. Jennison</a>, an anti-slavery militia leader associated with the <a href="/wiki/Jayhawkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayhawkers">Jayhawkers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and an early Republican politician in the region</figcaption></figure> In 1854, the Republican Party was founded in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a> by forces opposed to the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, ex-<a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a>, and ex-<a href="/wiki/Free_Soilers" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Soilers">Free Soilers</a>. The Republican Party rapidly became the principal opposition to <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">the dominant Democratic Party</a> and the briefly popular <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> Party. The party grew out of opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>, which repealed the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> and opened <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">the Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska Territories</a> to slavery and future admission as slave states.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> They denounced the expansion of slavery as a great evil, but did not call for complete <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition</a>, including in the Southern states. While opposition to the expansion of slavery was the most impactful founding principle of the party, like the Whig Party it replaced, Republicans also called for economic and social <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> At the first public meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nebraska_movement" title="Anti-Nebraska movement">anti-Nebraska movement</a> on March 20, 1854, at the <a href="/wiki/Little_White_Schoolhouse" title="Little White Schoolhouse">Little White Schoolhouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ripon,_Wisconsin" title="Ripon, Wisconsin">Ripon, Wisconsin</a>, the name "Republican" was proposed as the name of the party.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The name was partly chosen to pay homage to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The first official party convention was held on July 6, 1854, in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The party emerged from the great political realignment of the mid-1850s, united in pro-capitalist stances with members often valuing <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Radicalism in the United States">radicalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The realignment was powerful because it forced voters to switch parties, as typified by the rise and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know Nothing Party">Know Nothing Party</a>, the rise of the Republican Party and the splits in the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> At the Republican Party's <a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">first National Convention in 1856</a>, the party adopted a national platform emphasizing opposition to the expansion of slavery into the free territories.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Although Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> lost <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">that year's presidential election</a> to Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, Buchanan managed to win only four of the fourteen northern states.<a href="#cite_note-History-2010-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-50">[50]</a> Despite the loss of the presidency and the lack of a majority in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, Republicans were able to orchestrate a Republican <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker of the House of Representatives</a>, which went to <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> writes regarding Banks' speakership that "if any one moment marked the birth of the Republican party, this was it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988144-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2835"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 284px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="284" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, the 16th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> (1861–1865) and first Republican to hold the office</figcaption></figure> The Republicans were eager for <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_elections" title="1860 United States elections">the 1860 elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burlingame-52">[52]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> U.S. representative <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> spent several years building support within the party, campaigning heavily for Frémont in 1856 and <a href="/wiki/1859_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="1859 United States Senate election in Illinois">making a bid for the Senate in 1858</a>, losing to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> but gaining national attention from the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a> it produced.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican National Convention</a>, Lincoln consolidated support among opponents of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> U.S. senator <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>, a fierce abolitionist who some Republicans feared would be too radical for crucial states such as Pennsylvania and <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, as well as those who disapproved of his support for Irish immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Burlingame-52">[52]</a> Lincoln was elected president in <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">the general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burlingame-52">[52]</a> This election result helped kickstart the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, which lasted from 1861 until 1865.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">The 1864 presidential election</a> united <a href="/wiki/War_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="War Democrats">War Democrats</a> with the GOP in support of Lincoln and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> Democratic senator <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, who ran for president and vice president on <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">the National Union Party</a> ticket;<a href="#cite_note-History-2010-49">[49]</a> Lincoln was re-elected.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Under Republican congressional leadership, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>—which banned slavery, except as punishment for a crime—was ratified in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Standard">Gold Standard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg/220px-Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4087" data-file-height="5473"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 295px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg/220px-Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="295" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg/330px-Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg/440px-Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, the 18th president (1869–1877)</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Lincoln">assassination of Lincoln</a>, Johnson ascended to the presidency. Johnson was vitriolic in his criticisms of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> during a national tour ahead of <a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">the 1866 elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Varnon-57">[57]</a> Anti-Johnson Republicans won a two-thirds majority in both chambers of Congress following the elections, which helped lead the way toward <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">his impeachment</a> and near ouster from office in 1868,<a href="#cite_note-Varnon-57">[57]</a> the same year <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> was <a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">elected as the next Republican president</a>. Grant was a Radical Republican, which created some division within the party. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> and Illinois senator <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a> opposed most of his <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstructionist</a> policies.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Others took issue with the <a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">large-scale corruption</a> present in the <a href="/wiki/Grant_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant administration">Grant administration</a>, with the emerging <a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwart faction</a> defending Grant and the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">the Half-Breeds</a> advocating reform of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Republicans who opposed Grant branched off to form <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">the Liberal Republican Party</a>, nominating <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> in <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">the 1872 presidential election</a>. The Democratic Party attempted to capitalize on this divide in the GOP by co-nominating Greeley under their party banner. Greeley's positions proved inconsistent with the Liberal Republican Party that nominated him, with Greeley supporting high <a href="/wiki/Tariff_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff in United States history">tariffs</a> despite the party's opposition.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Grant was easily re-elected.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">The 1876 presidential election</a> saw a contentious conclusion as both parties claimed victory despite three southern states not officially declaring a winner at the end of election day. <a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="Voter suppression in the United States">Voter suppression</a> in the South gave Republican-controlled <a href="/wiki/Returning_officer" title="Returning officer">returning officers</a> enough of a reason to declare that fraud, intimidation and violence had soiled the states' results. They proceeded to throw out enough Democratic votes for Republican <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> to be declared the winner.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Democrats refused to accept the results and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">the Electoral Commission</a> made up of members of Congress was established to decide who would be awarded the states' electors. After the Commission voted along party lines in Hayes' favor, Democrats threatened to delay the counting of electoral votes indefinitely so no president would be inaugurated on March 4. This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a> and Hayes finally became president.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gilded_Age">Gilded Age</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4851" data-file-height="5820"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>, the 28th and 31st <a href="/wiki/U.S._secretary_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. secretary of state">U.S. secretary of state</a> (1881; 1889–1892)</figcaption></figure> Hayes doubled down on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, which had been signed into law by Grant with the <a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a>, as a solution to the depressed American economy in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">that year's panic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Ahead of <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">the 1880 presidential election</a>, both <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> and opponent <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> failed to win the Republican nomination; each then backed <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> for president.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Garfield won the 1880 presidential election, but was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">assassinated early in his term</a>. His death helped create support for the <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a>, which was passed in 1883;<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> the bill was signed into law by Republican president <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, who succeeded Garfield. In 1884, Blaine won the Republican presidential nomination, but lost <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">the general election</a> to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>. Cleveland was the first Democrat to be elected president since James Buchanan. Dissident Republicans, known as <a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a>, had defected from Blaine due to the corruption which had plagued his political career.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mckinley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mckinley.jpg/220px-Mckinley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="2812"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 273px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mckinley.jpg/220px-Mckinley.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mckinley.jpg/330px-Mckinley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mckinley.jpg/440px-Mckinley.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, the 25th president (1897–1901)</figcaption></figure> Republican <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> defeated Cleveland in <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">the 1888 election</a>. During his presidency, Harrison signed the <a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_Disability_Pension_Act" title="Dependent and Disability Pension Act">Dependent and Disability Pension Act</a>, which established pensions for all veterans of the Union who had served for more than 90 days and were unable to perform manual labor.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Following his loss to Cleveland in <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">the 1892 presidential election</a>, Harrison unsuccessfully attempted to pass a treaty annexing <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> before Cleveland could be inaugurated. Most Republicans supported the proposed annexation,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> but Cleveland <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Opposition to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">opposed</a> it.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">the 1896 presidential election</a>, Republican <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>'s platform supported the gold standard and high tariffs, having been the creator and namesake for the <a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">McKinley Tariff</a> of 1890. Though having been divided on the issue prior to <a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">that year's National Convention</a>, McKinley decided to heavily favor the gold standard over <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a> in his campaign messaging, but promised to continue <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallism</a> to ward off continued skepticism over the gold standard, which had lingered since the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips_2003_53-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Democrat <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> proved to be a devoted adherent to the free silver movement, which cost Bryan the support of Democratic institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a> and a large majority of the Democratic Party's upper and middle-class support.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> McKinley defeated Bryan<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and returned the presidency to Republican control until <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">the 1912 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progressives_vs._Standpatters">Progressives vs. Standpatters</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republican" title="Roosevelt Republican">Roosevelt Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standpatter_Republican" title="Standpatter Republican">Standpatter Republican</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Theodore_Roosevelt,_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/220px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="3751"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 290px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/220px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="290" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/330px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/440px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, the 26th president (1901–1909)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">The 1896 realignment</a> cemented the Republicans as the party of big businesses while president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> added more small business support by his embrace of <a href="/wiki/Trust_busting" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust busting">trust busting</a>. He handpicked his successor <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> in <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">the 1908 election</a>, but they became enemies as the party split down the middle. Taft defeated Roosevelt for <a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">the 1912 nomination</a>. Roosevelt ran on the ticket of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912%E2%80%931920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912–1920)">his new Progressive Party</a>. He called for <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">social reforms</a>, many of which were later championed by <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal Democrats">New Deal Democrats</a> in the 1930s. He lost and when most of his supporters returned to the GOP, they found they did not agree with the new <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative economic thinking</a>, leading to an ideological shift to the right in the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The Republicans returned to the presidency in the 1920s, winning on <a href="/wiki/Return_to_normalcy" title="Return to normalcy">platforms of normalcy</a>, business-oriented efficiency, and high tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The national party platform avoided mention of prohibition, instead issuing a vague commitment to <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> died in 1923 and <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> easily defeated the splintered opposition in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The pro-business policies of the decade produced an unprecedented prosperity until the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a> heralded the Great Depression.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_the_New_Deal_era">Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal era</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right (United States)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party#Fighting_the_New_Deal_Coalition:_1932%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">History of the United States Republican Party § Fighting the New Deal Coalition: 1932–1980</a></div> The New Deal coalition forged by Democratic president <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> controlled American politics for most of the next three decades, excluding the presidency of Republican <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> in the 1950s. After Roosevelt took office in 1933, <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> legislation sailed through Congress and the economy moved sharply upward from its nadir in early 1933. <a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_elections" title="1934 United States elections">The 1934 elections</a> left the GOP with only 25 senators against 71 Democrats. The House likewise had overwhelming Democratic majorities.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The Republican Party factionalized into <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">a majority Old Right</a>, based predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">the Midwest</a>, and a liberal wing based in <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">the Northeast</a> that supported much of the New Deal. The Old Right sharply attacked the <a href="/wiki/Second_New_Deal" title="Second New Deal">Second New Deal</a>, saying it represented <a href="/wiki/Class_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Class warfare">class warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United States">socialism</a>. Roosevelt was <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">easily re-elected president in 1936</a>; however, as his second term began, <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1937%E2%80%931938" title="Recession of 1937–1938">the economy declined</a>, strikes soared, and he <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">failed to take control of the Supreme Court</a> and purge <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat#1932%E2%80%931948:_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_the_New_Deal_coalition" title="Conservative Democrat">the Southern conservatives</a> from the Democratic Party. Republicans made a major comeback in <a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1938 United States House of Representatives elections">the 1938 House elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bowen-85">[85]</a> Southern conservatives joined with most Republicans to form the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">conservative coalition</a>, which dominated domestic issues in Congress until 1964. By the time of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, both parties split on foreign policy issues, with the anti-war <a href="/wiki/Isolationists" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolationists">isolationists</a> dominant in the Republican Party and <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">the interventionists</a> dominant in the Democratic Party. Roosevelt <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">won a third term in 1940</a> and <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">a fourth in 1944</a>. Conservatives abolished most of the New Deal during the war, but they did not attempt to do away with <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> or the agencies that regulated business.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">George H. Nash</a> argues: <blockquote>Unlike the "moderate", internationalist, largely eastern bloc of Republicans who accepted (or at least tolerated) some of the "Roosevelt Revolution" and the essential premises of President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>'s foreign policy, the Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary. Anti-collectivist, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communist">anti-Communist</a>, anti-New Deal, passionately committed to <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_market_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Free market economics">free market economics</a>, and congressional (as opposed to executive) prerogatives, the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two-front war: against liberal Democrats from without and "me-too" Republicans from within.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></blockquote> After 1945, the internationalist wing of the GOP cooperated with Truman's <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> foreign policy, funded the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> and supported <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, despite the continued isolationism of the Old Right.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eisenhower_era">Eisenhower era</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwight_D._Eisenhower,_official_photo_portrait,_May_29,_1959_(cropped)(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/220px-Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2602" data-file-height="3468"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/220px-Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/330px-Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/440px-Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, the 34th president (1953–1961)</figcaption></figure> Eisenhower had defeated conservative leader senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> for <a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">the 1952 Republican presidential nomination</a>, but conservatives dominated the domestic policies of the <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower administration">Eisenhower administration</a>. Voters liked Eisenhower much more than they liked the GOP and he proved unable to shift the party to a more moderate position.<a href="#cite_note-Nicol_C._Rae_1989-89">[89]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency of Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Presidency of Gerald Ford</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_Goldwater_to_Reagan">From Goldwater to Reagan</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/107px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="2939"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 107px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/107px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="107" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/161px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/214px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, the 37th president (1969–1974)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_(cropped_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/107px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="1882"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 107px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/107px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_3%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="107" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/161px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/214px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_3%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, the 38th president (1974–1977)</div></div></div></div></div> Historians cite <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">the 1964 presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">its respective National Convention</a> as a significant shift, which saw the conservative wing, helmed by <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, battle liberal New York governor <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> and his eponymous <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican" title="Rockefeller Republican">Rockefeller Republican</a> faction for the nomination. With Goldwater poised to win, Rockefeller, urged to mobilize his liberal faction, retorted, "You're looking at it, buddy. I'm all that's left."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, the southern states became more reliably Republican in presidential politics, while northeastern states became more reliably Democratic. The GOP went on to control the White House from 1969 to 1977 under 37th president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, and when he resigned in 1974 due to the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> became the 38th president, serving until 1977. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> defeated incumbent Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reagan_era">Reagan era</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Presidency of Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency of George H. W. Bush</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:251px;max-width:251px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/124px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 124px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/124px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="124" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/186px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/248px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, the 40th president (1981–1989)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/119px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 119px;height: 156px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/119px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="119" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/179px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/238px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, the 41st president (1989–1993)</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Reagan_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan presidency">Reagan presidency</a>, lasting from 1981 to 1989, constituted what is known as "<a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">the Reagan Revolution</a>".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> It was seen as a fundamental shift from the <a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a> of the 1970s, with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Reagan%27s_economic_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan's economic policies">Reagan's economic policies</a> intended to cut taxes, prioritize government <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and shift funding from the domestic sphere into the military to check the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> by utilizing <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence theory</a>. During a visit to then-<a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> in June 1987, he addressed Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> during a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, demanding that he "<a href="/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!" title="Tear down this wall!">Tear down this wall!</a>". The remark was later seen as influential in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the wall">fall of the wall</a> in 1989, and was retroactively seen as a defining achievement.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The Soviet Union was <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved in 1991</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Following Reagan's presidency, Republican presidential candidates often claimed to share Reagan's views and aimed to portray themselves and their policies as heirs to his legacy.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Reagan's vice president, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, won the presidency in a landslide in <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">the 1988 election</a>. However, his term was characterized by division within the Republican Party. Bush's vision of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a> and international cooperation with foreign nations saw the negotiation and, during the presidency of Democrat <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in the 1990s, the signing of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) and the conceptual beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Bush <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">lost his re-election bid in 1992</a>. While there is debate about whether Perot's candidacy cost Bush re-election, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Cook" title="Charlie Cook">Charlie Cook</a> asserted that Perot's messaging carried weight with Republican and conservative voters.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gingrich_Revolution">Gingrich Revolution</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewtGingrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NewtGingrich.jpg/220px-NewtGingrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="1312"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 278px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NewtGingrich.jpg/220px-NewtGingrich.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NewtGingrich.jpg/330px-NewtGingrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NewtGingrich.jpg/440px-NewtGingrich.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Official portrait of <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>, the 50th <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives">speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives</a> (1995–1998)</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_elections" title="1994 United States elections">the 1994 elections</a>, the Republican Party, led by House minority whip <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>, who campaigned on the "<a href="/wiki/Contract_with_America" title="Contract with America">Contract with America</a>", <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">won majorities in both chambers of Congress, gained 12 governorships, and regained control of 20 state legislatures</a>. The Republican Party won control of the House of Representatives for the first time <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1952 United States House of Representatives elections">in 40 years</a>, and won a majority of U.S. House seats in the South for the first time since Reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-102">[102]</a> However, most voters had not heard of the Contract and the Republican victory was attributed to traditional mid-term anti-incumbent voting and Republicans becoming the majority party in the South for the first time since Reconstruction, winning many former <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-gop-pledge-103">[103]</a> Gingrich was made speaker, and within the first 100 days of the Republican majority, every proposition featured in the Contract was passed, with the exception of term limits for members of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-gop-pledge-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> One key to Gingrich's success in 1994 was nationalizing the election,<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-102">[102]</a> which in turn led to his becoming a national figure during <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1996 United States House of Representatives elections">the 1996 House elections</a>, with many Democratic leaders proclaiming Gingrich was a zealous radical.<a href="#cite_note-Baer-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Gingrich's strategy of "<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_hardball" title="Constitutional hardball">constitutional hardball</a>" resulted in increasing <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">political polarization</a> driven primarily by Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fishkin_2018-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The Republicans maintained their majority for the first time <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1928 United States House of Representatives elections">since 1928</a> despite <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> losing handily to Clinton in <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">the presidential election</a>. However, Gingrich's national profile proved a detriment to the Republican Congress, which enjoyed majority approval among voters in spite of Gingrich's relative unpopularity.<a href="#cite_note-Baer-105">[105]</a> After Gingrich and the Republicans struck a deal with Clinton on the <a href="/wiki/Balanced_Budget_Act_of_1997" title="Balanced Budget Act of 1997">Balanced Budget Act of 1997</a>, which included tax cuts, the Republican House majority had difficulty convening on a new agenda ahead of <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1998 United States House of Representatives elections">the 1998 elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> During the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">impeachment of Bill Clinton</a> in 1998, Gingrich decided to make Clinton's misconduct the party message heading into the elections, believing it would add to their majority. The strategy proved mistaken and the Republicans lost five seats, though whether it was due to poor messaging or Clinton's popularity providing a <a href="/wiki/Coattail_effect" title="Coattail effect">coattail effect</a> is debated.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Gingrich was ousted from party power due to the performance, ultimately deciding to resign from Congress altogether. For a short time afterward, it appeared <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> representative <a href="/wiki/Bob_Livingston" title="Bob Livingston">Bob Livingston</a> would become his successor; Livingston, however, stepped down from consideration and resigned from Congress after damaging reports of affairs threatened the Republican House's legislative agenda if he were to serve as speaker.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Illinois representative <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Dennis Hastert</a> was promoted to speaker in Livingston's place, serving in that position until 2007.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency of George W. Bush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George-W-Bush.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/220px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 291px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/220px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="291" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/330px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/440px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, the 43rd president (2001–2009) and son of <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, the 41st president (1989–1993)</figcaption></figure> Republican <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> won <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">the 2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 presidential elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> He campaigned as a "<a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Compassionate conservative">compassionate conservative</a>" in 2000, wanting to better appeal to immigrants and minority voters.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The goal was to prioritize drug rehabilitation programs and aid for prisoner reentry into society, intending to capitalize on President Clinton's tougher crime initiatives such as his <a href="/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act">1994 crime bill</a>. The platform failed to gain much traction among members of the party during his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The Republican Party remained fairly cohesive for much of the 2000s, as both strong <a href="/wiki/Economic_libertarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic libertarians">economic libertarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Social conservatives">social conservatives</a> opposed the Democrats, whom they saw as the party of bloated, secular, and liberal government.<a href="#cite_note-Wooldridge-119">[119]</a> This period saw the rise of "pro-government conservatives"—a core part of the Bush's base—a considerable group of the Republicans who advocated for increased government spending, greater regulation, and an activist and interventionist foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Survey groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found that social conservatives and free market advocates remained the other two main groups within the party's coalition of support, with all three roughly equal in number.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">libertarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">libertarian-leaning conservatives</a> increasingly found fault with what they saw as Republicans' restricting of vital <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a> while <a href="/wiki/Corporate_welfare" title="Corporate welfare">corporate welfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">the national debt</a> hiked considerably under Bush's tenure.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In contrast, some social conservatives expressed dissatisfaction with the party's support for economic policies that conflicted with their moral values.<a href="#cite_note-scare-124">[124]</a> Democrats gained control of the Senate on June 6, 2001. The Republicans regained the Senate majority in <a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2002 United States Senate elections">the 2002 elections</a>, helped by Bush's surge in popularity following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, and Republican majorities in the House and Senate were held until the Democrats regained control of both chambers in <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_elections" title="2006 United States elections">the 2006 elections</a>, largely due to increasing opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Republican_Party_%7C_political_party-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">the 2008 presidential election</a>, Arizona Republican senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> was defeated by Illinois Democratic senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tea_Party_movement">Tea Party movement</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></div> The Republicans experienced electoral success in <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_elections" title="2010 United States elections">the 2010 elections</a>. The 2010 elections coincided with the ascendancy of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Obama_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Obama protest">anti-Obama protest</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal conservatives">fiscal conservatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blum-2020-133">[133]</a> Members of the movement called for lower <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">taxes</a>, and a reduction of the national debt and <a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal budget deficit">federal budget deficit</a> through decreased <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">government spending</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-thefiscaltimes.com-135">[135]</a> The Tea Party movement was also described as a popular constitutional movement<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> comprising <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-libertarian2-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-populist2-138">[138]</a> and conservative activism.<a href="#cite_note-Conservatism-139">[139]</a> The Tea Party movement's electoral success began with <a href="/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)" title="Scott Brown (politician)">Scott Brown</a>'s upset win in the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2010 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts">January Senate special election in Massachusetts</a>; the seat had been held for decades by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In November, Republicans <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections">recaptured control of the House</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2010 United States Senate elections">increased their number of seats in the Senate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2010 United States gubernatorial elections">gained a majority of governorships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The Tea Party would go on to strongly influence the Republican Party, in part due to the replacement of establishment Republicans with Tea Party-style Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Blum-2020-133">[133]</a> When Obama <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">was re-elected president in 2012</a>, defeating Republican <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> the Republican Party <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections">lost seven seats in the House</a>, but still retained control of that chamber.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> However, Republicans were <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2012 United States Senate elections">unable to gain control of the Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In the aftermath of the loss, some prominent Republicans spoke out against their own party.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> A 2012 election post-mortem by the Republican Party concluded that the party needed to do more on the national level to attract votes from minorities and young voters.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In March 2013, Republican National Committee chairman <a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Reince Priebus</a> issued a report on the party's electoral failures in 2012, calling on Republicans to reinvent themselves and officially endorse immigration reform. He proposed 219 reforms, including a $10 million marketing campaign to reach women, minorities, and gay people; the setting of a shorter, more controlled primary season; and the creation of better data collection facilities.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_elections" title="2014 United States elections">the 2014 elections</a>, the Republican Party <a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2014 United States Senate elections">took control of the Senate</a> by gaining nine seats.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> With 247 seats in the House and 54 seats in the Senate, the Republicans ultimately achieved their largest majority in the Congress since <a href="/wiki/71st_United_States_Congress" title="71st United States Congress">the 71st Congress</a> in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trump_era">Trump era</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First presidency of Donald Trump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second presidency of Donald Trump</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrumpPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TrumpPortrait.jpg/220px-TrumpPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 285px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TrumpPortrait.jpg/220px-TrumpPortrait.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TrumpPortrait.jpg/330px-TrumpPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TrumpPortrait.jpg/440px-TrumpPortrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, the 45th and 47th president (2017–2021; since 2025)</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">the 2016 presidential election</a>, Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> defeated Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. The result was unexpected; polls leading up to the election showed Clinton leading the race.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Trump's victory was fueled by narrow victories in three states—<a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>—that had been part of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_wall_(U.S._politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue wall (U.S. politics)">Democratic blue wall</a> for decades.<a href="#cite_note-elites-153">[153]</a> It was attributed to strong support amongst working-class white voters, who felt dismissed and disrespected by the political establishment.<a href="#cite_note-campani-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Trump became popular with them by abandoning Republican establishment orthodoxy in favor of a broader nationalist message.<a href="#cite_note-elites-153">[153]</a> His election accelerated the Republican Party's shift towards right-wing populism and resulted in decreasing influence among its conservative factions.<a href="#cite_note-RWP-30">[30]</a> After <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_elections" title="2016 United States elections">the 2016 elections</a>, Republicans <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2016 United States Senate elections">maintained their majority in the Senate</a>, <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2016 United States House of Representatives elections">the House</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2016 United States gubernatorial elections">governorships</a>, and wielded newly acquired executive power with Trump's election. The Republican Party controlled 69 of 99 state legislative chambers in 2017, the most it had held in history.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The Party also held 33 governorships,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> the most it had held since 1922.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The party had total control of government in 25 states,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> the most since 1952.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The opposing Democratic Party held full control of only five states in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_elections" title="2018 United States elections">the 2018 elections</a>, Republicans lost control of the House, but strengthened their hold on the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Over the course of his presidency, Trump appointed three justices to <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">the Supreme Court</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Trump <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">appointed 260 judges</a> in total, creating <a href="/wiki/Judicial_appointment_history_for_United_States_federal_courts" title="Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts">overall Republican-appointed majorities on every branch of the federal judiciary</a> except for the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_International_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of International Trade">Court of International Trade</a> by the time he left office, shifting the court system to the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>. Other notable achievements during his presidency included the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act">Tax Cuts and Jobs Act</a> in 2017; the creation of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Space Force">U.S. Space Force</a>, the first new independent military service since 1947; and the brokering of the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a>, a series of normalization agreements between <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Arab_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab states">Arab states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The second half of his term was increasingly controversial, as he implemented a <a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">family separation policy for migrants</a>, deployed <a href="/wiki/2020_deployment_of_federal_forces_in_the_United_States" title="2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States">federal law enforcement forces</a> in response to <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">racial protests</a> and reacted slowly to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> before clashing with health officials over testing and treatment.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Trump was impeached by the House of Representatives in 2019 on charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. On February 5, 2020, the Senate voted to acquit him.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Trump lost <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">the 2020 presidential election</a> to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>. He refused to concede the race, claiming widespread electoral fraud and <a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">attempting to overturn the results</a>. On January 6, 2021, the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">United States Capitol was attacked by Trump supporters</a> following a rally at which Trump spoke. After the attack, the House <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">impeached Trump for a second time</a> on the charge of <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">incitement of insurrection</a>, making him the only federal officeholder to be impeached twice.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Trump left office on January 20, 2021. His impeachment trial continued into the early weeks of the <a href="/wiki/Biden_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden presidency">Biden presidency</a>, and he was <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">acquitted on February 13, 2021</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Since the 2020 election, <a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">election denial</a> has become increasingly mainstream in the party,<a href="#cite_note-c990-175">[175]</a> with the majority of 2022 Republican candidates being election deniers.<a href="#cite_note-t387-176">[176]</a> The party also made <a href="/wiki/Republican_efforts_to_restrict_voting_following_the_2020_presidential_election" title="Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election">efforts to restrict voting</a> based on false claims of fraud.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> By 2020, the Republican Party had greatly shifted towards <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">illiberalism</a> following the election of Trump,<a href="#cite_note-Illiberalism-179">[179]</a> and research conducted by the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Institute" title="V-Dem Institute">V-Dem Institute</a> concluded that the party was more similar to Europe's most right-wing parties such as <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> in Poland or <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_10312020-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In 2022 and 2023, Supreme Court justices appointed by Trump proved decisive in landmark decisions on <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Rifle_%26_Pistol_Association,_Inc._v._Bruen" title="New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen">gun rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">abortion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard" title="Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard">affirmative action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The party went into the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_elections" title="2022 United States elections">2022 elections</a> confident and with analysts predicting a <a href="/wiki/Wave_elections_in_the_United_States" title="Wave elections in the United States">red wave</a>, but it ultimately underperformed expectations, with voters in <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a> and competitive districts joining Democrats in rejecting candidates who had been endorsed by Trump or who had denied the results of the 2020 election.<a href="#cite_note-FiveThirtyEight_2022-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hounshell_2022-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tumulty_2022-186">[186]</a> The party won control of the House with a narrow majority,<a href="#cite_note-Cowan_2022-187">[187]</a> but lost the Senate and several state legislative majorities and governorships.<a href="#cite_note-composition_2023_05_23_ncsl_org-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-states_2023_07_01_gazette-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-trifectas_2023_01_18_nytimes-190">[190]</a> The results led to a number of Republicans and conservative thought leaders questioning whether Trump should continue as the party's main figurehead and leader.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Despite the 2022 midterm disappointments, Trump <a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">easily won the nomination</a> to be the party's candidate in <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a>, marking the third straight election he was the GOP nominee.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Trump - who survived two assassination attempts during the campaign - achieved victory against Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>, who replaced President Biden on the Democratic ticket after his withdrawal in July, winning the <a href="/wiki/United_States_electoral_college" class="mw-redirect" title="United States electoral college">electoral college</a> 312–226, becoming the first Republican to win the popular vote since <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2004, and (relative to the 2020 election) improving his vote share among <a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a> voters, particularly among young men, those without college degrees, and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> voters.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The Republicans also held the House (albeit with a slim majority) and retook control of the Senate, securing the first <a href="/wiki/Government_trifecta" title="Government trifecta">Republican federal trifecta</a> since Trump's first presidency in 2017. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_status">Current status</h4></div> As of 2025, the GOP holds the presidency, and majorities in both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, giving them a federal <a href="/wiki/Government_trifecta" title="Government trifecta">government trifecta</a>. It also holds 27 <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States governors">state governorships</a>, 28 <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">state legislatures</a>, and 23 state government trifectas. Six of the nine current <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> justices were appointed by Republican presidents. There have been 19 Republicans who have served as president, the most from any one political party, the most recent being current president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, who became the 47th president on January 20, 2025. Trump also served as the 45th president from 2017 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-s635-195">[195]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Name_and_symbols">Name and symbols</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The Republican Party's founding members chose its name as homage to the values of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a> promoted by Democratic-Republican Party, which its founder, Thomas Jefferson, called the "Republican Party".<a href="#cite_note-Rutland-196">[196]</a> The idea for the name came from an editorial by the party's leading publicist, Horace Greeley, who called for "some simple name like 'Republican' [that] would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery".<a href="#cite_note-ushistory-197">[197]</a> The name reflects the 1776 republican values of civic virtue and opposition to aristocracy and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-Gould2003p14-198">[198]</a> "Republican" has a variety of meanings around the world, and the Republican Party has evolved such that the meanings no longer always align.<a href="#cite_note-Republican_Party_%7C_political_party-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The term "Grand Old Party" is a traditional nickname for the Republican Party, and the abbreviation "GOP" is a commonly used designation. The term originated in 1875 in the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>, referring to the party associated with the successful military defense of the Union as "this gallant old party". The following year in an article in the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Commercial">Cincinnati Commercial</a>, the term was modified to "grand old party". The first use of the abbreviation is dated 1884.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The traditional mascot of the party is the elephant. A political cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a>, published in <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a> on November 7, 1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol.<a href="#cite_note-harpweek20031107-201">[201]</a> An alternate symbol of the Republican Party in states such as Indiana, New York and Ohio is the bald eagle as opposed to the Democratic rooster or the Democratic five-pointed star.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabin</a> is a symbol of the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Traditionally the party had no consistent color identity.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> After the 2000 presidential election, the color <a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">red became associated</a> with Republicans. During and after the election, the major broadcast networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: states won by Republican nominee George W. Bush were colored red and states won by Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> were colored blue. Due to the weeks-long <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">dispute over the election results</a>, these color associations became firmly ingrained, persisting in subsequent years. Although the assignment of colors to political parties is unofficial and informal, the media has come to represent the respective political parties using these colors. The party and its candidates have also come to embrace the color red.