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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去質量單位細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-質量單位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-質量單位歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#質量單位歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>質量單位歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-質量單位歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>定義</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-定義-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去定義細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-重量_vs._質量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重量_vs._質量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>重量 vs. 質量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重量_vs._質量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-慣性質量_vs._引力質量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#慣性質量_vs._引力質量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>慣性質量 vs. 引力質量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-慣性質量_vs._引力質量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-前牛頓概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#前牛頓概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>前牛頓概念</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-前牛頓概念-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去前牛頓概念細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-前牛頓概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-重量作為數量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重量作為數量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>重量作為數量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重量作為數量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-行星運動" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行星運動"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>行星運動</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-行星運動-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-伽利略自由落體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伽利略自由落體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>伽利略自由落體</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伽利略自由落體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-質量同重量嘅區別" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#質量同重量嘅區別"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>質量同重量嘅區別</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-質量同重量嘅區別-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-牛頓質量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#牛頓質量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>牛頓質量</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-牛頓質量-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去牛頓質量細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-牛頓質量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-牛頓嘅大砲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#牛頓嘅大砲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>牛頓嘅大砲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-牛頓嘅大砲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-萬有引力質量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#萬有引力質量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>萬有引力質量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-萬有引力質量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-慣性質量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#慣性質量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>慣性質量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-慣性質量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-原子質量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原子質量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>原子質量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原子質量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相對論入面" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相對論入面"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>相對論入面</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-相對論入面-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去相對論入面細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-相對論入面-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-狹義相對論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#狹義相對論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>狹義相對論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-狹義相對論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-廣義相對論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#廣義相對論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>廣義相對論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-廣義相對論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-量子物理學入面" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#量子物理學入面"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>量子物理學入面</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-量子物理學入面-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去量子物理學入面細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-量子物理學入面-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-快子粒子同虛數（複數）質量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#快子粒子同虛數（複數）質量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>快子粒子同虛數（複數）質量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-快子粒子同虛數（複數）質量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出面網頁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出面網頁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>出面網頁</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出面網頁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="內容一覽" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">質量</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有165種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">165種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik) – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Masse (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9D%E1%8D%88%E1%89%B5" title="ግዝፈት – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ግዝፈት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="संहति – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="संहति" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9" title="كتلة – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9" title="كتلة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كتلة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%87" title="كتله – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كتله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%B0" title="ভৰ – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtl%C9%99_(fiziki_k%C9%99miyy%C9%99t)" title="Kütlə (fiziki kəmiyyət) – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kütlə (fiziki kəmiyyət)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%87" title="کوتله – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوتله" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Масса – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Масса" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massn" title="Massn – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Massn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C4%97" title="Masė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Masė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Маса – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Маса – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombolan_(%C3%A8lmu_tab%C3%A8at)" title="Ombolan (èlmu tabèat) – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ombolan (èlmu tabèat)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Маса – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B0" title="ভর – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas" title="Mas – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mas" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Масса – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Масса" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-li%C3%B4ng" title="Cék-liông – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-liông" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9F%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%85_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%97" title="ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ – 柴羅基文" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="柴羅基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95" title="بارستە – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بارستە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmotnost" title="Hmotnost – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hmotnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Масса – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Масса" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0s" title="Màs – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Màs" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse_(fysik)" title="Masse (fysik) – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Masse (fysik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik) – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Masse (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%B1" title="Μάζα – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάζα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass" title="Mass – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mass" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maso" title="Maso – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass" title="Mass – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mass" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="جرم (فیزیک) – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرم (فیزیک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(f%C3%BC%C3%BCsiga)" title="Mass (füüsiga) – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mass (füüsiga)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levu" title="Levu – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Levu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse" title="Masse – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Masse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mase" title="Mase – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mase" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_(natuerkunde)" title="Massa (natuerkunde) – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Massa (natuerkunde)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais" title="Mais – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="質量 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="質量" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas" title="Mas – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mas" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomad" title="Tomad – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tomad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sa" title="Mása – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mása" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="દ્રવ્યમાન – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દ્રવ્યમાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glout" title="Glout – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Glout" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3t-li%C3%B4ng" title="Chṳt-liông – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳt-liông" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%94" title="מסה – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="द्रव्यमान – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्रव्यमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass" title="Mass – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mass" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas_in%C3%A8si" title="Mas inèsi – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mas inèsi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6meg" title="Tömeg – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tömeg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE" title="Զանգված – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զանգված" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_(quantitate_physic)" title="Massa (quantitate physic) – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Massa (quantitate physic)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse" title="Masse – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Masse" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maso" title="Maso – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massi" title="Massi – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Massi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_(fisica)" title="Massa (fisica) – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massa (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="質量 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="質量" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas" title="Mas – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mas" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="მასა – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მასა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takura" title="Takura – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Takura" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%A9l%C9%A9m%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Hɩlɩmɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɩlɩmɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Масса – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Масса" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F" title="ម៉ាស – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ាស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF" title="ದ್ರವ್ಯರಾಶಿ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ರವ್ಯರಾಶಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="질량 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="질량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Масса – 卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Масса" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse" title="Masse – 科隆文" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Masse" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariste" title="Bariste – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bariste" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Масса – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Масса" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(Physik)" title="Mass (Physik) – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mass (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%B3nd%C3%B3" title="Libóndó – 林加拉文" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Libóndó" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99" title="ມະຫາຊົນ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາຊົນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C4%97" title="Masė – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Masė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Сталмось – 莫克沙文" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сталмось" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanja" title="Lanja – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lanja" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Маса (физика) – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маса (физика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82" title="പിണ്ഡം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിണ്ഡം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81" title="Масс – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Масс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="वस्तुमान – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वस्तुमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisim" title="Jisim – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jisim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF" title="ဒြပ်ထု – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်ထု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik) – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Masse (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पिण्ड – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पिण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_(natuurkunde)" title="Massa (natuurkunde) – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Massa (natuurkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse" title="Masse – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Masse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse" title="Masse – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Masse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mase" title="Mase – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mase" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanga" title="Hanga – 奧羅莫文" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hanga" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奧羅莫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C" title="ਪੁੰਜ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁੰਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_(fizyka)" title="Masa (fizyka) – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masa (fizyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_(f%C3%ACsica)" title="Massa (fìsica) – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Massa (fìsica)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کمیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کمیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%87" title="کتله – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کتله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wisnu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C4%83" title="Masă – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Маса – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Маса" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Масса – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Масса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Маса – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Маса" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="संहतिः (भौतविज्ञानम्) – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="संहतिः (भौतविज्ञानम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Маасса – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Маасса" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass" title="Mass – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mass" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ڪميت – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪميت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්කන්ධය – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්කන්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass" title="Mass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmotnos%C5%A5" title="Hmotnosť – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hmotnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huremu" title="Huremu – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Huremu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuf" title="Cuf – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cuf" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Маса – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse" title="Masse – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Masse" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungamo" title="Tungamo – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tungamo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 西利西亞文" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西利西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="பொருண்மை – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொருண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF" title="ద్రవ్యరాశి – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్రవ్యరాశి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Масса – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Масса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5" title="มวล – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มวล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtle" title="Kütle – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kütle" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vunyingi-swilo" title="Vunyingi-swilo – 特松加文" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vunyingi-swilo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="特松加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%86" title="ۋەزىن – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋەزىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Маса – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کمیت – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کمیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass" title="Mass – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mass" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%91i_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng" title="Khối lượng – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khối lượng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa" title="Massa – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Massa" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="質量 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="質量" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A2" title="מאסע – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאסע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80k%C3%B3j%E1%BB%8D_(f%C3%ADs%C3%ADks%C3%AC)" title="Àkójọ (físíksì) – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àkójọ (físíksì)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="质量 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="质量" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="質量 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="質量" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chit-li%C5%8Dng" title="Chit-liōng – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chit-liōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isisindo" title="Isisindo – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isisindo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11423#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" 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title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25B3%25AA%25E9%2587%258F"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25B3%25AA%25E9%2587%258F"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mass_(physical_property)" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11423" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  <small>呢篇文講物理概念。</small><small>想搵管理意義上嘅質量嘅話，請睇<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%81%E8%B3%AA" title="品質">品質</a></b></small><small>。</small></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poids_fonte_2_kg_03_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Poids_fonte_2_kg_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Poids_fonte_2_kg_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Poids_fonte_2_kg_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Poids_fonte_2_kg_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Poids_fonte_2_kg_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Poids_fonte_2_kg_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="2660" /></a><figcaption>一嚿質量2公斤嘅砝碼</figcaption></figure> <p><b>質量</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/質量/#yue"><span><b>zat<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> loeng<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></b></span></a></span>）係指一件<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94" title="物體">物體</a>入面有幾多<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a>。質量同<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F" title="重量">重量</a>唔同，重量會因為嚿嘢擺到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BF%83%E5%90%B8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="地心吸力">地心吸力</a>唔同地方而跟住起變化；但係同一件嘢，無論搬去邊度，質量都唔會變。 </p><p>質量嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" title="國際單位制基本單位">SI基本單位</a>係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%85%8B" title="千克">千克</a> (kg) 。喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>，質量同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F%E5%98%85%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="質量同重量嘅比較 (無呢版)">重量係唔同嘅</a>，即使質量通常係用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E7%B0%A7%E7%A7%A4" title="彈簧秤">彈簧秤</a>量度物體嘅重量嚟確定，而唔係用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B9%B3" title="天平">天平</a>直接同已知質量比較。一個喺月球上嘅物體會比喺地球上輕，因為月球嘅重力較低，但係佢嘅質量仍然會係一樣嘅。因為重量係一種力，而質量係決定呢種力嘅強度嘅屬性（連同重力）。 </p><p>喺物理學嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="標準模型">標準模型</a>入面，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a>嘅質量被認為係佢哋同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="希格斯玻色子">希格斯玻色子</a>耦合嘅結果，呢個過程被稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brout-Englert-%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brout-Englert-希格斯機制 (無呢版)">Brout-Englert-希格斯機制</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="現象"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E8.B1.A1"></span>現象</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 現象"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有幾種唔同嘅現象可以用嚟量度質量。雖然一啲理論家推測，其中一啲現象可能係互相獨立嘅，<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但係目前嘅實驗發現，無論點樣量度，結果都冇分別： </p><p><i>慣性質量</i> 量度物體抵抗<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>加速嘅能力 (用<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛頓運動定律"><span class="nowrap"><i>F</i> = <i>ma</i></span></a>關係式表示)。 </p><p><i>主動引力質量</i> 決定咗物體產生嘅引力場嘅強度。 </p><p><i>被動引力質量</i> 量度喺已知引力場中，施加喺物體上嘅引力。 </p><p>物體嘅質量決定咗佢喺施加力嘅情況下嘅加速度。慣性同慣性質量分別喺定性同定量層面描述咗物理物體嘅呢個特性。根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓第二運動定律">牛頓第二運動定律</a>，如果一個固定質量 <i>m</i> 嘅物體受到單一力 <i>F</i> 嘅作用，佢嘅加速度 <i>a</i> 就係 <i>F</i>/<i>m</i>。物體嘅質量亦都決定咗佢產生同受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%A0%B4" title="引力場">引力場</a>影響嘅程度。如果一個質量為 <i>m</i><sub>A</sub> 嘅物體A 放置喺距離質量為 <i>m</i><sub>B</sub> 嘅物體B 嘅距離 <i>r</i> (質心到質心) ，每個物體都會受到一個吸引力 <span class="nowrap"><i>F</i><sub>g</sub> = <i>Gm</i><sub>A</sub><i>m</i><sub>B</sub>/<i>r</i><sup>2</sup></span>，其中 <span class="nowrap"><i>G</i> = <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6989667000000000000♠</span>6.67<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−11</sup> N⋅kg<sup>−2</sup>⋅m<sup>2</sup></span></span> 係「萬有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="引力常數 (無呢版)">引力常數</a>」。呢個有時被稱為引力質量。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 自17世紀以來嘅重複實驗表明，慣性質量同引力質量係相同嘅；自1915年以來，呢個觀察結果已經以 <i><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="先驗同後驗">先驗</a></i> 嘅方式納入咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E6%95%88%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等效原理 (無呢版)">等效原理</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="質量單位"><span id=".E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F.E5.96.AE.E4.BD.8D"></span>質量單位</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 質量單位"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">想知多啲：<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orders of magnitude (mass) (無呢版)">Orders of magnitude (mass)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SI_base_unit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/SI_base_unit.svg/220px-SI_base_unit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/SI_base_unit.svg/330px-SI_base_unit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/SI_base_unit.svg/440px-SI_base_unit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>千克係七個<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" title="國際單位制基本單位">SI基本單位</a>之一。