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NastRepublicanElephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An 1874 cartoon by Thomas Nast, featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant[209]"><noscript><img alt="An 1874 cartoon by Thomas Nast, featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant[209]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/NastRepublicanElephant.jpg/270px-NastRepublicanElephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/NastRepublicanElephant.jpg/270px-NastRepublicanElephant.jpg" data-alt="An 1874 cartoon by Thomas Nast, featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant[209]" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/NastRepublicanElephant.jpg/405px-NastRepublicanElephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/NastRepublicanElephant.jpg/540px-NastRepublicanElephant.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 1874 cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a>, featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant<a href="#cite_note-harpweek-209">[209]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Republicanlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The red, white and blue elephant"><noscript><img alt="The red, white and blue elephant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republicanlogo.svg/204px-Republicanlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="495"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 136px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republicanlogo.svg/204px-Republicanlogo.svg.png" data-alt="The red, white and blue elephant" data-width="136" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republicanlogo.svg/307px-Republicanlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republicanlogo.svg/409px-Republicanlogo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The red, white and blue elephant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GOP_Logo1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The GOP banner logo, c. 2013"><noscript><img alt="The GOP banner logo, c. 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/GOP_Logo1.svg/281px-GOP_Logo1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="127"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 188px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/GOP_Logo1.svg/281px-GOP_Logo1.svg.png" data-alt="The GOP banner logo, c. 2013" data-width="188" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/GOP_Logo1.svg/421px-GOP_Logo1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/GOP_Logo1.svg/562px-GOP_Logo1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The GOP banner logo, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2013</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GOP_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A GOP banner logo, c. 2017"><noscript><img alt="A GOP banner logo, c. 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GOP_logo.svg/396px-GOP_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="233"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 264px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GOP_logo.svg/396px-GOP_logo.svg.png" data-alt="A GOP banner logo, c. 2017" data-width="264" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GOP_logo.svg/594px-GOP_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GOP_logo.svg/792px-GOP_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A GOP banner logo, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2017</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Factions">Factions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions in the Republican Party (United States)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_era">Civil War and Reconstruction era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thaddeus_Stevens_-_Brady-Handy-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Thaddeus_Stevens_-_Brady-Handy-crop.jpg/220px-Thaddeus_Stevens_-_Brady-Handy-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="2263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Thaddeus_Stevens_-_Brady-Handy-crop.jpg/220px-Thaddeus_Stevens_-_Brady-Handy-crop.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Thaddeus_Stevens_-_Brady-Handy-crop.jpg/330px-Thaddeus_Stevens_-_Brady-Handy-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Thaddeus_Stevens_-_Brady-Handy-crop.jpg/440px-Thaddeus_Stevens_-_Brady-Handy-crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>U.S. representative <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a>, considered a leader of the Radical Republicans, was a fierce opponent of slavery and discrimination against <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> were a major factor of the party from its inception in 1854 until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> in 1877. They strongly opposed <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, were hard-line <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionists</a>, and later advocated equal rights for the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> and women. They were heavily influenced by religious ideals and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard2015-210">[210]</a> Radical Republicans pressed for abolition as a major war aim and they opposed the moderate Reconstruction plans of Abraham Lincoln as both too lenient on the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederates</a> and not going far enough to help former slaves. After the war's end and Lincoln's assassination, the Radicals clashed with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> over Reconstruction policy. Radicals led efforts to establish civil rights for former slaves and fully implement emancipation, pushing the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> for statutory protections through <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. They opposed allowing ex-<a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> officers to retake political power in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="Southern U.S.">Southern U.S.</a>, and emphasized liberty, equality, and the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a> which provided <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights">voting rights</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Freedman#United_States" title="Freedman">freedmen</a>. Many later became <a href="/wiki/Stalwarts" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalwarts">Stalwarts</a>, who supported machine politics. <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a> were known for their loyal support of President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s war policies and expressed antipathy towards the more militant stances advocated by the Radical Republicans. In contrast to Radicals, Moderate Republicans were less enthusiastic on the issue of Black suffrage even while embracing civil equality and the expansive federal authority observed throughout the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. They were also skeptical of the lenient, conciliatory Reconstruction policies of President Andrew Johnson. Members of the Moderate Republicans comprised in part of previous Radical Republicans who became disenchanted with the alleged corruption of the latter faction. They generally opposed efforts by Radical Republicans to rebuild the Southern U.S. under an economically mobile, <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free-market</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_2">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldwater-Reagan_in_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Goldwater-Reagan_in_1964.jpg/220px-Goldwater-Reagan_in_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="478"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Goldwater-Reagan_in_1964.jpg/220px-Goldwater-Reagan_in_1964.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Goldwater-Reagan_in_1964.jpg/330px-Goldwater-Reagan_in_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Goldwater-Reagan_in_1964.jpg/440px-Goldwater-Reagan_in_1964.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> speaks in support of Republican presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 presidential campaign</a></figcaption></figure> The 20th century saw the Republican party split into an <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a> and a moderate-liberal faction in the Northeast that eventually became known as <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a>. Opposition to Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> saw the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">conservative coalition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bowen-85">[85]</a> The 1950s saw <a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">fusionism</a> of traditionalist and social conservatism and right-libertarianism,<a href="#cite_note-Fusionism-212">[212]</a> along with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">First New Right</a> to be followed in 1964 with a more populist <a href="/wiki/New_Right#Second_New_Right" title="New Right">Second New Right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The rise of the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_coalition" title="Reagan coalition">Reagan coalition</a> in the 1980s began what has been called the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a>. Reagan's rise displaced the liberal-moderate faction of the GOP and established Reagan-style conservatism as the prevailing ideological faction of the Party for the next thirty years, until the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populist</a> faction.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-2021-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward_08-26-22-214">[214]</a> Reagan conservatives generally supported policies that favored <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a>, and limited <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal governmental</a> power <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">in relation</a> to <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">the states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-political-ideology-today-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century_2">21st century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></div> Republicans began the 21st century with the election of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 United States presidential election</a> and saw the peak of a <a href="/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative">neoconservative</a> faction that held significant influence over the initial American response to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> through the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rathburn_2008-216">[216]</a> The election of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> saw the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> in 2009 that coincided with a global rise in <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populist</a> movements from the 2010s to 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-Isaac2017-217">[217]</a> The global rise in right-wing populism has been attributed to factors including higher educational attainment, a decline in organized religion, and backlash to globalization.<a href="#cite_note-Cliffe_2023-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fallen_Behind-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell_2019-220">[220]</a> Right-wing populism became an increasingly dominant ideological faction within the GOP throughout the 2010s and helped lead to the election of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-campani-154">[154]</a> Starting in the 1970s and accelerating in the 2000s, American right-wing interest groups invested heavily in external mobilization vehicles that led to the organizational weakening of the GOP establishment. The outsize role of conservative media, in particular <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>, led to it being followed and trusted more by the Republican base over traditional party elites. The depletion of organizational capacity partly led to Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.<a href="#cite_note-Gidron-2019-221">[221]</a>: 27–28 Trump's election exacerbated internal schisms within the GOP,<a href="#cite_note-Gidron-2019-221">[221]</a>: 18 and saw the GOP move from a center coalition of moderates and conservatives to a solidly right-wing party hostile to liberal views and any deviations from the party line.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The Party has since faced intense factionalism.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> These factions are particularly apparent in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, where three Republican House leaders (<a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantor" title="Eric Cantor">Eric Cantor</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a>) have been ousted since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-McCarthy_2009-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-newyorker-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-resign1-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> All three of the top Republican elected officials during Trump's first term (Vice President, Speaker of the House, and Senate Republican leader) were ousted or stepped down by Trump's second term. Trump replaced Mike Pence with JD Vance, after Pence certified Trump's and his own defeat in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a>. Speaker <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> retired in 2018 and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a> was ousted in 2023. Former Senate Republican leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a>, who served for 18 years (2007-2025), stepped down in 2025 due to age and disagreements with Trump.<a href="#cite_note-Punchbowl_Old_GOP-28">[28]</a> Although highly influential in Trump's first term,<a href="#cite_note-Price_of_Power-27">[27]</a> McConnell has been described as largely irrelevant during Trump's second term. McConnell will likely retire after <a href="/wiki/2026_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kentucky" title="2026 United States Senate election in Kentucky">2026</a> due to declining health and age.<a href="#cite_note-Irrelevant-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> The victory of Trump in the 2024 presidential election saw the party increasingly shift towards <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cohn_12252024-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ball_2024-19">[19]</a> and party criticism of Trump was described as being muted to non-existent. The New York Times described it as a "hostile takeover",<a href="#cite_note-Swan_12122024-233">[233]</a> and a victory of right-wing populism over the old conservative establishment.<a href="#cite_note-Cohn_12252024-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Price_of_Power-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cliffe_2023-218">[218]</a> Polling found that 53% of Republican voters saw loyalty to Trump as central to their political identity and what it means to be a Republican.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservatives">Conservatives</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg/220px-Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="317"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg/220px-Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg/330px-Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg/440px-Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Percent of self-identified <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> by state as of 2018, according to a <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a> poll:<a href="#cite_note-Jones_2019-235">[235]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 45% and above</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 40–44%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 35–39%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 30–34%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 25–29%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 24% and under</div> </figcaption></figure> Ronald Reagan's presidential election in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> established Reagan-style <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a> as the dominant ideological faction of the Republican Party until the election of Donald Trump in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Establishment-240">[240]</a> Trump's 2016 election split both the GOP and larger conservative movement into <a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)#Trumpists" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Trumpist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">anti-Trump</a> factions.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-McCray-Ragusa_2018-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swartz2022-242">[242]</a> Demographically, the party has lost majority support from white voters with college degrees, while continuing to gain among voters without college degrees.<a href="#cite_note-Lost_Their-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polarization_by_education-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-cambridge.org-33">[33]</a> The party's <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment#United_States" title="The Establishment">establishment</a> conservative faction has since lost its influence.<a href="#cite_note-Biebricher-2023-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arhin-2023-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punchbowl_Old_GOP-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Price_of_Power-27">[27]</a> Many conservatives critical of the Trumpist faction have also lost influence within the party.<a href="#cite_note-Not_Coming_to_Milwaukee-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-244">[244]</a> Former Representative <a href="/wiki/Liz_Cheney" title="Liz Cheney">Liz Cheney</a> was removed from her position as Republican conference chair in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> as retaliation for her criticism of Trump in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> and was defeated by a pro-Trump primary challenger in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, the Republican presidential nominee in <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a>, chose not to run for re-election in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2024 United States Senate election in Utah">2024 U.S. Senate election in Utah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Trump's first vice president <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a>, who previously served as a member of the U.S. House (2001-2013) and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a> (2013-2017), has since distanced himself from Trump. Pence chose not to endorse Trump in the 2024 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pence-25">[25]</a> Likewise, Trump decided not to have Pence as his Vice President again, instead choosing JD Vance. Vance was initially endorsed by Trump in the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio" title="2022 United States Senate election in Ohio">2022 U.S. Senate election in Ohio</a>, before which he had never held elected office.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> The party still maintains long-time ideologically conservative positions on many issues.<a href="#cite_note-Aratani-2021-251">[251]</a> Traditional modern conservatives combine support for free-market economic policies with <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a> and a hawkish approach to foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-Devine-2014-23">[23]</a> Other parts of the conservative movement are composed of <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deficit_hawk" title="Deficit hawk">deficit hawks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> In foreign policy, <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatives</a> are a small faction of the GOP that support an <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist foreign policy</a> and increased military spending. They previously held significant influence in the early 2000s in planning the initial response to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a> through the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rathburn_2008-216">[216]</a> Since the election of Trump in 2016, neoconservatism has declined and <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a> has grown among elected federal Republican officeholders.<a href="#cite_note-New_Fusionism-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rucker_2016-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dodson-Brooks_2021-254">[254]</a> Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following the elections of Trump have been described as a "new fusionism" of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes.<a href="#cite_note-New_Fusionism-35">[35]</a> These have resulted in shifts towards greater support for <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservatism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">cultural conservatism</a>, a more <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realist</a> foreign policy, a conspiracist sub-culture, a repudiation of <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a>, reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances.<a href="#cite_note-New_Fusionism-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-dissolved-257">[257]</a> There are significant divisions within the party on the issues of <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and LGBT rights.<a href="#cite_note-Cohn2023-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doherty-2023-259">[259]</a> Conservative caucuses include the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right-wing_populists">Right-wing populists</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right (United States)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VancePortrait(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="1251"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a>, Donald Trump's Vice President during Trump's second term. Initially critical of Trump, he became a staunch advocate of <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> later into Trump's first term and has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populist">right-wing populist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a> is the dominant political faction of the GOP.<a href="#cite_note-Dominant-10">[10]</a> Sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">MAGA</a> or "<a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a>" movement,<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Washington_2021-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gabbatt_Smith_2023-264">[264]</a> Republican populists have been described as consisting of a range of right-wing ideologies including but not limited to right-wing populism,<a href="#cite_note-campani-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy-266">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservatism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Economist_Feb152024-267">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">neo-nationalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Zhou_12/8/2022-268">[268]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2024-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Katzenstein2019-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-v075-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-d419-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-i277-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-b702-273">[273]</a> The Republican Party's right-wing populist movements emerged in concurrence with a global increase in populist movements in the 2010s and 2020s,<a href="#cite_note-Isaac2017-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell_2019-220">[220]</a> coupled with entrenchment and increased partisanship within the party since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Lowndes_2021_q431-274">[274]</a> This included the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>, which has also been described as far-right.<a href="#cite_note-Blum_pp._88%E2%80%93109-275">[275]</a> Businessman <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, the wealthiest individual in the world, is a notable proponent of right-wing populism.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Since acquiring Twitter in 2022, Musk has shared far-right misinformation<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>,<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> and his views are described as right-wing to far-right.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> According to political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, the Republican Party's gains among white voters without college degrees and corresponding losses among white voters with college degrees contributed to the rise of right-wing populism.<a href="#cite_note-cambridge.org-33">[33]</a> Until 2016, white voters with college degrees were a Republican-leaning group, but have since become a Democratic-leaning group.<a href="#cite_note-Harry_Enten-288">[288]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> became the first Democratic president to win a majority of white voters with college degrees (51–48%) since <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a>, while Trump won white voters without college degrees 67–32%.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polarization_by_education-32">[32]</a> Right-wing populism has broad appeal across income and wealth, but is extremely polarized with respect to educational attainment among White voters.<a href="#cite_note-Nate_Silver-291">[291]</a> There was little difference in Trump's vote share among various income groups among the 2024 presidential election general electorate. Trump lost those making less than $30,000 (46-50%), won those making between $30,000 and $99,999 (52-46%), lost those making $100,000 and $199,999 (48-51%), and lost those making over $200,000 a year (46-52%).<a href="#cite_note-culture_trumps_economic_class-292">[292]</a> Trump won White voters 57-42%, lost Hispanic voters 44-54%, and lost Asian voters 40-58%. Trump overwhelmingly lost African American voters 13-85%.<a href="#cite_note-Lost_Their-243">[243]</a> In 2024, Trump won White voters with high school or less 73-25%, an <a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">Associate degree</a> 67-31%, and some college 61-38%. Trump tied with Harris among White voters with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a> 49-49%, and lost White voters with a <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">graduate degree</a> 40-58%.<a href="#cite_note-2024_Exit_poll-293">[293]</a> Among White voters in 2024, income was negatively correlated with support for Trump. Specifically, Trump won White voters making less than $30,000 (63-34%), those making between $30,000 to $49,999 (62-37%), and those making $50,000 to $99,999 (56-42%). Trump only narrowly won White voters making $100,000 to $199,999 (50-49%) and those making more than $200,000 (51-48%).<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gerstle" title="Gary Gerstle">Gary Gerstle</a>, Trumpism gained support in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, including opposition to <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gilded_Age_vision-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">immigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globalization#Economic_globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">internationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerstle2022-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell_2019-220">[220]</a> Trump won the 2016 and 2024 presidential elections by winning states in the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a> that had suffered from <a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">population decline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Revolt_of_the_Rust_Belt-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fallen_Behind-219">[219]</a> Compared to other Republicans, the populist faction is more likely to oppose <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">legal immigration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Baker-2020-296">[296]</a> free trade,<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental protection laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> It has been described as featuring <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a> and overtly racial appeals.<a href="#cite_note-Winberg_2017-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> In international relations, populists support U.S. aid to Israel but not to Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-Falk_2023_t804-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riccardi-303">[303]</a> are generally supportive of improving relations with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lillis-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ball-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jonathan-306">[306]</a> and favor an <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> "<a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a>" foreign policy agenda.<a href="#cite_note-Lange-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2023-258">[258]</a> The party's far-right faction includes members of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chatelain_2023_d086-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-NBC4_Washington_2023_e016-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hulse_2023_y458-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mascaro_Freking_Amiri_2023_a302-313">[313]</a> Former representative <a href="/wiki/Matt_Gaetz" title="Matt Gaetz">Matt Gaetz</a>, who is affiliated with the populist faction, led <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Kevin_McCarthy_as_Speaker_of_the_House" title="Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House">the 2023 rebellion against then-Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_2023_n655-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vargas_2023_x488-315">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> Former Democratic Representative <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a>, who joined the Republican Party in 2024, has also been described as embracing populist policies.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> They generally reject compromise within the party and with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Collinson_2023_n804-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rocha_2023_k444-320">[320]</a> and are willing to oust fellow Republican office holders they deem to be too moderate.<a href="#cite_note-Macpherson_2021_r371-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times-Herald.com_2023_x358-322">[322]</a> According to sociologist <a href="/wiki/Joe_Feagin" title="Joe Feagin">Joe Feagin</a>, political polarization by racially extremist Republicans as well as their increased attention from conservative media has perpetuated the near extinction of moderate Republicans and created legislative paralysis at numerous government levels in the last few decades.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Azari" title="Julia Azari">Julia Azari</a>, an associate professor of political science at <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a>, noted that not all populist Republicans are public supporters of Donald Trump, and that some Republicans such as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Virginia Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin" title="Glenn Youngkin">Glenn Youngkin</a> endorse Trump policies while distancing themselves from Trump as a person.<a href="#cite_note-j483-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Youngkin-326">[326]</a> The continued dominance of Trump within the GOP has limited the success of this strategy.<a href="#cite_note-i073-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-c660-329">[329]</a> In 2024, Trump led a takeover of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a>, installing <a href="/wiki/Lara_Trump" title="Lara Trump">Lara Trump</a> as its new co-chair.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> A <a href="/wiki/FiveThirtyEight" title="FiveThirtyEight">FiveThirtyEight</a> analysis found that of the 293 Republican members of Congress on January 20, 2017 (52 Senators and 241 Representatives), just 121 (41%) were left on January 20, 2025. There were many reasons for the turnover, including retirements and deaths, losing general and primary elections, seeking other office, etc., but the extent of the change is still stark. There were 273 Republican members of Congress on January 20, 2025 (53 Senators and 220 Representatives). Trump also changed his vice president, from Mike Pence to JD Vance, and both houses of Congress had changed their top leadership, from Paul Ryan to Mike Johnson in the House and Mitch McConnell to John Thune in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-Trump_era-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_right">Christian right</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social conservatism in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism § United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">United States anti-abortion movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBT_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speaker_Mike_Johnson_Official_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Speaker_Mike_Johnson_Official_Portrait.jpg/150px-Speaker_Mike_Johnson_Official_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 185px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Speaker_Mike_Johnson_Official_Portrait.jpg/150px-Speaker_Mike_Johnson_Official_Portrait.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Speaker_Mike_Johnson_Official_Portrait.jpg/225px-Speaker_Mike_Johnson_Official_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Speaker_Mike_Johnson_Official_Portrait.jpg/300px-Speaker_Mike_Johnson_Official_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> (2023–present)</figcaption></figure> Since the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> in the 1970s, the Republican Party has drawn significant support from <a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">evangelicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">traditionalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a>, partly due to <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to abortion">opposition to abortion</a> after <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-2022-332">[332]</a> The Christian right faction is characterized by strong support of <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalist</a> policies.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> Christian conservatives seek to use the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to influence law and public policy.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> Compared to other Republicans, the socially conservative <a href="/wiki/Religious_right_in_the_United_States" title="Religious right in the United States">Christian right</a> faction of the party is more likely to oppose <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">marijuana legalization</a>, and support <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Abortion law in the United States by state">significantly restricting the legality of abortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> The Christian right is strongest in the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>, which covers most of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a>, Donald Trump's vice president from 2017 to 2021, was a member of the Christian right.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> In October 2023, a member of the Christian right faction, Louisiana representative <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a>, was elected the 56th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libertarians">Libertarians</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></div> The Republican Party has a <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-libertarian">libertarian</a> faction.<a href="#cite_note-Wilbur-2012-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2023-258">[258]</a> This faction of the party is most popular in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cohn2023-258">[258]</a> Libertarianism emerged from <a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">fusionism</a> in the 1950s and 60s.<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> had a substantial impact on the conservative-libertarian movement of the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> Compared to other Republicans, they are more likely to favor the <a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">legalization of marijuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun rights">gun rights</a>, oppose <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">mass surveillance</a>, and support reforms to current laws surrounding <a href="/wiki/Civil_forfeiture_in_the_United_States" title="Civil forfeiture in the United States">civil asset forfeiture</a>. Right-wing libertarians are <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">strongly divided on the subject of abortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Libertarians_for_Life-342">[342]</a> Prominent libertarian conservatives within the Republican Party include <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a>, a U.S. senator from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-courier-journal.com-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-hannitycpac-344">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kentucky%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Kentucky's 4th congressional district">Kentucky's 4th congressional district</a> congressman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Thomas Massie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tea_party-345">[345]</a> and Utah senator <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-courier-journal.com-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_elections" title="2024 United States elections">2024 United States elections</a>, the Republican Party adopted pro-<a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> policies, which were originally advocated by the libertarian wing of the party.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> As the Republican presidential nominee, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> addressed the <a href="/wiki/2024_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2024 Libertarian National Convention">2024 Libertarian National Convention</a>, pledging support for cryptocurrency, opposing <a href="/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency" title="Central bank digital currency">central bank digital currency</a> and expressing support for the commutation of <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ulbricht" title="Ross Ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> Trump's 2024 campaign featured greater influence from <a href="/wiki/Technolibertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Technolibertarian">technolibertarian</a> elements, particularly <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, who was subsequently nominated to lead the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency" title="Department of Government Efficiency">Department of Government Efficiency</a> (DOGE).<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moderates">Moderates</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Center-right_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-right politics">Center-right politics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate conservatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></div> Moderates in the Republican Party are an ideologically centrist group that predominantly come from the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kashinsky-2023-352">[352]</a> and are typically located in <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a> or <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">blue states</a>. Moderate Republican voters are typically highly educated, affluent, fiscally conservative, socially moderate or liberal and often <a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">"Never Trump"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cohn2023-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kashinsky-2023-352">[352]</a> While they sometimes share the economic views of other Republicans (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">lower taxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">welfare reform</a>), moderate Republicans differ in that some are for <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights and same-sex marriage</a>, legal access to and even public funding for <a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun control</a> laws, more <a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulation">environmental regulation</a> and action on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, fewer restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> and a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> In the 21st century, some former Republican moderates have switched to the Democratic Party,<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> and the faction is in decline.<a href="#cite_note-h183-358">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-a610-359">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-k148-360">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-i458-361">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-y651-362">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-y851-363">[363]</a> Notable moderate Republicans include Senators <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a> of Alaska and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> of Maine,<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> Nevada governor <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lombardo" title="Joe Lombardo">Joe Lombardo</a>, Vermont governor <a href="/wiki/Phil_Scott" title="Phil Scott">Phil Scott</a>,<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> New Hampshire governor <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ayotte" title="Kelly Ayotte">Kelly Ayotte</a>, and former Maryland governor <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hogan" title="Larry Hogan">Larry Hogan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of the Republican Party">Political positions of the Republican Party</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h3></div> Republicans believe that <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> and individual achievement are the primary factors behind economic prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> Reduction in income taxes, especially for those with higher incomes<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a>, is a core component of Republicans' fiscal agenda.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxes">Taxes</h4></div> Tax cuts have been at the core of Republican economic policy since 1980.<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a> At the national level and state level, Republicans tend to pursue policies of tax cuts and deregulation.<a href="#cite_note-Grumbach-2021-375">[375]</a> Modern Republicans advocate the theory of <a href="/wiki/Supply_side_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply side economics">supply-side economics</a>, which holds that lower tax rates increase economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> Many Republicans oppose <a href="/wiki/Progressive_taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive taxation">higher tax rates for higher earners</a>, which they believe are unfairly targeted at those who create jobs and wealth. They believe private spending is more efficient than government spending. Republican lawmakers have also sought to limit funding for tax enforcement and <a href="/wiki/Revenue_service" title="Revenue service">tax collection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-How_the_IRS_Was_Gutted-377">[377]</a> As per a 2021 study that measured Republicans' congressional votes, the modern Republican Party's economic policy positions tend to align with business interests and the affluent.<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spending">Spending</h4></div> Republicans advocate in favor of <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a>. Republican administrations have, since the late 1960s, supported underfunded sectors like national defense, veterans affairs, and infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entitlements">Entitlements</h4></div> Republicans believe individuals should take responsibility for their own circumstances. They also believe the private sector is more effective in helping the poor through <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charity</a> than the government is through welfare programs and that social assistance programs often cause government dependency.<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a> As of November 2022, all 11 states that had not expanded Medicaid had Republican-controlled <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislatures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KaiserMedicaid-387">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Labor_unions_and_the_minimum_wage">Labor unions and the minimum wage</h4></div> The Republican Party is generally opposed to labor unions.<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> Republicans believe corporations should be able to establish their own employment practices, including benefits and wages, with the free market deciding the price of work. Since the 1920s, Republicans have generally been opposed by <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">labor union</a> organizations and members. At the national level, Republicans supported the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a> of 1947, which gives workers the right not to participate in unions. Modern Republicans at the state level generally support various <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-work laws">right-to-work laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[a]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most Republicans also oppose increases in the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade">Trade</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Trump_tariffs" title="First Trump tariffs">First Trump tariffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Trump_tariffs" title="Second Trump tariffs">Second Trump tariffs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg/220px-Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1897"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg/220px-Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg/330px-Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg/440px-Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Representative <a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Justin S. Morrill</a> (R-VT) drafted the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Tariff" title="Morrill Tariff">Morrill Tariff</a>, inaugurating a period of protectionism in the United States until 1913.<a href="#cite_note-Coy_F._Cross_II_2012_45-392">[391]</a></figcaption></figure> The Republican Party has taken widely varying views on <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> throughout its history, but has usually been in favor of protectionism. The official Republican Party platform adopted in 2024 opposes free trade and supports enacting <a href="/wiki/History_of_tariffs_in_the_United_States" title="History of tariffs in the United States">tariffs</a> on imports.<a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a> In both of his terms as president, Trump enacted tariffs on imports to the United States. In particular, Trump imposed 25% tariffs on Canada and Mexico and 10% tariffs on China in February 2025.<a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a> Trump has expressed his admiration for Republican <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>'s trade policies. McKinley was the author of the <a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">Tariff Act of 1890</a>, and both Trump and McKinley nicknamed themselves as a "<a href="/wiki/Tariff_Man" class="mw-disambig" title="Tariff Man">Tariff Man</a>".<a href="#cite_note-395">[394]</a> At its inception, the Republican Party supported <a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">protective tariffs</a>. Abraham Lincoln enacted tariffs during the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-Coy_F._Cross_II_2012_45-392">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-Platform-396">[395]</a> The great battle over the high <a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act</a> in 1910 caused a split in the party.<a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">Reciprocal Tariff Act</a> of 1934 marked a sharp departure from the era of <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> in the United States. American duties on foreign products declined from an average of 46% in 1934 to 12% by 1962, which included the presidency of Republican president <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-398">[397]</a> After World War II, the U.S. promoted the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) established in 1947, to minimize tariffs and other restrictions, and to liberalize trade among all capitalist countries.<a href="#cite_note-barton-399">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> administrations, Republicans abandoned protectionist policies<a href="#cite_note-Karagiannis-401">[400]</a> and came out against quotas and in favor of the GATT and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> policy of minimal economic barriers to global trade. Free trade with Canada came about as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93U.S._Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement">Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement</a> of 1987, which led in 1994 to the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) based on Reagan's plan to enlarge the scope of the market for American firms to include Canada and Mexico. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, with strong Republican support in 1993, pushed NAFTA through Congress over the vehement objection of labor unions.<a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a> The 2016 election marked a return to supporting protectionism, beginning with <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Donald Trump's first presidency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swanson-405">[404]</a> In 2017, only 36% of Republicans agreed that free trade agreements are good for the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, compared to 67% of Democrats. When asked if free trade has helped respondents specifically, the approval numbers for Democrats drop to 54%, however approval ratings among Republicans remain relatively unchanged at 34%.<a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a> During his presidency, Trump withdrew the United States from the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>, initiated a <a href="/wiki/China-United_States_trade_war" class="mw-redirect" title="China-United States trade war">trade war</a> with China, and negotiated the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a> as a successor to NAFTA.<a href="#cite_note-Swanson-405">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[406]</a> Trump also blocked appointments to the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, rendering it unable to enforce and punish violators of WTO rules.<a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hobbled_WTO-409">[408]</a> Subsequently, disregard for trade rules has increased, leading to more trade protectionist measures.<a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Economic policy of the Joe Biden administration">Biden administration</a> has maintained Trump's freeze on new appointments.<a href="#cite_note-Hobbled_WTO-409">[408]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_policies">Environmental policies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_Republican_Party#Environmental_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of the Republican Party">Political positions of the Republican Party § Environmental policies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-_Pew_survey_-_is_climate_change_a_major_threat,_by_political_party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2009-_Pew_survey_-_is_climate_change_a_major_threat%2C_by_political_party.svg/238px-2009-_Pew_survey_-_is_climate_change_a_major_threat%2C_by_political_party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 238px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2009-_Pew_survey_-_is_climate_change_a_major_threat%2C_by_political_party.svg/238px-2009-_Pew_survey_-_is_climate_change_a_major_threat%2C_by_political_party.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="238" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2009-_Pew_survey_-_is_climate_change_a_major_threat%2C_by_political_party.svg/357px-2009-_Pew_survey_-_is_climate_change_a_major_threat%2C_by_political_party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2009-_Pew_survey_-_is_climate_change_a_major_threat%2C_by_political_party.svg/476px-2009-_Pew_survey_-_is_climate_change_a_major_threat%2C_by_political_party.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Democrats and Republicans have diverged on the seriousness of the threat posed by climate change, with Republicans' assessment remaining essentially unchanged over the past decade.<a href="#cite_note-PewClimateChange_20230418-411">[410]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg/238px-20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 238px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg/238px-20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="238" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg/357px-20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg/476px-20220301_Opinions_by_political_party_-_Climate_change_causation_-_Action_for_carbon_neutral_2050_-_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Opinion about human causation of climate change increased substantially with education among Democrats, but not among Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_20220301-412">[411]</a> Conversely, opinions favoring becoming carbon neutral declined substantially with age among Republicans, but not among Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_20220301-412">[411]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> leaders in the Republican Party supported <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>. Republican President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">conservationist</a> whose policies eventually led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Filler-413">[412]</a> While Republican President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> was not an environmentalist, he signed legislation to create the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> in 1970 and had a comprehensive environmental program.<a href="#cite_note-414">[413]</a> However, this position has changed since the 1980s and the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who labeled environmental regulations a burden on the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Dunlap_2010-415">[414]</a> Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation,<a href="#cite_note-416">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[417]</a> with many Republicans rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus on climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dunlap_2010-415">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ringquist-420">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shipan_Environmental_Policy-421">[420]</a> Republican voters are divided over the human causes of climate change and global warming.<a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a> Since 2008,<a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a> many members of the Republican Party have been criticized for being <a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">anti-environmentalist</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a> and promoting <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change denial</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-chait-429">[428]</a> in opposition to the general <a href="/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific opinion on climate change">scientific consensus</a>, making them unique even among other worldwide conservative parties.<a href="#cite_note-chait-429">[428]</a> In 2006, then-<a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">California Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> broke from Republican orthodoxy to sign several bills imposing caps on <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> in California. Then-President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> opposed mandatory caps at a national level. Bush's decision not to regulate carbon dioxide as a pollutant was <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">challenged in the Supreme Court by 12 states</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Landmark_Law-430">[429]</a> with the court ruling against the Bush administration in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a> Bush also publicly opposed ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocols</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunlap_2010-415">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-BushGW-432">[431]</a> which sought to limit greenhouse gas emissions and thereby <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">combat climate change</a>; his position was heavily criticized by climate scientists.<a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a> The Republican Party rejects <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">cap-and-trade</a> policy to limit carbon emissions.<a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a> In the 2000s, Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> proposed bills (such as the <a href="/wiki/McCain-Lieberman_Climate_Stewardship_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="McCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act">McCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act</a>) that would have regulated carbon emissions, but his position on climate change was unusual among high-ranking party members.<a href="#cite_note-Dunlap_2010-415">[414]</a> Some Republican candidates have supported the development of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuels</a> in order to achieve <a href="/wiki/U.S._energy_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. energy independence">energy independence for the United States</a>. Some Republicans support increased <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil drilling</a> in protected areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Arctic National Wildlife Refuge">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge</a>, a position that has drawn criticism from activists.<a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a> Many Republicans during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">presidency of Barack Obama</a> opposed his administration's new environmental regulations, such as those on carbon emissions from coal. In particular, many Republicans supported building the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone Pipeline</a>; this position was supported by businesses, but opposed by indigenous peoples' groups and environmental activists.<a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a>, a non-profit liberal advocacy group, more than 55% of congressional Republicans were <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change deniers</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc20140512-439">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-charlestongazette20141222-440">[439]</a> <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a> in May 2014 found "relatively few Republican members of Congress ... accept the prevailing scientific conclusion that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> is both real and man-made." The group found eight members who acknowledged it, although the group acknowledged there could be more and that not all members of Congress have taken a stance on the issue.<a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a> From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from "debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist", according to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a> In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that "climate change is real and is not a hoax"; however, an amendment stating that "human activity significantly contributes to climate change" was supported by only five Republican senators.