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" title="國際單位制">國際單位制</a> (SI) 嘅質量單位係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%85%8B" title="千克">千克</a> (kg) 。千克係 1000 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">克</a> (g) ，最初喺 1795 年定義為喺冰嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E9%BB%9E" title="熔點">熔點</a>時，一立方分米水嘅質量。但係，由於精確量度喺指定溫度同壓力下嘅一立方分米水好困難，喺 1889 年，千克被重新定義為一個金屬物體嘅質量，因此變得獨立於米同水嘅特性，呢個金屬物體係 1793 年 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格拉夫 (單位) (無呢版)">格拉夫</a>嘅銅原型、1799 年 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E5%8D%83%E5%85%8B%E5%8E%9F%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="檔案千克原器 (無呢版)">檔案千克原器</a>嘅鉑金原型，同埋 1889 年 <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8D%83%E5%85%8B%E5%8E%9F%E5%99%A8" title="國際千克原器">國際千克原器</a> (IPK) 嘅鉑銥合金原型。 </p><p>但係，IPK 同佢嘅國家副本嘅質量已經被發現會隨時間漂移。<a href="/w/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019年國際單位制修訂 (無呢版)">千克同埋其他幾個單位嘅重新定義</a>喺 2019 年 5 月 20 日生效，此前喺 2018 年 11 月 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際計量委員會 (無呢版)">國際計量委員會</a> 進行咗最後投票。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 新嘅定義只係用自然界嘅不變量：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8A%AB%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="銫標準 (無呢版)">銫超精細頻率</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="普朗克常數">普朗克常數</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基本電荷 (無呢版)">基本電荷</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Brochure9_2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brochure9_2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>同 SI 單位一齊用嘅非 SI 單位包括： </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B8" title="噸">噸</a> (t) (或者「公噸」)，等於 1000 kg </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9_(%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電子伏特 (質量) (無呢版)">電子伏特</a> (eV) ，一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>單位，通過<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%89%E5%83%B9" title="質能等價">質能等價</a>，用嚟用 eV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup> 單位表示質量 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道爾頓 (單位) (無呢版)">道爾頓</a> (Da) ，等於自由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碳-12 (無呢版)">碳-12</a>原子質量嘅 1/12 ，大約 <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6973166000000000000♠</span>1.66<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−27</sup> kg</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺 SI 系統之外，其他質量單位包括： </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%92%E6%A0%BC_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯勒格 (單位) (無呢版)">斯勒格</a> (sl) ，一個 <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%88%B6%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" title="英制單位">英制</a> 質量單位 (大約 14.6 kg) </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%85_(%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磅 (質量) (無呢版)">磅</a> (lb) ，一個質量單位 (大約 0.45 kg) ，佢同埋同名嘅 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%85_(%E5%8A%9B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磅 (力) (無呢版)">磅 (力)</a> (大約 4.5 N) 一齊用，磅 (力) 係一個力嘅單位<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普朗克質量 (無呢版)">普朗克質量</a> (大約 <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6992218000000000000♠</span>2.18<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−8</sup> kg</span>) ，一個由基本常數推導出嘅量 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="太陽質量">太陽質量</a> (<var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>) ，定義為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" title="太陽">太陽</a>嘅質量，主要喺天文學中用嚟比較大質量，例如恆星或者星系 (≈ <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7030199000000000000♠</span>1.99<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>30</sup> kg</span>) </p><p>粒子嘅質量，用佢嘅倒數<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A0%93%E6%B3%A2%E9%95%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康普頓波長 (無呢版)">康普頓波長</a>嚟識別 (<span class="nowrap">1 cm<sup>−1</sup> ≘ <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6959352000000000000♠</span>3.52<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−41</sup> kg</span></span>) </p><p>恆星或者<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>嘅質量，用佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="史瓦西半徑">史瓦西半徑</a>嚟識別 (<span class="nowrap">1 cm ≘ <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7024673000000000000♠</span>6.73<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>24</sup> kg</span></span>)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="質量單位歷史"><span id=".E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F.E5.96.AE.E4.BD.8D.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>質量單位歷史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 質量單位歷史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="error">Page 'History of measurement#Units of mass' not found</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 定義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="物理科學">物理科學</a>入面，概念上可以區分至少七個唔同嘅 <i>質量</i> 方面，或者七個涉及 <i>質量</i> 概念嘅物理概念。<sup id="cite_ref-Rindler2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rindler2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 到目前為止嘅每個實驗都表明，呢七個值係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比例 (數學) (無呢版)">成比例</a>嘅，喺一啲情況下係相等嘅，而呢個比例關係產生咗質量嘅抽象概念。有好多種方法可以量度質量或者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%9E%8B%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="操作型定義 (無呢版)">操作上定義</a>質量： </p><p>慣性質量係量度物體喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>施加時，抵抗加速度嘅能力。佢係通過對物體施加力，然後量度由嗰個力產生嘅加速度嚟確定嘅。當受到相同嘅力作用時，慣性質量細嘅物體會比慣性質量大嘅物體加速得更快。有人話質量較大嘅物體具有更大嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E6%80%A7" title="慣性">慣性</a>。 </p><p>主動引力質量<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 係量度物體<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高斯引力定律 (無呢版)">引力通量</a>強度嘅指標（引力通量等於封閉表面上引力場嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%A2%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="面積分 (無呢版)">面積分</a>）。引力場可以通過允許一個細小嘅「測試物體」自由下落，然後量度佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%90%BD%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="自由落體">自由落體</a>加速度嚟量度。例如，一個喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="月球">月球</a>附近自由下落嘅物體，受到嘅引力場較細，因此比同一個喺地球附近自由下落嘅物體加速得更慢。月球附近嘅引力場較弱，因為月球嘅主動引力質量較細。 </p><p>被動引力質量係量度物體同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%A0%B4" title="引力場">引力場</a>相互作用強度嘅指標。被動引力質量係通過將物體嘅重量除以佢嘅自由落體加速度嚟確定嘅。同一個引力場中嘅兩個物體會經歷相同嘅加速度；但係，被動引力質量較細嘅物體會比被動引力質量較大嘅物體經歷更細嘅力（更輕嘅重量）。 </p><p>根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="相對論">相對論</a>，質量只不過係粒子系統嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E8%AE%8A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不變質量 (無呢版)">靜止能量</a>，意思係喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E7%B3%BB" title="參考系">參考系</a>中，系統<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" title="動量">動量</a>為零時嘅能量。根據<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%89%E5%83%B9" title="質能等價">質能等價</a>原理，質量可以轉換為其他形式嘅能量。呢個等價性喺大量物理過程中得到咗例證，包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%B0%8D%E7%94%A2%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="粒子對產生 (無呢版)">粒子對產生</a>、<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Β衰變">β衰變</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" class="mw-redirect" title="核融合">核融合</a>。粒子對產生同核融合係可量度嘅質量量轉換為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%83%BD" title="動能">動能</a>或者相反嘅過程。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA" title="時空">時空</a>嘅曲率係質量存在嘅相對論表現。呢種<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E7%8E%87" title="曲率">曲率</a>非常微弱而且難以量度。由於呢個原因，曲率直到愛因斯坦廣義相對論預測之後先被發現。例如，喺地球表面嘅極其精確嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%90%98" title="原子鐘">原子鐘</a>，發現同太空入面嘅類似時鐘相比，量度到嘅時間更少（運行得更慢）。呢種經過時間嘅差異係一種叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重力時間膨脹 (無呢版)">重力時間膨脹</a>嘅曲率形式。其他形式嘅曲率已經用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E5%99%A8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重力探測器B (無呢版)">重力探測器B</a>衛星量度到。 </p><p>量子質量表現為物體量子<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">頻率</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波數 (無呢版)">波數</a>之間嘅差異。粒子嘅量子質量同倒數<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A0%93%E6%B3%A2%E9%95%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康普頓波長 (無呢版)">康普頓波長</a>成比例，可以通過各種形式嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="光譜學">光譜學</a>嚟確定。喺相對論量子力學中，質量係龐加萊群嘅不可約表示標籤之一。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="重量_vs._質量"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E9.87.8F_vs._.E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F"></span>重量 vs. 質量</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 重量 vs. 質量"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_versus_weight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass versus weight (無呢版)">Mass versus weight</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass_versus_weight_in_earth_and_mars.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mass_versus_weight_in_earth_and_mars.svg/330px-Mass_versus_weight_in_earth_and_mars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mass_versus_weight_in_earth_and_mars.svg/500px-Mass_versus_weight_in_earth_and_mars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mass_versus_weight_in_earth_and_mars.svg/600px-Mass_versus_weight_in_earth_and_mars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>一個指定物體喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F" title="火星">火星</a>上嘅質量同重量。重量由於<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="重力加速度">重力加速度</a>嘅唔同而變化，但係質量保持不變。</figcaption></figure> <p>喺日常使用中，質量同「<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F" title="重量">重量</a>」經常可以互換使用。例如，一個人嘅重量可以講成 75 kg。喺恆定嘅引力場中，物體嘅重量同佢嘅質量成比例，用同一個單位嚟表示呢兩個概念係冇問題嘅。但係，由於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="地球重力">地球引力場</a>喺唔同地方嘅強度略有唔同，對於精度高於百分之幾嘅量度，以及對於遠離地球表面嘅地方，例如喺太空或者其他行星上，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F%E5%98%85%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="質量同重量嘅比較 (無呢版)">區別</a>變得重要。概念上，「質量」（用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%85%8B" title="千克">千克</a>量度）指嘅係物體嘅內在屬性，而「重量」（用<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a>量度）量度嘅係物體抵抗偏離佢目前<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%90%BD%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="自由落體">自由落體</a>軌跡嘅能力，呢個軌跡會受到附近引力場嘅影響。無論引力場幾強，自由落體中嘅物體都係<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E9%87%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="失重">失重</a>嘅，即使佢哋仍然有質量。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺所有質量加速遠離自由落體嘅情況下，被稱為「重量」嘅力同質量同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="加速度">加速度</a>成比例。例如，當物體喺引力場中靜止（而唔係自由落體）時，佢必須被來自秤或者行星物體表面（例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="月球">月球</a>)嘅力加速。呢個力阻止物體進入自由落體。喺呢啲情況下，重量係相反嘅力，因此由自由落體嘅加速度決定。例如，喺地球表面，一個質量為 50 kg 嘅物體重 491 牛頓，呢個意味住施加咗 491 牛頓嚟阻止物體進入自由落體。相比之下，喺月球表面，同一個物體仍然有 50 kg 嘅質量，但係只重 81.5 牛頓，因為只需要 81.5 牛頓就可以阻止呢個物體喺月球上進入自由落體。用數學術語重新表示，喺地球表面，物體嘅重量 <i>W</i> 同佢嘅質量 <i>m</i> 嘅關係係 <span class="nowrap"><i>W</i> = <i>mg</i></span>，其中 <span class="nowrap"><i>g</i> = <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000980665000000000♠</span>9.80665 m/s<sup>2</sup></span></span> 係由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="地球重力">地球引力場</a>引起嘅加速度，（表示為自由落體物體所經歷嘅加速度）。 </p><p>對於其他情況，例如當物體受到行星表面阻力以外嘅力產生嘅機械加速度時，重量力同物體質量乘以遠離自由落體嘅總加速度成比例，呢個總加速度叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BA%E6%9C%89%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="固有加速度 (無呢版)">固有加速度</a>。通過呢啲機制，電梯、車輛、離心機等物體，可能會經歷比行星表面上物體抵抗重力效應引起嘅重量力大好多倍嘅重量力。喺呢啲情況下，物體重量 <i>W</i> 嘅廣義方程同佢嘅質量 <i>m</i> 嘅關係係方程 <span class="nowrap"><i>W</i> = –<i>ma</i></span>，其中 <i>a</i> 係由重力以外嘅所有影響引起嘅物體固有加速度。（再次強調，如果重力係唯一嘅影響，例如當物體自由下落時，佢嘅重量將會係零）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="慣性質量_vs._引力質量"><span id=".E6.85.A3.E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F_vs._.E5.BC.95.E5.8A.9B.E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F"></span>慣性質量 vs. 引力質量</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 慣性質量 vs. 引力質量"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/w/index.php?title=E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eötvös experiment (無呢版)">Eötvös experiment</a></div> <p>雖然慣性質量、被動引力質量同主動引力質量喺概念上係唔同嘅，但係冇任何實驗明確證明佢哋之間存在任何差異。喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="古典力學">古典力學</a>中，牛頓第三定律意味住主動同被動引力質量必須始終相同（或者至少成比例），但係古典理論冇提供令人信服嘅理由嚟解釋點解引力質量必須等於慣性質量。佢哋相等只係一個經驗事實。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦 (無呢版)">阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦</a>發展咗佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>，佢嘅起點假設係慣性質量同被動引力質量係相同嘅。呢個就係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E6%95%88%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等效原理 (無呢版)">等效原理</a>。 </p><p>通常被稱為「伽利略等效原理」或者「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B1%E7%AD%89%E6%95%88%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弱等效原理 (無呢版)">弱等效原理</a>」嘅特定等效性，對於自由下落嘅物體具有最重要嘅意義。假設一個物體嘅慣性質量同引力質量分別係 <i>m</i> 同 <i>M</i>。如果作用喺物體上嘅唯一力嚟自引力場 <i>g</i>，作用喺物體上嘅力係： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=Mg.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=Mg.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d98b27e68c5189dd2048c04ab935b95d199ee1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.044ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=Mg.}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>喺呢個力嘅情況下，物體嘅加速度可以通過牛頓第二定律確定： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=ma.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=ma.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4d1dfde8fa77bfd1f03ec9dd8a0b9f42745aaa4c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.756ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=ma.}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>將佢哋放在一齊，引力加速度由下式給出： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q30006"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q30006" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a={\frac {M}{m}}g.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>M</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a={\frac {M}{m}}g.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/690354b09c7904b01ad029e17859732568978f01" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.369ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a={\frac {M}{m}}g.}" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>呢個表明，任何物體嘅引力質量同慣性質量嘅比率等於某個常數 <i>K</i>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B6%E4%B8%94%E5%83%85%E7%95%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="當且僅當">當且僅當</a>所有物體喺給定嘅引力場中以相同嘅速率下落時。呢種現象被稱為「自由落體嘅普遍性」。此外，通過適當噉定義我哋嘅單位，常數 <i>K</i> 可以取為 1。 </p><p>根據科學「傳說」，第一個證明自由落體普遍性嘅實驗係由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E8%90%8A" title="伽利略·伽利萊">伽利略</a>進行嘅，佢從<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%96%A9%E6%96%9C%E5%A1%94" title="比薩斜塔">比薩斜塔</a>上掉落物體嚟獲得結果。呢個好可能係杜撰嘅：佢更有可能用球喺接近無摩擦嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E9%9D%A2" title="斜面">斜面</a>上滾動嚟減慢運動速度，提高計時精度嚟進行實驗。已經進行咗越來越精確嘅實驗，例如 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E8%98%AD%C2%B7%E5%8E%84%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%83%E4%BB%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛蘭·厄特沃什 (無呢版)">洛蘭·厄特沃什</a>喺 1889 年使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%AD%E7%A7%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="扭秤 (無呢版)">扭秤</a>擺進行嘅實驗。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 截至2008年<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2008-唔見咗必要嘅參數 1=<i>月份</i>！</span>)</span><sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>，至少喺精度 10<sup>−6</sup> 範圍內，從未發現偏離普遍性嘅情況，因此亦都冇偏離伽利略等效性嘅情況。更精確嘅實驗工作仍然喺度進行。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv/250px--Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="183" data-durationhint="48" data-mwtitle="Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv&lang=fi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fi" label="suomi ‪(fi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv&lang=tok&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tok" label="toki pona ‪(tok)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>太空人大衛·史考特喺月球上進行羽毛同錘仔掉落實驗。</figcaption></figure> <p>自由落體嘅普遍性只適用於重力係唯一作用力嘅系統。所有其他力，尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E5%8A%9B" title="摩擦力">摩擦力</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E9%98%BB%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣阻力">空氣阻力</a>，都必須唔存在或者至少可以忽略不計。例如，如果喺地球上嘅空氣中，從相同嘅高度掉落錘仔同羽毛，羽毛會花費更長嘅時間先至到達地面；羽毛並唔係真嘅「自由」落體，因為空氣阻力向上對羽毛嘅力，同重力向下嘅力相當。另一方面，如果實驗喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空">真空</a>中進行，喺真空入面冇空氣阻力，錘仔同羽毛應該完全同時撞擊地面（假設兩個物體彼此之間嘅加速度，同埋地面朝向兩個物體嘅加速度，就佢自身而言，可以忽略不計）。呢個好容易喺高中實驗室入面完成，方法係將物體掉落到透明管入面，然後用真空泵抽出空氣。當喺自然具有真空嘅環境中完成時，效果會更加戲劇化，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%80%83%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大衛·史考特 (無呢版)">大衛·史考特</a>喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8515%E8%99%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿波羅15號 (無呢版)">阿波羅15號</a>期間喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="月球">月球</a>表面做過呢個實驗。 </p><p>更強版本嘅等效原理，稱為「愛因斯坦等效原理」或者「強等效原理」，係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>嘅核心。愛因斯坦等效原理指出，喺足夠細嘅時空區域內，唔可能區分均勻加速度同均勻引力場。因此，該理論假定，由引力場引起嘅作用喺大質量物體上嘅力，係物體以直線運動嘅趨勢（換句話說，佢嘅慣性）嘅結果，因此應該係佢嘅慣性質量同引力場強度嘅函數。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 起源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E7%94%A2%E7%94%9F%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="質量產生機制 (無呢版)">質量產生機制</a></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="理論物理學">理論物理學</a>入面，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E7%94%A2%E7%94%9F%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="質量產生機制 (無呢版)">質量產生機制</a>係一種理論，試圖從<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>最基本嘅定律嚟解釋質量嘅起源。到目前為止，已經提出咗好多唔同嘅模型，佢哋倡導對質量起源嘅唔同觀點。問題嘅複雜性在於，質量嘅概念同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="引力相互作用 (無呢版)">引力相互作用</a>密切相關，但係後者嘅理論尚未同目前流行嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a>模型，即<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="標準模型">標準模型</a>協調一致。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="前牛頓概念"><span id=".E5.89.8D.E7.89.9B.E9.A0.93.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>前牛頓概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 前牛頓概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="重量作為數量"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E9.87.8F.E4.BD.9C.E7.82.BA.E6.95.B8.E9.87.8F"></span>重量作為數量</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 重量作為數量"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F" title="重量">重量</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg/220px-El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg/330px-El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg/440px-El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E5%85%A7%E5%BC%97%E7%B4%99%E8%8E%8E%E8%8D%89%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胡內弗紙莎草書 (無呢版)">胡內弗紙莎草書</a> (可以追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="埃及第十九王朝">第十九王朝</a>，<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 公元前1285年</span>) 中早期<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B9%B3" title="天平">天平</a>嘅描繪。場景顯示<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%AA%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF" title="阿努比斯">阿努比斯</a>喺度衡量胡內弗嘅心臟。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="https://zh-yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/amount" class="extiw" title="wikt:amount">數量</a>嘅概念非常古老，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史前數字 (無呢版)">早於有記錄嘅歷史</a>。「重量」嘅概念將會包含「數量」，並且獲得咗雙重含義，但係呢種雙重含義並冇被清楚噉認識到。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"> </blockquote> <p>喺早期嘅某個時代，人類意識到，一堆相似物體嘅重量同呢堆物體中嘅物體數量<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比例 (數學) (無呢版)">成正比</a>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{n}\propto n,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∝</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{n}\propto n,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c94e84bf7829bbaddaca1654415ff064a290751e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.552ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{n}\propto n,}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>其中 <i>W</i> 係一堆相似物體嘅重量， <i>n</i> 係呢堆物體中嘅物體數量。根據定義，比例關係意味住兩個值具有恆定嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比率 (無呢版)">比率</a>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {W_{n}}{n}}={\frac {W_{m}}{m}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>m</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {W_{n}}{n}}={\frac {W_{m}}{m}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/366e5fad98810346603f2f748934b2b0c3ac61a4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.052ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {W_{n}}{n}}={\frac {W_{m}}{m}}}" /></span>，或者等價噉 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {W_{n}}{W_{m}}}={\frac {n}{m}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>n</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {W_{n}}{W_{m}}}={\frac {n}{m}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/21a231ca0a23556ccb2ca53659b2a37c634ff96e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.327ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {W_{n}}{W_{m}}}={\frac {n}{m}}.}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>呢個關係嘅早期應用係<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B9%B3" title="天平">天平</a>，佢平衡咗一個物體重量嘅力同另一個物體重量嘅力。天平嘅兩側都夠近，物體會經歷相似嘅引力場。因此，如果佢哋具有相似嘅質量，噉佢哋嘅重量亦都會相似。呢樣嘢允許天平通過比較重量嚟比較質量。 </p><p>因此，歷史上嘅重量標準通常係根據數量嚟定義嘅。例如，羅馬人使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%B7%E8%A7%92%E8%B1%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="長角豆 (無呢版)">長角豆</a>種子（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克拉 (單位) (無呢版)">克拉</a>或者 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西夸 (無呢版)">西夸</a>) 作為量度標準。如果一個物體嘅重量等於 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3138.pdf">1728 粒長角豆種子</a>，噉呢個物體就被稱為重一羅馬磅。另一方面，如果物體嘅重量等於 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A1%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬度量衡制度 (無呢版)">144 粒長角豆種子</a>，噉呢個物體就被稱為重一羅馬盎司（uncia）。羅馬磅同盎司都係根據唔同大小嘅同一通用質量標準（長角豆種子）嘅集合嚟定義嘅。羅馬盎司（144 粒長角豆種子）同羅馬磅（1728 粒長角豆種子）嘅比率係： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {ounce} }{\mathrm {pound} }}={\frac {W_{144}}{W_{1728}}}={\frac {144}{1728}}={\frac {1}{12}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>144</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1728</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>144</mn> <mn>1728</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>12</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {ounce} }{\mathrm {pound} }}={\frac {W_{144}}{W_{1728}}}={\frac {144}{1728}}={\frac {1}{12}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b63bc025c2c5a45ce9c9a0b74a1fc158a9e7748" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:32.308ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {ounce} }{\mathrm {pound} }}={\frac {W_{144}}{W_{1728}}}={\frac {144}{1728}}={\frac {1}{12}}.}" /></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="行星運動"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E6.98.9F.E9.81.8B.E5.8B.95"></span>行星運動</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 行星運動"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%9C%E5%8B%92%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克卜勒行星運動定律 (無呢版)">克卜勒行星運動定律</a></div> <p>公元 1600 年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%9C%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰內斯·克卜勒 (無呢版)">約翰內斯·克卜勒</a>喺 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E8%B0%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第谷·布拉赫 (無呢版)">第谷·布拉赫</a> 嗰度搵到咗份工，第谷·布拉赫擁有當時最精確嘅天文數據。克卜勒使用布拉赫對火星嘅精確觀測結果，喺接下來嘅五年入面，開發咗佢自己表徵行星運動嘅方法。 1609 年，約翰內斯·克卜勒發表咗佢嘅行星運動三定律，解釋咗行星點樣圍繞太陽運行。喺克卜勒嘅最終行星模型入面，佢將行星軌道描述為遵循橢圓路徑，太陽位於<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A2%E5%9C%93" class="mw-redirect" title="橢圓">橢圓</a>嘅焦點。克卜勒發現，每個行星嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%BD%89%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="公轉週期">公轉週期</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9_(%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平方 (代數) (無呢版)">平方</a>，同佢軌道嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%95%B7%E8%BB%B8" title="半長軸">半長軸</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9_(%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="立方 (算術) (無呢版)">立方</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比例 (數學) (無呢版)">成正比</a>，或者等價噉，呢兩個值嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比率 (無呢版)">比率</a>對於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB" title="太陽系">太陽系</a>中嘅所有行星都係恆定嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1609 年 8 月 25 號，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E8%90%8A" title="伽利略·伽利萊">伽利略·伽利萊</a>向一群威尼斯商人展示咗佢嘅第一架望遠鏡，喺 1610 年 1 月初，伽利略喺木星附近觀察到四個暗淡嘅物體，佢錯誤噉認為係恆星。但係，經過幾日嘅觀察，伽利略意識到，呢啲「恆星」實際上喺圍繞木星運行。呢四個物體（後來為咗紀念佢哋嘅發現者，命名為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="伽利略衛星">伽利略衛星</a>）係首次觀察到圍繞地球或者太陽以外嘅物體運行嘅天體。伽利略喺接下來嘅 18 個月入面繼續觀察呢啲衛星，到 1611 年年中，佢已經獲得咗對佢哋週期嘅非常精確嘅估計。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="伽利略自由落體"><span id=".E4.BC.BD.E5.88.A9.E7.95.A5.E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E8.90.BD.E9.AB.94"></span>伽利略自由落體</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 伽利略自由落體"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/170px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/255px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/340px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>伽利略·伽利萊 (1636)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falling_ball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Falling_ball.jpg/250px-Falling_ball.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="571" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Falling_ball.jpg/330px-Falling_ball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Falling_ball.jpg/500px-Falling_ball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="2751" /></a><figcaption>自由下落嘅球行進嘅距離同經過時間嘅平方成比例。</figcaption></figure> <p>喺 1638 年之前嘅某個時候，伽利略將佢嘅注意力轉向咗自由落體物體嘅現象，試圖表徵呢啲運動。伽利略唔係第一個研究地球引力場嘅人，亦都唔係第一個準確描述佢基本特徵嘅人。但係，伽利略對科學實驗嘅依賴，以建立物理原理，將會對未來嘅科學家產生深遠嘅影響。唔清楚呢啲只係用嚟說明概念嘅假設實驗，定係伽利略進行嘅真實實驗，<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但係從呢啲實驗中獲得嘅結果既真實又引人入勝。伽利略嘅學生 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%A3%AE%E4%BD%90%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文森佐·維維亞尼 (無呢版)">文森佐·維維亞尼</a> 寫嘅傳記指出，伽利略從<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%96%A9%E6%96%9C%E5%A1%94" title="比薩斜塔">比薩斜塔</a>上掉落咗相同材料但質量唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="球">球</a>，嚟證明佢哋嘅下降時間同佢哋嘅質量冇關。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 為咗支持呢個結論，伽利略提出咗以下理論論證：佢問，如果將兩個質量唔同、下落速度唔同嘅物體用繩子綁埋，噉組合系統係會因為而家質量更大而下落得更快，定係較輕嘅物體會以較慢嘅速度下落，從而拖累較重嘅物體？對呢個問題嘅唯一令人信服嘅解答係，所有物體都必須以相同嘅速率下落。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>伽利略嘅《兩種新科學》喺 1638 年出版，其中描述咗一個後來嘅實驗。