<a href="#cite_note-444">[443]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health_care">Health care</h4></div> The party opposes a <a href="/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">single-payer health care</a> system,<a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[445]</a> describing it as <a href="/wiki/Socialized_medicine" title="Socialized medicine">socialized medicine</a>. It also opposes the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a> and expansions of Medicaid.<a href="#cite_note-448">[447]</a> Historically, there have been diverse and overlapping views within both the Republican Party and the Democratic Party on the role of government in health care, but the two parties became highly polarized on the topic during 2008–2009 and onwards.<a href="#cite_note-Hacker-2010-449">[448]</a> Both Republicans and Democrats made various proposals to establish federally funded aged health insurance prior to the bipartisan effort to establish <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeitz-2017-452">[451]</a> No Republican member of Congress voted for the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> in 2009, and after it passed, the party made frequent attempts to repeal it.<a href="#cite_note-Hacker-2010-449">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[452]</a> At the state level, the party has tended to adopt a position against <a href="/wiki/Medicaid_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicaid expansion">Medicaid expansion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grumbach-2021-375">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeitz-2017-452">[451]</a> By 2020, Republican officials have increasingly adopted <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">anti-vaccine activism</a> and policy.<a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_policy_and_national_defense_in_the_Republican_Party" title="History of foreign policy and national defense in the Republican Party">History of foreign policy and national defense in the Republican Party</a></div> The Republican Party has a persistent history of skepticism and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a> in American foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-455">[454]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a>, which supports <a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">unilateralism</a> and emphasizes the use of force and hawkishness in American foreign policy, has had some influence in all Republican presidential administration since Ronald Reagan's presidency.<a href="#cite_note-456">[455]</a> Some, including <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">paleoconservatives</a>,<a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a> call for <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> "<a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a>" foreign policy agenda.<a href="#cite_note-New_Fusionism-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rucker_2016-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dodson-Brooks_2021-254">[254]</a> This faction gained strength starting in 2016 with the rise of Donald Trump, demanding that the United States reset its previous <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist</a> foreign policy and encourage allies and partners to take greater responsibility for their own defense.<a href="#cite_note-458">[457]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4></div> During the 1940s, Republicans predominantly opposed the cause of an independent Jewish state due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cavari-2020-459">[458]</a> In 1948, Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry Truman</a> became the first world leader to recognize an independent state of Israel,<a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a> though Truman's pro-Israel stance had the notable support of <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a>, a leading Senate Republican and an early advocate for military support to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a> saw the Republican Party become predominantly pro-Israel by the 1990s and 2000s,<a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a> although notable anti-Israel sentiment persisted through <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">paleoconservative</a> figures such as <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-463">[462]</a> As president, Donald Trump generally supported Israel during most of his term, but became increasingly critical of Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> towards the end of it.<a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>, Trump blamed Netanyahu for having failed to prevent the attack.<a href="#cite_note-465">[464]</a> Trump previously criticized the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and expressed doubt about whether Netanyahu truly desired peace with the Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-466">[465]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/I24NEWS_(Israeli_TV_channel)" title="I24NEWS (Israeli TV channel)">i24NEWS</a>, the 2020s have seen declining support for Israel among nationalist Republicans, led by individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cavari-2020-459">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[466]</a> Nevertheless, the 2024 Republican Party platform reaffirmed the party would "stand with Israel" and called for the deportation of "pro-<a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> radicals", while expressing a desire for peace in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-468">[467]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4></div> In the party's 2016 platform,<a href="#cite_note-amazonaws1-469">[468]</a> its stance on <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> is: "We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island's future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan." In addition, if "China were to violate those principles, the United States, in accord with the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Relations_Act" title="Taiwan Relations Act">Taiwan Relations Act</a>, will help Taiwan defend itself". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_on_terror">War on terror</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></div> Since the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001</a>, neoconservatives in the party have supported the War on Terror, including the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a> took the position that the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> do not apply to <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">unlawful combatants</a>, while other prominent Republicans, such as <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a>, strongly oppose the use of <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>, which they view as torture.<a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a> In the 2020s, Trumpist Republicans such as <a href="/wiki/Matt_Gaetz" title="Matt Gaetz">Matt Gaetz</a> supported reducing U.S. military presence abroad and ending <a href="/wiki/American_military_intervention_in_Somalia_(2007%E2%80%93present)" title="American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present)">intervention in countries such as Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-471">[470]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe,_Russia_and_Ukraine">Europe, Russia and Ukraine</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> The 2016 Republican platform eliminated references to giving weapons to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in its fight with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Separatist_forces_of_the_war_in_Donbass" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist forces of the war in Donbass">rebel forces</a>; the removal of this language reportedly resulted from intervention from staffers to presumptive Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump.<a href="#cite_note-472">[471]</a> However, the Trump administration approved a new sale of anti-tank weapons to Ukraine in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-473">[472]</a> Republicans generally question European <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members' alleged insufficient investment in defense funding, and some are dissatisfied with U.S. aid to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-474">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[474]</a> Some Republican members of the U.S. Congress support foreign aid to Israel but not to Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-Falk_2023_t804-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riccardi-303">[303]</a> and are accused by U.S. media of being <a href="/wiki/Pro-Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Russian">pro-Russian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cohn2023-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lillis-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ball-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jonathan-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lange-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker-309">[309]</a> Amid the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, several prominent Republicans criticized some colleagues and conservative media outlets for echoing Russian propaganda. <a href="/wiki/Liz_Cheney" title="Liz Cheney">Liz Cheney</a>, formerly the third-ranking House Republican, said "a <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a> wing of the Republican Party" had emerged. Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> characterized pro-Putin sentiments expressed by some Republicans as "almost treasonous." Former vice president <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> said, "There is no room in the Republican Party for apologists for Putin." <a href="/wiki/House_Foreign_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Foreign Affairs Committee">House Foreign Affairs Committee</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Michael_McCaul" title="Michael McCaul">Michael McCaul</a> asserted that Russian propaganda had "infected a good chunk of my party's base", attributing the cause to "nighttime entertainment shows" and "conspiracy-theory outlets that are just not accurate, and they actually model Russian propaganda." <a href="/wiki/House_Intelligence_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Intelligence Committee">House Intelligence Committee</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Mike_Turner" title="Mike Turner">Mike Turner</a> confirmed McCaul's assessment, asserting that some propaganda coming directly from Russia could be heard on the House floor. Republican senator <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Thom Tillis</a> characterized the influential conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a>, who frequently expresses pro-Russia sentiments, as Russia's "<a href="/wiki/Useful_idiot" title="Useful idiot">useful idiot</a>".<a href="#cite_note-476">[475]</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a> In April 2024, a majority of Republican members of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> voted against a military aid package to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a> Both Trump and Senator <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a>, the 2024 Republican presidential nominee and vice presidential nominee respectively, have been vocal critics of military aid to Ukraine and advocates of a peace deal between Russia and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-481">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-482">[481]</a><a href="#cite_note-483">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-484">[483]</a> The 2024 Republican Party platform did not mention Russia or Ukraine, but stated the party's objectives to "prevent World War III" and "restore peace to Europe".<a href="#cite_note-485">[484]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_relations_and_aid">Foreign relations and aid</h4></div> In a 2014 poll, 59% of Republicans favored doing less abroad and focusing on the country's own problems instead.<a href="#cite_note-486">[485]</a> Republicans have frequently advocated for restricting <a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid">foreign aid</a> as a means of asserting the national security and immigration interests of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-487">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-489">[488]</a> A survey by the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Council_on_Global_Affairs" title="Chicago Council on Global Affairs">Chicago Council on Global Affairs</a> shows that "Trump Republicans seem to prefer a US role that is more independent, less cooperative, and more inclined to use military force to deal with the threats they see as the most pressing".<a href="#cite_note-490">[489]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h3></div> The Republican Party is generally associated with <a href="/wiki/Social_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Social conservative">social conservative</a> policies, although it does have dissenting centrist and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a> factions. The social conservatives support laws that uphold their <a href="/wiki/Traditional_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional values">traditional values</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to same-sex marriage in the United States">opposition to same-sex marriage</a>, abortion, and marijuana.<a href="#cite_note-Zelizer_2004_704%E2%80%935-491">[490]</a> The Republican Party's positions on social and cultural issues are in part a reflection of the influential role that the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> has had in the party since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-492">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-493">[492]</a><a href="#cite_note-494">[493]</a> Most conservative Republicans also oppose <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zelizer_2004_704%E2%80%935-491">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[494]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abortion_and_embryonic_stem_cell_research">Abortion and embryonic stem cell research</h4></div> The Republican position on <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">abortion</a> has changed significantly over time.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-2022-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams-2015-496">[495]</a> During the 1960s and early 1970s, opposition to abortion was concentrated among members of the political left and the Democratic Party; most liberal Catholics — which tended to vote for the Democratic Party — opposed expanding abortion access while most conservative evangelical Protestants supported it.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-2015-496">[495]</a> During this period, Republicans generally favored legalized abortion more than Democrats,<a href="#cite_note-Halpern-2018-497">[496]</a><a href="#cite_note-498">[497]</a> although significant heterogeneity could be found within both parties.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2018-499">[498]</a> Leading Republican political figures, including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, took pro-choice positions until the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Halpern-2018-497">[496]</a> However, starting at this point, both George H.W. Bush and Ronald Reagan described themselves as pro-life during their presidencies. In the 21st century, both <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a><a href="#cite_note-500">[499]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> described themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">pro-life</a>" during their terms. However, Trump stated that he supported the legality and ethics of abortion before his candidacy in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-501">[500]</a> Summarizing the rapid shift in the Republican and Democratic positions on abortion, Sue Halpern writes:<a href="#cite_note-Williams-2022-332">[332]</a><blockquote>...in the late 1960s and early 1970s, many Republicans were behind efforts to liberalize and even decriminalize abortion; theirs was the party of reproductive choice, while Democrats, with their large Catholic constituency, were the opposition. Republican governor Ronald Reagan signed the California Therapeutic Abortion Act, one of the most liberal abortion laws in the country, in 1967, legalizing abortion for women whose mental or physical health would be impaired by pregnancy, or whose pregnancies were the result of rape or incest. The same year, the Republican strongholds of North Carolina and Colorado made it easier for women to obtain abortions. New York, under Governor <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, a Republican, eliminated all restrictions on women seeking to terminate pregnancies up to twenty-four weeks gestation.... Richard Nixon, Barry Goldwater, Gerald Ford, and George H.W. Bush were all pro-choice, and they were not party outliers. In 1972, a Gallup poll found that 68 percent of Republicans believed abortion to be a private matter between a woman and her doctor. The government, they said, should not be involved... </blockquote>Since the 1980s, opposition to abortion has become strongest in the party among <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">traditionalist Catholics</a> and conservative Protestant evangelicals.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-2022-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2018-499">[498]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdelfatah-2022-502">[501]</a> Initially, evangelicals were relatively indifferent to the cause of abortion and overwhelmingly viewed it as a concern that was <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdelfatah-2022-502">[501]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Randall_Balmer" title="Randall Balmer">Randall Balmer</a> notes that <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a> published in 1968 a statement by theologian <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Waltke" title="Bruce Waltke">Bruce Waltke</a> that:<a href="#cite_note-503">[502]</a> "God does not regard the fetus as a soul, no matter how far gestation has progressed. The Law plainly exacts: "If a man kills any human life he will be put to death" (Lev. 24:17). But according to Exodus 21:22–24, the destruction of the fetus is not a capital offense. ... Clearly, then, in contrast to the mother, the fetus is not reckoned as a soul." Typical of the time, Christianity Today "refused to characterize abortion as sinful" and cited "individual health, family welfare, and social responsibility" as "justifications for ending a pregnancy."<a href="#cite_note-Balmer-2022-504">[503]</a> Similar beliefs were held among conservative figures in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>, including <a href="/wiki/W._A._Criswell" title="W. A. Criswell">W. A. Criswell</a>, who is partially credited with starting the "<a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention_conservative_resurgence" title="Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence">conservative resurgence</a>" within the organization, who stated: "I have always felt that it was only after a child was born and had a life separate from its mother that it became an individual person and it has always, therefore, seemed to me that what is best for the mother and for the future should be allowed." Balmer argues that evangelical American Christianity being inherently tied to opposition to abortion is a relatively new occurrence.<a href="#cite_note-Balmer-2022-504">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[504]</a> After the late 1970s, he writes, opinion against abortion among evangelicals rapidly shifted in favor of its prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-Abdelfatah-2022-502">[501]</a> Today, opinion polls show that Republican voters are heavily divided on the legality of abortion,<a href="#cite_note-Doherty-2023-259">[259]</a> although vast majority of the party's national and state candidates are <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">anti-abortion</a> and oppose elective <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> on religious or moral grounds. While many advocate exceptions in the case of <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, rape or the mother's life being at risk, in 2012 the party approved a platform advocating banning abortions without exception.<a href="#cite_note-platform-506">[505]</a> There were not highly polarized differences between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party prior to the <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> 1973 Supreme Court ruling (which made prohibitions on abortion rights unconstitutional), but after the Supreme Court ruling, opposition to abortion became an increasingly key national platform for the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-The_Great_Divide:_Religious_and_Cultural_Conflict_in_American_Party_Politics2-507">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-How_race_and_religion_have_polarized_American_voters-508">[507]</a><a href="#cite_note-509">[508]</a> As a result, Evangelicals gravitated towards the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-The_Great_Divide:_Religious_and_Cultural_Conflict_in_American_Party_Politics2-507">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-How_race_and_religion_have_polarized_American_voters-508">[507]</a> Most Republicans oppose government funding for abortion providers, notably <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ontheissues-510">[509]</a> This includes support for the <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Amendment" title="Hyde Amendment">Hyde Amendment</a>. Until its dissolution in 2018, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a>, an abortion rights PAC, advocated for amending the GOP platform to include pro-abortion rights members.<a href="#cite_note-511">[510]</a> The Republican Party has pursued policies at the national and state-level to restrict <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cell</a> research beyond the original lines because it involves the destruction of human <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-512">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[512]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">the overturning</a> of Roe v. Wade in 2022, a majority of Republican-controlled states <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Abortion law in the United States by state">passed near-total bans</a> on <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, rendering it largely illegal throughout much of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-514">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[514]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Affirmative_action">Affirmative action</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">Affirmative action in the United States</a></div> Republicans generally oppose <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, often describing it as a "<a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">quota system</a>" and believing that it is not <a href="/wiki/Meritocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Meritocratic">meritocratic</a> and is counter-productive socially by only further promoting <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>. According to a 2023 ABC poll, a majority of Americans (52%) and 75% of Republicans supported the Supreme Court's decision in <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard" title="Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard">Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard</a> prohibiting race as a factor in college admissions, compared to only 26% of Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-516">[515]</a> The 2012 Republican national platform stated, "We support efforts to help low-income individuals get a fair chance based on their potential and individual merit; but we reject preferences, quotas, and set-asides, as the best or sole methods through which fairness can be achieved, whether in government, education or corporate boardrooms...Merit, ability, aptitude, and results should be the factors that determine advancement in our society."<a href="#cite_note-517">[516]</a><a href="#cite_note-affirmativeaction-518">[517]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eilperin-519">[518]</a><a href="#cite_note-520">[519]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gun_ownership">Gun ownership</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20210420_Gun_control_survey_by_political_party_-_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/20210420_Gun_control_survey_by_political_party_-_Pew_Research.svg/220px-20210420_Gun_control_survey_by_political_party_-_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/20210420_Gun_control_survey_by_political_party_-_Pew_Research.svg/220px-20210420_Gun_control_survey_by_political_party_-_Pew_Research.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/20210420_Gun_control_survey_by_political_party_-_Pew_Research.svg/330px-20210420_Gun_control_survey_by_political_party_-_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/20210420_Gun_control_survey_by_political_party_-_Pew_Research.svg/440px-20210420_Gun_control_survey_by_political_party_-_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 2021 survey of U.S. opinion on gun control issues, revealing deep divides along political lines.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_20210420-521">[520]</a></figcaption></figure> Republicans generally support <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun ownership rights</a> and oppose <a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">laws regulating guns</a>. According to a 2023 Pew Research Center poll, 45% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents personally own firearms, compared to 32% for the general public and 20% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents.<a href="#cite_note-522">[521]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">special interest group</a> in support of gun ownership, has consistently aligned itself with the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-523">[522]</a> Following gun control measures under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton administration</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994">Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994</a>, the Republicans allied with the NRA during the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_elections" title="1994 United States elections">1994</a>.<a href="#cite_note-524">[523]</a> Since then, the NRA has consistently backed Republican candidates and contributed financial support,<a href="#cite_note-525">[524]</a> such as in the <a href="/wiki/2013_Colorado_recall_election" title="2013 Colorado recall election">2013 Colorado recall election</a> which resulted in the ousting of two pro-gun control Democrats for two anti-gun control Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-526">[525]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, formerly a lifelong NRA member, was highly critical of the organization following their response to the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a> authored by CEO <a href="/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a>, and publicly resigned in protest.<a href="#cite_note-527">[526]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drug_legalization">Drug legalization</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">Illegal drug trade in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction" title="Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction">Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction</a></div> Republican elected officials have historically supported the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>. They generally oppose <a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Legalization of drugs">legalization</a> or decriminalization of drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Cannabis in the United States">marijuana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tesler-2022-528">[527]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-530">[529]</a> Opposition to the legalization of marijuana has softened significantly over time among Republican voters.<a href="#cite_note-531">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-532">[531]</a> A 2021 <a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University" title="Quinnipiac University">Quinnipiac</a> poll found that 62% of Republicans supported the legalization of recreational marijuana use and that net support for the position was +30 points.<a href="#cite_note-Tesler-2022-528">[527]</a> Some Republican-controlled states have legalized medical and recreational marijuana in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-NCSL_MMJ-533">[532]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration">Immigration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></div> The Republican Party has taken widely varying views on immigration throughout its history.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-2021-9">[9]</a> In the period between 1850 and 1870, the Republican Party was more opposed to immigration than the Democrats. The GOP's opposition was, in part, caused by its reliance on the support of anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know-Nothings</a>. In the decades following the Civil War, the Republican Party grew more supportive of immigration, as it represented manufacturers in the northeast (who wanted additional labor); during this period, the Democratic Party came to be seen as the party of labor (which wanted fewer laborers with which to compete). Starting in the 1970s, the parties switched places again, as the Democrats grew more supportive of immigration than Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-534">[533]</a> In 2006, the Republican-led Senate passed <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">comprehensive immigration reform</a> that would eventually have allowed millions of illegal immigrants to become citizens. Despite the support of Republican President George W. Bush, the House of Representatives (also led by Republicans) did not advance the bill.<a href="#cite_note-Blanton-535">[534]</a> After Republican Mitt Romney was defeated in the 2012 presidential election, particularly due to a lack of support among Latinos,<a href="#cite_note-Thrush_2012_z257-536">[535]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray_2012_q346-537">[536]</a> several Republicans advocated a friendlier approach to immigrants that would allow for more migrant workers and a <a href="/wiki/Path_to_citizenship" title="Path to citizenship">path to citizenship</a> for illegal immigrants. The <a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a> passed the Senate 68–32, but was not brought to a vote in the House and died in the <a href="/wiki/113th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="113th Congress">113th Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AP_News-2023-538">[537]</a> In a 2013 poll, 60% of Republicans supported the pathway to citizenship concept.<a href="#cite_note-long-past-539">[538]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> proposed to build <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">a wall</a> along the southern border of the United States. Trump <a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Immigration policy of the first Donald Trump administration">immigration policies during his administration</a> included a <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">travel ban</a> from multiple Muslim-majority countries, a <a href="/wiki/Remain_in_Mexico" title="Remain in Mexico">Remain in Mexico</a> policy for asylum-seekers, <a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">a controversial family separation policy</a>, and attempting to end <a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">DACA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-2020-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-540">[539]</a> During the tenure of Democratic President Joe Biden, the Republican Party has continued to take a hardline stance against illegal immigration. The Party largely opposes immigration reform,<a href="#cite_note-541">[540]</a> although there are widely differing views on immigration within the Party.<a href="#cite_note-AP_News-2023-538">[537]</a> The Party's proposed 2024 platform was opposed to immigration, and called for the mass deportation of all illegal immigrants in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-2024_Platform-38">[38]</a> A 2024 Pew Research Center poll found that 88% of Donald Trump's supporters favored mass deportation of all illegal immigrants, compared to 27% of Kamala Harris supporters.<a href="#cite_note-542">[541]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LGBT_issues">LGBT issues</h4></div> Similar to the Democratic Party, the Republican position on <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a> has changed significantly over time, with continuously increasing support among both parties on the issue.<a href="#cite_note-Lindberg-2022-543">[542]</a><a href="#cite_note-Igielnik-2022-544">[543]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a> is a group within the Republican Party that represents <a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatives</a> and allies and advocates for LGBT rights.<a href="#cite_note-m543-545">[544]</a><a href="#cite_note-e209-546">[545]</a> From the early-2000s to the mid-2010s, Republicans opposed <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, while being divided on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">domestic partnerships</a> for same-sex couples.<a href="#cite_note-547">[546]</a> During the 2004 election, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> campaigned prominently on a constitutional amendment to prohibit same-sex marriage; many believe it helped Bush win re-election.<a href="#cite_note-Lerer-2020-548">[547]</a><a href="#cite_note-549">[548]</a> In both <a href="/wiki/108th_United_States_Congress" title="108th United States Congress">2004</a><a href="#cite_note-550">[549]</a> and <a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">2006</a>,<a href="#cite_note-551">[550]</a> President Bush, Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a>, and House Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> promoted the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage Amendment</a>, a proposed constitutional amendment which would legally restrict the definition of marriage to <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexual</a> couples.<a href="#cite_note-552">[551]</a><a href="#cite_note-553">[552]</a><a href="#cite_note-554">[553]</a> In both attempts, the amendment failed to secure enough votes to invoke <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> and thus ultimately was never passed. As more states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s, Republicans increasingly supported allowing each state to decide its own marriage policy.<a href="#cite_note-A_Shifting_Landscape-555">[554]</a> As of 2014, most state GOP platforms expressed opposition to same-sex marriage.<a href="#cite_note-556">[555]</a> The 2016 <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">GOP Platform</a> defined marriage as "natural marriage, the union of one man and one woman," and condemned the Supreme Court's <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">ruling</a> legalizing same-sex marriages.<a href="#cite_note-557">[556]</a><a href="#cite_note-558">[557]</a> The 2020 platform, which reused the 2016 platform, retained the statements against same-sex marriage.<a href="#cite_note-559">[558]</a><a href="#cite_note-560">[559]</a><a href="#cite_note-561">[560]</a> Following his election as president in 2016, Donald Trump stated that he had no objection to same-sex marriage or to the Supreme Court decision in <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a>, but had previously promised to consider appointing a Supreme Court justice to roll back the constitutional right.<a href="#cite_note-Lerer-2020-548">[547]</a><a href="#cite_note-562">[561]</a> In office, Trump was the first sitting Republican president to recognize <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride">LGBT Pride Month</a>.<a href="#cite_note-563">[562]</a> Conversely, the Trump administration banned transgender individuals from service in the United States military and rolled back other protections for transgender people which had been enacted during the previous Democratic presidency.<a href="#cite_note-564">[563]</a> However, other Republicans such as <a href="/wiki/Vivek_Ramaswamy" title="Vivek Ramaswamy">Vivek Ramaswamy</a> do not support such a ban,<a href="#cite_note-565">[564]</a> and Donald Trump has not indicated that he will seek to reimplement such a policy in his second term. The Republican Party platform previously opposed the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_the_United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and the United States military">inclusion of gay people in the military</a> and opposed adding sexual orientation to the list of protected classes since 1992.<a href="#cite_note-566">[565]</a><a href="#cite_note-567">[566]</a><a href="#cite_note-568">[567]</a> The Republican Party opposed the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_preference" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual preference">sexual preference</a> in anti-discrimination statutes from 1992 to 2004.<a href="#cite_note-1992_Republican_Party_platform-569">[568]</a> The 2008 and 2012 Republican Party platform supported anti-discrimination statutes based on sex, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin, but both platforms were silent on <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2012_Republican_Party_platform-570">[569]</a><a href="#cite_note-2008_Republican_Party_platform-571">[570]</a> The 2016 platform was opposed to sex discrimination statutes that included the phrase "sexual orientation".<a href="#cite_note-572">[571]</a><a href="#cite_note-573">[572]</a> The same 2016 platform rejected Obergefell v. Hodges, and was also used for the party's 2020 platform.<a href="#cite_note-Zezima_Weigel_2016_d265-574">[573]</a> In the early 2020s, numerous Republican-led states <a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBT_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States">proposed or passed laws</a> that have been described as anti-trans by critics,<a href="#cite_note-x150-575">[574]</a><a href="#cite_note-n141-576">[575]</a><a href="#cite_note-v293-577">[576]</a><a href="#cite_note-o776-578">[577]</a><a href="#cite_note-l264-579">[578]</a><a href="#cite_note-j502-580">[579]</a><a href="#cite_note-v746-581">[580]</a> as well as laws limiting or banning <a href="/wiki/Drag_panic" title="Drag panic">public performances of drag shows</a>, and teaching schoolchildren about LGBT topics.<a href="#cite_note-582">[581]</a> On November 6, 2021, RNC Chair <a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">Ronna McDaniel</a> announced the creation of the "RNC Pride Coalition", in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a>, to promote outreach to LGBTQ voters.<a href="#cite_note-583">[582]</a> However, after the announcement, McDaniel apologized for not having communicated the announcement in advance and emphasized that the new outreach program did not alter the 2016 GOP Platform.<a href="#cite_note-584">[583]</a> As of 2023, a majority of Republican voters support <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lindberg-2022-543">[542]</a><a href="#cite_note-585">[584]</a><a href="#cite_note-586">[585]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/FiveThirtyEight" title="FiveThirtyEight">FiveThirtyEight</a>, as of 2022, Republican voters are consistently more open to same-sex marriage than their representatives.<a href="#cite_note-587">[586]</a><a href="#cite_note-588">[587]</a> The party platform approved at the <a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 Republican National Convention</a> no longer states that marriage should be between "one man and one woman", though it did oppose the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">transgender women</a> in women's sports and teaching about LGBT topics in schools.<a href="#cite_note-2024_Platform-38">[38]</a> According to a 2023 <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll, Republicans are slightly more likely to oppose <a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">intersex medical alterations</a> than Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-589">[588]</a><a href="#cite_note-590">[589]</a> In November 2024, Trump nominated <a href="/wiki/Scott_Bessent" title="Scott Bessent">Scott Bessent</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States secretary of the treasury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-591">[590]</a> If confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, he will be the <a href="/wiki/List_of_first_openly_LGBTQ_politicians_in_the_United_States" title="List of first openly LGBTQ politicians in the United States">second openly gay man</a> to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet of the United States</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_first_openly_LGBTQ_politicians_in_the_United_States" title="List of first openly LGBTQ politicians in the United States">fourth openly gay man</a> to serve in a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States#Cabinet-level_officials" title="Cabinet of the United States">cabinet-level</a> office (after <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Marantis" title="Demetrios Marantis">Demetrios Marantis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenell" title="Richard Grenell">Richard Grenell</a> and Buttigieg).<a href="#cite_note-592">[591]</a> As the secretary of the treasury is <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession#Current_order_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">fifth</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">United States presidential line of succession</a>, he will become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_first_openly_LGBTQ_politicians_in_the_United_States" title="List of first openly LGBTQ politicians in the United States">highest-ranking openly LGBT person in American history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-593">[592]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voting_rights">Voting rights</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Voter_identification_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Voter identification laws in the United States">Voter identification laws in the United States</a></div> Virtually all restrictions on voting have in recent years been implemented by Republicans. Republicans, mainly at the state level, argue that the restrictions (such as the purging of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_roll" title="Electoral roll">voter rolls</a>, limiting voting locations, and limiting <a href="/wiki/Early_voting" title="Early voting">early</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postal_voting" title="Postal voting">mail-in</a> voting) are vital to prevent <a href="/wiki/Voter_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter fraud">voter fraud</a>, saying that voter fraud is an underestimated issue in elections. Polling has found majority support for early voting, automatic voter registration and <a href="/wiki/Voter_identification_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Voter identification laws in the United States">voter ID laws</a> among the general population.<a href="#cite_note-594">[593]</a><a href="#cite_note-595">[594]</a><a href="#cite_note-596">[595]</a> In defending their restrictions to voting rights, Republicans have made false and exaggerated claims about the extent of voter fraud in the United States; all existing research indicates that it is extremely rare,<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_voter_fraud_2014-597">[596]</a><a href="#cite_note-598">[597]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hakim-2018-599">[598]</a><a href="#cite_note-Linker-2018-600">[599]</a> and civil and voting rights organizations often accuse Republicans of enacting restrictions to influence elections in the party's favor. Many laws or regulations restricting voting enacted by Republicans have been successfully challenged in court, with court rulings striking down such regulations and accusing Republicans of establishing them with partisan purpose.<a href="#cite_note-Hakim-2018-599">[598]</a><a href="#cite_note-Linker-2018-600">[599]</a> After the Supreme Court decision in <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a> rolled back aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, Republicans introduced cuts to early voting, purges of voter rolls and imposition of strict voter ID laws.<a href="#cite_note-601">[600]</a> The 2016 Republican platform advocated proof of citizenship as a prerequisite for registering to vote and photo ID as a prerequisite when voting.<a href="#cite_note-602">[601]</a> After Donald Trump and his <a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">Republican allies made false claims of fraud</a> during the 2020 presidential election, Republicans launched a nationwide effort to <a href="/wiki/Republican_efforts_to_restrict_voting_following_the_2020_presidential_election" title="Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election">impose tighter election laws at the state level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-603">[602]</a><a href="#cite_note-604">[603]</a><a href="#cite_note-605">[604]</a> Such bills are centered around limiting mail-in voting, strengthening voter ID laws, shortening early voting, eliminating <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States#Automatic" title="Voter registration in the United States">automatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States#Election_Day_/_same-day" title="Voter registration in the United States">same-day voter registration</a>, curbing the use of <a href="/wiki/Ballot_drop_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot drop box">ballot drop boxes</a>, and allowing for increased purging of voter rolls.<a href="#cite_note-Bill-Tracker-606">[605]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-practices-607">[606]</a> Republicans in at least eight states have also introduced bills that would give lawmakers greater power over election administration, after they were unsuccessful in their attempts to overturn election results in <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a> won by Biden.<a href="#cite_note-Corasaniti-2021-608">[607]</a><a href="#cite_note-609">[608]</a><a href="#cite_note-610">[609]</a><a href="#cite_note-611">[610]</a> Supporters of the bills argue they would improve election security and reverse temporary changes enacted during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>; they point to false claims of significant election fraud, as well as the substantial public distrust of the integrity of the 2020 election those claims have fostered,<a href="#cite_note-614">[b]</a> as justification.<a href="#cite_note-615">[613]</a><a href="#cite_note-616">[614]</a><a href="#cite_note-617">[615]</a> Political analysts say that the efforts amount to <a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">voter suppression</a>, are intended to advantage Republicans by reducing the number of people who vote, and would disproportionately affect <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">minority</a> voters.<a href="#cite_note-618">[616]</a><a href="#cite_note-619">[617]</a><a href="#cite_note-620">[618]</a><a href="#cite_note-621">[619]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> According to a 2025 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a>, 46% of Americans identify or lean towards Republicans, and 45% identify or lean towards Democrats. Republicans have held an edge since 2022, while the Democratic Party had previously held an overall edge in party identification from 1992-2021, since Gallup began polling on the issue in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-622">[620]</a> In 2016, The New York Times stated that the party was strongest in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain States">Mountain States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-623">[621]</a> The Republican party's core voting demographics are White voters without college degrees and <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a>. Racial polarization is extremely high in the Southern United States, with <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> almost entirely voting for the Republican Party and <a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a> almost entirely voting for the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-Cohn-2014-624">[622]</a> As of 2024, the Republican Party has support from a majority of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Aleaziz-2024-625">[623]</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Staff-2024-626">[624]</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a><a href="#cite_note-Staff-2024-626">[624]</a> voters, and increasingly among <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanics</a><a href="#cite_note-Lange-2024-627">[625]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yam-2024-628">[626]</a> A majority of <a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working-class</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lange-2024-627">[625]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban%E2%80%93rural_political_divide" title="Urban–rural political divide">rural</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Maxwell_2019-220">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">men</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Staff-2024-626">[624]</a> individuals without <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">college degrees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Staff-2024-626">[624]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">lower income</a> voters vote for the party.<a href="#cite_note-Suss-2024-629">[627]</a> Traditionalist religious voters,<a href="#cite_note-630">[628]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicals</a><a href="#cite_note-Staff-2024-626">[624]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter-Day Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Aleaziz-2024-625">[623]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholic</a><a href="#cite_note-Staff-2024-626">[624]</a> voters lean towards the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Polarization_by_education-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-cambridge.org-33">[33]</a> The party has made gained significantly among the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">white working class</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lange-2024-627">[625]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Yam-2024-628">[626]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Aleaziz-2024-625">[623]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Staff-2024-626">[624]</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Staff-2024-626">[624]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a>,<a href="#cite_note-631">[629]</a><a href="#cite_note-632">[630]</a> but lost support among <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">upper middle class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">college-educated</a> whites.<a href="#cite_note-Harry_Enten-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nate_Silver-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suss-2024-629">[627]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levitz-2022-633">[631]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Income">Income</h4></div> Until 2016, higher income was strongly correlated to voting for the Republican Party among the general electorate. However, in all three of Trump's elections in 2016, 2020, and 2024, the previous correlation between higher incomes and voting for the Republican Party was largely eliminated among the electorate as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-culture_trumps_economic_class-292">[292]</a> For White voters, instead higher educational attainment was strongly correlated with higher support for the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-Harry_Enten-288">[288]</a> According to a 2022 Gallup poll, roughly equal proportions of Democrats (64-35%) and Republicans (66-34%) had money invested in the stock market.<a href="#cite_note-634">[632]</a> According to a 2024 Pew Research Center poll, homeowners are slightly more likely to be Republicans (51-45%), while renters are much more likely to be Democrats (64-32%).<a href="#cite_note-635">[633]</a> In the 2024 presidential election, Trump did better among lower-income voters than high-income voters, the first time ever for the Republican nominee in modern American political history.<a href="#cite_note-Suss-2024-629">[627]</a> Two causes of this are higher educational attainment being strongly correlated to higher income, and the <a href="/wiki/2021-2023_inflation_surge" class="mw-redirect" title="2021-2023 inflation surge">2021-2023 inflation surge</a>, because lower-income voters lose <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">purchasing power</a> while higher-income voters gain from <a href="/wiki/Financial_asset" title="Financial asset">asset prices</a> increasing due to inflation.<a href="#cite_note-Economy_Sucks-636">[634]</a> Among White voters in 2024, income was negatively correlated with support for Donald Trump. Specifically, Trump won White voters making less than $30,000 (63-34%), those making between $30,000 to $49,999 (62-37%), and those making $50,000 to $99,999 (56-42%). Trump only narrowly won White voters making $100,000 to $199,999 (50-49%) and those making more than $200,000 (51-48%). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender">Gender</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg/220px-2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg/220px-2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg/330px-2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg/440px-2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The median wealth of married couples exceeds that of single individuals, regardless of gender and across all age categories.<a href="#cite_note-WealthMaritalStatus_2021-637">[635]</a></figcaption></figure> Since 1980, a "gender gap" has seen stronger support for the Republican Party among men than among women. Unmarried and divorced women were far more likely to vote for Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> than for Republican <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in the 2004 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-wvwv2004-638">[636]</a> In 2006 House races, 43% of women voted Republican while 47% of men did so.<a href="#cite_note-2006cnnexitpolls-639">[637]</a> In the 2010 midterms, the "gender gap" was reduced, with women supporting Republican and Democratic candidates equally (49%–49%).<a href="#cite_note-abcnews3775-640">[638]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks2010-641">[639]</a> Exit polls from the 2012 elections revealed a continued weakness among unmarried women for the GOP, a large and growing portion of the electorate.<a href="#cite_note-642">[640]</a> Although women supported Obama over <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> by a margin of 55–44% in 2012, Romney prevailed amongst married women, 53–46%.<a href="#cite_note-643">[641]</a> Obama won unmarried women 67–31%.<a href="#cite_note-644">[642]</a> However, according to a December 2019 study, "White women are the only group of female voters who support Republican Party candidates for president. They have done so by a majority in all but 2 of the last 18 elections".<a href="#cite_note-645">[643]</a><a href="#cite_note-646">[644]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Non-College_White_vote_by_state.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of the Non-college White vote in the 2020 presidential election by state." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Non-College_White_vote_by_state.jpg/288px-Non-College_White_vote_by_state.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="1618"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 288px;height: 188px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Non-College_White_vote_by_state.jpg/288px-Non-College_White_vote_by_state.jpg" data-alt="Map of the Non-college White vote in the 2020 presidential election by state." data-width="288" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Non-College_White_vote_by_state.jpg/432px-Non-College_White_vote_by_state.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Non-College_White_vote_by_state.jpg/576px-Non-College_White_vote_by_state.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:College_white_vote_by_state.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of the College White vote in the 2020 presidential election by state." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/College_white_vote_by_state.jpg/288px-College_white_vote_by_state.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 288px;height: 183px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/College_white_vote_by_state.jpg/288px-College_white_vote_by_state.jpg" data-alt="Map of the College White vote in the 2020 presidential election by state." data-width="288" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/College_white_vote_by_state.jpg/432px-College_white_vote_by_state.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/College_white_vote_by_state.jpg/576px-College_white_vote_by_state.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Top to bottom:</div> Non-College and College White vote in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a> by state. A key for approximate margins is provided.<a href="#cite_note-White_Vote_and_Educational_Polarization-647">[645]</a></div></div></div></div> In all three of Donald Trump's elections in 2016, 2020, and 2024, for White voters lower educational attainment was strongly correlated with higher support for Trump.<a href="#cite_note-Nate_Silver-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harry_Enten-288">[288]</a> When controlling for educational attainment among White voters, as depicted in the two maps in this section, there still remain large variations by state and region. In particular, college-educated <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> remain strongly Republican.<a href="#cite_note-White_Vote_and_Educational_Polarization-647">[645]</a> The Republican Party has steadily increased the percentage of votes it receives from white voters without college degrees since the 1970s, while the <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">educational attainment</a> of the United States has steadily increased.<a href="#cite_note-cambridge.org-33">[33]</a> White voters without college degrees are more likely to live in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-648">[646]</a><a href="#cite_note-649">[647]</a> According to a 2023 <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a> poll, confidence in higher education among Republicans declined sharply from 56% in 2015 to 19% in 2023. Among Democrats, confidence in higher education decreased from 68% in 2015 to 59% in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Higher_Education-34">[34]</a> Voters with college degrees as a whole were a Republican-voting group until the 1990s. Despite losing in a landslide, Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> nearly won a majority of voters with college degrees 48–52% in <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a>.<a href="#cite_note-650">[648]</a> Republican president <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> won voters with college degrees 55-43% in <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>, while narrowly losing to <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1976_Presidential_Election_Data-651">[649]</a> Since the 1990s, a majority of voters with graduate degrees have consistently voted for the Democratic Party. For example, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> won voters with just a bachelor's degree 52-46% while losing voters with a graduate degree 44–55%, while winning re-election in <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a>.<a href="#cite_note-652">[650]</a> Until 2016, white voters with college degrees were a Republican-leaning group.<a href="#cite_note-Polarization_by_education-32">[32]</a> Despite Obama's decisive <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a> victory, Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> won a majority of white voters with college degrees 51-47% and white voters without college degrees 58-40%.<a href="#cite_note-653">[651]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a>, Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> won white voters with college degrees 56-42%, though Obama won voters with college degrees as a whole 50-48% while winning re-election.<a href="#cite_note-654">[652]</a> Since the 2010s,<a href="#cite_note-Polarization_by_education-32">[32]</a> white voters with college degrees have been increasingly voting for the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-nymag.com-655">[653]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-656">[654]</a> Following the 2016 presidential election, exit polls indicated that "Donald Trump attracted a large share of the vote from Whites without a college degree, receiving 72 percent of the White non-college male vote and 62 percent of the White non-college female vote." Overall, 52% of voters with college degrees voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016, while 52% of voters without college degrees voted for Trump.<a href="#cite_note-657">[655]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>, Donald Trump won white voters without college degrees 67-32%, while losing white voters with a college degree 48–51%.<a href="#cite_note-nymag.com-655">[653]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-656">[654]</a><a href="#cite_note-658">[656]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 United States presidential election</a>, Trump maintained his margins among white voters without college degrees 66-32% and lost white voters with a college degree 45-52%. In 2024, Trump won 56% of voters without a college degree, compared to 42% of voters with a college degree.<a href="#cite_note-Exit_poll_results_2024-659">[657]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race and ethnicity in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:White_vote_by_state_margin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="White vote in the 2020 presidential election by state" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/White_vote_by_state_margin.jpg/288px-White_vote_by_state_margin.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2518" data-file-height="1610"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 288px;height: 184px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/White_vote_by_state_margin.jpg/288px-White_vote_by_state_margin.jpg" data-alt="White vote in the 2020 presidential election by state" data-width="288" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/White_vote_by_state_margin.jpg/432px-White_vote_by_state_margin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/White_vote_by_state_margin.jpg/576px-White_vote_by_state_margin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Vote_by_County_in_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="White vote in the 2020 presidential election by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/White_Vote_by_County_in_2020.jpg/288px-White_Vote_by_County_in_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8185" data-file-height="5787"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 288px;height: 204px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/White_Vote_by_County_in_2020.jpg/288px-White_Vote_by_County_in_2020.jpg" data-alt="White vote in the 2020 presidential election by county" data-width="288" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/White_Vote_by_County_in_2020.jpg/432px-White_Vote_by_County_in_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/White_Vote_by_County_in_2020.jpg/576px-White_Vote_by_County_in_2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Top to bottom:</div> White vote in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a> by state and county. A key for approximate margins is provided for states, while the county map uses <a href="/wiki/Binary_classification" title="Binary classification">binary classification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-White_Voters-660">[658]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-2014-624">[622]</a></div></div></div></div> Republicans have consistently won the White vote in every presidential election after the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-661">[659]</a> There exist large variations among White voters by region and state. In particular, Republicans lose White voters in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-White_Voters-660">[658]</a> Republicans are strongest with <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a>, particularly White <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christianity">evangelical Christians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>, which covers most of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. In some <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> states, Whites vote nearly as Republican as African Americans vote Democratic.<a href="#cite_note-Cohn-2014-624">[622]</a> Republicans have been winning under 15% of the African American vote in national elections since 1980. The party abolished chattel slavery under <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, defeated the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>, and gave Black people the legal right to vote during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction in the late 1860s</a>. Until the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> of the 1930s, Black people supported the Republican Party by large margins.<a href="#cite_note-South-662">[660]</a> Black delegates were a sizable share of southern delegates to the national Republican convention from Reconstruction until the start of the 20th century when their share began to decline.<a href="#cite_note-663">[661]</a> Black people shifted in large margins to the Democratic Party in the 1930s, when Black politicians such as Arthur Mitchell and William Dawson supported the New Deal because it would better serve the interest of Black Americans.<a href="#cite_note-664">[662]</a> Black voters would become one of the core components of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a>. In the South, after the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> to prohibit racial discrimination in elections was passed by a bipartisan coalition in 1965, Black people were able to vote again and ever since have formed a significant portion (20–50%) of the Democratic vote in that region.<a href="#cite_note-Sitkoff-665">[663]</a> In the 2010 elections, two African American Republicans, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_West_(politician)" title="Allen West (politician)">Allen West</a>, were elected to the House of Representatives. As of January 2023, there are four African-American Republicans in the House of Representatives and one African American Republican in the United States Senate.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes2010-666">[664]</a> In recent decades, Republicans have been moderately successful in gaining support from <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian American</a> voters. George W. Bush, who campaigned energetically for Hispanic votes, received 35% of their vote in 2000 and 44% in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-667">[665]</a><a href="#cite_note-668">[666]</a><a href="#cite_note-2004cnnexitpolls-669">[667]</a> The party's strong anti-communist stance has made it popular among some minority groups from current and former Communist states, in particular <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean American">Korean Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese American">Vietnamese Americans</a>. The 2007 election of <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> as Governor of Louisiana was hailed as pathbreaking.<a href="#cite_note-BBC7412-670">[668]</a> Jindal became the first elected minority governor in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and the first state governor of <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-deccanherald-671">[669]</a> Republicans have gained support among racial and ethnic minorities, particularly among those who are working class, Hispanic or Latino, or Asian American since the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-672">[670]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teixeira-2022-673">[671]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-2022-674">[672]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zitner-2022-675">[673]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraushaar-2022a-676">[674]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraushaar-2022b-677">[675]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Avlon" title="John Avlon">John Avlon</a>, in 2013, the Republican party was more ethnically diverse at the statewide elected official level than the Democratic Party was; GOP statewide elected officials included Latino Nevada Governor <a href="/wiki/Brian_Sandoval" title="Brian Sandoval">Brian Sandoval</a> and African-American U.S. senator <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a> of South Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-678">[676]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>, Republican presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> won 55% of White votes, 35% of Asian votes, 31% of Hispanic votes and 4% of African American votes.<a href="#cite_note-pewresearch-679">[677]</a> In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were White while 56% of Obama voters were White.<a href="#cite_note-680">[678]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 presidential election</a>, Trump won 57% of White voters, 46% of Hispanic voters, 39% of Asian voters, and 13% of African American voters.<a href="#cite_note-681">[679]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> won the popular vote in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 United States presidential election</a> as White voters without college degrees still strongly backed him, in addition to the gains made with Asian and Latino voters in comparison to the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>. As a whole, 84% of Trump voters were White.<a href="#cite_note-682">[680]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_communities">Religious communities</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Religion and politics in the United States">Religion and politics in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States</a></div> Religion has always played a major role for both parties, but in the course of a century, the parties' religious compositions have changed. Religion was a major dividing line between the parties before <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a>, with Catholics, Jews, and southern Protestants heavily Democratic and northeastern Protestants heavily Republican. Most of the old differences faded away after the realignment of the 1970s and 1980s that undercut the New Deal coalition.<a href="#cite_note-683">[681]</a> Voters who attended church weekly gave 61% of their votes to Bush in <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a>; those who attended occasionally gave him only 47%; and those who never attended gave him 36%. Fifty-nine percent of Protestants voted for Bush, along with 52% of Catholics (even though <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> was Catholic). Since 1980, a large majority of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicals</a> has voted Republican; 70–80% voted for Bush in 2000 and 2004 and 70% for Republican House candidates in <a href="/wiki/United_States_general_elections,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="United States general elections, 2006">2006</a>. Members of the Mormon faith had a mixed relationship with Donald Trump during his tenure, despite 67% of them voting for him in <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> and 56% of them supporting his presidency in <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_elections" title="2018 United States elections">2018</a>, disapproving of his personal behavior such as that shown during the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape" title="Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape">Access Hollywood controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-684">[682]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah" title="2020 United States presidential election in Utah">2020 United States presidential election in Utah</a>, Trump won the state by about 21.5%, by a margin more than 20% lower compared to Mitt Romney (who is Mormon) in <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah" title="2012 United States presidential election in Utah">2012</a> and George W. Bush in <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah" title="2004 United States presidential election in Utah">2004</a>. Their opinion on Trump had not affected their party affiliation, however, as 76% of Mormons in 2018 expressed preference for generic Republican congressional candidates.<a href="#cite_note-685">[683]</a> Similarly, while Trump again won majority-Mormon <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah" title="2024 United States presidential election in Utah">Utah in 2024</a>, the state had one of the smallest swings to the right and Trump's 22% margin was well below that of prior Republican presidential nominees.<a href="#cite_note-686">[684]</a> Jews continue to vote 70–80% Democratic; however, a slim majority of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a> voted for the Republican Party in 2016, following years of growing Orthodox Jewish support for the party due to its social conservatism and increasingly pro-Israel foreign policy stance.<a href="#cite_note-Sales-Adkins-2020-687">[685]</a> Over 70% of Orthodox Jews identify as Republican or Republican leaning as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-688">[686]</a> An exit poll conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> for 2020 found 35% of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> voted for Donald Trump.<a href="#cite_note-689">[687]</a> The mainline traditional Protestants (Methodists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Disciples) have dropped to about 55% Republican (in contrast to 75% before 1968). Democrats have close links with the African American churches, especially the <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptists</a>, while their historic dominance among Catholic voters has eroded to 54–46 in the 2010 midterms.<a href="#cite_note-690">[688]</a> Although once strongly Democratic, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">American Catholic</a> voters have been politically divided in the 21st century with 52% of Catholic voters voting for Trump in <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> and 52% voting for Biden in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a>. While Catholic Republican leaders try to stay in line with the teachings of the Catholic Church on subjects such as abortion, contraception, euthanasia, and embryonic stem cell research, they tend to differ on the death penalty and same-sex marriage.<a href="#cite_note-691">[689]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Members_of_the_business_community">Members of the business community</h4></div> The Republican Party has traditionally been a pro-business party. It garners major support from a wide variety of industries. Republicans are 24 percent more likely to be business owners than Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-692">[690]</a> Prominent business <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobbying group">lobbying groups</a> have traditionally supported Republican candidates and economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-693">[691]</a><a href="#cite_note-694">[692]</a> Although both major parties support <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, the Republican Party is more likely to favor <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> rights.<a href="#cite_note-695">[693]</a><a href="#cite_note-696">[694]</a><a href="#cite_note-697">[695]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Republican_presidents">Republican presidents</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)#Democratic_presidents" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party (United States) § Democratic presidents</a></div> As of 2025, there have been 19 Republican presidents. <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header"><div style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1221560606">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-rl){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header{line-height:1;max-width:1em;padding:0.4em;vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sortable:not(.jquery-tablesorter) .ts-vertical-header:not(.unsortable),html.client-js .mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.headerSort{background-position:50%.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-top:21px}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-top{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-normal{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{display:inline-block;transform:rotate(180deg);writing-mode:vertical-rl}@supports(writing-mode:sideways-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{transform:none;writing-mode:sideways-lr}}}</style>Order of presidency</div> </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Name (lifespan) </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Portrait </th> <th style="text-align:center;">State </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Presidency start date </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Presidency end date </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Time in office </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (1809–1865) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/65px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2835"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 84px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/65px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/98px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/130px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">March 4, 1861</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">April 15, 1865</a><a href="#cite_note-died-698">[c]</a> </td> <td>4 years, 42 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (1822–1885) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg/65px-Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="2518"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 81px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg/65px-Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="81" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg/98px-Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg/130px-Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant">March 4, 1869</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes">March 4, 1877</a> </td> <td>8 years, 0 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (1822–1893) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/65px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="3688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 79px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/65px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/98px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/130px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes">March 4, 1877</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Inauguration of James A. Garfield">March 4, 1881</a> </td> <td>4 years, 0 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (1831–1881) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Abram_Garfield,_photo_portrait_seated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg/65px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3182" data-file-height="4034"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 82px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg/65px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg/98px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg/130px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Inauguration of James A. Garfield">March 4, 1881</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">September 19, 1881</a><a href="#cite_note-died-698">[c]</a> </td> <td>199 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1829–1886) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29.jpg/65px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3470" data-file-height="4630"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 87px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29.jpg/65px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur">September 19, 1881</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="First inauguration of Grover Cleveland">March 4, 1885</a> </td> <td>3 years, 166 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (1833–1901) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Harrison,_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo,_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg/65px-Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="3282"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 82px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg/65px-Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg/98px-Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg/130px-Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison">March 4, 1889</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland">March 4, 1893</a> </td> <td>4 years, 0 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (1843–1901) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mckinley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mckinley.jpg/65px-Mckinley.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="2812"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 81px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mckinley.jpg/65px-Mckinley.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="81" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mckinley.jpg/98px-Mckinley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mckinley.jpg/130px-Mckinley.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_William_McKinley" title="First inauguration of William McKinley">March 4, 1897</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">September 14, 1901</a><a href="#cite_note-died-698">[c]</a> </td> <td>4 years, 194 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1858–1919) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/65px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="78" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="3659"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 78px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/65px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="78" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/98px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/130px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">September 14, 1901</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">March 4, 1909</a> </td> <td>7 years, 171 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (1857–1930) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg/65px-Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="5648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 92px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg/65px-Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="92" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg/98px-Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg/130px-Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">March 4, 1909</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">March 4, 1913</a> </td> <td>4 years, 0 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (1865–1923) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg/65px-Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="88" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3165" data-file-height="4302"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 88px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg/65px-Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="88" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg/98px-Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg/130px-Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Inauguration of Warren G. Harding">March 4, 1921</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Warren_G._Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Warren G. Harding">August 2, 1923</a><a href="#cite_note-died-698">[c]</a> </td> <td>2 years, 151 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1872–1933) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/65px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 87px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/65px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">August 2, 1923</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">March 4, 1929</a> </td> <td>5 years, 214 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (1874–1964) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:President_Hoover_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Hoover_portrait.jpg/65px-President_Hoover_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2174" data-file-height="2896"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 87px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Hoover_portrait.jpg/65px-President_Hoover_portrait.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Hoover_portrait.jpg/98px-President_Hoover_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Hoover_portrait.jpg/130px-President_Hoover_portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">March 4, 1929</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">March 4, 1933</a> </td> <td>4 years, 0 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>34 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1890–1969) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dwight_D._Eisenhower,_official_photo_portrait,_May_29,_1959_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/65px-Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="2757"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 81px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/65px-Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="81" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Dwight_D._Eisenhower%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_May_29%2C_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">January 20, 1953</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">January 20, 1961</a> </td> <td>8 years, 0 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>37 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1913–1994) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/65px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="2583"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 83px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/65px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="83" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">January 20, 1969</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">August 9, 1974</a><a href="#cite_note-699">[d]</a> </td> <td>5 years, 201 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>38 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1913–2006) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/65px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1501"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 87px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/65px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/98px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/130px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">August 9, 1974</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">January 20, 1977</a> </td> <td>2 years, 164 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>40 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1911–2004) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/65px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 85px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/65px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/98px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/130px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">January 20, 1981</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">January 20, 1989</a> </td> <td>8 years, 0 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>41 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1924–2018) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/65px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1634"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 85px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/65px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/98px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/130px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">January 20, 1989</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">January 20, 1993</a> </td> <td>4 years, 0 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (born 1946) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George-W-Bush.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/65px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="65" height="86" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 86px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/65px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" data-width="65" data-height="86" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/98px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/130px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">January 20, 2001</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">January 20, 2009</a> </td> <td>8 years, 0 days </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"> <td>45 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (born 1946) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:TrumpPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TrumpPortrait.jpg/65px-TrumpPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 65px;height: 84px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TrumpPortrait.jpg/65px-TrumpPortrait.jpg" data-width="65" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TrumpPortrait.jpg/98px-TrumpPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TrumpPortrait.jpg/130px-TrumpPortrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">January 20, 2017</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">January 20, 2021</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">4 years, 28 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>47 </td> <td>Florida </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">January 20, 2025</a> </td> <td>Incumbent </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Recent_electoral_history">Recent electoral history</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_congressional_elections:_1950–present">In congressional elections: 1950–present</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions of United States Congresses</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>United States Congressional Elections </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>House Election year </th> <th>No. of overall House seats won </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Presidency </th> <th>No. of overall Senate seats won </th> <th>+/–<a href="#cite_note-700">[e]</a> </th> <th>Senate Election year </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">199 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 46%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  28 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">47 / 96<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  5 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1950 United States Senate elections">1950</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1952 United States House of Representatives elections">1952</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">221 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  22 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">49 / 96<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1952 United States Senate elections">1952</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1954 United States House of Representatives elections">1954</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">203 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  18 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">47 / 96<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1954 United States Senate elections">1954</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1956 United States House of Representatives elections">1956</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">201 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 46%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">47 / 96<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1956 United States Senate elections">1956</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1958 United States House of Representatives elections">1958</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">153 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  48 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">34 / 98<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  13 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1958 United States Senate elections">1958</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1960 United States House of Representatives elections">1960</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">175 / 437<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  22 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">35 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1960 United States Senate elections">1960</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1962 United States House of Representatives elections">1962</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">176 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">34 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 34%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  3 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1962 United States Senate elections">1962</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1964 United States House of Representatives elections">1964</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">140 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  36 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">32 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1964 United States Senate elections">1964</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">187 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  47 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">38 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  3 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1966 United States Senate elections">1966</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">1968</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">192 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 44%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  5 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">42 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 42%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  5 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1968 United States Senate elections">1968</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1970 United States House of Representatives elections">1970</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">180 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  12 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">44 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 44%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1970 United States Senate elections">1970</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">1972</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">192 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 44%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  12 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">41 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1972 United States Senate elections">1972</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections">1974</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">144 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  48 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">38 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  3 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1974 United States Senate elections">1974</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1976 United States House of Representatives elections">1976</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">143 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">38 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1976 United States Senate elections">1976</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">158 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  15 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">41 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  3 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1978 United States Senate elections">1978</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1980 United States House of Representatives elections">1980</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">192 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 44%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  34 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">53 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  12 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1980 United States Senate elections">1980</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1982 United States House of Representatives elections">1982</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">166 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  26 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">54 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1982 United States Senate elections">1982</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1984 United States House of Representatives elections">1984</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">182 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 42%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  16 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">53 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1984 United States Senate elections">1984</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1986 United States House of Representatives elections">1986</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">177 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  5 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">45 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  8 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1986 United States Senate elections">1986</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1988 United States House of Representatives elections">1988</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">175 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">45 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1988 United States Senate elections">1988</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1990 United States House of Representatives elections">1990</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">167 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  8 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">44 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 44%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1990 United States Senate elections">1990</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1992 United States House of Representatives elections">1992</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">176 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  9 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">43 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1992 United States Senate elections">1992</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1994 United States House of Representatives elections">1994</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">230 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  54 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">53 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  8 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1994 United States Senate elections">1994</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1996 United States House of Representatives elections">1996</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">227 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  3 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">55 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 55%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1996 United States Senate elections">1996</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1998 United States House of Representatives elections">1998</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">223 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  4 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">55 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 55%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1998 United States Senate elections">1998</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2000 United States House of Representatives elections">2000</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">221 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">50 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  4 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2000 United States Senate elections">2000</a><a href="#cite_note-tie1-701">[f]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2002 United States House of Representatives elections">2002</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">229 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  8 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">51 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2002 United States Senate elections">2002</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2004 United States House of Representatives elections">2004</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">232 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  3 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">55 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 55%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  4 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2004 United States Senate elections">2004</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2006 United States House of Representatives elections">2006</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">202 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 46%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  30 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">49 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  6 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2006 United States Senate elections">2006</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2008 United States House of Representatives elections">2008</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">178 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  21 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">41 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  8 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2008 United States Senate elections">2008</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections">2010</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">242 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 56%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  63 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">47 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  6 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2010 United States Senate elections">2010</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections">2012</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">234 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  8 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">45 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2012 United States Senate elections">2012</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2014 United States House of Representatives elections">2014</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">247 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 57%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  13 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">54 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  9 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2014 United States Senate elections">2014</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2016 United States House of Representatives elections">2016</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">241 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 55%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  6 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">52 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2016 United States Senate elections">2016</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2018 United States House of Representatives elections">2018</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">200 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 46%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  41 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">53 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2018 United States Senate elections">2018</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2020 United States House of Representatives elections">2020</a> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">213 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  13 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">50 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  3 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2020 United States Senate elections">2020</a><a href="#cite_note-tie2-702">[g]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections">2022</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">222 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  9 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><div style="width: 100px;">49 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2022 United States Senate elections">2022</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2024 United States House of Representatives elections">2024</a> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">220 / 435<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><div style="width: 100px;">53 / 100<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  4 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2024 United States Senate elections">2024</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_presidential_elections:_1856–present">In presidential elections: 1856–present</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets</a></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Presidential ticket </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>Vote % </th> <th>Electoral votes </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> <a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> </td> <td align="center">1,342,345 </td> <td align="center">33.1 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">114 / 296<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left">New party </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> </td> <td align="center">1,865,908 </td> <td align="center">39.8 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">180 / 303<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 59%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 66 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> </td> <td align="center">2,218,388 </td> <td align="center">55.0 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">212 / 233<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 91%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 32 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> <a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> </td> <td align="center">3,013,421 </td> <td align="center">52.7 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">214 / 294<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 73%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 2 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> </td> <td align="center">3,598,235 </td> <td align="center">55.6 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">286 / 352<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 81%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 72 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> <a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> </td> <td align="center">4,034,311 </td> <td align="center">47.9 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">185 / 369<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 134 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won<a href="#cite_note-703">[A]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> </td> <td align="center">4,446,158 </td> <td align="center">48.3 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">214 / 369<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 58%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 29 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a> </td> <td align="center">4,856,905 </td> <td align="center">48.3 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">182 / 401<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 32 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> <a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> </td> <td align="center">5,443,892 </td> <td align="center">47.8 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">233 / 401<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 58%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 51 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won<a href="#cite_note-704">[B]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> <a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Whitelaw Reid</a> </td> <td align="center">5,176,108 </td> <td align="center">43.0 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">145 / 444<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 88 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> <a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> </td> <td align="center">7,111,607 </td> <td align="center">51.0 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">271 / 447<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 61%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 126 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> </td> <td align="center">7,228,864 </td> <td align="center">51.6 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">292 / 447<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 65%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 21 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> </td> <td align="center">7,630,457 </td> <td align="center">56.4 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">336 / 476<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 71%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 44 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> <a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> </td> <td align="center">7,678,395 </td> <td align="center">51.6 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">321 / 483<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 66%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 15 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_M._Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas M. Butler">Nicholas M. Butler</a><a href="#cite_note-705">[h]</a> </td> <td align="center">3,486,242 </td> <td align="center">23.2 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">8 / 531<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 313 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost<a href="#cite_note-706">[C]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles E. Hughes</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> </td> <td align="center">8,548,728 </td> <td align="center">46.1 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">254 / 531<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 48%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 246 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> </td> <td align="center">16,144,093 </td> <td align="center">60.3 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">404 / 531<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 76%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 150 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> </td> <td align="center">15,723,789 </td> <td align="center">54.0 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">382 / 531<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 72%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 22 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> </td> <td align="center">21,427,123 </td> <td align="center">58.2 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">444 / 531<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 84%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 62 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> </td> <td align="center">15,761,254 </td> <td align="center">39.7 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">59 / 531<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 385 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a> </td> <td align="center">16,679,543 </td> <td align="center">36.5 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">8 / 531<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 51 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">Charles L. McNary</a> </td> <td align="center">22,347,744 </td> <td align="center">44.8 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">82 / 531<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 15%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 74 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> <a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">John W. Bricker</a> </td> <td align="center">22,017,929 </td> <td align="center">45.9 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">99 / 531<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 17 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> </td> <td align="center">21,991,292 </td> <td align="center">45.1 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">189 / 531<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 90 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> </td> <td align="center">34,075,529 </td> <td align="center">55.2 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">442 / 531<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 83%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 253 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> </td> <td align="center">35,579,180 </td> <td align="center">57.4 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">457 / 531<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 86%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 15 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> </td> <td align="center">34,108,157 </td> <td align="center">49.6 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">219 / 537<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 238 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> <a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">William E. Miller</a> </td> <td align="center">27,175,754 </td> <td align="center">38.5 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">52 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 167 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> </td> <td align="center">31,783,783 </td> <td align="center">43.4 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">301 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 56%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 249 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> </td> <td align="center">47,168,710 </td> <td align="center">60.7 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">520 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 97%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 219 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> </td> <td align="center">38,148,634 </td> <td align="center">48.0 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">240 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 280 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> </td> <td align="center">43,903,230 </td> <td align="center">50.7 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">489 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 91%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 249 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> </td> <td align="center">54,455,472 </td> <td align="center">58.8 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">525 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 98%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 36 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> </td> <td align="center">48,886,097 </td> <td align="center">53.4 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">426 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 79%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 99 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> </td> <td align="center">39,104,550 </td> <td align="center">37.4 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">168 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 31%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 258 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a> </td> <td align="center">39,197,469 </td> <td align="center">40.7 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">159 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 9 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> </td> <td align="center">50,456,002 </td> <td align="center">47.9 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">271 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 112 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won<a href="#cite_note-707">[D]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> </td> <td align="center">62,040,610 </td> <td align="center">50.7 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">286 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 15 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> </td> <td align="center">59,948,323 </td> <td align="center">45.7 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">173 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 113 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> </td> <td align="center">60,933,504 </td> <td align="center">47.2 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">206 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 33 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> </td> <td align="center">62,984,828 </td> <td align="center">46.1 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">304 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 57%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 98 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won<a href="#cite_note-708">[E]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> </td> <td align="center">74,223,975 </td> <td align="center">46.8 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">232 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 72 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> </td> <td align="center">77,302,580 </td> <td align="center">49.8 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;">312 / 538<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit; width: 58%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 80 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/52px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History of the Republican Party (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History of the Democratic Party (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">List of African-American Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Republicans">List of Hispanic and Latino Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_U.S._states" title="Political party strength in U.S. states">Political party strength in U.S. states</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> Right-to-work laws ban <a href="/wiki/Union_security_agreement" title="Union security agreement">union security agreements</a>, which require all workers in a unionized workplace to pay dues or a fair-share fee regardless of whether they are members of the union or not.<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-614"><a href="#cite_ref-614">^</a> According to an NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll, while more than 60% of Americans believe the 2020 election was secure, a large majority of Republican voters say they do not trust the results of the 2020 election.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-poll-612">[611]</a> According to a poll by <a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University" title="Quinnipiac University">Quinnipiac</a>, 77% of Republicans believe there was widespread voter fraud.<a href="#cite_note-613">[612]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-died-698">^ <a href="#cite_ref-died_698-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_698-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_698-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_698-3">d</a> Died in office. </li> <li id="cite_note-699"><a href="#cite_ref-699">^</a> Resigned from office. </li> <li id="cite_note-700"><a href="#cite_ref-700">^</a> Comparing seats held immediately preceding and following the general election. </li> <li id="cite_note-tie1-701"><a href="#cite_ref-tie1_701-0">^</a> Republican Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> provided a <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">tie-breaking vote</a>, initially giving Republicans a majority from <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">Inauguration Day</a> until <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a> left the Republican Party to caucus with the Democrats on June 6, 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-tie2-702"><a href="#cite_ref-tie2_702-0">^</a> Democratic Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> provided a <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">tie-breaking vote</a>, giving Democrats a majority from <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Inauguration Day</a> until the end of the <a href="/wiki/117th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="117th Congress">117th Congress</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-705"><a href="#cite_ref-705">^</a> Incumbent vice-president <a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> was re-nominated as Taft's running-mate, but died six days prior to the election. Butler was chosen to receive the Republican vice-presidential votes after the election. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-703"><a href="#cite_ref-703">^</a> Although Hayes won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> won a majority of the popular vote. </li> <li id="cite_note-704"><a href="#cite_ref-704">^</a> Although Harrison won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> won a plurality of the popular vote. </li> <li id="cite_note-706"><a href="#cite_ref-706">^</a> Taft finished in third place in both the electoral and popular vote, behind <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-707"><a href="#cite_ref-707">^</a> Although Bush won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> won a plurality of the popular vote. </li> <li id="cite_note-708"><a href="#cite_ref-708">^</a> Although Trump won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> won a plurality of the popular vote. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-college-1"><a href="#cite_ref-college_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/tp&CISOPTR=46379&CISOSHOW=46363">The Origin of the Republican Party</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322223415/http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Ftp&CISOPTR=46379&CISOSHOW=46363">Archived</a> March 22, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Prof. A. 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The Guardian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate">the original</a> on August 14, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021. <q>In keeping with the party's deep division between its dominant Trumpist faction and its more traditionalist party elites, the twin responses seem aimed at appealing on one hand to its corporate-friendly allies and on the other hand to its populist rightwing base. Both have an anti-immigrant element.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Republicans+unveil+two+minimum+wage+bills+in+response+to+Democrats%27+push&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft.aulast=Aratani&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F26%2Frepublicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerCritchlow2020" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Paula; Critchlow, Donald T., eds. (2020). "Chapter 15: Religion and American Politics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd7QDwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of American Political History</a>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 278–294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199341788" title="Special:BookSources/9780199341788"><bdi>9780199341788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15%3A+Religion+and+American+Politics&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+American+Political+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E278-%3C%2Fspan%3E294&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780199341788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRd7QDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, Andrew R. (August 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-665">"The Inclusion-Moderation Thesis: The U.S. Republican Party and the Christian Right"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.665">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-022863-7</bdi></a>. <q>Considering all the evidence, the most apt description is that conservative Christianity has transformed the Republican Party, and the Republican Party has transformed conservative Christianity ... With its inclusion in the Republican Party, the Christian right has moderated on some aspects ... At the same time, the Christian right has altered Republican politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Inclusion-Moderation+Thesis%3A+The+U.S.+Republican+Party+and+the+Christian+Right&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.665&rft.isbn=978-0-19-022863-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fpolitics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190228637-e-665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2022" class="citation journal cs1">Perry, Samuel L. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-031021-114239">"American Religion in the Era of Increasing Polarization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Sociology" title="Annual Review of Sociology">Annual Review of Sociology</a>. 48 (1). San Mateo, California: <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews</a>: 87–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-031021-114239">10.1146/annurev-soc-031021-114239</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0572">0360-0572</a>. p. 91: <q>Unaffiliated Americans were not abandoning orthodox beliefs, but rather, the increase in "no religion" was confined to political moderates and liberals who were likely reacting to the growing alignment of Christian identity with the religious Right and Republicans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=American+Religion+in+the+Era+of+Increasing+Polarization&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-031021-114239&rft.issn=0360-0572&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Samuel+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-soc-031021-114239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerletHardisty2019" class="citation book cs1">Berlet, Chip; Hardisty, Berlet, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315438412-9/drifting-right-going-wrong-1-chip-berlet-jean-hardisty">"Drifting Right and going wrong: An overview of the US political Right"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aL8ktAEACAAJ">Trumping Democracy: From Reagan to the Alt-right</a> (1 ed.). London: Routledge. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315438412-9">10.4324/9781315438412-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315438412" title="Special:BookSources/9781315438412"><bdi>9781315438412</bdi></a>. <q>Within the Republican Party, the Christian Right competes with more secular, upstart free market libertarianism and button-down business conservatism for dominance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drifting+Right+and+going+wrong%3A+An+overview+of+the+US+political+Right&rft.btitle=Trumping+Democracy%3A+From+Reagan+to+the+Alt-right&rft.place=London&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315438412-9&rft.isbn=9781315438412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781315438412-9%2Fdrifting-right-going-wrong-1-chip-berlet-jean-hardisty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon1981" class="citation journal cs1">Gannon, Thomas M. (July–September 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0335-5985_1981_num_52_1_2226">"The New Christian Right in America as a Social and Political Force"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archives_de_sciences_sociales_des_religions" title="Archives de sciences sociales des religions">Archives de sciences sociales des religions</a>. 26 (52–1). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: <a href="/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences" title="School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences">Éditions de l'EHESS</a>: 69–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fassr.1981.2226">10.3406/assr.1981.2226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0335-5985">0335-5985</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30125411">30125411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+de+sciences+sociales+des+religions&rft.atitle=The+New+Christian+Right+in+America+as+a+Social+and+Political+Force&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1981-07%2F1981-09&rft.issn=0335-5985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30125411%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fassr.1981.2226&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fassr_0335-5985_1981_num_52_1_2226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Barka2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ben Barka, Mokhtar (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ferea.2753">"The New Christian Right's relations with Israel and with the American Jews: the mid-1970s onward"</a>. E-Rea. 10 (1). <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>: <a href="/wiki/Centre_pour_l%27%C3%89dition_%C3%89lectronique_Ouverte" title="Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte">Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">Aix-Marseille University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ferea.2753">10.4000/erea.2753</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1638-1718">1638-1718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191364375">191364375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Rea&rft.atitle=The+New+Christian+Right%27s+relations+with+Israel+and+with+the+American+Jews%3A+the+mid-1970s+onward&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191364375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1638-1718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Ferea.2753&rft.aulast=Ben+Barka&rft.aufirst=Mokhtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Ferea.2753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerWinner2005" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Randall; Winner, Lauren F. (2005) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMVH6upbI9QC&pg=PA149">"Protestants and Homosexuality"</a>. Protestantism in America. Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 149–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231111317" title="Special:BookSources/9780231111317"><bdi>9780231111317</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002023859">2002023859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protestants+and+Homosexuality&rft.btitle=Protestantism+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Columbia+Contemporary+American+Religion+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002023859&rft.isbn=9780231111317&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft.au=Winner%2C+Lauren+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMVH6upbI9QC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230556/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Cright.htm">"Content Pages of the Encyclopedia of Religion and Social Science"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Cright.htm">the original</a> on March 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Content+Pages+of+the+Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Social+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhirr.hartsem.edu%2Fency%2FCright.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrollinger2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Trollinger, William (October 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/fundamentalism-turns-100-a-landmark-for-the-christian-right-123651">"Fundamentalism turns 100, a landmark for the Christian Right"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2201-5639">2201-5639</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507013412/https://theconversation.com/fundamentalism-turns-100-a-landmark-for-the-christian-right-123651">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022. <q>The emergent Christian Right attached itself to the Republican Party, which was more aligned with its members' central commitments than the Democrats ... By the time Falwell died, in 2007, the Christian Right had become the most important constituency in the Republican Party. It played a crucial role in electing Donald Trump in 2016.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Fundamentalism+turns+100%2C+a+landmark+for+the+Christian+Right&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft.issn=2201-5639&rft.aulast=Trollinger&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ffundamentalism-turns-100-a-landmark-for-the-christian-right-123651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson-DeVeaux2022" class="citation news cs1">Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia (October 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-much-power-do-christians-really-have/">"How Much Power Do Christians Really Have?"</a>. FiveThirtyEight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240410175350/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-much-power-do-christians-really-have/">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. <q>In the 1980s and 1990s, as white Christian conservatives forged an alliance with the Republican Party, Christianity itself started to become a partisan symbol. Identifying as a Christian was no longer just about theology, community or family history — to many Americans, the label became uncomfortably tangled with the Christian Right's political agenda, which was itself becoming increasingly hard to separate from the GOP's political agenda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FiveThirtyEight&rft.atitle=How+Much+Power+Do+Christians+Really+Have%3F&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft.aulast=Thomson-DeVeaux&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fhow-much-power-do-christians-really-have%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilbur-2012-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilbur-2012_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilbur-2012_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbur2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilbur, Miller (2012). "Libertarianism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC">The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America</a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Oaks,_California" title="Thousand Oaks, California">Thousand Oaks, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sage_Publishing" title="Sage Publishing">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 1006–1007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8876-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8876-6"><bdi>978-1-4129-8876-6</bdi></a>. <q>While right-libertarianism has been equated with libertarianism in general in the United States, left-libertarianism has become a more predominant aspect of politics in western European democracies over the past three decades. ... Since the 1950s, libertarianism in the United States has been associated almost exclusively with right-libertarianism ... As such, right-libertarianism in the United States remains a fruitful discourse with which to articulate conservative claims, even as it lacks political efficacy as a separate ideology. However, even without its own movement, libertarian sensibility informs numerous social movements in the United States, including the U.S. patriot movement, the gun-rights movement, and the incipient Tea Party movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.btitle=The+Social+History+of+Crime+and+Punishment+in+America&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1006-%3C%2Fspan%3E1007&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-8876-6&rft.aulast=Wilbur&rft.aufirst=Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtYME6Z35nyAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Republican_feud_over_'root_canal'_spending_cuts_raises_US_government_shutdown_risk-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Republican_feud_over_'root_canal'_spending_cuts_raises_US_government_shutdown_risk_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2023" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, David (August 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/republican-feud-over-root-canal-spending-cuts-raises-us-govt-shutdown-risk-2023-08-21/">"Republican feud over 'root canal' spending cuts raises US government shutdown risk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001153610/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/republican-feud-over-root-canal-spending-cuts-raises-us-govt-shutdown-risk-2023-08-21/">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Republican+feud+over+%27root+canal%27+spending+cuts+raises+US+government+shutdown+risk&rft.date=2023-08-21&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Frepublican-feud-over-root-canal-spending-cuts-raises-us-govt-shutdown-risk-2023-08-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Sources for center-right: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGidronZilbatt2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gidron, Norm; Zilbatt, Daniel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/gidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf">"Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Political_Science" title="Annual Review of Political Science">Annual Review of Political Science</a>. 22: 18–19, 27–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-090717-092750">10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2939">1094-2939</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123203039/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/gidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Center-Right+Political+Parties+in+Advanced+Democracies&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-090717-092750&rft.issn=1094-2939&rft.aulast=Gidron&rft.aufirst=Norm&rft.au=Zilbatt%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fdziblatt%2Ffiles%2Fgidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKecklerRozell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Keckler, Charles; Rozell, Mark J. (April 3, 2015). "The Libertarian Right and the Religious Right". <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_Political_Science" title="Perspectives on Political Science">Perspectives on Political Science</a>. 44 (2): 92–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10457097.2015.1011476">10.1080/10457097.2015.1011476</a>. <q>To better understand the structure of cooperation and competition between these groups, we construct an anatomy of the American center-right, which identifies them as incipient factions within the conservative movement and its political instrument, the Republican Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Libertarian+Right+and+the+Religious+Right&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10457097.2015.1011476&rft.aulast=Keckler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Rozell%2C+Mark+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS">obsolete source</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterKeithVasilopoulouSindre2023" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Neil; Keith, Daniel; Vasilopoulou, Sofia; Sindre, Gyda M. (March 8, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/96741/1/Chapter%2011_Far%20right.pdf">The Routledge Handbook of Political Parties</a> (PDF). p. 140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429263859">10.4324/9780429263859</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-26385-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-26385-9"><bdi>978-0-429-26385-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241203212803/https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/96741/1/Chapter%2011_Far%20right.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2024. Retrieved November 19, 2024. <q>By comparison, the U.S. Republican Party (Gould 2014) is something of an outlier. This is principally a product of the uniqueness of the U.S. party system. Indeed, major shifts in the party's ideological focus can only in part be explained by its longevity (founded in 1854). Unlike its Liberal/Conservative counterparts in the Anglosphere and Europe, the Republican party machine is considerably weaker than any of its counterparts and the frequency of elections has profoundly shaped the way political elites relate to their party and develop policy ideas. Historically, the electoral system has buttressed a true two-party system, which meant building broad coalitions. Today that instinct is countermanded by growing electoral boundary manipu- lation which sees the party aim to disenfranchise ideological opponents, while narrowcasting to its own ideological base. These features are either unique or extreme by comparison to other centre-right parties discussed here. Given this, it is not surprising that where comparisons between parties have occurred, they have focused on ideological dimensions, policy ideas and the exchange of campaign techniques (see Wineinger and Nugent 2020). A primary driver of comparisons between the USA and other Anglosphere centre-right parties appears to be cultural and language affinities, and if anything, this highlights the relative lack of comparison between centre-right parties in the Anglosphere (such as Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada and Ireland) which share greater institutional similarities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Political+Parties&rft.pages=140&rft.date=2023-03-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429263859&rft.isbn=978-0-429-26385-9&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Keith%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Vasilopoulou%2C+Sofia&rft.au=Sindre%2C+Gyda+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentaur.reading.ac.uk%2F96741%2F1%2FChapter%252011_Far%2520right.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Sources for right-wing: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2020" class="citation cs2">McKay, David (2020), Crewe, Ivor; Sanders, David (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17997-7_7">"Facilitating Donald Trump: Populism, the Republican Party and Media Manipulation"</a>, Authoritarian Populism and Liberal Democracy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 107–121, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-17997-7_7">10.1007/978-3-030-17997-7_7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-17997-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-17997-7"><bdi>978-3-030-17997-7</bdi></a>, retrieved June 13, 2024, <q>the Republicans changed from being a right of centre coalition of moderates and conservatives to an unambiguously right-wing party that was hostile not only to liberal views but also to any perspective that clashed with the core views of an ideologically cohesive conservative cadre of party faithfuls</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Authoritarian+Populism+and+Liberal+Democracy&rft.atitle=Facilitating+Donald+Trump%3A+Populism%2C+the+Republican+Party+and+Media+Manipulation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-17997-7_7&rft.isbn=978-3-030-17997-7&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-17997-7_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2021" class="citation web cs1">Greenberg, David (January 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/trumpism-intellectual-history-populism-paleoconservatives-214518/">"An Intellectual History of Trumpism"</a>. Politico Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411023158/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/trumpism-intellectual-history-populism-paleoconservatives-214518/">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2024. Retrieved June 13, 2024. <q>The larger ideology that the president-elect represents is a post-Iraq War, post-crash, post-Barack Obama update of what used to be called paleoconservatism: On race and immigration, where the alt-right affinities are most pronounced, its populist ideas are carrying an already right-wing party even further right.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico+Magazine&rft.atitle=An+Intellectual+History+of+Trumpism&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2016%2F12%2Ftrumpism-intellectual-history-populism-paleoconservatives-214518%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWineingerNugent2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wineinger, Catherine; Nugent, Mary K. (January 2, 2020). "Framing Identity Politics: Right-Wing Women as Strategic Party Actors in the UK and US". Journal of Women, Politics & Policy. 41 (1): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1554477X.2020.1698214">10.1080/1554477X.2020.1698214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1554-477X">1554-477X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women%2C+Politics+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Framing+Identity+Politics%3A+Right-Wing+Women+as+Strategic+Party+Actors+in+the+UK+and+US&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1554477X.2020.1698214&rft.issn=1554-477X&rft.aulast=Wineinger&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Nugent%2C+Mary+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessoulaNatiliPavolini2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jessoula, Matteo; Natili, Marcello; Pavolini, Emmanuele (August 8, 2022). 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Contemporary Politics. 28 (4): 447–449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569775.2021.2011644">10.1080/13569775.2021.2011644</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-9775">1356-9775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Politics&rft.atitle=%27Exclusionary+welfarism%27%3A+a+new+programmatic+agenda+for+populist+right-wing+parties%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E447-%3C%2Fspan%3E449&rft.date=2022-08-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569775.2021.2011644&rft.issn=1356-9775&rft.aulast=Jessoula&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft.au=Natili%2C+Marcello&rft.au=Pavolini%2C+Emmanuele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150716031006/http://idu.org/member-parties/">"Members"</a>. IDU. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idu.org/member-parties/">the original</a> on July 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members&rft.pub=IDU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidu.org%2Fmember-parties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617014146/http://www.idu.org/regional_list.aspx?id=1">"Regional Unions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idu.org/regional_list.aspx?id=1">the original</a> on June 17, 2010. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240523144800/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/01/us/politics/trump-republicans-policy.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trumpism+Grips+a+Post-Policy+G.O.P.+as+Traditional+Conservatism+Fades&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F03%2F01%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-republicans-policy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-i2772-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-i2772_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-i2772_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeoples2021" class="citation web cs1">Peoples, Steve (February 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/trump-remains-dominant-force-in-gop-following-acquittal-54a562159db21bd2c806c0c3c366be62">"Trump remains dominant force in GOP following acquittal"</a>. AP News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612135007/https://apnews.com/trump-remains-dominant-force-in-gop-following-acquittal-54a562159db21bd2c806c0c3c366be62">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Trump+remains+dominant+force+in+GOP+following+acquittal&rft.date=2021-02-14&rft.aulast=Peoples&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Ftrump-remains-dominant-force-in-gop-following-acquittal-54a562159db21bd2c806c0c3c366be62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownstein2017" class="citation web cs1">Brownstein, Ronald (November 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prospect.org/api/content/e2d2b2ef-bba8-58e7-a60a-61ceaca31c7f/">"Where the Republican Party Began"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229073039/https://prospect.org/power/republican-party-began/">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.atitle=Where+the+Republican+Party+Began&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft.aulast=Brownstein&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprospect.org%2Fapi%2Fcontent%2Fe2d2b2ef-bba8-58e7-a60a-61ceaca31c7f%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devine-2014-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devine-2014_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devine-2014_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevine2014" class="citation web cs1">Devine, Donald (April 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theamericanconservative.com/reagans-philosophical-fusionism/">"Reagan's Philosophical Fusionism"</a>. The American Conservative. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404162912/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/reagans-philosophical-fusionism/">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Conservative&rft.atitle=Reagan%27s+Philosophical+Fusionism&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericanconservative.com%2Freagans-philosophical-fusionism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCarthy_2009-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy_2009_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy_2009_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2023" class="citation news cs1">Kane, Paul (October 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/10/05/mccarthy-trump-speaker-removed-tea-party/">"McCarthy thought he could harness forces of disruption. Instead they devoured him"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240811014139/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/10/05/mccarthy-trump-speaker-removed-tea-party/">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2024. <q>As far back as 2009, the future House speaker tried to channel the anti-politician, tea party wave building into a political force, but the movement crushed him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=McCarthy+thought+he+could+harness+forces+of+disruption.+Instead+they+devoured+him.&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F10%2F05%2Fmccarthy-trump-speaker-removed-tea-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pence-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pence_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pence_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4535253-pence-says-he-wont-endorse-trump-in-2024-race/">"Pence says he won't endorse Trump in 2024 race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. March 15, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240315202654/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4535253-pence-says-he-wont-endorse-trump-in-2024-race/">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024. <q>'In each of these cases Donald Trump is pursuing and articulating an agenda that is at odds with the conservative agenda that we governed on during our four years,' Pence said. 'And that's why I cannot in good conscience endorse Donald Trump in this campaign.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Pence+says+he+won%27t+endorse+Trump+in+2024+race&rft.date=2024-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fcampaign%2F4535253-pence-says-he-wont-endorse-trump-in-2024-race%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Not_Coming_to_Milwaukee-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Coming_to_Milwaukee_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Coming_to_Milwaukee_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagourney2024" class="citation web cs1">Nagourney, Adam (July 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/16/us/politics/rnc-bush-quayle-pence-cheney-romney.html">"Guess Who's Not Coming to Milwaukee? Bush, Quayle, Pence, Cheney or Romney"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916130252/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/16/us/politics/rnc-bush-quayle-pence-cheney-romney.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Guess+Who%27s+Not+Coming+to+Milwaukee%3F+Bush%2C+Quayle%2C+Pence%2C+Cheney+or+Romney&rft.date=2024-07-16&rft.aulast=Nagourney&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F07%2F16%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Frnc-bush-quayle-pence-cheney-romney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price_of_Power-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price_of_Power_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_of_Power_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_of_Power_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_of_Power_27-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTackett2024" class="citation book cs1">Tackett, Michael (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Price_of_Power/VF0CEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">The Price of Power: How Mitch McConnell Mastered the Senate, Changed America, and Lost His Party</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6680-0584-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6680-0584-2"><bdi>978-1-6680-0584-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Trump years brought with them the rise of an almost unrecognizable Republican party, suffused with a reactive populism that even McConnell himself would struggle to control.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Power%3A+How+Mitch+McConnell+Mastered+the+Senate%2C+Changed+America%2C+and+Lost+His+Party&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-6680-0584-2&rft.aulast=Tackett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Price_of_Power%2FVF0CEQAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punchbowl_Old_GOP-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Punchbowl_Old_GOP_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punchbowl_Old_GOP_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punchbowl_Old_GOP_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punchbowl_Old_GOP_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesiderioShermanBresnahan2024" class="citation news cs1">Desiderio, Andrew; Sherman, Jake; Bresnahan, John (February 7, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punchbowl.news/article/the-end-of-the-old-republican-party-senate-conference/">"The end of the Old GOP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Punchbowl_News" title="Punchbowl News">Punchbowl News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207114758/https://punchbowl.news/article/the-end-of-the-old-republican-party-senate-conference/">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <q>The structures and standards that have come to define the GOP have been breaking down since the Tea Party movement began in 2009. They were further eroded when Trump won the White House in 2016. But in recent months, the last holdout of the old Republican Party — the Senate GOP Conference — has all but abandoned many of its generational positions on foreign policy and governance. ... McConnell, perhaps the embodiment of the Republican Party for the last 40 years, is increasingly looking like an anachronism — and not just on policy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Punchbowl+News&rft.atitle=The+end+of+the+Old+GOP&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.aulast=Desiderio&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Jake&rft.au=Bresnahan%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchbowl.news%2Farticle%2Fthe-end-of-the-old-republican-party-senate-conference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Factionalism-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Factionalism_29-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-McCarthy_2009-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pence-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_Coming_to_Milwaukee-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Price_of_Power-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punchbowl_Old_GOP-28">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RWP-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RWP_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RWP_30-1">b</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinberg2017" class="citation journal cs1">Winberg, Oscar (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/12132">"Insult Politics: Donald Trump, Right-Wing Populism, and Incendiary Language"</a>. European Journal of American Studies. 12 (2): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejas.12132">10.4000/ejas.12132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1991-9336">1991-9336</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241231182356/https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/12132">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2025. pp. 5–6: <q>With the presidency of George W. Bush, coinciding with the ascendance of the conservative media establishment and ending with the mass protests of the Tea Party, the long tradition of right-wing populism was a firmly institutionalized part of the conservative movement and, by extension, the Republican Party. Trump's rise should be understood as part of the long tradition of right-wing populism and the ultimate triumph of the Tea Party movement; a right-wing populist eruption within the Republican Party fueled by both a conservative media establishment and anti-intellectual and, at times, overtly racial appeals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Insult+Politics%3A+Donald+Trump%2C+Right-Wing+Populism%2C+and+Incendiary+Language&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fejas.12132&rft.issn=1991-9336&rft.aulast=Winberg&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fejas%2F12132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiorino2022" class="citation journal cs1">Fiorino, Daniel J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644016.2021.2018854">"Climate change and right-wing populism in the United States"</a>. Environmental Politics. 31 (5): 801–819. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09644016.2021.2018854">10.1080/09644016.2021.2018854</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0964-4016">0964-4016</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612140013/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644016.2021.2018854">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2025. <q>In recent years, the Republican Party in the United States has taken on the characteristics of right-wing populism, especially under President Donald Trump. Like most right-wing populist parties, the party under Trump is hostile to climate mitigation. This is reflected in skepticism or rejection of climate science, opposition to multilateral institutions and agreements, aggressive domestic exploitation of fossil fuels, and depiction of climate advocates and experts as 'elites' set on undermining the will of 'the people'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Politics&rft.atitle=Climate+change+and+right-wing+populism+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E801-%3C%2Fspan%3E819&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09644016.2021.2018854&rft.issn=0964-4016&rft.aulast=Fiorino&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09644016.2021.2018854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArhinStockemerNormandin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Arhin, Kofi; Stockemer, Daniel; Normandin, Marie-Soleil (May 29, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00438200231176818">"THE REPUBLICAN TRUMP VOTER: A Populist Radical Right Voter Like Any Other?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Affairs" title="World Affairs">World Affairs</a>. 186 (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00438200231176818">10.1177/00438200231176818</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-1582">1940-1582</a>. <q>In this article, we first illustrate that the Republican Party, or at least the dominant wing, which supports or tolerates Donald Trump and his Make America Great Again (MAGA) agenda have become a proto-typical populist radical right-wing party (PRRP).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Affairs&rft.atitle=THE+REPUBLICAN+TRUMP+VOTER%3A+A+Populist+Radical+Right+Voter+Like+Any+Other%3F&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2023-05-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00438200231176818&rft.issn=1940-1582&rft.aulast=Arhin&rft.aufirst=Kofi&rft.au=Stockemer%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Normandin%2C+Marie-Soleil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F00438200231176818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaofi2024" class="citation web cs1">Raofi, Wahab (April 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ocregister.com/2024/04/28/the-republican-party-needs-to-save-itself-from-the-populist-trump-cult/">"The Republican Party needs to save itself from the populist Trump cult"</a>. Orange County Register. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250205014247/https://www.ocregister.com/2024/04/28/the-republican-party-needs-to-save-itself-from-the-populist-trump-cult/">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2025. Retrieved January 28, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orange+County+Register&rft.atitle=The+Republican+Party+needs+to+save+itself+from+the+populist+Trump+cult&rft.date=2024-04-28&rft.aulast=Raofi&rft.aufirst=Wahab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocregister.com%2F2024%2F04%2F28%2Fthe-republican-party-needs-to-save-itself-from-the-populist-trump-cult%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackerPierson2020" class="citation news cs1">Hacker, Jacob S.; Pierson, Paul (July 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/07/republican-party-uses-populist-politics-advance-plutocratic-policy/">"The origins of the Republican Party's plutocratic populism"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130213622/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/07/republican-party-uses-populist-politics-advance-plutocratic-policy/">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+the+Republican+Party%27s+plutocratic+populism&rft.date=2020-07-07&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Jacob+S.&rft.au=Pierson%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2020%2F07%2F07%2Frepublican-party-uses-populist-politics-advance-plutocratic-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2023" class="citation news cs1">Bolton, Alexander (July 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4098609-gop-senators-rattled-by-radical-conservative-populism/">"GOP senators rattled by radical conservative populism"</a>. The Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241214211103/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4098609-gop-senators-rattled-by-radical-conservative-populism/">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=GOP+senators+rattled+by+radical+conservative+populism&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fsenate%2F4098609-gop-senators-rattled-by-radical-conservative-populism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangeOliphant2024" class="citation news cs1">Lange, Jason; Oliphant, James (March 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-republicans-have-taken-sharp-populist-turn-trump-era-reutersipsos-data-shows-2024-03-21/">"Republicans have taken sharp populist turn in the Trump era: Reuters/Ipsos"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628151808/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-republicans-have-taken-sharp-populist-turn-trump-era-reutersipsos-data-shows-2024-03-21/">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Republicans+have+taken+sharp+populist+turn+in+the+Trump+era%3A+Reuters%2FIpsos&rft.date=2024-03-21&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Oliphant%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Fus-republicans-have-taken-sharp-populist-turn-trump-era-reutersipsos-data-shows-2024-03-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDueck2019" class="citation web cs1">Dueck, Colin (November 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/op-eds/understanding-conservative-populism/">"Understanding Conservative Populism"</a>. American Enterprise Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618123201/https://www.aei.org/op-eds/understanding-conservative-populism/">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Enterprise+Institute&rft.atitle=Understanding+Conservative+Populism&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.aulast=Dueck&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fop-eds%2Funderstanding-conservative-populism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliffe2023" class="citation web cs1">Cliffe, Jeremy (February 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2023/02/strange-death-centre-right-moderate-conservatism">"The strange death of the centre right"</a>. The New Statesman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250211103019/https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2023/02/strange-death-centre-right-moderate-conservatism">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2025. Retrieved February 5, 2025. <q>In Western democracies conventional conservatism is foundering. How did this once-dominant political force become so diminished?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+strange+death+of+the+centre+right&rft.date=2023-02-15&rft.aulast=Cliffe&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Finternational-politics%2F2023%2F02%2Fstrange-death-centre-right-moderate-conservatism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTackett2024" class="citation book cs1">Tackett, Michael (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Price_of_Power/VF0CEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">The Price of Power: How Mitch McConnell Mastered the Senate, Changed America, and Lost His Party</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6680-0584-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6680-0584-2"><bdi>978-1-6680-0584-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Trump years brought with them the rise of an almost unrecognizable Republican party, suffused with a reactive populism that even McConnell himself would struggle to control.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Power%3A+How+Mitch+McConnell+Mastered+the+Senate%2C+Changed+America%2C+and+Lost+His+Party&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-6680-0584-2&rft.aulast=Tackett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Price_of_Power%2FVF0CEQAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trump_era-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trump_era_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trump_era_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakichMarriner2025" class="citation web cs1">Rakich, Nathaniel; Marriner, Katie (February 10, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/538/gop-trumps-party-now/story?id=118574467">"The GOP is Trump's party now"</a>. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved February 10, 2025. <q>Most Republicans in Congress were elected in the Trump era.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FiveThirtyEight&rft.atitle=The+GOP+is+Trump%27s+party+now&rft.date=2025-02-10&rft.aulast=Rakich&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft.au=Marriner%2C+Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2F538%2Fgop-trumps-party-now%2Fstory%3Fid%3D118574467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polarization_by_education-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polarization_by_education_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polarization_by_education_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polarization_by_education_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polarization_by_education_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polarization_by_education_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polarization_by_education_32-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/united-states/2024/10/13/polarisation-by-education-is-remaking-american-politics">"Polarisation by education is remaking American politics"</a>. The Economist. October 13, 2024. <q>From 1952 to 2000, a majority of white voters with college degrees self-identified as Republicans. Starting with the 2012 election, this affiliation began to weaken. It loosened even more once [Donald] Trump became the Republican standard-bearer in 2016. By 2020, the college-educated called themselves Democrats by a 2:1 margin. And there were many more of them; their share of the electorate rose from 8% in 1952 to 40% in 2020. Had the party held on to the rest of its support, this would have ensured an enduring majority. Yet at the same time, Democrats lost support among whites without college degrees. They now favour Republicans by their own margin of 2:1.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Polarisation+by+education+is+remaking+American+politics&rft.date=2024-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Funited-states%2F2024%2F10%2F13%2Fpolarisation-by-education-is-remaking-american-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge.org-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge.org_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge.org_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge.org_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge.org_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge.org_33-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmannHopkins" class="citation web cs1">Grossmann, Matt; Hopkins, David A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/american-government-politics-and-policy/polarized-degrees-how-diploma-divide-and-culture-war-transformed-american-politics#contentsTabAnchor">"Polarized by Degrees: How the Diploma Divide and the Culture War Transformed American Politics"</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227220952/https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/american-government-politics-and-policy/polarized-degrees-how-diploma-divide-and-culture-war-transformed-american-politics#contentsTabAnchor">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024. <q>Democrats have become the home of highly-educated citizens with progressive social views who prefer credentialed experts to make policy decisions, while Republicans have become the populist champions of white voters without college degrees who increasingly distrust teachers, scientists, journalists, universities, non-profit organizations, and even corporations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.atitle=Polarized+by+Degrees%3A+How+the+Diploma+Divide+and+the+Culture+War+Transformed+American+Politics&rft.aulast=Grossmann&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Funiversitypress%2Fsubjects%2Fpolitics-international-relations%2Famerican-government-politics-and-policy%2Fpolarized-degrees-how-diploma-divide-and-culture-war-transformed-american-politics%23contentsTabAnchor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higher_Education-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Higher_Education_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higher_Education_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenan2023" class="citation news cs1">Brenan, Megan (July 11, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/508352/americans-confidence-higher-education-down-sharply.aspx">"Americans' Confidence in Higher Education Down Sharply"</a>. Gallup. Retrieved July 12, 2023. <q>All Major Subgroups, Led by Republicans, Less Confident in Higher Ed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Americans%27+Confidence+in+Higher+Education+Down+Sharply&rft.date=2023-07-11&rft.aulast=Brenan&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F508352%2Famericans-confidence-higher-education-down-sharply.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Fusionism-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Fusionism_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Fusionism_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Fusionism_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Fusionism_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Fusionism_35-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshbeeWaddan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ashbee, Edward; Waddan, Alex (December 13, 2023). "US Republicans and the New Fusionism". <a href="/wiki/The_Political_Quarterly" title="The Political Quarterly">The Political Quarterly</a>. 95: 148–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-923X.13341">10.1111/1467-923X.13341</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-923X">1467-923X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:266282896">266282896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=US+Republicans+and+the+New+Fusionism&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2023-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A266282896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1467-923X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-923X.13341&rft.aulast=Ashbee&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Waddan%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerstle2022-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerstle2022_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerstle2022_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerstle2022_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstle2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gerstle" title="Gary Gerstle">Gerstle, Gary</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&">The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197519646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197519646"><bdi>978-0197519646</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626220259/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2024. <q>The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Neoliberal+Order%3A+America+and+the+World+in+the+Free+Market+Era&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197519646&rft.aulast=Gerstle&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilded_Age_vision-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilded_Age_vision_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilded_Age_vision_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger2025" class="citation web cs1">Sanger, David E. (February 1, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/01/us/politics/trump-tariffs-goal.html">"To Trump, Tariffs Are Not a Means but an End"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250202082024/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/01/us/politics/trump-tariffs-goal.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2025. Retrieved February 1, 2025. <q>Many presidents use tariffs to force negotiations. But for President Trump, they are the point, a source of revenue as he pursues a Gilded Age vision.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+Trump%2C+Tariffs+Are+Not+a+Means+but+an+End&rft.date=2025-02-01&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2025%2F02%2F01%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-tariffs-goal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2024_Platform-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2024_Platform_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2024_Platform_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2024_Platform_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabermanGoldmacherSwan2024" class="citation news cs1">Haberman, Maggie; Goldmacher, Shane; Swan, Jonathan (July 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/08/us/politics/trump-abortion-gop.html">"Trump Presses G.O.P. for New Platform That Softens Stance on Abortion"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061601/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/08/us/politics/trump-abortion-gop.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 9, 2024. <q>The platform is even more nationalistic, more protectionist and less socially conservative than the 2016 Republican platform that was duplicated in the 2020 election.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Presses+G.O.P.+for+New+Platform+That+Softens+Stance+on+Abortion&rft.date=2024-07-08&rft.aulast=Haberman&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft.au=Goldmacher%2C+Shane&rft.au=Swan%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F07%2F08%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-abortion-gop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Kansas_Nebraska_Act.htm">"U.S. Senate: The Kansas-Nebraska Act"</a>. www.senate.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329002617/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Kansas_Nebraska_Act.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2019. 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New York: Times Books. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805069532" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805069532"><bdi>978-0805069532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+McKinley&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0805069532&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliammckinley00phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Walter Dean Burnham, "Periodization schemes and 'party systems': the 'system of 1896' as a case in point." 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Mayer, The Republican Party, 1854–1964 (1965) pp. 328–427, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanparty100maye">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> David E. Kyvig, Repealing National Prohibition (2000) pp. 63–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Garland S. Tucker, III, The high tide of American conservatism: Davis, Coolidge, and the 1924 election (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hightideofameric00garl/mode/1up">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Robert K. Murray, The politics of normalcy: governmental theory and practice in the Harding-Coolidge era (1973) <a href="//archive.org/details/politicsofnormal00robe/page/n5/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:politicsofnormal00robe/page/n5/mode/1up">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Lewis Gould, Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans (2003) pp. 271–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowen-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowen_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowen_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uncpress.org/book/9781469618968/the-roots-of-modern-conservatism">"The Roots of Modern Conservatism | Michael Bowen"</a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522220118/https://www.uncpress.org/book/9781469618968/the-roots-of-modern-conservatism/">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2017. 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Reinhard, The Republican Right since 1945, (University Press of Kentucky, 1983). </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard2007" class="citation book cs1">Rothbard, Murray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises-media.s3.amazonaws.com/The%20Betrayal%20of%20the%20American%20Right_2.pdf">The Betrayal of the American Right</a> (PDF). Mises Institute. p. 85. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222013938/https://mises-media.s3.amazonaws.com/The%20Betrayal%20of%20the%20American%20Right_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 22, 2021. 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Will: Recalling Rockefeller"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027101235/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/george-will-recalling-rockefeller/2014/11/21/1a615a04-711a-11e4-8808-afaa1e3a33ef_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=George+F.+Will%3A+Recalling+Rockefeller&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft.aulast=F.+Will&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fgeorge-will-recalling-rockefeller%2F2014%2F11%2F21%2F1a615a04-711a-11e4-8808-afaa1e3a33ef_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2014" class="citation news cs1">Hayward, Steven F. (October 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-ronald-reagans-a-time-for-choosing-endures-after-all-this-time/2014/10/23/d833c49e-587a-11e4-bd61-346aee66ba29_story.html">"Why Ronald Reagan's 'A Time for Choosing' endures after all this time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220023515/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-ronald-reagans-a-time-for-choosing-endures-after-all-this-time/2014/10/23/d833c49e-587a-11e4-bd61-346aee66ba29_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2020. 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Retrieved November 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wbur.org&rft.atitle=Looking+back+at+the+breakup+of+the+Soviet+Union+30+years+ago&rft.date=2021-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fhereandnow%2F2021%2F12%2F24%2Fussr-breakup-gorbachev-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltynova2021" class="citation web cs1">Foltynova, Kristyna (October 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/soviet-union-collapse-timeline/31487661.html">"The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened"</a>. rferl.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413175407/https://www.rferl.org/a/soviet-union-collapse-timeline/31487661.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2022. 