伽利略嘅一個虛構人物薩爾維亞蒂，描述咗一個使用青銅球同木製斜坡嘅實驗。木製斜坡「長 12 肘，半肘寬，三指寬厚」，具有筆直、光滑、拋光嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%B9%E6%A7%BD_(%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凹槽 (工程) (無呢版)">凹槽</a>。凹槽內襯「<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%99" title="羊皮紙">羊皮紙</a>，亦都盡可能光滑同拋光」。喺呢個凹槽入面放置咗「一個堅硬、光滑、非常圓嘅青銅球」。斜坡以唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%BA%A6" title="角度">角度</a>傾斜，以減慢加速度，以便可以量度經過嘅時間。允許球喺斜坡上滾動已知嘅距離，然後量度球移動已知距離所需嘅時間。時間係用滴水計時器嚟量度嘅，描述如下： </p> <dl><dd>一個大型水容器放置喺升高嘅位置；喺呢個容器嘅底部焊接咗一條小直徑嘅管道，管道噴出一股細細嘅水柱，我哋喺每次下降嘅時間內，無論係喺整個通道嘅長度定係喺佢嘅一部分長度內，都用一個細玻璃杯收集水柱；喺每次下降之後，將收集到嘅水喺一個非常精確嘅天平上稱重；呢啲重量嘅差異同比率俾咗我哋時間嘅差異同比率，而且精度非常高，即使操作重複咗好多好多次，結果都冇明顯嘅差異。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>伽利略發現，對於自由落體嘅物體，物體下落嘅距離始終同經過時間嘅平方成比例： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Distance}}\propto {{\text{Time}}^{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Distance</mtext> </mrow> <mo>∝</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Time</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Distance}}\propto {{\text{Time}}^{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/863dcd2eb117ebaf6929ce3a339486c07a4e05a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:18.209ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Distance}}\propto {{\text{Time}}^{2}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>伽利略已經證明，喺地球引力場影響下嘅自由落體物體具有恆定嘅加速度，伽利略嘅同時代人約翰內斯·克卜勒已經證明，行星喺太陽引力質量嘅影響下遵循橢圓路徑。但係，伽利略嘅自由落體運動同克卜勒嘅行星運動喺伽利略嘅一生中仍然唔同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="質量同重量嘅區別"><span id=".E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F.E5.90.8C.E9.87.8D.E9.87.8F.E5.98.85.E5.8D.80.E5.88.A5"></span>質量同重量嘅區別</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 質量同重量嘅區別"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> 根據 K. M. Browne 嘅講法：「克卜勒形成咗一個[唔同嘅]質量概念（『物質量』（<i>copia materiae</i>）），但係同當時嘅所有人一樣，都將佢稱為『重量』。」<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 最後，喺 1686 年，牛頓俾咗呢個唔同嘅概念佢自己嘅名稱。喺《原理》嘅第一段，牛頓將物質量定義為「密度同體積嘅結合」，將質量定義為物質量。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="牛頓質量"><span id=".E7.89.9B.E9.A0.93.E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F"></span>牛頓質量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 牛頓質量"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">地球嘅衛星</th> <th rowspan="2">地球質量 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%95%B7%E8%BB%B8" title="半長軸">半長軸</a></th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%BD%89%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恆星公轉週期 (無呢版)">恆星公轉週期</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>0.002 569 <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" title="天文單位">AU</a></td> <td>0.074 802 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恆星年 (無呢版)">恆星年</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q11376"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q11376" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1.2\pi ^{2}\cdot 10^{-5}{\frac {{\text{AU}}^{3}}{{\text{y}}^{2}}}=3.986\cdot 10^{14}{\frac {{\text{m}}^{3}}{{\text{s}}^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1.2</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>AU</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>y</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.986</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1.2\pi ^{2}\cdot 10^{-5}{\frac {{\text{AU}}^{3}}{{\text{y}}^{2}}}=3.986\cdot 10^{14}{\frac {{\text{m}}^{3}}{{\text{s}}^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/17e92e090b678560982a121e5e261a117a7a1d8e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:35.175ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1.2\pi ^{2}\cdot 10^{-5}{\frac {{\text{AU}}^{3}}{{\text{y}}^{2}}}=3.986\cdot 10^{14}{\frac {{\text{m}}^{3}}{{\text{s}}^{2}}}}" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>地球嘅重力</th> <th>地球半徑 </th></tr> <tr> <td>9.806 65 m/s<sup>2</sup></td> <td>6 375 km </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/250px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/330px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/500px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>伊薩克·牛頓，1689年</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%99%8E%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯特·虎克 (無呢版)">羅伯特·虎克</a>喺 1674 年發表咗佢嘅引力概念，指出所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="天體">天體</a>都對佢哋自身嘅中心具有吸引力或者引力，而且亦都會吸引佢哋活動範圍內嘅所有其他天體。佢仲指出，引力吸引力隨住受力物體越接近佢自身嘅中心而增加。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺 1679 年同 1680 年同 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊薩克·牛頓 (無呢版)">伊薩克·牛頓</a> 嘅通信中，虎克推測引力可能會根據兩個物體之間距離嘅平方而減小。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 虎克敦促牛頓（佢係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86" title="微積分">微積分</a>發展嘅先驅）研究克卜勒軌道嘅數學細節，以確定虎克嘅假設係咪正確。牛頓自己嘅研究證實咗虎克係正確嘅，但係由於兩個人之間嘅個人差異，牛頓選擇唔向虎克透露呢個結果。伊薩克·牛頓對佢嘅發現保持沉默，直到 1684 年，嗰陣時佢同朋友 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%9B%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛德蒙·哈雷 (無呢版)">愛德蒙·哈雷</a> 講，佢已經解決咗引力軌道嘅問題，但係將解決方案放錯咗喺佢嘅辦公室。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺哈雷嘅鼓勵下，牛頓決定發展佢關於引力嘅思想，並且發表佢嘅所有發現。 1684 年 11 月，伊薩克·牛頓向愛德蒙·哈雷寄送咗一份文件，呢份文件而家已經遺失，但係推測標題係 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_motu_corporum_in_gyrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De motu corporum in gyrum (無呢版)">De motu corporum in gyrum</a></i> （拉丁文，意思係「關於物體喺軌道上嘅運動」）。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 哈雷向倫敦<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皇家學會 (無呢版)">皇家學會</a>介紹咗牛頓嘅發現，並且承諾稍後會進行更完整嘅介紹。牛頓後來將佢嘅思想記錄喺一套三本書中，標題係 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (無呢版)">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> （英文：《自然哲學嘅數學原理》）。第一本書喺 1685–86 年 4 月 28 號被皇家學會接收；第二本書喺 1686–87 年 3 月 2 號被接收；第三本書喺 1686–87 年 4 月 6 號被接收。皇家學會喺 1686–87 年 5 月自費出版咗牛頓嘅全部著作。<sup id="cite_ref-principia_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principia-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:31</sup> </p><p>伊薩克·牛頓彌合咗克卜勒嘅引力質量同伽利略嘅引力加速度之間嘅差距，從而發現咗以下關係，呢個關係同時支配咗呢兩者： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {g} =-\mu {\frac {\hat {\mathbf {R} }}{|\mathbf {R} |^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">g</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">R</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">R</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {g} =-\mu {\frac {\hat {\mathbf {R} }}{|\mathbf {R} |^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/efeea88dd410e8cd05639b4c2b62a4d238a9c6e1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:12.832ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {g} =-\mu {\frac {\hat {\mathbf {R} }}{|\mathbf {R} |^{2}}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>其中 <b>g</b> 係物體通過引力場存在嘅空間區域時嘅視加速度， <i>μ</i> 係引起引力場嘅物體嘅引力質量（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%83%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="標準重力參數 (無呢版)">標準重力參數</a>）， <b>R</b> 係徑向坐標（兩個物體中心之間嘅距離）。 </p><p>通過搵到物體嘅引力質量同佢嘅引力場之間嘅確切關係，牛頓提供咗第二種量度引力質量嘅方法。地球嘅質量可以使用克卜勒嘅方法（從地球衛星月球嘅軌道）嚟確定，或者可以通過量度地球表面嘅引力加速度，然後將佢乘以地球半徑嘅平方嚟確定。地球嘅質量大約係太陽質量嘅三百萬分之一。到目前為止，仲未發現其他準確量度引力質量嘅方法。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="牛頓嘅大砲"><span id=".E7.89.9B.E9.A0.93.E5.98.85.E5.A4.A7.E7.A0.B2"></span>牛頓嘅大砲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 牛頓嘅大砲"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newton_Cannon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Newton_Cannon.svg/220px-Newton_Cannon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Newton_Cannon.svg/330px-Newton_Cannon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Newton_Cannon.svg/440px-Newton_Cannon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>一座喺非常高嘅山上嘅大砲水平噉射出一個砲彈。如果速度較低，砲彈會快速噉跌返地球（A、B）。喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="軌道速度">中間速度</a>下，佢將會沿橢圓軌道圍繞地球旋轉（C、D）。超過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%AB%E9%9B%A2%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脫離速度 (無呢版)">脫離速度</a>，佢將會離開地球而唔會返回（E）。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%A4%A7%E7%A0%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="牛頓大砲 (無呢版)">牛頓大砲</a></div> <p>牛頓嘅大砲係一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="思想實驗">思想實驗</a>，用嚟彌合伽利略嘅引力加速度同克卜勒嘅橢圓軌道之間嘅差距。佢出現喺牛頓 1728 年嘅著作《世界系統論》入面。根據伽利略嘅引力概念，掉落嘅石頭以恆定嘅加速度向下朝地球下落。但係，牛頓解釋話，當石頭水平噉拋出時（意思係橫向或者垂直於地球重力），佢會遵循彎曲嘅路徑。「因為拋射出嘅石頭受到自身重量嘅壓力，被迫離開直線路徑，呢個路徑係僅僅通過拋射本應遵循嘅路徑，並且被迫喺空氣中描述一條曲線；並且通過呢條彎曲嘅路徑，最終被帶到地面。並且佢被拋射嘅速度越大，佢喺跌落到地球之前行進嘅距離就越遠。」<sup id="cite_ref-principia_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principia-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:513</sup> 牛頓進一步推論，如果一個物體「從一座高山嘅頂部以水平方向拋射出去」，具有足夠嘅速度，「佢最終將會完全到達地球嘅圓周之外，並且從佢被拋射出去嘅山脈返回。」<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="萬有引力質量"><span id=".E8.90.AC.E6.9C.89.E5.BC.95.E5.8A.9B.E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F"></span>萬有引力質量</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 萬有引力質量"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universal_gravitational_mass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Universal_gravitational_mass.jpg/220px-Universal_gravitational_mass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Universal_gravitational_mass.jpg/330px-Universal_gravitational_mass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Universal_gravitational_mass.jpg/440px-Universal_gravitational_mass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>一個蘋果經歷咗指向地球每個部分嘅引力場；但係，呢啲眾多場嘅總和產生咗一個指向地球中心嘅單一引力場。</figcaption></figure> <p>同早期嘅理論（例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83" title="天球">天球</a>）相反，早期嘅理論指出，天界係由完全唔同嘅物質組成嘅，牛頓嘅質量理論具有開創性，部分原因係佢引入咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓萬有引力定律">萬有引力質量</a>：每個物體都具有引力質量，因此，每個物體都會產生引力場。牛頓進一步假設，每個物體嘅引力場嘅強度都會根據到嗰個物體距離嘅平方而減小。牛頓計算出，如果將大量細小物體組合成一個巨大嘅球形物體，例如地球或者太陽，噉呢個組合將會產生一個同物體總質量成比例嘅引力場，<sup id="cite_ref-principia_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principia-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:397</sup> 並且同到物體中心距離嘅平方成反比。<sup id="cite_ref-principia_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principia-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:221</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>例如，根據牛頓嘅萬有引力理論，每粒長角豆種子都會產生一個引力場。因此，如果一個人要收集大量嘅長角豆種子，並且將佢哋組合成一個巨大嘅球體，噉呢個球體嘅引力場將會同球體中嘅長角豆種子數量成比例。因此，理論上應該可以確定產生類似於地球或者太陽引力場嘅引力場所需嘅確切長角豆種子數量。實際上，通過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E6%8F%9B%E7%AE%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單位換算 (無呢版)">單位換算</a>，好容易抽象噉意識到，任何傳統嘅質量單位喺理論上都可以用嚟量度引力質量。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavendish_Experiment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cavendish_Experiment.png/220px-Cavendish_Experiment.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cavendish_Experiment.png/330px-Cavendish_Experiment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cavendish_Experiment.png/440px-Cavendish_Experiment.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>卡文迪什扭秤實驗儀器嘅垂直剖面圖，包括佢所喺嘅建築物。大型球體懸掛喺一個框架上，因此可以通過從外部嘅滑輪將佢哋旋轉到小球體旁邊嘅位置。卡文迪什論文嘅圖 1。</figcaption></figure> <p>用傳統質量單位量度引力質量喺原則上好簡單，但係喺實踐中極其困難。根據牛頓嘅理論，所有物體都會產生引力場，理論上可以收集大量嘅細小物體，並且將佢哋組合成一個巨大嘅引力球體。但係，從實際角度嚟睇，細小物體嘅引力場非常微弱且難以量度。牛頓關於萬有引力嘅著作喺 1680 年代出版，但係第一次成功噉用傳統質量單位量度地球質量嘅實驗，即<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E4%BB%80%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡文迪什實驗 (無呢版)">卡文迪什實驗</a>，直到 1797 年先發生，時間隔咗一百多年。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E4%BB%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·卡文迪什 (無呢版)">亨利·卡文迪什</a> 發現地球嘅密度係水嘅 5.448 ± 0.033 倍。截至 2009 年，地球嘅質量（以千克為單位）只知道大約五位有效數字嘅精度，而佢嘅引力質量知道超過九位有效數字嘅精度。<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%94%94%E5%A5%BD%E6%A8%A1%E7%A8%9C%E5%85%A9%E5%8F%AF" title="Wikipedia:唔好模稜兩可"><span title=""mass in kilograms" does not specify an experimental method. What's the distinction between the methods? (January 2014)">唔該解釋係乜東東</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>給定兩個質量分別為 <i>M</i><sub>A</sub> 同 <i>M</i><sub>B</sub> 嘅物體 A 同 B，佢哋之間嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB_(%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="位移 (向量) (無呢版)">位移</a>為 <b>R</b><sub>AB</sub>，牛頓萬有引力定律指出，每個物體都會對另一個物體施加引力，其大小為 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} {\text{AB}}=-GM{\text{A}}M_{\text{B}}{\frac {{\hat {\mathbf {R} }}{\text{AB}}}{|\mathbf {R} {\text{AB}}|^{2}}}\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>AB</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">R</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>AB</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>AB</mtext> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} {\text{AB}}=-GM{\text{A}}M_{\text{B}}{\frac {{\hat {\mathbf {R} }}{\text{AB}}}{|\mathbf {R} {\text{AB}}|^{2}}}\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63dacfc20a3e93586fbd5518a60543d9ac4254af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:28.796ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} {\text{AB}}=-GM{\text{A}}M_{\text{B}}{\frac {{\hat {\mathbf {R} }}{\text{AB}}}{|\mathbf {R} {\text{AB}}|^{2}}}\ }" /></span>，</dd></dl> <p>其中 <i>G</i> 係萬有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="引力常數 (無呢版)">引力常數</a>。上述陳述可以用以下方式重新表述：如果 <i>g</i> 係引力場中給定位置嘅大小，噉作用喺具有引力質量 <i>M</i> 嘅物體上嘅引力係 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=Mg}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=Mg}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/433afb3fc3ba9017e5db2eab0616be1a526b4c3a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.397ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=Mg}" /></span>。</dd></dl> <p>呢個係通過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%B1%E9%87%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="稱重 (無呢版)">稱重</a>嚟確定質量嘅基礎。例如，喺簡單嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E7%B0%A7%E7%A7%A4" title="彈簧秤">彈簧秤</a>中，力 <i>F</i> 同稱重盤下方<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%88%E7%B0%A7_(%E8%A3%9D%E7%BD%AE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彈簧 (裝置) (無呢版)">彈簧</a>嘅位移成比例，根據<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E5%85%8B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="虎克定律">虎克定律</a>，並且秤經過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%A1%E6%BA%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="校準 (無呢版)">校準</a>以考慮 <i>g</i>，從而可以讀取質量 <i>M</i>。假設天平兩側嘅引力場相等，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A9%AB%E6%A8%91%E5%A4%A9%E5%B9%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="橫樑天平 (無呢版)">天平</a>量度相對重量，從而俾出每個物體嘅相對引力質量。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="慣性質量"><span id=".E6.85.A3.E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F"></span>慣性質量</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 慣性質量"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>傳統上認為質量係對物理物體中物質量嘅量度，等於物體中嘅「物質量」。例如，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%A6%AC%C2%B7%E8%AE%93%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%81%96%E7%B6%AD%E5%8D%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿德馬·讓·克勞德·巴雷·德·聖維南 (無呢版)">巴雷·德·聖維南</a> 喺 1851 年認為，每個物體都包含好多「點」（基本上係可互換嘅基本粒子），質量同物體包含嘅點嘅數量成比例。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> （實際上，對於大多數古典力學嚟講，呢個「物質量」嘅定義都係足夠嘅，如果優先教質量同重量之間嘅區別，有時仍然會喺基礎教育中使用。）<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個傳統嘅「物質量」信念同以下事實相矛盾：唔同嘅原子（以及後來唔同嘅基本粒子）可以具有唔同嘅質量，並且進一步同愛因斯坦嘅相對論（1905 年）相矛盾，相對論表明，當能量添加到物體時（例如，通過提高佢嘅溫度或者迫使佢接近一個排斥佢嘅帶電物體），物體嘅可量度質量會增加。呢個促使人們尋找一個比傳統嘅「物體中物質量」定義更準確嘅質量定義。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massmeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Massmeter.jpg/250px-Massmeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Massmeter.jpg/330px-Massmeter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Massmeter.jpg/500px-Massmeter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>質量計，一種用於量度太空人喺失重狀態下慣性質量嘅裝置。質量係通過彈簧嘅振盪週期（太空人附著喺彈簧上）嚟計算嘅（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BD%8A%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="齊奧爾科夫斯基太空史博物館 (無呢版)">齊奧爾科夫斯基太空史博物館</a>）。</figcaption></figure> <p><i>慣性質量</i> 係通過物體抵抗加速度嘅能力嚟量度嘅物體質量。呢個定義受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB" title="恩斯特·馬赫">恩斯特·馬赫</a>嘅擁護<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-belkind_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belkind-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，並且自此之後被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%80%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7W%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="珀西·W·布里奇曼 (無呢版)">珀西·W·布里奇曼</a>發展成為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="操作主義 (無呢版)">操作主義</a>嘅概念。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 簡單嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="古典力學">古典力學</a>質量定義同<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="狹義相對論">狹義相對論</a>理論中嘅定義略有唔同，但係基本含義係相同嘅。 </p><p>喺古典力學中，根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛頓第二定律">牛頓第二定律</a>，如果物體喺任何時刻都遵守運動方程，噉我哋就話物體具有質量 <i>m</i> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {a} ,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {a} ,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/93aa54e6c7e8df66d85d06b6eb0b0a2d3ec4ce20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.768ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {a} ,}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>其中 <b>F</b> 係作用喺物體上嘅合<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>， <b>a</b> 係物體質心嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="加速度">加速度</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 暫時，我哋將會擱置「作用喺物體上嘅力」實際上意味住乜嘢嘅問題。 </p><p>呢個方程說明咗質量點樣同物體嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E6%80%A7" title="慣性">慣性</a>相關。考慮兩個質量唔同嘅物體。如果我哋對每個物體施加相同嘅力，質量較大嘅物體將會經歷較細嘅加速度，質量較細嘅物體將會經歷較大嘅加速度。我哋可以話，質量較大嘅物體對改變佢嘅運動狀態以響應力施加咗更大嘅「阻力」。 </p><p>但係，呢個對唔同物體施加「相同」力嘅概念，將我哋帶返到我哋冇真係定義力係乜嘢嘅事實。我哋可以借助<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛頓第三定律">牛頓第三定律</a>嚟迴避呢個困難，牛頓第三定律指出，如果一個物體對第二個物體施加力，佢將會受到一個大小相等、方向相反嘅力。準確噉講，假設我哋有兩個慣性質量恆定嘅物體 <i>m</i><sub>1</sub> 同 <i>m</i><sub>2</sub>。我哋將呢兩個物體同所有其他物理影響隔離，噉樣唯一存在嘅力係 <i>m</i><sub>2</sub> 對 <i>m</i><sub>1</sub> 施加嘅力，我哋將佢表示為 <b>F</b><sub>12</sub>，以及 <i>m</i><sub>1</sub> 對 <i>m</i><sub>2</sub> 施加嘅力，我哋將佢表示為 <b>F</b><sub>21</sub>。牛頓第二定律指出 </p> <dl><dd><strong class="error texerror">語法拼砌失敗 (唔知乜函數「\begin{align}」): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \mathbf{F_{12}} & =m_1\mathbf{a}1,\ \mathbf{F{21}} & =m_2\mathbf{a}2, \end{align}}</strong> </dd></dl> <p>其中 <b>a</b><sub>1</sub> 同 <b>a</b><sub>2</sub> 分別係 <i>m</i><sub>1</sub> 同 <i>m</i><sub>2</sub> 嘅加速度。假設呢啲加速度係非零嘅，噉兩個物體之間嘅力係非零嘅。例如，如果兩個物體喺度互相碰撞，噉就會發生呢種情況。牛頓第三定律然後指出 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q3235565"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q3235565" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} {12}=-\mathbf {F} _{21};}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>21</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} {12}=-\mathbf {F} _{21};}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6be42dff464c5a3c65e6e6b65e80f11e7144c873" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.12ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} {12}=-\mathbf {F} _{21};}" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>因此 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}=m_{2}{\frac {|\mathbf {a} _{2}|}{|\mathbf {a} _{1}|}}!.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>!</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}=m_{2}{\frac {|\mathbf {a} _{2}|}{|\mathbf {a} _{1}|}}!.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fd4188cc7a2942c2a7dd0aa7e82a306ba920d2aa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:15.065ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}=m_{2}{\frac {|\mathbf {a} _{2}|}{|\mathbf {a} _{1}|}}!.}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>如果 <strong class="error">表達錯: 未能認得到嘅標點 "'"</strong> 係非零嘅，噉分數係定義明確嘅，呢個允許我哋量度 <i>m</i><sub>1</sub> 嘅慣性質量。喺呢種情況下， <i>m</i><sub>2</sub> 係我哋嘅「參考」物體，我可以將佢嘅質量 <i>m</i> 定義為（例如）1 kg。然後，我可以通過將宇宙中嘅任何其他物體同參考物體碰撞，並且量度加速度嚟量度佢嘅質量。 </p><p>此外，質量將物體嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" title="動量">動量</a> <b>p</b> 同佢嘅線<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a> <b>v</b> 聯繫起來： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q41273"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q41273" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =m\mathbf {v} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =m\mathbf {v} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a271a96e7b925fd39686375167c76d406e87c813" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.035ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =m\mathbf {v} }" /></a></span>，</dd></dl> <p>以及物體嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%83%BD" title="動能">動能</a> <i>K</i> 同佢嘅速度嘅關係： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q46276"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q46276" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K={\dfrac {1}{2}}m|\mathbf {v} |^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>K</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K={\dfrac {1}{2}}m|\mathbf {v} |^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9db5c9649c22a633b7f7e36154be51bad32d9c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.962ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K={\dfrac {1}{2}}m|\mathbf {v} |^{2}}" /></a></span>。</dd></dl> <p>馬赫質量定義嘅主要困難在於，佢冇考慮到將兩個質量充分噉拉近到一齊以執行質量量度所需嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E8%83%BD" title="位能">位能</a>（或者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%9F%E7%B8%9B%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="束縛能 (無呢版)">束縛能</a>）。<sup id="cite_ref-belkind_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belkind-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個最生動噉通過比較<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%98" title="氘">氘</a>原子核中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>質量，同自由空間中嘅質子質量嚟證明（後者大約大 0.239%——呢個係由於氘嘅束縛能造成嘅）。因此，例如，如果參考重量 <i>m</i><sub>2</sub> 取為自由空間中<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>嘅質量，並且計算氘中質子同中子嘅相對加速度，噉上述公式會高估氘中質子嘅質量 <i>m</i><sub>1</sub> （高估 0.239%）。充其量，馬赫公式只能用嚟獲得質量嘅比率，即 <i>m</i><sub>1</sub> / <i>m</i><sub>2</sub> = <strong class="error">表達錯: 未能認得到嘅標點 "'"</strong> / <strong class="error">表達錯: 未能認得到嘅標點 "'"</strong>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%BE%90%E5%8A%A0%E8%90%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·龐加萊 (無呢版)">亨利·龐加萊</a> 指出咗另一個困難，即瞬時加速度嘅量度係唔可能嘅：同時間或者距離嘅量度唔同，冇辦法通過單次量度嚟量度加速度；必須進行多次量度（位置、時間等），並且執行計算先至可以獲得加速度。龐加萊將呢個稱為馬赫質量定義中嘅「無法克服嘅缺陷」。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="原子質量"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E5.AD.90.E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F"></span>原子質量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 原子質量"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道爾頓 (單位) (無呢版)">道爾頓 (單位)</a></div> <p>通常，物體嘅質量係用千克嚟量度嘅，自 2019 年以來，千克係根據自然界嘅基本常數嚟定義嘅。原子或者其他粒子嘅質量可以更精確、更方便噉同另一個原子嘅質量進行比較，因此科學家開發咗 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道爾頓 (單位) (無呢版)">道爾頓</a>（亦稱為統一原子質量單位）。根據定義，1 Da（一個 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道爾頓 (單位) (無呢版)">道爾頓</a>）正好係一個 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碳-12 (無呢版)">碳-12</a> 原子質量嘅十二分之一，因此，一個碳-12 原子嘅質量正好係 12 Da。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相對論入面"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.B0.8D.E8.AB.96.E5.85.A5.E9.9D.A2"></span>相對論入面</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 相對論入面"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="狹義相對論"><span id=".E7.8B.B9.E7.BE.A9.E7.9B.B8.E5.B0.8D.E8.AB.96"></span>狹義相對論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 狹義相對論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E4%B8%AD%E5%98%85%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狹義相對論中嘅質量 (無呢版)">狹義相對論中嘅質量</a></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="狹義相對論">狹義相對論</a>嘅一啲框架中，物理學家使用咗唔同嘅術語定義。喺呢啲框架中，定義咗兩種質量：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E6%AD%A2%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="靜止質量">靜止質量</a>（不變質量）<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相對論質量 (無呢版)">相對論質量</a>（佢隨住速度增加而增加）。靜止質量係牛頓質量，由同物體一齊移動嘅觀察者量度。 <i>相對論質量</i> 係物體或者系統中能量總量除以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速"><i>c</i></a><sup>2</sup>。兩者通過以下方程相關： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {relative} }=\gamma (m_{\mathrm {rest} })!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {relative} }=\gamma (m_{\mathrm {rest} })!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c1a34df6a54a1d7dfcf61bfa766c247b1a266706" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.373ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {relative} }=\gamma (m_{\mathrm {rest} })!}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>其中 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }" /></span> 係 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%9E%E4%BE%96%E8%8C%B2%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勞侖茲因子 (無呢版)">勞侖茲因子</a>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q599404"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q599404" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b130ec5e5e9586833b7888f7cbe2433f1e295e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:16.929ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}}}" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>系統嘅不變質量對於所有慣性坐標系中嘅觀察者都係相同嘅，而相對論質量取決於觀察者嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E7%B3%BB" title="參考系">參考系</a>。為咗制定物理方程，噉樣質量值唔會在觀察者之間發生變化，使用靜止質量係方便嘅。物體嘅靜止質量亦都通過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F-%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相對論性能量-動量關係 (無呢版)">相對論性能量-動量關係</a>同佢嘅能量 <i>E</i> 同佢嘅動量大小 <b>p</b> 相關： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q96941619"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q96941619" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (m_{\mathrm {rest} })c^{2}={\sqrt {E_{\mathrm {total} }^{2}-(|\mathbf {p} |c)^{2}}}.!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msubsup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mo>!</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (m_{\mathrm {rest} })c^{2}={\sqrt {E_{\mathrm {total} }^{2}-(|\mathbf {p} |c)^{2}}}.!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/38382bb513a388d8f31fee257ae3df0a896c5a8f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:30.726ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (m_{\mathrm {rest} })c^{2}={\sqrt {E_{\mathrm {total} }^{2}-(|\mathbf {p} |c)^{2}}}.!}" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>只要系統喺質量同能量方面<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="封閉系統">封閉</a>，噉兩種質量喺任何給定嘅參考系中都係守恆嘅。即使一啲粒子類型轉換為其他粒子類型，質量守恆定律仍然成立。物質粒子（例如原子）可以轉換為非物質粒子（例如光子），但係呢個唔會影響質量或者能量嘅總量。雖然熱量等事物可能唔係物質，但係所有類型嘅能量仍然會表現出質量。<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 因此，質量同能量唔會在相對論中相互轉化；相反，兩者都係同一件事嘅名稱，並且質量同能量都唔會喺冇對方嘅情況下「出現」。 </p><p>靜止質量同相對論質量都可以通過應用眾所周知嘅關係 <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%89%E5%83%B9" title="質能等價"><i>E</i> = <i>mc</i><sup>2</sup></a> 嚟表示為能量，分別產生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9C%E6%AD%A2%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="靜止能量 (無呢版)">靜止能量</a>同「相對論能量」（系統總能量）： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q11663629"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q11663629" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {rest} }=(m_{\mathrm {rest} })c^{2}!