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In Sajó, András; Uitz, Renáta; Holmes, Stephen (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Illiberalism (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 486–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780367260569">10.4324/9780367260569</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000479454" title="Special:BookSources/9781000479454"><bdi>9781000479454</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 11, 2024. p. 497: <q>However, during the 1980s the rise of powerful and entrepreneurial politicians such as Newt Gingrich within the Republican Party, who promised to strengthen the party, were instrumental in the radicalization of this party's strategies in the US. These strategies helped the party win control of the House in 1994 after being in the minority in 58 of the prior 62 years (Mettler and Lieberman 2020), but also contributed to the growing polarization of US politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+Parties%2C+Elections%2C+and+Pernicious+Polarization+in+the+Rise+of+Illiberalism&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Illiberalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E486-%3C%2Fspan%3E499&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780367260569&rft.isbn=9781000479454&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&rft.au=Somer%2C+Murat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780367260569%2Froutledge-handbook-illiberalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovett2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lovett, Adam (November 7, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1470594X221133445">"The ethics of asymmetric politics"</a>. Politics, Philosophy & Economics. 22 (1): 3–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1470594X221133445">10.1177/1470594X221133445</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-594X">1470-594X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241111020638/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1470594X221133445">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2024. Retrieved November 11, 2024. <q>In the 1990s, the Republican Party went off the deep end. At a first and very rough approximation, we can pin the blame on Newt Gingrich. Gingrich had been elected to the House of Representatives in 1978. The problem with the Republican Party at the time, he said, was 'that we don't encourage you to be nasty'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics%2C+Philosophy+%26+Economics&rft.atitle=The+ethics+of+asymmetric+politics&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1470594X221133445&rft.issn=1470-594X&rft.aulast=Lovett&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1177%2F1470594X221133445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishkin_2018-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Fishkin_2018_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishkinPozen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fishkin, Joseph; Pozen, David E. (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26397699">"Asymmetric Constitutional Hardball"</a>. Columbia Law Review. 118 (3): 915–982. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-1958">0010-1958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26397699">26397699</a>. Retrieved November 10, 2024. <q>The Republican Party has moved significantly further to the right than the Democratic Party has moved to the left.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Asymmetric+Constitutional+Hardball&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E915-%3C%2Fspan%3E982&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26397699%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0010-1958&rft.aulast=Fishkin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Pozen%2C+David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26397699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitzRogowskiJr2024" class="citation journal cs1">Moskowitz, Daniel J.; Rogowski, Jon C.; Jr, James M. 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The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223133217/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/24/portland-trump-order-federal-officers-veterans-protests">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2021. 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Retrieved February 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=House+Impeaches+Trump+A+2nd+Time%2C+Citing+Insurrection+At+U.S.+Capitol&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Ftrump-impeachment-effort-live-updates%2F2021%2F01%2F13%2F956449072%2Fhouse-impeaches-trump-a-2nd-time-citing-insurrection-at-u-s-capitol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFandos2021" class="citation web cs1">Fandos, Nicholas (January 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/trump-impeached.html">"Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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AP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521145524/https://apnews.com/article/congress-election-lies-2024-certification-president-460cde281d48e62e09e24c7573d6a9ff">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2024. 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Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111222807/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2022/election-deniers-midterms/">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2024. 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Retrieved January 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=GOP+lawmakers+seek+tougher+voting+rules+after+record+turnout&rft.date=2021-01-31&rft.aulast=Izaguirre&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Coronado%2C+Acacia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbills-voting-rights-elections-coronavirus-pandemic-voter-registration-0e94844d72d2a2bf8b51b1c950bd64fc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaskill2021" class="citation web cs1">McCaskill, Nolan D. (March 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/03/15/voting-restrictions-states-475732">"After Trump's loss and false fraud claims, GOP eyes voter restrictions across nation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210315142648/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/03/15/voting-restrictions-states-475732">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=After+Trump%27s+loss+and+false+fraud+claims%2C+GOP+eyes+voter+restrictions+across+nation&rft.date=2021-03-15&rft.aulast=McCaskill&rft.aufirst=Nolan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F03%2F15%2Fvoting-restrictions-states-475732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illiberalism-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Illiberalism_179-0">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/10/31/the-republican-party-has-lurched-towards-populism-and-illiberalism">"The Republican Party has lurched towards populism and illiberalism"</a>. The Economist. October 31, 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602072716/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/10/31/the-republican-party-has-lurched-towards-populism-and-illiberalism">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024. <q>In the late 20th century the Republican Party already looked a bit less liberal and more populist than most mainstream European parties. But according to the V-Dem Institute's analysis, it only really started to deviate to "illiberalism" when it embraced religious values under Mr Bush after his election in 2000. The party then veered into populism in 2010 with the rise of the Tea Party movement, which vowed to curb what it saw as the unjustifiable expansion of the federal government under Barack Obama. However, the greatest shift, especially towards illiberalism, came with the election of Mr Trump.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Republican+Party+has+lurched+towards+populism+and+illiberalism&rft.date=2020-10-31&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fgraphic-detail%2F2020%2F10%2F31%2Fthe-republican-party-has-lurched-towards-populism-and-illiberalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncarnación2023" class="citation journal cs1">Encarnación, Omar G. (June 12, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/psq/article-abstract/138/3/407/7194282">"Democratic Backsliding: Comparative Reflections on the American Experience"</a>. Political Science Quarterly. 138 (3): 407–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpsquar%2Fqqad036">10.1093/psquar/qqad036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195">0032-3195</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241112000309/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article-abstract/138/3/407/7194282">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2024. Retrieved November 12, 2024. pp. 410–423: <q>Despite the appearance of being consolidated, the American political system is institutionally vulnerable to backsliding—from an electoral system fraught with so many deficiencies that election experts deem it archaic and undemocratic; to an imperial presidency that sits at the center of federal power and towers over the legislature and the judiciary; to the recent transformation of the Republican Party into an illiberal force more interested in acquiring power than in governing. ... The Republican Party's pivotal role in enabling backsliding in the Trump era mirrors the post-Communist experience. In recent years, the Republican party has fashioned itself after the Fidesz Party in Hungary (Europe's most sobering example of backsliding), from embracing the ideology of Christian Nationalism to using the state to fight culture wars to cynically rejecting the idea of democracy. In connection to the last point, a popular argument among Republican election deniers is that the United States is not a democracy but a republic. As noted by the New York Times, "There is more at stake than the health of the Republican Party when its core activists, as well as a growing number of officials and those campaigning for governmental positions, openly espouse hostility not just to democratic principles, but, increasingly, to the word 'democracy' itself." Indeed, this illiberal behavior puts American democracy in peril.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Democratic+Backsliding%3A+Comparative+Reflections+on+the+American+Experience&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.date=2023-06-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpsquar%2Fqqad036&rft.issn=0032-3195&rft.aulast=Encarnaci%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Omar+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpsq%2Farticle-abstract%2F138%2F3%2F407%2F7194282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMain2022" class="citation book cs1">Main, Thomas J. (January 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mPL2DwAAQBAJ">The Rise of Illiberalism</a>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815738503" title="Special:BookSources/9780815738503"><bdi>9780815738503</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250128234748/https://books.google.com/books?id=mPL2DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2025. Retrieved November 12, 2024. <q>A sharp repudiation at the polls would have checked the vogue for illiberal and identitarian ideologies and driven the Republican party back within the bounds of the liberal democratic political spectrum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Illiberalism&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2022-01-04&rft.isbn=9780815738503&rft.aulast=Main&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPL2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaruelle2022" class="citation journal cs1">Laruelle, Marlene (March 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21599165.2022.2037079">"Illiberalism: a conceptual introduction"</a>. East European Politics. 38 (2): 303–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21599165.2022.2037079">10.1080/21599165.2022.2037079</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-9165">2159-9165</a>. pp. 315–316: <q>Classical conservatives—such as the Christian Democrats in Europe or the Republican Party in the US before Donald Trump—are/were fervent supporters of political rights and constitutionalism, while illiberalism challenges them ... The struggle of the European People's Party to win concessions from Orbán's Fidesz or the Polish PiS, as well as the subjugation of the Republican Party by Donald Trump, have revealed how attractive illiberal leaders may be to the more mainstream right. As Marc Plattner has stated, the future of liberal democracy will largely depend on how successful or unsuccessful the classical conservative right is at resisting illiberalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Politics&rft.atitle=Illiberalism%3A+a+conceptual+introduction&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21599165.2022.2037079&rft.issn=2159-9165&rft.aulast=Laruelle&rft.aufirst=Marlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F21599165.2022.2037079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooleyNexon2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Cooley, Alexander; Nexon, Daniel H. (January–February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2021-12-14/illiberalism-real-crisis-global-order">"The Real Crisis of Global Order: Illiberalism on the Rise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. Vol. 101, no. 1. New York City, New York: <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. Retrieved November 12, 2024. <q>The election of Donald Trump in 2016 sparked a major debate over the nature and fate of the liberal international order, suddenly caught, it seemed, between the Charybdis of illiberal great-power challengers and the Scylla of a hostile U.S. president. Trump may have lost the presidency in 2020, but the liberal order remains under threat. ... In the United States, one of the two major political parties remains beholden to an authoritarian demagogue. Motivated by the "Big Lie" (the objectively false claim that Democrats stole the election from Trump through systematic voter fraud), the Republican Party is purging officials who stood in the way of efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. Republican voter-suppression efforts are accelerating.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Real+Crisis+of+Global+Order%3A+Illiberalism+on+the+Rise&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2022-01%2F2022-02&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Nexon%2C+Daniel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fworld%2F2021-12-14%2Filliberalism-real-crisis-global-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunwoodyGershtensonPlaneUpchurch-Poole2022" class="citation journal cs1">Dunwoody, Phillip T.; Gershtenson, Joseph; Plane, Dennis L.; Upchurch-Poole, Territa (August 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpos.2022.907681">"The fascist authoritarian model of illiberal democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_Media" title="Frontiers Media">Frontiers in Political Science</a>. 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpos.2022.907681">10.3389/fpos.2022.907681</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2673-3145">2673-3145</a>. p. 12: <q>All the components of the fascist authoritarian model of illiberal democracy were evidenced in the recent 2020 U.S. presidential election. … In classic authoritarian fashion, Trump sought to remain in power by asserting his preferred fiction over more objective realities promoted by those in traditional, truth-based professions. Trump engaged in threat othering to work up his base so that they would support the use of force to "save" their country. The result of these combined mechanisms was the support of blatantly illiberal antidemocratic behavior at the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+fascist+authoritarian+model+of+illiberal+democracy&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpos.2022.907681&rft.issn=2673-3145&rft.aulast=Dunwoody&rft.aufirst=Phillip+T.&rft.au=Gershtenson%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Plane%2C+Dennis+L.&rft.au=Upchurch-Poole%2C+Territa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffpos.2022.907681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinBlyth2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hopkin" title="Jonathan Hopkin">Hopkin, Jonathan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Blyth" title="Mark Blyth">Blyth, Mark</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C_3vDwAAQBAJ&q=global+trumpism&pg=PT107">"Global Trumpism: Understanding Anti-System Politics in Western Democracies"</a>. In Vormann, Boris; Weinman, Michael D. (eds.). The Emergence of Illiberalism. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367366247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367366247"><bdi>978-0367366247</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222839/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_3vDwAAQBAJ&q=global+trumpism&pg=PT107">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Global+Trumpism%3A+Understanding+Anti-System+Politics+in+Western+Democracies&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Illiberalism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0367366247&rft.aulast=Hopkin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Blyth%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC_3vDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dglobal%2Btrumpism%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2017" class="citation journal cs1">Norris, Pippa (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Journal-of-Democracy-Web-Exchange-Norris_0.pdf">"Online Exchange on "Democratic Deconsolidation"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Democracy" title="Journal of Democracy">Journal of Democracy</a>. 12. Retrieved November 9, 2024. pp. 14–15–18: <q>The rise of populist authoritarianism in the United States, especially by the risks that President Trump poses to core democratic values, practices and institutions, pose major threats to liberal democracy. ... When the populist style of governance is coupled with authoritarian values, however, this potent combination presents most dangerous risk to the principles and practices at the heart of liberal democracy. Trump falls into this category. ... populist-authoritarian forces threatening to dismantle core values in liberal democracy pose the gravest risk, especially in America, given the vast powers of the U.S. presidency and its hegemonic role in the world. The mainstream news media, the courts, and a reenergized civil society are actively pushing back to resist the threats to democracy arising from the Trump administration. In Congress and State Houses, however, the Democrats are decimated, and the Republican party and conservative activists seem willing to be seduced by dreams of power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Online+Exchange+on+%22Democratic+Deconsolidation&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=14-15-18&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdemocracy.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F12%2FJournal-of-Democracy-Web-Exchange-Norris_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist_10312020-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Economist_10312020_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/10/31/the-republican-party-has-lurched-towards-populism-and-illiberalism">"The Republican Party has lurched towards populism and illiberalism"</a>. The Economist. October 31, 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602072716/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/10/31/the-republican-party-has-lurched-towards-populism-and-illiberalism">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024. <q>In the late 20th century the Republican Party already looked a bit less liberal and more populist than most mainstream European parties. But according to the V-Dem Institute's analysis, it only really started to deviate to "illiberalism" when it embraced religious values under Mr Bush after his election in 2000. The party then veered into populism in 2010 with the rise of the Tea Party movement, which vowed to curb what it saw as the unjustifiable expansion of the federal government under Barack Obama. However, the greatest shift, especially towards illiberalism, came with the election of Mr Trump.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Republican+Party+has+lurched+towards+populism+and+illiberalism&rft.date=2020-10-31&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fgraphic-detail%2F2020%2F10%2F31%2Fthe-republican-party-has-lurched-towards-populism-and-illiberalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLührmannMedzihorskyHindleLindberg2020" class="citation web cs1">Lührmann, Anna; Medzihorsky, Juraj; Hindle, Garry; Lindberg, Staffan I. (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-dem.net/documents/8/vparty_briefing.pdf">"New Global Data on Political Parties: V-Party"</a> (PDF). Briefing Paper #9. V-Dem Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241114171742/https://www.v-dem.net/documents/8/vparty_briefing.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 14, 2024. Retrieved November 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Global+Data+on+Political+Parties%3A+V-Party&rft.series=Briefing+Paper+%239&rft.pub=V-Dem+Institute&rft.date=2020-10&rft.aulast=L%C3%BChrmann&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Medzihorsky%2C+Juraj&rft.au=Hindle%2C+Garry&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+Staffan+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-dem.net%2Fdocuments%2F8%2Fvparty_briefing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/supreme-court-guns-decision-second-amendment-new-york-2022-6">"Supreme Court strikes down century-old New York law, dramatically expanding Second Amendment rights to carry guns outside the home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626001859/https://www.businessinsider.com/supreme-court-guns-decision-second-amendment-new-york-2022-6">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+strikes+down+century-old+New+York+law%2C+dramatically+expanding+Second+Amendment+rights+to+carry+guns+outside+the+home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fsupreme-court-guns-decision-second-amendment-new-york-2022-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-by-supreme-court-ending-federal-abortion-rights.html">"Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, ending 50 years of federal abortion rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. June 24, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624141534/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-by-supreme-court-ending-federal-abortion-rights.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2022. 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Retrieved February 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballots+of+United+States%3A+Indiana&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F~asreynol%2Fballot_pages%2Fus_ballot_pages%2Findiana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2014" class="citation web cs1">Lopez, Tomas (October 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031521/https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/poor-ballot-design-hurts-new-yorks-minor-parties-again">"Poor Ballot Design Hurts New York's Minor Parties ... Again"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice" title="Brennan Center for Justice">Brennan Center for Justice</a>. 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Retrieved October 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Red+vs.+Blue%3A+A+history+of+how+we+use+political+colors&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.aulast=Bump&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2016%2F11%2F08%2Fred-vs-blue-a-brief-history-of-how-we-use-political-colors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrum2004" class="citation web cs1">Drum, Kevin (November 13, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2004/11/13/red-state-blue-state-2/">"Red State, Blue State"</a>. 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Washington Monthly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013032/https://washingtonmonthly.com/2004/11/14/red-states-and-blue-states-explained/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=Red+States+and+Blue+States+...+Explained%21&rft.date=2004-11-14&rft.aulast=Drum&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%2F2004%2F11%2F14%2Fred-states-and-blue-states-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBump" class="citation news cs1">Bump, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/08/red-vs-blue-a-brief-history-of-how-we-use-political-colors/?noredirect=on">"Red vs. Blue: A history of how we use political colors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222013526/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/08/red-vs-blue-a-brief-history-of-how-we-use-political-colors/?noredirect=on">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Red+vs.+Blue%3A+A+history+of+how+we+use+political+colors&rft.aulast=Bump&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2016%2F11%2F08%2Fred-vs-blue-a-brief-history-of-how-we-use-political-colors%2F%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harpweek-209"><a href="#cite_ref-harpweek_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7">"The Third-Term Panic"</a>. Cartoon of the Day. November 7, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921045800/http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cartoon+of+the+Day&rft.atitle=The+Third-Term+Panic&rft.date=2003-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpweek.com%2F09Cartoon%2FBrowseByDateCartoon.asp%3FYear%3D2003%26Month%3DNovember%26Date%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard2015-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Howard2015_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2015" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Victor B. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bIfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860–1870</a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-6144-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-6144-0"><bdi>978-0-8131-6144-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215023724/https://books.google.com/books?id=6bIfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Radical+Republican+Movement%2C+1860%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-6144-0&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Victor+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6bIfBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1st ed.). pp. 236–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction%3A+America%27s+Unfinished+Revolution%2C+1863%E2%80%931877&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fusionism-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Fusionism_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshbeeWaddan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ashbee, Edward; Waddan, Alex (December 13, 2023). "US Republicans and the New Fusionism". <a href="/wiki/The_Political_Quarterly" title="The Political Quarterly">The Political Quarterly</a>. 95: 148–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-923X.13341">10.1111/1467-923X.13341</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-923X">1467-923X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:266282896">266282896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=US+Republicans+and+the+New+Fusionism&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2023-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A266282896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1467-923X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-923X.13341&rft.aulast=Ashbee&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Waddan%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottfriedFleming1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming, Thomas</a> (1988). The Conservative Movement. Boston: Twayne Publishers. pp. 77–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805797238" title="Special:BookSources/0805797238"><bdi>0805797238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Movement&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0805797238&rft.aulast=Gottfried&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Fleming%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward_08-26-22-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_08-26-22_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_08-26-22_214-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2022" class="citation news cs1">Ward, Ian (August 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/08/26/reagan-conservatism-nicole-hemmer-q-and-a-00053858">"Trump Didn't Kill Reaganism. These Guys Did"</a>. Politico. Retrieved February 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Trump+Didn%27t+Kill+Reaganism.+These+Guys+Did.&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2022%2F08%2F26%2Freagan-conservatism-nicole-hemmer-q-and-a-00053858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-political-ideology-today-215"><a href="#cite_ref-political-ideology-today_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32">Political Ideology Today</a> (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719060205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719060205"><bdi>978-0719060205</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120193242/https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023. <q>Ideologically, all US parties are liberal and always have been. Essentially they espouse classical liberalism, that is a form of democratised Whig constitutionalism plus the free market. The point of difference comes with the influence of social liberalism" and the proper role of government... ...the American right has nothing to do with maintaining the traditional social order, as in Europe. What it believes in is... individualism... 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Much of the Republican Party's old establishment — like the Cheneys, the Romneys, Paul Ryan — is now without a home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Re-election+Defines+a+New+Era+of+American+Politics&rft.date=2024-12-25&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F12%2F25%2Fupshot%2Ftrump-era-republicans-democrats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swan_12122024-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Swan_12122024_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanHaberman2024" class="citation news cs1">Swan, Jonathan; Haberman, Maggie (December 12, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/12/us/politics/trump-tv-stock-market.html">"The Stock Market and TV: Trump's Most Durable Guardrails"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250128231646/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/12/us/politics/trump-tv-stock-market.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2025. Retrieved January 20, 2025. <q>Mr. Trump is likely to receive only the meekest resistance from his own party, which will control both the House and Senate and whose members fear Trump-backed primary challengers. 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European Journal of American Studies. 12 (2): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejas.12132">10.4000/ejas.12132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1991-9336">1991-9336</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241231182356/https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/12132">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2025. pp. 5–6: <q>With the presidency of George W. Bush, coinciding with the ascendance of the conservative media establishment and ending with the mass protests of the Tea Party, the long tradition of right-wing populism was a firmly institutionalized part of the conservative movement and, by extension, the Republican Party. Trump's rise should be understood as part of the long tradition of right-wing populism and the ultimate triumph of the Tea Party movement; a right-wing populist eruption within the Republican Party fueled by both a conservative media establishment and anti-intellectual and, at times, overtly racial appeals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Insult+Politics%3A+Donald+Trump%2C+Right-Wing+Populism%2C+and+Incendiary+Language&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fejas.12132&rft.issn=1991-9336&rft.aulast=Winberg&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fejas%2F12132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2021" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Sheri (May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041719-102503">"The Causes of Populism in the West"</a>. Annual Review of Political Science. 24: 71–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041719-102503">10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2939">1094-2939</a>. p. 76: <q>In the United, States scholars consistently find that "racial animus," or attitudes regarding "blacks, immigrants, Muslims" are the best predictors of support for President Trump</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Causes+of+Populism+in+the+West&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2021-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041719-102503&rft.issn=1094-2939&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-041719-102503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falk_2023_t804-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falk_2023_t804_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falk_2023_t804_302-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2023" class="citation web cs1">Falk, Thomas O (November 8, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/why-are-us-republicans-pushing-for-aid-to-israel-but-not-ukraine">"Why are US Republicans pushing for aid to Israel but not Ukraine?"</a>. 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Retrieved February 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stalled+US+aid+for+Ukraine+underscores+GOP%27s+shift+away+from+confronting+Russia&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft.aulast=Riccardi&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lillis-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lillis_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lillis_304-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillis2024" class="citation news cs1">Lillis, Mike (February 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia/">"GOP strained by Trump-influenced shift from Reagan on Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228121816/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024. <q>Experts say a variety of factors have led to the GOP's more lenient approach to Moscow, some of which preceded Trump's arrival on the political scene ... Trump's popularity has only encouraged other Republicans to adopt a soft-gloves approach to Russia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=GOP+strained+by+Trump-influenced+shift+from+Reagan+on+Russia&rft.date=2024-02-28&rft.aulast=Lillis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_305-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2024" class="citation news cs1">Ball, Molly (February 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/how-trump-turned-conservatives-against-helping-ukraine-d9f75b3b">"How Trump Turned Conservatives Against Helping Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. 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Retrieved February 28, 2024. <q>But during his time in office and after, Trump managed to create, from the grassroots up, a Republican constituency for Russia-friendly policy ... Conservatives vying to be the Trumpiest of them all have realized that supporting Russia translates in the Republican mind as a proxy for supporting Trump. Hence the politicians most willing to defend his offenses against democratic norms — Marjorie Taylor Greene, Jim Jordan, Tommy Tuberville, Mike Lee, J. D. Vance — hold the most anti-Ukraine or pro-Russia views. Conversely, the least-Trumpy Republicans, such as Mitch McConnell and Mitt Romney, have the most hawkish views on Russia. The rapid growth of Trump's once-unique pro-Russia stance is a gravitational function of his personality cult.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Russian+Dolls+Trump+has+finally+remade+Republicans+into+Putin%27s+playthings.&rft.date=2024-02-23&rft.aulast=Jonathan&rft.aufirst=Chait&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fintelligencer%2Farticle%2Fdonald-trump-republicans-vladimir-putin-puppets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lange-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lange_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lange_307-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2024" class="citation news cs1">Lange, Jason (January 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-rise-sparks-isolationist-worries-among-us-allies-americans-focus-home-2024-01-17/">"Trump's rise sparks isolationist worries abroad, but voters unfazed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 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(May 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/south-abortion-pro-life-protestants-catholics/629779/">"This Really Is a Different Pro-Life Movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510043840/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/south-abortion-pro-life-protestants-catholics/629779/">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2023. <q>This was not merely a geographic shift, trading one region for another, but a more fundamental transformation of the anti-abortion movement's political ideology. In 1973 many of the most vocal opponents of abortion were northern Democrats who believed in an expanded social-welfare state and who wanted to reduce abortion rates through prenatal insurance and federally funded day care. In 2022, most anti-abortion politicians are conservative Republicans who are skeptical of such measures. What happened was a seismic religious and political shift in opposition to abortion that has not occurred in any other Western country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=This+Really+Is+a+Different+Pro-Life+Movement&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Daniel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2022%2F05%2Fsouth-abortion-pro-life-protestants-catholics%2F629779%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDanielNooruddinShortle2022" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, Eric L.; Nooruddin, Irfan; Shortle, Allyson (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lodoEAAAQBAJ">The Everyday Crusade: Christian Nationalism in American Politics</a>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009029445">10.1017/9781009029445</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316516263" title="Special:BookSources/9781316516263"><bdi>9781316516263</bdi></a>. <q>White Christian Nationalists are today the base of the Republican Party and those who attacked the U.S. Capitol are drawn from their ranks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everyday+Crusade%3A+Christian+Nationalism+in+American+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009029445&rft.isbn=9781316516263&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=Eric+L.&rft.au=Nooruddin%2C+Irfan&rft.au=Shortle%2C+Allyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlodoEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prri.org/press-release/first-of-its-kind-survey-maps-support-for-christian-nationalism-across-all-50-states/">"First of Its Kind Survey Maps Support for Christian Nationalism Across All 50 States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a>. February 7, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616030445/https://www.prri.org/press-release/first-of-its-kind-survey-maps-support-for-christian-nationalism-across-all-50-states/">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024. <q>At the national level, Christian nationalism is strongly linked to Republican Party affiliation, white evangelical Protestant affiliation, and higher church attendance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+of+Its+Kind+Survey+Maps+Support+for+Christian+Nationalism+Across+All+50+States&rft.pub=Public+Religion+Research+Institute&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prri.org%2Fpress-release%2Ffirst-of-its-kind-survey-maps-support-for-christian-nationalism-across-all-50-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteheadPerry2020" class="citation book cs1">Whitehead, Andrew L.; Perry, Samuel L. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDLNDwAAQBAJ">Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States</a>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190057909" title="Special:BookSources/9780190057909"><bdi>9780190057909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+America+Back+for+God%3A+Christian+Nationalism+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780190057909&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft.au=Perry%2C+Samuel+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDLNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prri.org/research/a-christian-nation-understanding-the-threat-of-christian-nationalism-to-american-democracy-and-culture/">"A Christian Nation? Understanding the Threat of Christian Nationalism to American Democracy and Culture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a>. February 8, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240615070952/https://www.prri.org/research/a-christian-nation-understanding-the-threat-of-christian-nationalism-to-american-democracy-and-culture/">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. <q>Partisanship is closely linked to Christian nationalist views. Most Republicans qualify as either Christian nationalism sympathizers (33%) or adherents (21%), while at least three-quarters of both independents (46% skeptics and 29% rejecters) and Democrats (36% skeptics and 47% rejecters) lean toward rejecting Christian nationalism. Republicans (21%) are about four times as likely as Democrats (5%) or independents (6%) to be adherents of Christian nationalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Christian+Nation%3F+Understanding+the+Threat+of+Christian+Nationalism+to+American+Democracy+and+Culture&rft.pub=Public+Religion+Research+Institute&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prri.org%2Fresearch%2Fa-christian-nation-understanding-the-threat-of-christian-nationalism-to-american-democracy-and-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerPerryWhitehead2020" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Joseph O.; Perry, Samuel L.; Whitehead, Andrew L. (August 6, 2020). "Crusading for Moral Authority: Christian Nationalism and Opposition to Science". Sociological Forum. 35 (3): 587–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsocf.12619">10.1111/socf.12619</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1805%2F26816">1805/26816</a>. <q>Christian nationalism has become a powerful predictor of supporting conservative policies and political candidates. This is in large part due to the Republican Party platform becoming synonymous with "restoring" the sacred values, moral superiority, unity, pride, and prosperity of America's mythic past.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Forum&rft.atitle=Crusading+for+Moral+Authority%3A+Christian+Nationalism+and+Opposition+to+Science&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E607&rft.date=2020-08-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1805%2F26816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsocf.12619&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Joseph+O.&rft.au=Perry%2C+Samuel+L.&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+Andrew+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteheadPerryBaker2018" class="citation journal cs1">Whitehead, Andrew L.; Perry, Samuel L.; Baker, Joseph O. (January 25, 2018). "Make America Christian Again: Christian Nationalism and Voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election". Sociology of Religion. 79 (2): 147–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsocrel%2Fsrx070">10.1093/socrel/srx070</a>. <q>The current study establishes that, independent of these influences, voting for Trump was, at least for many Americans, a symbolic defense of the United States' perceived Christian heritage. Data from a national probability sample of Americans surveyed soon after the 2016 election shows that greater adherence to Christian nationalist ideology was a robust predictor of voting for Trump...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Make+America+Christian+Again%3A+Christian+Nationalism+and+Voting+for+Donald+Trump+in+the+2016+Presidential+Election&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsocrel%2Fsrx070&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft.au=Perry%2C+Samuel+L.&rft.au=Baker%2C+Joseph+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauter2024" class="citation news cs1">Lauter, David (February 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/newsletter/2023-02-17/will-republicans-become-a-christian-nationalist-party-essential-politics">"Will Republicans become a Christian nationalist party? Can they win if they do?"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240405092338/https://www.latimes.com/politics/newsletter/2023-02-17/will-republicans-become-a-christian-nationalist-party-essential-politics">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. <q>The strength of Christian nationalist sentiment can be clearly seen in a wide range of issues that Republican elected officials have stressed, including efforts to curtail the rights and visibility of transgender people, but also some less obvious topics, such as immigration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Will+Republicans+become+a+Christian+nationalist+party%3F+Can+they+win+if+they+do%3F&rft.date=2024-02-17&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft.aulast=Lauter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fnewsletter%2F2023-02-17%2Fwill-republicans-become-a-christian-nationalist-party-essential-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteheadPerry2024" class="citation news cs1">Whitehead, Andrew L.; Perry, Samuel L. (February 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/10/25/republicans-christian-nationalism-midterms/">"Is Christian nationalism growing or declining? Both"</a>. The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182922/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/10/25/republicans-christian-nationalism-midterms/">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. <q>According to political scientists Stella Rouse and Shibley Telhami, most Republicans support declaring the United States a Christian nation. And Christian nationalists are running for office at all levels of government, from local school boards to presumptive presidential candidates. Though the numbers of those who claim Christian nationalist beliefs may decline, Christian nationalism's influence in public life only continues to grow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Is+Christian+nationalism+growing+or+declining%3F+Both.&rft.date=2024-02-17&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft.au=Perry%2C+Samuel+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F10%2F25%2Frepublicans-christian-nationalism-midterms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2022" class="citation web cs1">Perry, Samuel (August 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/after-trump-christian-nationalist-ideas-are-going-mainstream-despite-a-history-of-violence-188055">"After Trump, Christian nationalist ideas are going mainstream – despite a history of violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2201-5639">2201-5639</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132553/https://theconversation.com/after-trump-christian-nationalist-ideas-are-going-mainstream-despite-a-history-of-violence-188055">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. <q>The presence of Christian nationalist ideas in recent political campaigns is concerning, given its ties to violence and white supremacy. Trump and his advisers helped to mainstream such rhetoric with events like his photo op with a Bible in Lafayette Square in Washington following the violent dispersal of protesters, and making a show of pastors laying hands on him. But that legacy continues beyond his administration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=After+Trump%2C+Christian+nationalist+ideas+are+going+mainstream+%E2%80%93+despite+a+history+of+violence&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft.issn=2201-5639&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fafter-trump-christian-nationalist-ideas-are-going-mainstream-despite-a-history-of-violence-188055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2022" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Mike (March 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2022/03/15/yale-sociologist-phil-gorski-threat-white-christian-nationalism">"Yale sociologist Phil Gorski on the threat of white Christian nationalism"</a>. Yale News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612195953/https://news.yale.edu/2022/03/15/yale-sociologist-phil-gorski-threat-white-christian-nationalism">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. <q>White Christian nationalism is a dangerous threat because it's incredibly well-organized and powerful. There's absolutely nothing like it on the left.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+News&rft.atitle=Yale+sociologist+Phil+Gorski+on+the+threat+of+white+Christian+nationalism&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yale.edu%2F2022%2F03%2F15%2Fyale-sociologist-phil-gorski-threat-white-christian-nationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2024" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Peter (February 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/american-founders-christian-nation-conservative-beliefs-4ea388e8d80c54016a6a4460cbef9b82">"Many believe the founders wanted a Christian America. Some want the government to declare one now"</a>. The Associated Press. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219033711/https://apnews.com/article/american-founders-christian-nation-conservative-beliefs-4ea388e8d80c54016a6a4460cbef9b82">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Many+believe+the+founders+wanted+a+Christian+America.+Some+want+the+government+to+declare+one+now&rft.date=2024-02-17&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Famerican-founders-christian-nation-conservative-beliefs-4ea388e8d80c54016a6a4460cbef9b82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouseTelhami2022" class="citation web cs1">Rouse, Stella; Telhami, Shibley (September 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736">"Most Republicans Support Declaring the United States a Christian Nation"</a>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927001816/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2024. <q>Christian nationalism, a belief that the United States was founded as a white, Christian nation and that there is no separation between church and state, is gaining steam on the right. Prominent Republican politicians have made the themes critical to their message to voters in the run up to the 2022 midterm elections.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Most+Republicans+Support+Declaring+the+United+States+a+Christian+Nation&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft.au=Telhami%2C+Shibley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2022%2F09%2F21%2Fmost-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonTaylor2006" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Margaret L.; Taylor, Howard Francis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9bIrZ9xacC&pg=PA469">Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society</a>. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-61716-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-61716-5"><bdi>978-0-534-61716-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology%3A+Understanding+a+Diverse+Society&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-534-61716-5&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Margaret+L.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Howard+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLP9bIrZ9xacC%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robert B. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">"Social Conservatism, Distractors, and Authoritarianism: Axiological versus instrumental rationality"</a>. In Dahms, Harry F. (ed.). Mediations of Social Life in the 21st Century. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784412227" title="Special:BookSources/9781784412227"><bdi>9781784412227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Conservatism%2C+Distractors%2C+and+Authoritarianism%3A+Axiological+versus+instrumental+rationality&rft.btitle=Mediations+of+Social+Life+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781784412227&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC5V1BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> Brunn, Stanley D., Gerald R. Webster, and J. Clark Archer. "The Bible Belt in a changing south: Shrinking, relocating, and multiple buckles." Southeastern Geographer 51.4 (2011): 513–549. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26228980">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129031122/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26228980">Archived</a> January 29, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahlerJohnson2016" class="citation news cs1">Mahler, Jonathan; Johnson, Dirk (July 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/21/us/politics/mike-pence-religion.html">"Mike Pence's Journey: Catholic Democrat to Evangelical Republican"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114134505/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/21/us/politics/mike-pence-religion.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mike+Pence%27s+Journey%3A+Catholic+Democrat+to+Evangelical+Republican&rft.date=2016-07-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Mahler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F07%2F21%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fmike-pence-religion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarniGrahamEder2023" class="citation news cs1">Karni, Annie; Graham, Ruth; Eder, Steve (October 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/27/us/politics/mike-johnson-speaker-religion.html">"For Mike Johnson, Religion Is at the Forefront of Politics and Policy"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Mike+Johnson%2C+Religion+Is+at+the+Forefront+of+Politics+and+Policy&rft.date=2023-10-28&rft.aulast=Karni&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft.au=Graham%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Eder%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F10%2F27%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fmike-johnson-speaker-religion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/house-speaker-mike-johnson-christian-right-louisiana-9407f1e4b4c588f27f9510dd47c94fe8">"Christian conservatives cheer one of their own as Mike Johnson assumes Congress' most powerful seat"</a>. AP News. October 27, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224023531/https://apnews.com/article/house-speaker-mike-johnson-christian-right-louisiana-9407f1e4b4c588f27f9510dd47c94fe8">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Christian+conservatives+cheer+one+of+their+own+as+Mike+Johnson+assumes+Congress%27+most+powerful+seat&rft.date=2023-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhouse-speaker-mike-johnson-christian-right-louisiana-9407f1e4b4c588f27f9510dd47c94fe8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionne_Jr.1991" class="citation book cs1">Dionne Jr., E.J. (1991). Why Americans Hate Politics. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Americans+Hate+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Dionne+Jr.&rft.aufirst=E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole1998" class="citation cs2">Poole, Robert (August–September 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628123204/http%3A//findarticles%2Ecom/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n4_v30/ai_20954419/">"In memoriam: Barry Goldwater"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a> (Obituary), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n4_v30/ai_20954419">the original</a> on June 28, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=In+memoriam%3A+Barry+Goldwater&rft.date=1998-08%2F1998-09&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1568%2Fis_n4_v30%2Fai_20954419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Libertarians_for_Life-342"><a href="#cite_ref-Libertarians_for_Life_342-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Doris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.l4l.org/library/abor-rts.html">"Abortion and Rights: Applying Libertarian Principles Correctly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Libertarians_for_Life" title="Libertarians for Life">Libertarians for Life</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526031557/http://l4l.org/library/abor-rts.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abortion+and+Rights%3A+Applying+Libertarian+Principles+Correctly&rft.pub=Libertarians+for+Life&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.l4l.org%2Flibrary%2Fabor-rts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> Also see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy, Wendy</a> (2002). Liberty for Women. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566634359" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566634359"><bdi>978-1566634359</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260069067">260069067</a>. <q>Libertarians for Life declare that abortion is not a right but a 'wrong under justice.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+for+Women&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F260069067&rft.isbn=978-1566634359&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-courier-journal.com-343">^ <a href="#cite_ref-courier-journal.com_343-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-courier-journal.com_343-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2020/01/09/who-mike-lee-and-rand-paul-senators-slamming-white-houses-iran-briefing/4420109002/">"Who are Mike Lee and Rand Paul, the senators slamming the White House's Iran briefing?"</a>. The Courier-Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215023724/https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2020/01/09/who-mike-lee-and-rand-paul-senators-slamming-white-houses-iran-briefing/4420109002/">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Courier-Journal&rft.atitle=Who+are+Mike+Lee+and+Rand+Paul%2C+the+senators+slamming+the+White+House%27s+Iran+briefing%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courier-journal.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F01%2F09%2Fwho-mike-lee-and-rand-paul-senators-slamming-white-houses-iran-briefing%2F4420109002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hannitycpac-344"><a href="#cite_ref-hannitycpac_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401150703/http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/hannity/2013/03/19/sen-rand-paul-talks-cpac-straw-poll-victory-looks-ahead-2016">"Sen. 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Retrieved September 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=Scientist%2C+Farmer+Brings+Tea+Party+Sensibility+to+House&rft.date=2012-12-22&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2F2012%2F12%2F22%2Fscientist-farmer-brings-tea-party-sensibility-to-house%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlueck2013" class="citation web cs1">Glueck, Katie (July 31, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/rand-paul-ted-cruz-mike-lee-095033">"Paul, Cruz and Lee in rare form"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526180557/https://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/rand-paul-ted-cruz-mike-lee-095033">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Paul%2C+Cruz+and+Lee+in+rare+form&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft.aulast=Glueck&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2013%2F07%2Frand-paul-ted-cruz-mike-lee-095033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketplace.org/2024/07/17/republicans-crypto-bitcoin-donald-trump/">"Republicans are embracing crypto"</a>. Marketplace. July 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marketplace&rft.atitle=Republicans+are+embracing+crypto&rft.date=2024-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketplace.org%2F2024%2F07%2F17%2Frepublicans-crypto-bitcoin-donald-trump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaeffer2024" class="citation web cs1">Schaeffer, Peder (May 25, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2024/05/25/trump-commute-ross-ulbricht-sentence-libertarian-convention-00160025">"Trump pledges to commute sentence of Silk Road founder Ross Ulbricht if elected"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved February 8, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Trump+pledges+to+commute+sentence+of+Silk+Road+founder+Ross+Ulbricht+if+elected&rft.date=2024-05-25&rft.aulast=Schaeffer&rft.aufirst=Peder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F05%2F25%2Ftrump-commute-ross-ulbricht-sentence-libertarian-convention-00160025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/technology/383859/musk-trump-vance-silicon-valley">"Trump's techno-libertarian dream team goes to Washington"</a>. Vox. 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Retrieved January 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Party+or+the+Purse%3F+Unequal+Representation+in+the+US+Senate&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E917-%3C%2Fspan%3E940&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21669533%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055419000315&rft.aulast=Lax&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+R.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Justin+H.&rft.au=Zelizer%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famerican-political-science-review%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fparty-or-the-purse-unequal-representation-in-the-us-senate%2F286BFEAA039374759DE14D782A0BB8DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackerPierson2020" class="citation book cs1">Hacker, Jacob S.; Pierson, Paul (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqu6DwAAQBAJ">Let them Eat Tweets: How the Right Rules in an Age of Extreme Inequality</a>. Liveright Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1631496851" title="Special:BookSources/978-1631496851"><bdi>978-1631496851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+them+Eat+Tweets%3A+How+the+Right+Rules+in+an+Age+of+Extreme+Inequality&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1631496851&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Jacob+S.&rft.au=Pierson%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKqu6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilkisKingJacobs2019" class="citation journal cs1">Milkis, Sidney M.; King, Desmond; Jacobs, Nicholas F. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592718003511">"Building a Conservative State: Partisan Polarization and the Redeployment of Administrative Power"</a>. Perspectives on Politics. 17 (2): 453–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592718003511">10.1017/S1537592718003511</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5927">1537-5927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Politics&rft.atitle=Building+a+Conservative+State%3A+Partisan+Polarization+and+the+Redeployment+of+Administrative+Power&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E469&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537592718003511&rft.issn=1537-5927&rft.aulast=Milkis&rft.aufirst=Sidney+M.&rft.au=King%2C+Desmond&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Nicholas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1537592718003511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercatus.org/publications/government-spending/rise-capita-federal-spending">"The Rise in Per Capita Federal Spending"</a>. Mercatus Center. November 12, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214020934/https://www.mercatus.org/publications/government-spending/rise-capita-federal-spending">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercatus+Center&rft.atitle=The+Rise+in+Per+Capita+Federal+Spending&rft.date=2014-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercatus.org%2Fpublications%2Fgovernment-spending%2Frise-capita-federal-spending&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtske2019" class="citation web cs1">Atske, Sara (April 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/04/11/little-public-support-for-reductions-in-federal-spending/">"Little Public Support for Reductions in Federal Spending"</a>. Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Little+Public+Support+for+Reductions+in+Federal+Spending&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft.aulast=Atske&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F04%2F11%2Flittle-public-support-for-reductions-in-federal-spending%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonczal2014" class="citation web cs1">Konczal, Mike (March 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/the-conservative-myth-of-a-social-safety-net-built-on-charity/284552/">"The Conservative Myth of a Social Safety Net Built on Charity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503030317/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/the-conservative-myth-of-a-social-safety-net-built-on-charity/284552/">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Conservative+Myth+of+a+Social+Safety+Net+Built+on+Charity&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft.aulast=Konczal&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2014%2F03%2Fthe-conservative-myth-of-a-social-safety-net-built-on-charity%2F284552%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KaiserMedicaid-387"><a href="#cite_ref-KaiserMedicaid_387-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/status-of-state-medicaid-expansion-decisions-interactive-map">"Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions: Interactive Map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Family_Foundation" title="Kaiser Family Foundation">Kaiser Family Foundation</a>. November 9, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624102415/https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/status-of-state-medicaid-expansion-decisions-interactive-map/">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+State+Medicaid+Expansion+Decisions%3A+Interactive+Map&rft.pub=Kaiser+Family+Foundation&rft.date=2022-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kff.org%2Fmedicaid%2Fissue-brief%2Fstatus-of-state-medicaid-expansion-decisions-interactive-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> Scroll down for state by state info. </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/gop-debate-republican-trump-union-strikes-b2475831.html">"What the GOP candidates have said about strikes and unions"</a>. The Independent. January 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=What+the+GOP+candidates+have+said+about+strikes+and+unions&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fus-politics%2Fgop-debate-republican-trump-union-strikes-b2475831.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse2022" class="citation news cs1">Greenhouse, Steven (October 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/oct/25/republicans-working-class-voter-unions-worker-protections-organize">"Republicans want working-class voters — without actually supporting workers"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Republicans+want+working-class+voters+%E2%80%94+without+actually+supporting+workers&rft.date=2022-10-25&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2022%2Foct%2F25%2Frepublicans-working-class-voter-unions-worker-protections-organize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlrb.gov/rights-we-protect/employerunion-rights-and-obligations">"Employer/Union Rights and Obligations"</a>. National Labor Relations Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711175358/https://www.nlrb.gov/rights-we-protect/employerunion-rights-and-obligations">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Employer%2FUnion+Rights+and+Obligations&rft.pub=National+Labor+Relations+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlrb.gov%2Frights-we-protect%2Femployerunion-rights-and-obligations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coy_F._Cross_II_2012_45-392">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coy_F._Cross_II_2012_45_392-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coy_F._Cross_II_2012_45_392-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoy_F._Cross_II2012" class="citation book cs1">Coy F. Cross II (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5NYBqv3E7IMC&pg=PT45">Justin Smith Morrill: Father of the Land-Grant Colleges</a>. MSU Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870139055" title="Special:BookSources/9780870139055"><bdi>9780870139055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justin+Smith+Morrill%3A+Father+of+the+Land-Grant+Colleges&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=MSU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780870139055&rft.au=Coy+F.+Cross+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5NYBqv3E7IMC%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman2024" class="citation web cs1">Wiseman, Paul (May 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/trump-biden-trade-tariffs-china-inflation-1c17b1d223080b7a594326905380845a">"Trump or Biden? Either way, US seems poised to preserve heavy tariffs on imports"</a>. The Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Trump+or+Biden%3F+Either+way%2C+US+seems+poised+to+preserve+heavy+tariffs+on+imports&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Ftrump-biden-trade-tariffs-china-inflation-1c17b1d223080b7a594326905380845a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchSheridanColetta2025" class="citation web cs1">Lynch, David J.; Sheridan, Mary Beth; Coletta, Amanda (January 31, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/01/31/tariff-trump-trade-war/">"Trump sketches unprecedented plan for sweeping tariffs"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 1, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+sketches+unprecedented+plan+for+sweeping+tariffs&rft.date=2025-01-31&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+Mary+Beth&rft.au=Coletta%2C+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2025%2F01%2F31%2Ftariff-trump-trade-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeong2025" class="citation web cs1">Jeong, Andrew (January 27, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2025/01/27/trump-mckinley-tariffs-history/">"Why Trump admires President McKinley, the original 'tariff man'"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 1, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+Trump+admires+President+McKinley%2C+the+original+%E2%80%98tariff+man%E2%80%99&rft.date=2025-01-27&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2025%2F01%2F27%2Ftrump-mckinley-tariffs-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Platform-396"><a href="#cite_ref-Platform_396-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cprr.org/Museum/Ephemera/Republican_Platform_1860.html">Republican Party National Platform, 1860</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813035120/http://cprr.org/Museum/Ephemera/Republican_Platform_1860.html">Archived</a> August 13, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reported from the Platform Committee by Judge Jessup of Pennsylvania and adopted unanimously by the Republican National Convention held at Chicago on May 17, 1860. <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(printing)" title="Broadside (printing)">Broadside</a> printing by <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">The Chicago Press & Tribune</a>, May 1860 </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> Stanley D. Solvick, "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 50.3 (1963): 424–442 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902605">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035528/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902605">Archived</a> March 7, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey-398"><a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_398-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyGoldstein,_Weingast1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Michael A.; Goldstein, Weingast (April 1997). "The Institutional Roots of American Trade Policy". 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Barton, <a href="/wiki/Judith_L._Goldstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith L. Goldstein">Judith L. Goldstein</a>, Timothy E. Josling, and Richard H. Steinberg, The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and the WTO (2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClenahan1991" class="citation journal cs1">McClenahan, William (1991). "The Growth of Voluntary Export Restraints and American Foreign Economic Policy, 1956–1969". 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Sage Publications. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412954891" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412954891"><bdi>978-1412954891</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215023725/https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4wDcT3PeQC&pg=PA358#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2023. 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Pew Research Center. April 18, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422182323/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/18/for-earth-day-key-facts-about-americans-views-of-climate-change-and-renewable-energy/sr_2023-04-18_climate_5/">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=54%25+of+Americans+view+climate+change+as+a+major+threat%2C+but+the+partisan+divide+has+grown&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2023-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2023%2F04%2F18%2Ffor-earth-day-key-facts-about-americans-views-of-climate-change-and-renewable-energy%2Fsr_2023-04-18_climate_5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> ● Broader discussion by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTysonFunkKennedy2023" class="citation web cs1">Tyson, Alec; Funk, Cary; Kennedy, Brian (April 18, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/18/for-earth-day-key-facts-about-americans-views-of-climate-change-and-renewable-energy/">"What the data says about Americans' views of climate change"</a>. 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Retrieved September 22, 2017. <q>The Republican Party's fast journey from debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist is a story of big political money, Democratic hubris in the Obama years and a partisan chasm that grew over nine years like a crack in the Antarctic shelf, favoring extreme positions and uncompromising rhetoric over cooperation and conciliation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+G.O.P.+Leaders+Came+to+View+Climate+Change+as+Fake+Science&rft.date=2017-06-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Coral&rft.au=Lipton%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F03%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Frepublican-leaders-climate-change.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShabecoff2000" class="citation book cs1">Shabecoff, Philip (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthrisingameri00phil">Earth Rising: American Environmentalism in the 21st Century</a>. Island Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthrisingameri00phil/page/125">125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-335-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-335-1"><bdi>978-1-59726-335-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 9, 2017. <q>republican party anti-environmental.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+Rising%3A+American+Environmentalism+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-59726-335-1&rft.aulast=Shabecoff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearthrisingameri00phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2000" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Samuel P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jG5IwgEFSYQC&q=republican+party+anti-environmentalist&pg=PA119">A History of Environmental Politics Since 1945</a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7224-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7224-2"><bdi>978-0-8229-7224-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Environmental+Politics+Since+1945&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7224-2&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjG5IwgEFSYQC%26q%3Drepublican%2Bparty%2Banti-environmentalist%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellers2017" class="citation web cs1">Sellers, Christopher (June 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2017/4/22/15377964/republicans-environmentalism">"How Republicans came to embrace anti-environmentalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. Retrieved November 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=How+Republicans+came+to+embrace+anti-environmentalism&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft.aulast=Sellers&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2017%2F4%2F22%2F15377964%2Frepublicans-environmentalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlapMcCright2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dunlap, Riley E.; McCright, Araon M. (August 7, 2010). "A Widening Gap: Republican and Democratic Views on Climate Change". Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 50 (5): 26–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3200%2FENVT.50.5.26-35">10.3200/ENVT.50.5.26-35</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154964336">154964336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment%3A+Science+and+Policy+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=A+Widening+Gap%3A+Republican+and+Democratic+Views+on+Climate+Change&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2010-08-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3200%2FENVT.50.5.26-35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154964336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=Riley+E.&rft.au=McCright%2C+Araon+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBåtstrand2015" class="citation journal cs1">Båtstrand, Sondre (2015). "More than Markets: A Comparative Study of Nine Conservative Parties on Climate Change". <a href="/wiki/Politics_and_Policy" title="Politics and Policy">Politics and Policy</a>. 43 (4): 538–561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpolp.12122">10.1111/polp.12122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1747-1346">1747-1346</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143331308">143331308</a>. <q>The U.S. Republican Party is an anomaly in denying anthropogenic climate change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+and+Policy&rft.atitle=More+than+Markets%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Nine+Conservative+Parties+on+Climate+Change&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E538-%3C%2Fspan%3E561&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143331308%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1747-1346&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpolp.12122&rft.aulast=B%C3%A5tstrand&rft.aufirst=Sondre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chait-429">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chait_429-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chait_429-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChait2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chait" title="Jonathan Chait">Chait, Jonathan</a> (September 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/09/whys-gop-only-science-denying-party-on-earth.html">"Why Are Republicans the Only Climate-Science-Denying Party in the World?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a>. Retrieved September 20, 2017. <q>Of all the major conservative parties in the democratic world, the Republican Party stands alone in its denial of the legitimacy of climate science. Indeed, the Republican Party stands alone in its conviction that no national or international response to climate change is needed. To the extent that the party is divided on the issue, the gap separates candidates who openly dismiss climate science as a hoax, and those who, shying away from the political risks of blatant ignorance, instead couch their stance in the alleged impossibility of international action.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Why+Are+Republicans+the+Only+Climate-Science-Denying+Party+in+the+World%3F&rft.date=2015-09-27&rft.aulast=Chait&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fdaily%2Fintelligencer%2F2015%2F09%2Fwhys-gop-only-science-denying-party-on-earth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landmark_Law-430"><a href="#cite_ref-Landmark_Law_430-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15029070">"Schwarzenegger takes center stage on warming"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. MSNBC News. September 27, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173432/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15029070/ns/us_news-environment/t/schwarzenegger-takes-center-stage-warming/#.U7U0QbFEJJw">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Schwarzenegger+takes+center+stage+on+warming&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna15029070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-1120.pdf">Text of Opinion</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BushGW-432"><a href="#cite_ref-BushGW_432-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush,_George_W.2001" class="citation web cs1">Bush, George W. (March 13, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073329/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010314.html">"Text of a Letter from the President"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010314.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+a+Letter+from+the+President&rft.date=2001-03-13&rft.au=Bush%2C+George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2001%2F03%2F20010314.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrope2001" class="citation journal cs1">Schrope, Mark (April 5, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35070738">"Criticism mounts as Bush backs out of Kyoto accord"</a>. Nature. 410 (6829): 616. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.410..616S">2001Natur.410..616S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35070738">10.1038/35070738</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11287908">11287908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Criticism+mounts+as+Bush+backs+out+of+Kyoto+accord&rft.volume=410&rft.issue=6829&rft.pages=616&rft.date=2001-04-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11287908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35070738&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.410..616S&rft.aulast=Schrope&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F35070738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gop.com/our-party/">"Our GOP: The Party of Opportunity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821152805/http://www.gop.com/our-party/">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+GOP%3A+The+Party+of+Opportunity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gop.com%2Four-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Collins_Rudolf2010" class="citation news cs1">John Collins Rudolf (December 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181831/http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/06/on-our-radar-republicans-urge-opening-of-arctic-refuge-to-drilling/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0">"On Our Radar: Republicans Urge Opening of Arctic Refuge to Drilling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/06/on-our-radar-republicans-urge-opening-of-arctic-refuge-to-drilling/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0">the original</a> on July 14, 2014. 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And that number balloons to an astounding 90 percent for all the party's leadership in Congress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hardball+With+Chris+Matthews&rft.atitle=Hardball+With+Chris+Matthews+for+May+12%2C+2014&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-charlestongazette20141222-440"><a href="#cite_ref-charlestongazette20141222_440-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Earth Talk: Still in denial about climate change". <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Gazette-Mail" title="Charleston Gazette-Mail">The Charleston Gazette</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, West Virginia</a>. December 22, 2014. p. 10. <q>... a recent survey by the non-profit Center for American Progress found that some 58 percent of Republicans in the U.S. Congress still "refuse to accept climate change. Meanwhile, still others acknowledge the existence of global warming but cling to the scientifically debunked notion that the cause is natural forces, not greenhouse gas pollution by humans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Charleston+Gazette&rft.atitle=Earth+Talk%3A+Still+in+denial+about+climate+change&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2014-12-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKliegman2014" class="citation news cs1">Kliegman, Julie (May 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2014/may/18/jerry-brown/jerry-brown-says-virtually-no-republican-believes-/">"Jerry Brown says 'virtually no Republican' in Washington accepts climate change science"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times" title="Tampa Bay Times">Tampa Bay Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813152353/http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2014/may/18/jerry-brown/jerry-brown-says-virtually-no-republican-believes-/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2017. 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Retrieved September 22, 2017. <q>The Republican Party's fast journey from debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist is a story of big political money, Democratic hubris in the Obama years and a partisan chasm that grew over nine years like a crack in the Antarctic shelf, favoring extreme positions and uncompromising rhetoric over cooperation and conciliation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+G.O.P.+Leaders+Came+to+View+Climate+Change+as+Fake+Science&rft.date=2017-06-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Coral&rft.au=Lipton%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F03%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Frepublican-leaders-climate-change.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2015" class="citation web cs1">Weaver, Dustin (January 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/230316-senate-votes-98-1-that-climate-change-is-real/">"Senate votes that climate change is real"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090248/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/230316-senate-votes-98-1-that-climate-change-is-real">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2019. 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Retrieved July 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=JD+Vance+eyes+shift+in+Republican+Party&rft.date=2024-07-15&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fjd-vance-eyes-shift-republican-party-1925499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-ukraine-russia-war-threatens-cut-aid-election-2024/">"Trump threatens to cut US aid to Ukraine quickly if reelected"</a>. Politico. June 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Trump+threatens+to+cut+US+aid+to+Ukraine+quickly+if+reelected&rft.date=2024-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fdonald-trump-ukraine-russia-war-threatens-cut-aid-election-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/17/trump-jd-vance-vp-ukraine">"Trump's choice of Vance 'terrible news' for Ukraine, Europe experts warn"</a>. The Guardian. July 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+choice+of+Vance+%27terrible+news%27+for+Ukraine%2C+Europe+experts+warn&rft.date=2024-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fjul%2F17%2Ftrump-jd-vance-vp-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-reviews-plan-halt-us-military-aid-ukraine-unless-it-negotiates-peace-with-2024-06-25/">"Exclusive: Trump handed plan to halt US military aid to Kyiv unless it talks peace with Moscow"</a>. Reuters. June 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Trump+handed+plan+to+halt+US+military+aid+to+Kyiv+unless+it+talks+peace+with+Moscow&rft.date=2024-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Ftrump-reviews-plan-halt-us-military-aid-ukraine-unless-it-negotiates-peace-with-2024-06-25%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/republican-party-approves-2024-platform-makes-no-mention-of-ukraine-russia/">"Republican Party committee approves 2024 platform, makes no mention of Ukraine, Russia"</a>. Kyiv Independent. July 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=Republican+Party+committee+approves+2024+platform%2C+makes+no+mention+of+Ukraine%2C+Russia&rft.date=2024-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Frepublican-party-approves-2024-platform-makes-no-mention-of-ukraine-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a> See "July 3, 2014 – Iraq – Getting In Was Wrong; Getting Out Was Right, U.S. Voters Tell Quinnipiac University National Poll" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2057">Quinnipiac University Poll</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190652/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2057">Archived</a> April 2, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> item #51 </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasson2013" class="citation news cs1">Wasson, Erik (July 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/finance/156647-house-gop-unveils-spending-bill-with-5-8b-cut-to-foreign-aid/">"House GOP unveils spending bill with $5.8B cut to foreign aid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215001056/http://thehill.com/policy/finance/311939-house-gop-unveils-huge-cuts-to-state-foreign-aid">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=House+GOP+unveils+spending+bill+with+%245.8B+cut+to+foreign+aid&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.aulast=Wasson&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Ffinance%2F156647-house-gop-unveils-spending-bill-with-5-8b-cut-to-foreign-aid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2011" class="citation news cs1">Rogers, David (February 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0111/48551.html">"GOP seeks to slash foreign aid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222120346/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0111/48551.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=GOP+seeks+to+slash+foreign+aid&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F0111%2F48551.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrujillo2014" class="citation news cs1">Trujillo, Mario (July 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/211058-gop-rep-cut-off-central-american-aid-until-border-is-fixed/">"Republicans propose halting foreign aid until border surge stops"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215001041/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/211058-gop-rep-cut-off-central-american-aid-until-border-is-fixed">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Republicans+propose+halting+foreign+aid+until+border+surge+stops&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.aulast=Trujillo&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fblog-briefing-room%2F211058-gop-rep-cut-off-central-american-aid-until-border-is-fixed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDina_Smeltz_and_Craig_Kafura2024" class="citation web cs1">Dina Smeltz and Craig Kafura (February 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalaffairs.org/research/public-opinion-survey/majority-trump-republicans-prefer-united-states-stay-out-world">"Majority of Trump Republicans Prefer the United States Stay out of World Affairs"</a>. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancongress00juli">The American Congress: The Building of Democracy</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancongress00juli/page/704">704</a>–705. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547345505" title="Special:BookSources/978-0547345505"><bdi>978-0547345505</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Congress%3A+The+Building+of+Democracy&rft.pages=704-705&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0547345505&rft.aulast=Zelizer&rft.aufirst=Julian+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancongress00juli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Daniel K. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lqf3KBaqgI8C">God's Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199929061" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199929061"><bdi>978-0199929061</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=lqf3KBaqgI8C">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Own+Party%3A+The+Making+of+the+Christian+Right&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199929061&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Daniel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlqf3KBaqgI8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnabel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schnabel, Landon Paul (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2012.752361">"When Fringe Goes Mainstream: A Sociohistorical Content Analysis of the Christian Coalition's Contract With The American Family and the Republican Party Platform"</a>. Politics, Religion & Ideology. 14 (1): 94–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21567689.2012.752361">10.1080/21567689.2012.752361</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-7689">2156-7689</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144532011">144532011</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183413/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21567689.2012.752361">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics%2C+Religion+%26+Ideology&rft.atitle=When+Fringe+Goes+Mainstream%3A+A+Sociohistorical+Content+Analysis+of+the+Christian+Coalition%27s+Contract+With+The+American+Family+and+the+Republican+Party+Platform&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144532011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2156-7689&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21567689.2012.752361&rft.aulast=Schnabel&rft.aufirst=Landon+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F21567689.2012.752361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Lewis2019" class="citation web cs1">R. Lewis, Andrew (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-665">"The Inclusion-Moderation Thesis: The U.S. Republican Party and the Christian Right"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.665">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190228637" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190228637"><bdi>978-0190228637</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418225734/https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-665">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Inclusion-Moderation+Thesis%3A+The+U.S.+Republican+Party+and+the+Christian+Right&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.665&rft.isbn=978-0190228637&rft.aulast=R.+Lewis&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fpolitics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190228637-e-665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2010" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Roger (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC">Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765622501" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765622501"><bdi>978-0765622501</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407060657/http://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015. 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(June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel6020451">"The Partisan Trajectory of the American Pro-Life Movement: How a Liberal Catholic Campaign Became a Conservative Evangelical Cause"</a>. 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Retrieved November 17, 2022. <q>Solid majorities across both parties agree that... marrying someone of the same sex...are rights that should be guaranteed to all citizens...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grinnell+College&rft.atitle=Majority+of+Americans+Believe+Abortion+and+Same-Sex+Marriage+Should+be+Guaranteed+Rights+%7C+Grinnell+College&rft.date=2022-09-28&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grinnell.edu%2Fpoll%2Fguaranteed-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-586"><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nate_Cohn" title="Nate Cohn">Cohn, Nate</a> (August 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/10/upshot/reagan-trump-gop-stool.html">"It's Not Reagan's Party Anymore"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202100640/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/10/upshot/reagan-trump-gop-stool.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2023. 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October 23, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228130912/https://theweek.com/articles/803156/big-conservative-lie-voter-fraud">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2018. 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Retrieved November 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Asian+Americans+favored+Harris+but+shifted+right+by+5+points&rft.date=2024-11-06&rft.aulast=Yam&rft.aufirst=Kimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fasian-america%2Fasian-americans-exit-poll-harris-trump-rcna179005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suss-2024-629">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suss-2024_629-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suss-2024_629-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suss-2024_629-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussXiaoBurn-MurdochMurray2024" class="citation news cs1">Suss, Joel; Xiao, Eva; Burn-Murdoch, John; Murray, Clara; Vincent, Jonathan (November 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/6de668c7-64e9-4196-b2c5-9ceca966fe3f">"Poorer voters flocked to Trump — and other data points from the election"</a>. Financial Times. Retrieved November 12, 2024. <q>In contrast to 2020, the majority of lower-income households or those earning less than $50,000 a year voted for Trump this election. Conversely, those making more than $100,000 voted for Harris, according to exit polls.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Poorer+voters+flocked+to+Trump+%E2%80%94+and+other+data+points+from+the+election&rft.date=2024-11-09&rft.aulast=Suss&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Eva&rft.au=Burn-Murdoch%2C+John&rft.au=Murray%2C+Clara&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F6de668c7-64e9-4196-b2c5-9ceca966fe3f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-630"><a href="#cite_ref-630">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallas2024" class="citation web cs1">Dallas, Kelsey (November 6, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/faith/2024/11/06/religious-voters-2024/">"The faith vote in 2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>. 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July 14, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720132417/https://www.axios.com/2022/07/14/republicans-democrats-hispnanic-voters">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=The+great+realignment&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2022%2F07%2F14%2Frepublicans-democrats-hispnanic-voters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-632"><a href="#cite_ref-632">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2022/07/13/democrats-biden-white-college-graduates-poll">"The Democratic electorate's seismic shift"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a>. July 13, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720140825/https://www.axios.com/2022/07/13/democrats-biden-white-college-graduates-poll">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=The+Democratic+electorate%27s+seismic+shift&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2022%2F07%2F13%2Fdemocrats-biden-white-college-graduates-poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levitz-2022-633"><a href="#cite_ref-Levitz-2022_633-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitz2022" class="citation web cs1">Levitz, Eric (October 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/education-polarization-diploma-divide-democratic-party-working-class.html">"How the Diploma Divide Is Remaking American Politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020215535/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/education-polarization-diploma-divide-democratic-party-working-class.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022. <q>Blue America is an increasingly wealthy and well-educated place. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Americans without college degrees were more likely than university graduates to vote Democratic. But that gap began narrowing in the late 1960s before finally flipping in 2004... A more educated Democratic coalition is, naturally, a more affluent one... In every presidential election from 1948 to 2012, white voters in the top 5 percent of America's income distribution were more Republican than those in the bottom 95 percent. Now, the opposite is true: Among America's white majority, the rich voted to the left of the middle class and the poor in 2016 and 2020, while the poor voted to the right of the middle class and the rich.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=How+the+Diploma+Divide+Is+Remaking+American+Politics&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft.aulast=Levitz&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fintelligencer%2F2022%2F10%2Feducation-polarization-diploma-divide-democratic-party-working-class.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-634"><a href="#cite_ref-634">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLYDIA_SAAD_and_JEFFREY_M._JONES2022" class="citation web cs1">LYDIA SAAD and JEFFREY M. JONES (May 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/266807/percentage-americans-owns-stock.aspx">"What Percentage of Americans Own Stock?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512001808/https://news.gallup.com/poll/266807/percentage-americans-owns-stock.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Percentage+of+Americans+Own+Stock%3F&rft.pub=Gallup%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2022-05-12&rft.au=LYDIA+SAAD+and+JEFFREY+M.+JONES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F266807%2Fpercentage-americans-owns-stock.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-635"><a href="#cite_ref-635">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/04/09/partisanship-by-family-income-home-ownership-union-membership-and-veteran-status/">"Partisanship by family income, home ownership, union membership and veteran status"</a>. Pew Research Center. April 9, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Partisanship+by+family+income%2C+home+ownership%2C+union+membership+and+veteran+status&rft.date=2024-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F04%2F09%2Fpartisanship-by-family-income-home-ownership-union-membership-and-veteran-status%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economy_Sucks-636"><a href="#cite_ref-Economy_Sucks_636-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParikh2024" class="citation web cs1">Parikh, Tej (November 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/b0a60325-4c93-49a0-8dc6-817f0d8281fc">"This was an election on the US economy. And for many Americans, the economy sucks"</a>. The Financial Times. Retrieved November 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Times&rft.atitle=This+was+an+election+on+the+US+economy.+And+for+many+Americans%2C+the+economy+sucks&rft.date=2024-11-08&rft.aulast=Parikh&rft.aufirst=Tej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fb0a60325-4c93-49a0-8dc6-817f0d8281fc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WealthMaritalStatus_2021-637"><a href="#cite_ref-WealthMaritalStatus_2021_637-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanHaysBennett2023" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">"The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183"</a> (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 5 (Figure 2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wealth+of+Households%3A+2021+%2F+Current+Population+Reports+%2F+P70BR-183&rft.pages=5+%28Figure+2%29&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2023-06&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rft.au=Hays%2C+Donald&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FCensus%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2023%2Fdemo%2Fp70br-183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wvwv2004-638"><a href="#cite_ref-wvwv2004_638-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvwv.org/docs/WVWV_2004_post-election_memo.pdf">"Unmarried Women in the 2004 Presidential Election"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101195440/http://www.wvwv.org/docs/WVWV_2004_post-election_memo.pdf">Archived</a> January 1, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>). Report by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, January 2005. p. 3: "The marriage gap is one of the most important cleavages in electoral politics. Unmarried women voted for Kerry by a 25-point margin (62 to 37 percent), while married women voted for President Bush by an 11-point margin (55 percent to 44 percent). Indeed, the 25-point margin Kerry posted among unmarried women represented one of the high water marks for the Senator among all demographic groups." </li> <li id="cite_note-2006cnnexitpolls-639"><a href="#cite_ref-2006cnnexitpolls_639-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/states/US/H/00/epolls.0.html">"Exit Polls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. November 7, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629021338/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/states/US/H/00/epolls.0.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Exit+Polls&rft.date=2006-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FELECTION%2F2006%2Fpages%2Fresults%2Fstates%2FUS%2FH%2F00%2Fepolls.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcnews3775-640"><a href="#cite_ref-abcnews3775_640-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/vote-2010-elections-results-midterm-exit-poll-analysis/story?id=12003775">"Exit Poll Analysis: Vote 2010 Elections Results"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. 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Retrieved November 8, 2022. <q>As we move into the endgame of the 2022 election, the Democrats face a familiar problem. America's historical party of the working class keeps losing working-class support. And not just among White voters. Not only has the emerging Democratic majority I once predicted failed to materialize, but many of the non-White voters who were supposed to deliver it are instead voting for Republicans... From 2012 to 2020, the Democrats not only saw their support among White working-class voters — those without college degrees — crater, they also saw their advantage among non-White working-class voters fall by 18 points. And between 2016 and 2020 alone, the Democratic advantage among Hispanic voters declined by 16 points, overwhelmingly driven by the defection of working-class voters. In contrast, Democrats' advantage among White college-educated voters improved by 16 points from 2012 to 2020, an edge that delivered Joe Biden the White House.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Democrats%27+Long+Goodbye+to+the+Working+Class&rft.date=2022-11-06&rft.aulast=Teixeira&rft.aufirst=Ruy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2022%2F11%2Fdemocrats-long-goodbye-to-the-working-class%2F672016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohn-2022-674"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohn-2022_674-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2022" class="citation news cs1">Cohn, Nate (July 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/13/upshot/poll-2022-midterms-congress.html">"Poll Shows Tight Race for Control of Congress as Class Divide Widens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720164749/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/13/upshot/poll-2022-midterms-congress.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022. <q>But the cofluence of economic problems and resurgent cultural issues has helped turn the emerging class divide in the Democratic coalition into a chasm, as Republicans appear to be making new inroads among non-White and working class voters... For the first time in a Times/Siena national survey, Democrats had a larger share of support among White college graduates than among non-White voters – a striking indication of the shifting balance of political energy...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Poll+Shows+Tight+Race+for+Control+of+Congress+as+Class+Divide+Widens&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F07%2F13%2Fupshot%2Fpoll-2022-midterms-congress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zitner-2022-675"><a href="#cite_ref-Zitner-2022_675-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZitnerMena2022" class="citation web cs1">Zitner, Aaron; Mena, Bryan (October 2, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/story/working-class-latino-voters-once-solidly-democratic-are-shifting-toward-republicans-a7578ecc">"Working-Class Latino Voters, Once Solidly Democratic, Are Shifting Toward Republicans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008131525/https://www.wsj.com/story/working-class-latino-voters-once-solidly-democratic-are-shifting-toward-republicans-a7578ecc">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022. <q>Latinos across America are splitting among economic lines, with a pronounced shift among working-class voters toward the Republican party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Working-Class+Latino+Voters%2C+Once+Solidly+Democratic%2C+Are+Shifting+Toward+Republicans&rft.date=2022-10-02&rft.aulast=Zitner&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Mena%2C+Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fstory%2Fworking-class-latino-voters-once-solidly-democratic-are-shifting-toward-republicans-a7578ecc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraushaar-2022a-676"><a href="#cite_ref-Kraushaar-2022a_676-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraushaar2022" class="citation web cs1">Kraushaar, Josh (July 14, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2022/07/14/republicans-democrats-hispnanic-voters">"The Great American Realignment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720132417/https://www.axios.com/2022/07/14/republicans-democrats-hispnanic-voters">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022. <q>Shifts in the demographics of the two parties' supporters — taking place before our eyes — are arguably the biggest political story of our time. Republicans are becoming more working class and a little more multiracial. Democrats are becoming more elite and a little more White...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=The+Great+American+Realignment&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft.aulast=Kraushaar&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2022%2F07%2F14%2Frepublicans-democrats-hispnanic-voters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraushaar-2022b-677"><a href="#cite_ref-Kraushaar-2022b_677-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraushaar2022" class="citation web cs1">Kraushaar, Josh (July 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2022/07/13/democrats-biden-white-college-graduates-poll">"The Democratic electorate's seismic shift"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720140825/https://www.axios.com/2022/07/13/democrats-biden-white-college-graduates-poll">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022. <q>Democrats are becoming the party of upscale voters concerned more about issues like gun control and abortion rights. Republicans are quietly building a multiracial coalition of working-class voters, with inflation as an accelerant... In the Times/Siena poll, Ds hold a 20-point advantage over Rs among White college-educated voters — but are statistically tied among Hispanics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=The+Democratic+electorate%27s+seismic+shift&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft.aulast=Kraushaar&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2022%2F07%2F13%2Fdemocrats-biden-white-college-graduates-poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-678"><a href="#cite_ref-678">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvlon2013" class="citation news cs1">Avlon, John (January 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/18/opinion/avlon-gop-diversity/index.html?c=&page=0">"GOP's surprising edge on diversity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131025447/http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/18/opinion/avlon-gop-diversity/index.html?c=&page=0">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=GOP%27s+surprising+edge+on+diversity&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft.aulast=Avlon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F01%2F18%2Fopinion%2Favlon-gop-diversity%2Findex.html%3Fc%3D%26page%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewresearch-679"><a href="#cite_ref-pewresearch_679-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewresearch.org/pubs/1209/racial-ethnic-voters-presidential-election?src=prc-latest&proj=peoplepress">"Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618075224/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1209/racial-ethnic-voters-presidential-election?src=prc-latest&proj=peoplepress">Archived</a> June 18, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Pew Research Center. April 30, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-680"><a href="#cite_ref-680">^</a> Tom Scocca, "Eighty-Eight Percent of Romney Voters Were White", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/scocca/2012/11/mitt_romney_white_voters_the_gop_candidate_s_race_based_monochromatic_campaign.html">Slate November 7, 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706035304/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/scocca/2012/11/mitt_romney_white_voters_the_gop_candidate_s_race_based_monochromatic_campaign.html">Archived</a> July 6, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-681"><a href="#cite_ref-681">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/election/2024/exit-polls/national-results/general/president/0">"Exit poll results 2024"</a>. CNN. November 6, 2024. Retrieved November 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exit+poll+results+2024&rft.date=2024-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Felection%2F2024%2Fexit-polls%2Fnational-results%2Fgeneral%2Fpresident%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-682"><a href="#cite_ref-682">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/trump-gained-some-minority-voters-but-the-gop-is-hardly-a-multiracial-coalition/">"Trump gained some minority voters, but the GOP is hardly a multiracial coalition"</a>. Brookings. Retrieved November 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=Trump+gained+some+minority+voters%2C+but+the+GOP+is+hardly+a+multiracial+coalition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Ftrump-gained-some-minority-voters-but-the-gop-is-hardly-a-multiracial-coalition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-683"><a href="#cite_ref-683">^</a> To some extent the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> decision <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> (1973) caused American Christians to blur their historical division along the line between Catholics and Protestants and instead to realign as conservatives or liberals, irrespective of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation Era</a> distinction. </li> <li id="cite_note-684"><a href="#cite_ref-684">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConroy2018" class="citation news cs1">Conroy, J. Oliver (February 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/15/mormons-want-to-save-the-republican-partys-soul-but-is-it-too-late">"Mormons want to save the Republican party's soul. But is it too late?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035828/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/15/mormons-want-to-save-the-republican-partys-soul-but-is-it-too-late">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mormons+want+to+save+the+Republican+party%27s+soul.+But+is+it+too+late%3F&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.aulast=Conroy&rft.aufirst=J.+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Ffeb%2F15%2Fmormons-want-to-save-the-republican-partys-soul-but-is-it-too-late&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-685"><a href="#cite_ref-685">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFingerhutMcCombs2018" class="citation news cs1">Fingerhut, Hannah; McCombs, Brady (November 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2018/11/29/most-mormons-voted/">"Most Mormons voted Republican in the midterms—but their Trump approval rating continues to decline, study finds"</a>. The Salt Lake Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111065741/https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2018/11/29/most-mormons-voted/">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Most+Mormons+voted+Republican+in+the+midterms%E2%80%94but+their+Trump+approval+rating+continues+to+decline%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft.aulast=Fingerhut&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=McCombs%2C+Brady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Freligion%2F2018%2F11%2F29%2Fmost-mormons-voted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-686"><a href="#cite_ref-686">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fox13now.com/news/politics/a-blue-trickle-against-the-red-wave-utah-may-skew-slightly-to-the-left">"A 'blue trickle' against the red wave? Utah may skew slightly to the left"</a>. FOX 13 News Utah (KSTU). November 8, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FOX+13+News+Utah+%28KSTU%29&rft.atitle=A+%27blue+trickle%27+against+the+red+wave%3F+Utah+may+skew+slightly+to+the+left&rft.date=2024-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox13now.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fa-blue-trickle-against-the-red-wave-utah-may-skew-slightly-to-the-left&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sales-Adkins-2020-687"><a href="#cite_ref-Sales-Adkins-2020_687-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2020/02/03/politics/i-think-its-israel-how-orthodox-jews-became-republicans">"'I think it's Israel': How Orthodox Jews became Republicans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>. February 3, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115111043/https://www.jta.org/2020/02/03/politics/i-think-its-israel-how-orthodox-jews-became-republicans">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=%27I+think+it%27s+Israel%27%3A+How+Orthodox+Jews+became+Republicans&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2020%2F02%2F03%2Fpolitics%2Fi-think-its-israel-how-orthodox-jews-became-republicans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-688"><a href="#cite_ref-688">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanau2021" class="citation web cs1">Hanau, Shira (May 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2021/05/11/united-states/new-pew-study-shows-75-of-orthodox-jews-identify-as-republicans-up-from-57-in-2013">"New Pew study shows 75% of Orthodox Jews identify as Republicans, up from 57% in 2013"</a>. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221108140806/https://www.jta.org/2021/05/11/united-states/new-pew-study-shows-75-of-orthodox-jews-identify-as-republicans-up-from-57-in-2013">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=New+Pew+study+shows+75%25+of+Orthodox+Jews+identify+as+Republicans%2C+up+from+57%25+in+2013&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft.aulast=Hanau&rft.aufirst=Shira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2021%2F05%2F11%2Funited-states%2Fnew-pew-study-shows-75-of-orthodox-jews-identify-as-republicans-up-from-57-in-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-689"><a href="#cite_ref-689">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/11/03/929478378/understanding-the-2020-electorate-ap-votecast-survey">"Understanding The 2020 Electorate: AP VoteCast Survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. November 3, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219064318/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/03/929478378/understanding-the-2020-electorate-ap-votecast-survey">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Understanding+The+2020+Electorate%3A+AP+VoteCast+Survey&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F11%2F03%2F929478378%2Funderstanding-the-2020-electorate-ap-votecast-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-690"><a href="#cite_ref-690">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206111210/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1791/2010-midterm-elections-exit-poll-religion-vote">"Religion in the 2010 Elections"</a>. Pew Research Center. November 3, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewresearch.org/pubs/1791/2010-midterm-elections-exit-poll-religion-vote">the original</a> on February 6, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+in+the+2010+Elections&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewresearch.org%2Fpubs%2F1791%2F2010-midterm-elections-exit-poll-religion-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-691"><a href="#cite_ref-691">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2015" class="citation news cs1">Lee (June 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/18/politics/pope-encyclical-climate-change-catholic-republicans/">"Pope hands GOP climate change dilemma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705234555/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/18/politics/pope-encyclical-climate-change-catholic-republicans/">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Pope+hands+GOP+climate+change+dilemma&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft.au=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F06%2F18%2Fpolitics%2Fpope-encyclical-climate-change-catholic-republicans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-692"><a href="#cite_ref-692">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on-small-business/wp/2016/10/12/study-republicans-are-24-percent-more-likely-than-democrats-to-be-business-owners/">"Study: Republicans are 24 percent more likely than Democrats to be business owners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved October 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Study%3A+Republicans+are+24+percent+more+likely+than+Democrats+to+be+business+owners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fon-small-business%2Fwp%2F2016%2F10%2F12%2Fstudy-republicans-are-24-percent-more-likely-than-democrats-to-be-business-owners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-693"><a href="#cite_ref-693">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKibben2011" class="citation news cs1">McKibben, Bill (March 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-gang-that-couldnt-lob_b_839047">"The Gang That Couldn't Lobby Straight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226191446/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-gang-that-couldnt-lob_b_839047">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=The+Gang+That+Couldn%27t+Lobby+Straight&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft.aulast=McKibben&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fthe-gang-that-couldnt-lob_b_839047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-694"><a href="#cite_ref-694">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222090755/https://waysandmeans.house.gov/chairman-brady-marks-six-months-of-tax-reform-wins/">"Chairman Brady Marks Six Months of Tax Reform Wins – Ways and Means"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waysandmeans.house.gov/chairman-brady-marks-six-months-of-tax-reform-wins/">the original</a> on December 22, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chairman+Brady+Marks+Six+Months+of+Tax+Reform+Wins+%E2%80%93+Ways+and+Means&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaysandmeans.house.gov%2Fchairman-brady-marks-six-months-of-tax-reform-wins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-695"><a href="#cite_ref-695">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/551769-house-republicans-urge-opposition-to-vaccine-patent-waiver/">"House Republicans urge opposition to vaccine patent waiver"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. May 4, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162834/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/551769-house-republicans-urge-opposition-to-vaccine-patent-waiver">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=House+Republicans+urge+opposition+to+vaccine+patent+waiver&rft.date=2021-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F551769-house-republicans-urge-opposition-to-vaccine-patent-waiver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-696"><a href="#cite_ref-696">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-republicans-vote-overturn-biden-rule-water-protections-rcna74317">"House Republicans vote to overturn Biden rule on water protections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. March 10, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310130746/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-republicans-vote-overturn-biden-rule-water-protections-rcna74317">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=House+Republicans+vote+to+overturn+Biden+rule+on+water+protections&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Fhouse-republicans-vote-overturn-biden-rule-water-protections-rcna74317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-697"><a href="#cite_ref-697">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/1/10/2016_Republican_Party_Platform.pdf">"Republican Party Platform 2016"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205210641/https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/1/10/2016_Republican_Party_Platform.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved October 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republican+Party+Platform+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fimages%2F1%2F10%2F2016_Republican_Party_Platform.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>The Almanac of American Politics 2022 (2022) details on members of Congress, and the governors: their records and election results; also state and district politics; revised every two years since 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Almanac-American-Politics-Richard-Cohen/dp/195237409X/">details</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107175827/https://www.amazon.com/Almanac-American-Politics-Richard-Cohen/dp/195237409X">Archived</a> January 7, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; see <a href="/wiki/The_Almanac_of_American_Politics" title="The Almanac of American Politics">The Almanac of American Politics</a></li> <li>American National Biography (20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries and at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/84/">Wikipedia Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030170202/https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/84/">Archived</a> October 30, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Aberbach, Joel D., ed. and Peele, Gillian, ed. Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics after Bush (Oxford UP, 2011). 403pp</li> <li>Aistrup, Joseph A. The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South (1996).</li> <li>Black, Earl and Merle Black. The Rise of Southern Republicans (2002).</li> <li>Bowen, Michael, The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party. (U of North Carolina Press, 2011). xii, 254pp.</li> <li>Brennan, Mary C. Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP (1995).</li> <li>Conger, Kimberly H. The Christian Right in Republican State Politics (2010) 202 pages; focuses on Arizona, Indiana, and Missouri.</li> <li>Crane, Michael. The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Books on Politics (2004) covers all the major issues explaining the parties' positions.</li> <li>Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2nd ed. 2011).</li> <li>Ehrman, John, The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan (2005).</li> <li>Fauntroy, Michael K. Republicans and the Black vote (2007).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFried2008" class="citation book cs1">Fried, J (2008). Democrats and Republicans – Rhetoric and Reality. New York: Algora Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democrats+and+Republicans+%E2%80%93+Rhetoric+and+Reality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Frank, Thomas. What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (2005).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David.</a> What's Right: The New Conservative Majority and the Remaking of America (1996).</li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. The Republicans : A History of the Grand Old Party (2nd ed, 2014); First edition 2003 was entitled: Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanshisto0000goul">online 2nd edition</a>' th standard scholarly history</li> <li>Hemmer, Nicole. Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s (2022)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1983" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Richard (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519103011/https://www.questia.com/library/2038656/grass-roots-politics-parties-issues-and-voters">Grass Roots Politics: Parties, Issues, and Voters, 1854–1983</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/083716382X" title="Special:BookSources/083716382X"><bdi>083716382X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/2038656/grass-roots-politics-parties-issues-and-voters">the original</a> on May 19, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grass+Roots+Politics%3A+Parties%2C+Issues%2C+and+Voters%2C+1854%E2%80%931983&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=083716382X&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F2038656%2Fgrass-roots-politics-parties-issues-and-voters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Judis" title="John Judis">Judis, John B.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Teixeira" title="Ruy Teixeira">Ruy Teixeira</a>. The Emerging Democratic Majority (2004), two Democrats project social trends.</li> <li>Kabaservice, Geoffrey. Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party, From Eisenhower to the Tea Party (2012) scholarly history <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199768400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199768400">978-0199768400</a>.</li> <li>Kleppner, Paul, et al. The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1983), applies party systems model.</li> <li>Kurian, George Thomas ed. The Encyclopedia of the Republican Party (4 vol., 2002).</li> <li>Lamis, Alexander P. ed. Southern Politics in the 1990s (1999).</li> <li>Levendusky, Matthew. The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans (2009). Chicago Studies in American Politics.</li> <li>Mason, Robert. The Republican Party and American Politics from Hoover to Reagan (2011).</li> <li>Mason, Robert and Morgan, Iwan (eds.) Seeking a New Majority: The Republican Party and American Politics, 1960–1980. (2013) Nashville, TN. Vanderbilt University Press. 2013.</li> <li>Mayer, George H. The Republican Party, 1854–1966. 2d ed. (1967); a standard scholarly history; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanparty100maye">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1988" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James M. (1988). <a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom:_The_Civil_War_Era" title="Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era">Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</a>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195038637" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195038637"><bdi>978-0195038637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0195038637&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Oakes, James. The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution (W.W. Norton, 2021).</li> <li>Oakes, James. Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865 (W. W. Norton, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perlstein" title="Rick Perlstein">Perlstein, Rick</a>. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (2002), broad account of 1964.</li> <li>Perlstein, Rick. <a href="/wiki/Nixonland:_The_Rise_of_a_President_and_the_Fracturing_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America">Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America</a> (2009).</li> <li>Reinhard, David W. The Republican Right since 1945 (1983).</li> <li>Rutland, Robert Allen. The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush (1996).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sabato" title="Larry Sabato">Sabato, Larry J.</a> Divided States of America: The Slash and Burn Politics of the 2004 Presidential Election (2005).</li> <li>Sabato, Larry J. and Bruce Larson. The Party's Just Begun: Shaping Political Parties for America's Future (2001), textbook.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr.</a> ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000 (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). Essays on the most important election are reprinted in Schlesinger, The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%28%20History%20of%20American%20Presidential%20Elections%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28Schlesinger%29">online editions</a></li> <li>Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (2001), essays by specialists on each time period: <ul><li>includes: "To One or Another of These Parties Every Man Belongs": 1820–1865 by <a href="/wiki/Joel_H._Silbey" title="Joel H. Silbey">Joel H. Silbey</a>; "Change and Continuity in the Party Period: 1835–1885" by Michael F. Holt; "The Transformation of American Politics: 1865–1910" by Peter H. Argersinger; "Democracy, Republicanism, and Efficiency: 1885–1930" by Richard Jensen; "The Limits of Federal Power and Social Policy: 1910–1955" by Anthony J. Badger; "The Rise of Rights and Rights Consciousness: 1930–1980" by James T. Patterson; and "Economic Growth, Issue Evolution, and Divided Government: 1955–2000" by Byron E. Shafer.</li></ul></li> <li>Shafer, Byron and Richard Johnston. The End of Southern Exceptionalism (2006), uses statistical election data and polls to argue GOP growth was primarily a response to economic change.</li> <li>Steely, Mel. The Gentleman from Georgia: The Biography of Newt Gingrich Mercer University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865546711" title="Special:BookSources/0865546711">0865546711</a>.</li> <li>Sundquist, James L. Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States (1983).</li> <li>Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Nation" title="The Right Nation">The Right Nation</a>: Conservative Power in America (2004).</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Republikeinse Party (Verenigde State)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanische_Partei" title="Republikanische Partei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Republikanische Partei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AA%E1%8D%90%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%93%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2_(%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB)" title="ሪፐብሊካን ፓርቲ (አሜሪካ) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሪፐብሊካን ፓርቲ (አሜሪካ)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="الحزب الجمهوري (الولايات المتحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب الجمهوري (الولايات المتحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%92%DC%90_%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90_(%DC%90%DC%98%DC%9A%DC%95%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A1%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%90)" title="ܓܒܐ ܩܘܛܢܝܐ (ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܒܐ ܩܘܛܢܝܐ (ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_Republicanu_de_los_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Partíu Republicanu de los Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Partíu Republicanu de los Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublika%C3%A7%C4%B1lar_Partiyas%C4%B1_(AB%C5%9E)" title="Respublikaçılar Partiyası (ABŞ) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Respublikaçılar Partiyası (ABŞ)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1)" title="جومهوریتچی حیزبی (بیرلشمیش ایالتلر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جومهوریتچی حیزبی (بیرلشمیش ایالتلر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_R%C3%A9publik_(Am%C3%A9rika_Serikat)" title="Partai Républik (Amérika Serikat) – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Partai Républik (Amérika Serikat)" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0)" title="রিপাবলিকান পার্টি (মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিপাবলিকান পার্টি (মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4_T%C3%B3ng_(B%C3%AD-kok)" title="Kiōng-hô Tóng (Bí-kok) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiōng-hô Tóng (Bí-kok)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Рэспубліканская партыя ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэспубліканская партыя ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Рэспубліканская партыя ЗША – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэспубліканская партыя ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE)" title="रिपब्लिकन पार्टी (अमेरिका) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रिपब्लिकन पार्टी (अमेरिका)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Republikano_kan_Estados_Unidos" title="Partido Republikano kan Estados Unidos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Partido Republikano kan Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Републиканска партия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Републиканска партия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Republican Party" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanska_stranka_(SAD)" title="Republikanska stranka (SAD) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Republikanska stranka (SAD)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strollad_Republikan_(Stado%C3%B9-Unanet)" title="Strollad Republikan (Stadoù-Unanet) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strollad Republikan (Stadoù-Unanet)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Republic%C3%A0_dels_Estats_Units" title="Partit Republicà dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Republicà dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%A8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="АПШ Республика партийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="АПШ Республика партийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Republikano_(Tinipong_Bansa)" title="Partido Republikano (Tinipong Bansa) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Partido Republikano (Tinipong Bansa)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_strana_(USA)" title="Republikánská strana (USA) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Republikánská strana (USA)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Weriniaethol_(Unol_Daleithiau)" title="Plaid Weriniaethol (Unol Daleithiau) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plaid Weriniaethol (Unol Daleithiau)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanske_parti_(USA)" title="Republikanske parti (USA) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Republikanske parti (USA)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanische_Partei" title="Republikanische Partei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Republikanische Partei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabariiklik_Partei" title="Vabariiklik Partei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabariiklik Partei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CE%97%CE%A0%CE%91)" title="Ρεπουμπλικανικό Κόμμα (ΗΠΑ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρεπουμπλικανικό Κόμμα (ΗΠΑ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Republicano_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Republicano (Estados Unidos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Republicano (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublikana_Partio_(Usono)" title="Respublikana Partio (Usono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Respublikana Partio (Usono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Alderdi_Errepublikanoa" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Alderdi Errepublikanoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Alderdi Errepublikanoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="حزب جمهوری‌خواه (ایالات متحده آمریکا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب جمهوری‌خواه (ایالات متحده آمریکا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanski_Flokkurin" title="Republikanski Flokkurin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Republikanski Flokkurin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_r%C3%A9publicain_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Parti républicain (États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti républicain (États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikeinske_Partij_(Feriene_Steaten)" title="Republikeinske Partij (Feriene Steaten) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Republikeinske Partij (Feriene Steaten)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1irt%C3%AD_Poblachtach_(St%C3%A1it_Aontaithe)" title="Páirtí Poblachtach (Stáit Aontaithe) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Páirtí Poblachtach (Stáit Aontaithe)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Partee_Pobblaghtagh_(ny_Steatyn_Unnaneysit)" title="Yn Partee Pobblaghtagh (ny Steatyn Unnaneysit) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Partee Pobblaghtagh (ny Steatyn Unnaneysit)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Republicano_(Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica)" title="Partido Republicano (Estados Unidos de América) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Republicano (Estados Unidos de América)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khiung-f%C3%B2-t%C3%B3ng_(M%C3%AE-koet)" title="Khiung-fò-tóng (Mî-koet) – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khiung-fò-tóng (Mî-koet)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EB%8B%B9_(%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD)" title="공화당 (미국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공화당 (미국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam%27iyyar_Republican_(Amurka)" title="Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="ԱՄՆ հանրապետական կուսակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ հանրապետական կուսակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="रिपब्लिकन पार्टी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिपब्लिकन पार्टी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanska_strona_(Zjedno%C4%87ene_staty_Ameriki)" title="Republikanska strona (Zjednoćene staty Ameriki) – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Republikanska strona (Zjednoćene staty Ameriki)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanska_stranka_(SAD)" title="Republikanska stranka (SAD) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Republikanska stranka (SAD)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikana_Partiso_(Usa)" title="Republikana Partiso (Usa) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Republikana Partiso (Usa)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States) – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Republican Party (United States)" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Republikano_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Republik_(Amerika_Serikat)" title="Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Republican_del_Statos_Unite" title="Partito Republican del Statos Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Partito Republican del Statos Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblikanaflokkurinn" title="Repúblikanaflokkurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Repúblikanaflokkurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Repubblicano_(Stati_Uniti_d%27America)" title="Partito Repubblicano (Stati Uniti d'America) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Repubblicano (Stati Uniti d'America)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הרפובליקנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הרפובליקנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%A9_R%C3%A9publik_(Am%C3%A9rika_Sar%C3%A9kat)" title="Parté Républik (Amérika Sarékat) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Parté Républik (Amérika Sarékat)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8)" title="რესპუბლიკური პარტია (აშშ) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რესპუბლიკური პარტია (აშშ)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8)" title="Республикалық партия (АҚШ) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Республикалық партия (АҚШ)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Repoblikanek" title="Parti Repoblikanek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Parti Repoblikanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chama_cha_Jamhuri_cha_Marekani" title="Chama cha Jamhuri cha Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chama cha Jamhuri cha Marekani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiya_Komarpar%C3%AAz_a_DYAy%C3%AA" title="Partiya Komarparêz a DYAyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Partiya Komarparêz a DYAyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99_(%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94)" title="ພັກຣີພັບບລີກັນ (ສະຫະລັດ) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພັກຣີພັບບລີກັນ (ສະຫະລັດ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_republicana_(Civitates_Foederatae)" title="Factio republicana (Civitates Foederatae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio republicana (Civitates Foederatae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_Republik%C4%81nisk%C4%81_partija" title="ASV Republikāniskā partija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV Republikāniskā partija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(USA)" title="Republican Party (USA) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Republican Party (USA)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAV_respublikon%C5%B3_partija" title="JAV respublikonų partija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="JAV respublikonų partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partio_Repubbrican_(Stati_Un%C3%AFi_d%27America)" title="Partio Repubbrican (Stati Unïi d'America) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Partio Repubbrican (Stati Unïi d'America)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partii_Republegan_(Stat_Unii_d%27America)" title="Partii Republegan (Stat Unii d'America) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Partii Republegan (Stat Unii d'America)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik%C3%A1nus_P%C3%A1rt_(Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok)" title="Republikánus Párt (Amerikai Egyesült Államok) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Republikánus Párt (Amerikai Egyesült Államok)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94)" title="Републиканска партија (САД) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Републиканска партија (САД)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="റിപ്പബ്ലിക്കൻ പാർട്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിപ്പബ്ലിക്കൻ പാർട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE)" title="रिपब्लिकन पक्ष (अमेरिका) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रिपब्लिकन पक्ष (अमेरिका)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8)" title="რესპუბლიკური პარტია (ააშ) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რესპუბლიკური პარტია (ააშ)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="الحزب الجمهورى فى امريكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحزب الجمهورى فى امريكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8" title="جمهوری‌خاهون حزب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جمهوری‌خاهون حزب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Republikan_(Amerika_Syarikat)" title="Parti Republikan (Amerika Syarikat) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Republikan (Amerika Syarikat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-hu%C3%B2-d%C5%8Dng_(M%C4%AB-gu%C3%B3k)" title="Gê̤ṳng-huò-dōng (Mī-guók) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gê̤ṳng-huò-dōng (Mī-guók)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3)" title="Бүгд Найрамдах Нам (АНУ) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүгд Найрамдах Нам (АНУ)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE_(%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF)" title="ရီပတ်ဘလီကန်ပါတီ (အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရီပတ်ဘလီကန်ပါတီ (အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikeinse_Partij_(Verenigde_Staten)" title="Republikeinse Partij (Verenigde Staten) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Republikeinse Partij (Verenigde Staten)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE)" title="रिपब्लिकन पार्टी (अमेरिका) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रिपब्लिकन पार्टी (अमेरिका)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD)" title="共和党 (アメリカ合衆国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="共和党 (アメリカ合衆国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikaans_Partei_(USA)" title="Republikaans Partei (USA) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Republikaans Partei (USA)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_republikanske_parti_(USA)" title="Det republikanske parti (USA) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det republikanske parti (USA)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_republikanske_partiet_i_USA" title="Det republikanske partiet i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det republikanske partiet i USA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Republican_(Estats_Units)" title="Partit Republican (Estats Units) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Partit Republican (Estats Units)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublikachilar_partiyasi" title="Respublikachilar partiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Respublikachilar partiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C)" title="ਰਿਪਬਲਿਕਨ ਪਾਰਟੀ (ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿਪਬਲਿਕਨ ਪਾਰਟੀ (ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ریپبلکن پارٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریپبلکن پارٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%88%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%AB%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="جمهوري غوښتونکی ګوند (متحده ایالات) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جمهوري غوښتونکی ګوند (متحده ایالات)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Republika%C5%84ska_(Stany_Zjednoczone)" title="Partia Republikańska (Stany Zjednoczone) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Republikańska (Stany Zjednoczone)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Republicano_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Republicano (Estados Unidos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Republicano (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Republican_(Statele_Unite_ale_Americii)" title="Partidul Republican (Statele Unite ale Americii) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Republican (Statele Unite ale Americii)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Республиканская партия (США) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Республиканская партия (США)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83" title="रिपब्लिकन् पक्षः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रिपब्लिकन् पक्षः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Pairty_(Unitit_States)" title="Republican Pairty (Unitit States) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Republican Pairty (Unitit States)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Republikane_(SHBA)" title="Partia Republikane (SHBA) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partia Republikane (SHBA)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitu_ripubbricanu_(Stati_Uniti)" title="Partitu ripubbricanu (Stati Uniti) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Partitu ripubbricanu (Stati Uniti)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA)" title="රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂය (එක්සත් ජනපදය) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂය (එක්සත් ජනපදය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Republican Party (United States)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik%C3%A1nska_strana_(USA)" title="Republikánska strana (USA) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Republikánska strana (USA)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanska_stranka_(Zdru%C5%BEene_dr%C5%BEave_Amerike)" title="Republikanska stranka (Združene države Amerike) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Republikanska stranka (Združene države Amerike)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="پارتی کۆماری (ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پارتی کۆماری (ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94)" title="Републиканска странка (САД) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Републиканска странка (САД)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanska_stranka_(Sjedinjene_Ameri%C4%8Dke_Dr%C5%BEave)" title="Republikanska stranka (Sjedinjene Američke Države) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Republikanska stranka (Sjedinjene Američke Države)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_republikaaninen_puolue" title="Yhdysvaltain republikaaninen puolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain republikaaninen puolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikanska_partiet" title="Republikanska partiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Republikanska partiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Republikano_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Partido Republikano (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE)" title="குடியரசுக் கட்சி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குடியரசுக் கட்சி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQ%C5%9E_Respublika_firq%C3%A4se" title="AQŞ Respublika firqäse – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="AQŞ Respublika firqäse" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80_(%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D)" title="రిపబ్లికన్ పార్టీ (యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రిపబ్లికన్ పార్టీ (యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90)" title="พรรคริพับลิกัน (สหรัฐ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคริพับลิกัน (สหรัฐ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%90" title="Ҳизби ҷумҳурихоҳи ИМА – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳизби ҷумҳурихоҳи ИМА" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet%C3%A7i_Parti_(Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri)" title="Cumhuriyetçi Parti (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cumhuriyetçi Parti (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Республіканська партія США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Республіканська партія США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81)" title="ریپبلکن پارٹی (ریاستہائے متحدہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریپبلکن پارٹی (ریاستہائے متحدہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partio_Republegan_(Stati_Unii_de_l%27Am%C3%A8rica)" title="Partio Republegan (Stati Unii de l'Amèrica) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Partio Republegan (Stati Unii de l'Amèrica)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_(Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3)" title="Đảng Cộng hòa (Hoa Kỳ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Cộng hòa (Hoa Kỳ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Republicano_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Republicano (Estados Unidos) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Partido Republicano (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%85%9A" title="美国共和党 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美国共和党" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99" title="רעפובליקאנער פארטיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעפובליקאנער פארטיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8gb%E1%BA%B9%CC%81_R%E1%BA%B9%CC%80p%C3%BAbl%C3%ADk%C3%A1n%C3%AC_(USA)" title="Ẹgbẹ́ Rẹ̀públíkánì (USA) – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹgbẹ́ Rẹ̀públíkánì (USA)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="共和黨 (美國) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="共和黨 (美國)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="共和黨 (美國) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="共和黨 (美國)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Republik_(Amerika_Serikat)" title="Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat) – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Republican Party" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 14:35 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6f5945bd9d-mz7rh","wgBackendResponseTime":885,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"7.299","walltime":"7.801","ppvisitednodes":{"value":54942,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":2094301,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":166632,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":121,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":2808438,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 6543.087 1 -total"," 56.88% 3721.464 3 Template:Reflist"," 23.46% 1535.032 315 Template:Cite_web"," 15.02% 982.526 211 Template:Cite_news"," 7.67% 501.977 1 Template:Infobox_political_party"," 7.59% 496.320 86 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.36% 481.295 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.60% 432.025 1 Template:Sfn"," 6.31% 412.846 10 Template:Refn"," 6.09% 398.783 55 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"4.671","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16134947,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbdelfatah2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAchenbach2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlberta2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAleaziz2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonTaylor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Glass2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApplebome1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAratani2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFArhinStockemerNormandin2023\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFArias-Maldonado2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArrillaga2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshbeeWaddan2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAstor2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAstor2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAtske2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvlon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzari2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacon1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadgerGebeloffBhatia2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaileyGoldstein,_Weingast1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakerCritchlow2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBakerPerryWhitehead2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2024\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFBalmer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarstow2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartels2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchamp2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchamp2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_Barka2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBender2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenderHaberman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergquistWarshaw2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerletHardisty2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiebricher2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackford2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlake2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBlancoWolfeGardner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlendonKimBenson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlodgett1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlum2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumCowburn2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolton2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoorstein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosmanDavey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewsterHuey-Burns2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroadwater2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruni2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBump\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBump,_Philip2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBump2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurlingame2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush,_George_W.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBåtstrand2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamera2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampaniFabelo_ConcepciónRodriguez_SolerSánchez_Savín2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanada2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarterKeithVasilopoulouSindre2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassidy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavariFreedman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaison2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChait2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChappell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatelain2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Kane2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClare_Foran2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCliffe2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoganBrady1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCohn2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCohn2024\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFColeyHess2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinson2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFConnolly2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnolly2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConroy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooleyNexon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorasaniti2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorisanitiEpstein2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoy_F._Cross_II2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummings2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallas2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDao2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavenport2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavenportLipton2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawseyArnsdorfVozzella2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeSilver2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesiderioShermanBresnahan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesilver2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDina_Smeltz_and_Craig_Kafura2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDionne_Jr.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodsonBrooks2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoherty2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrabold2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrum2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDrutman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrutman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlapMcCright2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDunwoodyGershtensonPlaneUpchurch-Poole2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards-Levy2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEilperin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElving2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncarnación2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnten2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnten2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpsteinKarni2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwert2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF._Will2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaduluFlanagan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaludi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFandos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeagin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiller,_Daniel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFingerhutMcCombs2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiorino2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishkinPozen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoltynova2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFordhamFlynn2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForgey2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFramElliot2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranke-Ruta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredricksonSellersDillonOhayon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFried2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrommer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrumin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunakoshi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabbattSmith2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannon1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2021\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGarfield1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerstle2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGidronZiblatt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGidronZilbatt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlasbergArmalinePurkayastha2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlueck2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldenberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomez2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwinKnowles2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottfriedFleming1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGouldKlor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrahamMurphy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenblatt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregorian2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossmannHopkins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossmannMahmoodIsaac2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrumbachHackerPierson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuelzo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabermanGoldmacherSwan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackerPierson2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHackmanZitner2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajnal2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakimWines2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHalloran2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalpern2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanau2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayward2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeersinkJenkins2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrickson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertel-FernandezSkocpolLynch2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHomans2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopewell2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkinBlyth2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorwitzSacchetti2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHounshell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulse2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgielnik2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInskeep2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIzaguirreCoronado2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsonKennedy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJainLavelleThomas2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeong2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessoulaNatiliPavolini2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Collins_Rudolf2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonMcCrayRagusa2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesCoxNavarro-Rivera2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunnMasuoka2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalmbacher2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaragiannisMadjd-SadjadiSen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarniGrahamEder2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKashinsky2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatzenstein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKecklerRozell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKight2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilgore\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilgore2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilgore2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilgore2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilgore2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirbyEkins2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinParks2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKliegman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKneeland2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonczal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraushaar2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurtzleben2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._A._Holmes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLYDIA_SAAD_and_JEFFREY_M._JONES2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahutGoodwinEdmonds\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLange2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangeEricksonHeath2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLangeOliphant2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaruelle2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauter2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaxPhillipsZelizer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonhardt2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLererRussonelloPaz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevineLacyHearn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitz2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieb2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLillis2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLizza2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLotz2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovett2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowndes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynchSheridanColetta2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLührmannMedzihorskyHindleLindberg2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacpherson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahlerJohnson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMain2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMairRuschHornik2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMali2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMascaroFrekingAmiri2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMaxwell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCaskill2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClenahan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoySomer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDanielNooruddinShortle2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonnell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcElroy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcKibben2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPherson1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPherson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcQuarrie2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellnikAlcantaraUhrmacher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMena2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilkisKingJacobs2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerSchofield2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiranda2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontanaro2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontellaro2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoskowitzRogowskiJr2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjeeKrogstad2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullins2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaftali2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagourney2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNashReinhard1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNass2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewburn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNick2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiemietz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberlander2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrr2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrr2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrth2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmerWinner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParikh2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Kiel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeoples2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlstein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPeskin1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetre2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfannenstiel2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlott2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonnuru2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoole1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotts2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Lewis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRakich2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRakichMarriner2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRathburn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReich2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepublican_National_Committee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRestucciaSchwartzTimiraosLeary2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodesSchaffner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiccardi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiccardiMascaro2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley_Roche2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRing2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRingquistNeshkovaAamidor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocha2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothbard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouseTelhami2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuckerCosta2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutland1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaeffer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmalz1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnabel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenbaum2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrope2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSellers2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShabecoff2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepard2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShephard2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipanLowry2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqui2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiquiMerrill2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiders2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilver2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilver2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverleib2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkelley2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkocpol1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkolnik2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithLogisLogisShephard2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSosnik2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSperber2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanton2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinhauer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinhauser2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStout2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivanHaysBennett2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuls2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSussXiaoBurn-MurdochMurray2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanHaberman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanSavageHaberman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwartz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwedberg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTackett2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTahir2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatum2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeixeira2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTenorio2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerkel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesler2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Christian_Science_Monitor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson-DeVeaux2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThrush2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrollinger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrujillo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTumulty2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnerIsenberg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTysonFunkKennedy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTysonFunkKennedy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVargas2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaron2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasilogambros2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVyse2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._Baker_Jr.1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallstenYadron2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaltke1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarzel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaugh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteheadPerry2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteheadPerry2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteheadPerryBaker2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWidmer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilbur2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilentz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkieBreuninger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinberg2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWineingerNugent2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWines2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinston2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiseman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYam2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeitz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZelizer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZezimaWeigel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhou2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZitnerMena2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vogue2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 10,\n [\"Anti-slavery parties (US)\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Ayd\"] = 19,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"CURRENTYEAR\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 55,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 86,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 211,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 316,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Color box\"] = 1,\n [\"Composition bar\"] = 127,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Cref\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Republican Party\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 53,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 16,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Increase\"] = 61,\n [\"Infobox political party\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 6,\n [\"Lost\"] = 18,\n [\"Main\"] = 22,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 5,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 5,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-ua\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Obsolete source\"] = 1,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Party color\"] = 86,\n [\"Party shading/Democratic\"] = 105,\n [\"Party shading/Republican\"] = 62,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 10,\n [\"Republican Party\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"SCOTUS URL Slip\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 20,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sortname\"] = 19,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Steady\"] = 4,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 3,\n [\"United States political parties\"] = 1,\n [\"United States topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vertical header\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 20,\n [\"Won\"] = 25,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","620","12.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","560","11.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","540","10.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","300","5.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","220","4.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","200","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","140","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","140","2.8"],["[others]","1760","34.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-dcbfdd475-h2727","timestamp":"20250217143607","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Republican Party (United States)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republican_Party_(United_States)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q29468","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q29468","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-01T23:09:58Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T14:35:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/63\/GOP_logo.svg","headline":"American political party"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>