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>!</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {rest} }=(m_{\mathrm {rest} })c^{2}!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e7286a8c31ea6df4001171d42a0b3a1696c612d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.16ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {rest} }=(m_{\mathrm {rest} })c^{2}!}" /></a></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q35875"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q35875" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {total} }=(m_{\mathrm {relative} })c^{2}!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>!</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {total} }=(m_{\mathrm {relative} })c^{2}!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/122cf94fe38dda8de71dab1b9dec33b528636a7b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.566ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {total} }=(m_{\mathrm {relative} })c^{2}!}" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>「相對論」質量同能量概念同佢哋嘅「靜止」對應物相關，但係喺存在淨動量嘅系統中，佢哋嘅值同佢哋嘅靜止對應物唔同。由於相對論質量<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%89%E5%83%B9" title="質能等價">同能量成正比</a>，佢已經逐漸唔再俾物理學家使用。<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 關於呢個概念喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教育學">教學上</a>係咪仍然有用，存在爭議。<sup id="cite_ref-okun_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okun-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺束縛系統中，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%9F%E7%B8%9B%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="束縛能 (無呢版)">束縛能</a>通常必須從未束縛系統嘅質量中減去，因為束縛能通常喺系統被束縛時離開系統。系統嘅質量喺呢個過程中發生變化，僅僅係因為系統喺束縛過程中唔係封閉嘅，因此能量逸出咗。例如，當原子核形成時，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>嘅束縛能通常會以伽瑪射線嘅形式損失，留下<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="核素">核素</a>，佢哋嘅質量比組成佢哋嘅自由粒子（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核子 (無呢版)">核子</a>）細。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%89%E5%83%B9" title="質能等價">質能等價</a>亦都喺宏觀系統中成立。<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 例如，如果取正好一千克嘅冰，並且施加熱量，噉產生嘅融水嘅質量將會超過一千克：佢將會包含用於融化冰嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD" title="熱能">熱能</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E7%86%B1" title="潛熱">潛熱</a>）產生嘅質量；呢個係根據<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="能量守恆定律">能量守恆定律</a>得出嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-hecht_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hecht-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個數字好細，但係唔可以忽略不計：大約 3.7 納克。佢係由冰嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E7%86%B1" title="潛熱">潛熱</a>（334 kJ/kg）除以光速嘅平方（<i>c</i><sup>2</sup> ≈ <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7016900000000000000♠</span>9<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>16</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup></span>）得出嘅。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="廣義相對論"><span id=".E5.BB.A3.E7.BE.A9.E7.9B.B8.E5.B0.8D.E8.AB.96"></span>廣義相對論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 廣義相對論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E4%B8%AD%E5%98%85%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廣義相對論中嘅質量 (無呢版)">廣義相對論中嘅質量</a></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>中，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E6%95%88%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等效原理 (無呢版)">等效原理</a>係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="引力質量 (無呢版)">引力質量</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="慣性質量">慣性質量</a>嘅等效性。呢個斷言嘅核心係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦 (無呢版)">阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦</a>嘅觀點，即當站喺大質量物體（例如地球）上時，局部體驗到嘅引力同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%85%A3%E6%80%A7%E5%9D%90%E6%A8%99%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="慣性坐標系 (無呢版)">非慣性</a>（即加速）參考系中嘅觀察者體驗到嘅<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%87%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="假力 (無呢版)">偽力</a></i> 相同。 </p><p>但係，事實證明，唔可能喺廣義相對論中搵到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E8%AE%8A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不變質量 (無呢版)">不變質量</a>概念嘅客觀通用定義。問題嘅核心係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="非線性系統">非線性</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%B4%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛因斯坦場方程 (無呢版)">愛因斯坦場方程</a>，使得唔可能將引力場能量寫為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%87%89%E5%8A%9B-%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="應力-能量張量 (無呢版)">應力-能量張量</a>嘅一部分，噉樣對於所有觀察者嚟講都係不變嘅。對於給定嘅觀察者，呢個可以通過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%87%89%E5%8A%9B-%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F-%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F%E5%81%BD%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="應力-能量-動量偽張量 (無呢版)">應力-能量-動量偽張量</a>嚟實現。<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="量子物理學入面"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8.E5.85.A5.E9.9D.A2"></span>量子物理學入面</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 量子物理學入面"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="古典力學">古典力學</a>入面，粒子嘅慣性質量喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%8B%89-%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="歐拉-拉格朗日方程">歐拉-拉格朗日方程</a>中作為參數 <i>m</i> 出現： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q875744"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q875744" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\ \left(,{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {x}}_{i}}},\right)\ =\ m,{\ddot {x}}_{i}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>m</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo>¨</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\ \left(,{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {x}}_{i}}},\right)\ =\ m,{\ddot {x}}_{i}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/003bc9b17c6ff0c371015702df6c44725bd3cd03" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.206ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\ \left(,{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {x}}_{i}}},\right)\ =\ m,{\ddot {x}}_{i}.}" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>量子化之後，將位置向量 <i>x</i> 替換為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="波函數">波函數</a>，參數 <i>m</i> 喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%83%BD" title="動能">動能</a>算符中出現： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q165498"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q165498" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,,t)=\left(-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}+V(\mathbf {r} )\right)\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,,t).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,,t)=\left(-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}+V(\mathbf {r} )\right)\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,,t).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4dfbaf9c0407cca25d3eb7e8cb25fcc228d85bd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:44.287ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,,t)=\left(-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}+V(\mathbf {r} )\right)\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,,t).}" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>喺表面上<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%94%E8%AE%8A%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E9%80%86%E8%AE%8A%E6%80%A7%E5%98%85%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="協變性同逆變性嘅向量 (無呢版)">協變</a>嘅（相對論不變嘅）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狄拉克方程 (無呢版)">狄拉克方程</a>中，喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然單位 (無呢版)">自然單位</a>下，呢個變成： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element" data-qid="Q16853908"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q16853908" style="color:inherit;"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (-i\gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }+m)\psi =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <msup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (-i\gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }+m)\psi =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f968f62ed45fcdaa16b4faebc6b26b33eb4dbc66" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.036ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (-i\gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }+m)\psi =0}" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>其中「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E8%AE%8A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不變質量 (無呢版)">質量</a>」參數 <i>m</i> 而家只係一個同波函數 ψ 描述嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90" title="量子">量子</a>相關聯嘅常數。 </p><p>喺 1960 年代發展起來嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="標準模型">標準模型</a>中，呢個項係由場 ψ 同附加場 Φ（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希格斯場 (無呢版)">希格斯場</a>）嘅耦合產生嘅。喺費米子嘅情況下，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希格斯機制 (無呢版)">希格斯機制</a>導致拉格朗日量中嘅項 <i>m</i>ψ 被 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{\psi }{\overline {\psi }}\phi \psi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ψ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mi>ψ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{\psi }{\overline {\psi }}\phi \psi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/274591874f17a83bbec652eff5d1cc489bdd839c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.656ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{\psi }{\overline {\psi }}\phi \psi }" /></span> 替換。呢個將每個基本粒子嘅質量值嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A2%AB%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E9%A0%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="被解釋項 (無呢版)">被解釋項</a>轉移到未知<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耦合常數 (無呢版)">耦合常數</a> <i>G</i><sub>ψ</sub> 嘅值。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="快子粒子同虛數（複數）質量"><span id=".E5.BF.AB.E5.AD.90.E7.B2.92.E5.AD.90.E5.90.8C.E8.99.9B.E6.95.B8.EF.BC.88.E8.A4.87.E6.95.B8.EF.BC.89.E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F"></span>快子粒子同虛數（複數）質量</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 快子粒子同虛數（複數）質量"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="快子場 (無呢版)">快子場</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90#質量" class="mw-redirect" title="快子">快子 § 質量</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="快子場 (無呢版)">快子場</a>，或者簡稱 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="快子">快子</a>，係一個具有<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%95%B8" title="虛數">虛數</a>質量嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子場 (無呢版)">量子場</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 雖然<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="快子">快子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="粒子">粒子</a>，佢哋嘅速度<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="超光速">快過光速</a>）係一個純粹嘅假設概念，普遍認為唔存在，<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tipler_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tipler-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但係具有虛數質量嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%B4_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="場 (物理學) (無呢版)">場</a>已經喺現代物理學中發揮咗重要嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="希格斯玻色子">作用</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kutasov_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutasov-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sen_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibbons_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbons-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，並且喺關於物理學嘅科普書籍中討論過。<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greene_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺任何情況下，喺呢啲理論中，任何激發都永遠唔會比光速更快噉傳播——快子質量嘅存在或者缺失對信號嘅最大速度冇任何影響（唔存在對<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="因果關係">因果關係</a>嘅違反）。<sup id="cite_ref-susskind_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susskind-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 雖然 <i>場</i> 可能具有虛數質量，但係任何物理粒子都唔會；「虛數質量」表明系統變得不穩定，並且通過經歷一種稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="快子凝聚 (無呢版)">快子凝聚</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A" title="相變">相變</a>類型（同二級相變密切相關）嚟擺脫不穩定性，呢種相變導致<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="標準模型">當前模型</a>中嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%B4%E7%BC%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對稱性破缺 (無呢版)">對稱性破缺</a>。 </p><p>術語「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="快子">快子</a>」係 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%91%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E5%9B%A0%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傑拉爾德·費因伯格 (無呢版)">傑拉爾德·費因伯格</a> 喺 1967 年嘅一篇論文中創造嘅，<sup id="cite_ref-feinberg67_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinberg67-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但係好快人們就意識到，費因伯格嘅模型實際上唔允許<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="超光速">超光速</a>速度。<sup id="cite_ref-susskind_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susskind-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 相反，虛數質量喺配置中產生咗不穩定性：-其中一個或者多個場激發係快子嘅任何配置都將會自發衰變，並且產生嘅配置唔包含物理快子。呢個過程被稱為快子凝聚。眾所周知嘅例子包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="希格斯玻色子">希格斯玻色子</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希格斯機制 (無呢版)">凝聚</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%85%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="凝聚態物理學">凝聚態物理學</a>中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="鐵磁性">鐵磁性</a>。 </p><p>雖然<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%95%B8" title="虛數">虛數</a>快子質量嘅概念可能看起來令人擔憂，因為對虛數質量冇古典解釋，但係質量唔係量子化嘅。相反，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%99%E9%87%8F%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="標量場 (無呢版)">標量場</a>係量子化嘅；即使對於快子<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" title="量子場論">量子場</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%94%E8%80%83%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="閔考夫斯基空間 (無呢版)">類空間隔</a>點處嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%B4%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="場算符 (無呢版)">場算符</a>仍然<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%89%87%E5%B0%8D%E6%98%93%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正則對易關係 (無呢版)">對易（或者反對易）</a>，噉樣保持咗因果關係。因此，信息仍然唔會比光速更快噉傳播，<sup id="cite_ref-feinberg67_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinberg67-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 並且解呈指數增長，但唔係超光速嘅（唔存在對<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="因果關係">因果關係</a>嘅違反）。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="快子凝聚 (無呢版)">快子凝聚</a>驅動已經達到局部極限，並且可能天真噉預期產生物理快子嘅物理系統，轉變為唔存在物理快子嘅替代穩定狀態。一旦快子場達到勢能嘅最小值，佢嘅量子就唔再係快子，而係具有正質量平方嘅普通粒子。<sup id="cite_ref-Peskin_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peskin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>呢個係一般規則嘅一個特例，喺一般規則中，不穩定嘅大質量粒子正式噉描述為具有<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E6%95%B8" title="複數">複數</a>質量，實部係佢哋通常意義上嘅質量，虛部係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="粒子衰變 (無呢版)">衰變率</a>（喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然單位 (無呢版)">自然單位</a>下）。<sup id="cite_ref-Peskin_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peskin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但係，喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" title="量子場論">量子場論</a>中，粒子（「單粒子狀態」）大致定義為隨時間恆定嘅狀態；即，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A0%93%E9%87%8F_(%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈密頓量 (量子力學) (無呢版)">哈密頓量</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E5%80%BC" title="特徵值">特徵值</a>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="粒子衰變 (無呢版)">不穩定粒子</a>係一個僅近似隨時間恆定嘅狀態；如果佢存在嘅時間足夠長，可以進行量度，噉佢可以正式噉描述為具有複數質量，質量嘅實部大於佢嘅虛部。如果兩部分嘅量級相同，噉呢個被解釋為散射過程中出現嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF" title="共振">共振</a>，而唔係粒子，因為佢被認為存在嘅時間唔夠長，唔可以獨立於散射過程嚟量度。喺快子嘅情況下，質量嘅實部係零，因此冇粒子嘅概念可以歸因於佢。 </p><p>喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%9E%E4%BE%96%E8%8C%B2%E4%B8%8D%E8%AE%8A%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勞侖茲不變性 (無呢版)">勞侖茲不變性</a>理論中，適用於普通亞光速粒子（有時喺快子嘅討論中稱為「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A9%E9%80%9F%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緩速子 (無呢版)">緩速子</a>」）嘅相同公式，亦都必須適用於快子。特別係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F-%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能量-動量關係 (無呢版)">能量-動量關係</a>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}c^{2}+m^{2}c^{4};}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}c^{2}+m^{2}c^{4};}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f73cd0e39ca1236082da95f0607fbdfc650b3ac5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.874ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}c^{2}+m^{2}c^{4};}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>（其中 <b>p</b> 係緩速子嘅相對論<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" title="動量">動量</a>， <b>m</b> 係佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E6%AD%A2%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="靜止質量">靜止質量</a>）應該仍然適用，連同粒子總能量嘅公式： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\frac {mc^{2}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {mc^{2}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/724fe90452d2f107f6201a34b05709d7deed4f66" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:15.149ex; height:8.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {mc^{2}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}.}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>呢個方程表明，粒子（緩速子或者快子）嘅總能量包含嚟自佢靜止質量嘅貢獻（「靜止質量-能量」）同埋嚟自佢運動嘅貢獻，即動能。當 <i>v</i> 大於 <i>c</i> 時，能量方程中嘅分母係<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%95%B8" title="虛數">"虛數"</a>，因為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B9%E8%99%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="根號 (無呢版)">根號</a>下嘅值係負數。由於總<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>必須係<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E6%95%B8" title="實數">實數</a>，因此分子<i>亦都</i>必須係虛數：即<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E6%AD%A2%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="靜止質量">靜止質量</a> <b>m</b> 必須係虛數，因為純虛數除以另一個純虛數係實數。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Cols (無呢版)">Template:Cols</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F%E5%98%85%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="質量同重量嘅比較 (無呢版)">質量同重量嘅比較</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F_(%E5%BD%88%E7%B0%A7-%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有效質量 (彈簧-質量系統) (無呢版)">有效質量 (彈簧-質量系統)</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F_(%E5%9B%BA%E6%85%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有效質量 (固態物理學) (無呢版)">有效質量 (固態物理學)</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A3%E5%BB%B6%E6%80%A7_(%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廣延性 (形而上學) (無呢版)">廣延性 (形而上學)</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%98%85%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際單位制嘅量 (無呢版)">國際單位制嘅量</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019年國際單位制基本單位修訂 (無呢版)">2019年國際單位制基本單位修訂</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=24" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=25" title="編輯小節: 參考文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output 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.syu1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zit3>.zit3{display:inline-flex}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .saan1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .saan1{display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;font-size:0.1px;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .fan1gaak3{font-size:0.125px}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4+.zyun1ming4{margin-left:0.0833em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 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a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.cern/science/physics/higgs-boson">"The Higgs boson"</a>. <i>CERN</i> (英文). 2024-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2024-04-09</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CERN&rft.atitle=The+Higgs+boson&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.cern%2Fscience%2Fphysics%2Fhiggs-boson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2010/06/14/91230/new-quantum-theory-separates-gravitational-and-inertial-mass">"New Quantum Theory Separates Gravitational and Inertial Mass"</a>. <i>MIT Technology Review</i>. 14 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2020搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=New+Quantum+Theory+Separates+Gravitational+and+Inertial+Mass&rft.date=2010-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2010%2F06%2F14%2F91230%2Fnew-quantum-theory-separates-gravitational-and-inertial-mass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Klitzing2017" class="citation journal cs1">von Klitzing, Klaus (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v13/n2/pdf/nphys4029.pdf">"Metrology in 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Physics</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 198. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (identifier) (無呢版)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1707.06785">1707.06785</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SSPMA..47l9503L">2017SSPMA..47l9503L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1360%2FSSPMA2017-00044">10.1360/SSPMA2017-00044</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133817316">133817316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Physics&rft.atitle=Metrology+in+2019&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=198&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1707.06785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133817316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1360%2FSSPMA2017-00044&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017SSPMA..47l9503L&rft.aulast=von+Klitzing&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnphys%2Fjournal%2Fv13%2Fn2%2Fpdf%2Fnphys4029.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brochure9_2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brochure9_2016_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure-draft-2016b.pdf">"Draft of the ninth SI Brochure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. BIPM. 10 November 2016. pp. 2–9<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2017-09-10</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+of+the+ninth+SI+Brochure&rft.pages=2-9&rft.pub=BIPM&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2Fsi-brochure-draft-2016b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rindler2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rindler2_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFW._Rindler2006" class="citation book cs1">W. Rindler (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MuuaG5HXOGEC&pg=PA16"><i>Relativity: Special, General, And Cosmological</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-856731-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-19-856731-8"><bdi>978-0-19-856731-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relativity%3A+Special%2C+General%2C+And+Cosmological&rft.pages=16-18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-856731-8&rft.au=W.+Rindler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMuuaG5HXOGEC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFKane2008" class="citation news cs1">Kane, Gordon (4 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-mysteries-of-mass">"The Mysteries of Mass"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. Nature America, Inc. pp. 32–39<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2013-07-05</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Mysteries+of+Mass&rft.pages=32-39&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dthe-mysteries-of-mass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFEötvösPekárFekete1922" class="citation journal cs1">Eötvös, R.V.; Pekár, D.; Fekete, E. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/94133/1/300_430_68.pdf">"<i>Beiträge zum Gesetz der Proportionalität von Trägheit und Gravität</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annalen_der_Physik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annalen der Physik (無呢版)">Annalen der Physik</a></i>. <b>68</b> (9): 11–66. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922AnP...373...11E">1922AnP...373...11E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19223730903">10.1002/andp.19223730903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zum+Gesetz+der+Proportionalit%C3%A4t+von+Tr%C3%A4gheit+und+Gravit%C3%A4t&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=11-66&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.19223730903&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1922AnP...373...11E&rft.aulast=E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s&rft.aufirst=R.V.&rft.au=Pek%C3%A1r%2C+D.&rft.au=Fekete%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F94133%2F1%2F300_430_68.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFVoisinCognardFreireWex2020" class="citation journal cs1">Voisin, G.; Cognard, I.; Freire, P. C. C.; Wex, N.; Guillemot, L.; Desvignes, G.; Kramer, M.; Theureau, G. (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2020/06/aa38104-20/aa38104-20.html">"An improved test of the strong equivalence principle with the pulsar in a triple star system"</a>. <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>638</b>: A24. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (identifier) (無呢版)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/2005.01388">2005.01388</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...638A..24V">2020A&A...638A..24V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202038104">10.1051/0004-6361/202038104</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218486794">218486794</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=An+improved+test+of+the+strong+equivalence+principle+with+the+pulsar+in+a+triple+star+system&rft.volume=638&rft.pages=A24&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2005.01388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218486794%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202038104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020A%26A...638A..24V&rft.aulast=Voisin&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Cognard%2C+I.&rft.au=Freire%2C+P.+C.+C.&rft.au=Wex%2C+N.&rft.au=Guillemot%2C+L.&rft.au=Desvignes%2C+G.&rft.au=Kramer%2C+M.&rft.au=Theureau%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2Farticles%2Faa%2Ffull_html%2F2020%2F06%2Faa38104-20%2Faa38104-20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2018" class="citation journal cs1">Browne, K. M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.5027490">"The pre-Newtonian meaning of the word "weight"; a comment on "Kepler and the origins of pre-Newtonian mass" [Am. J. Phys. 85, 115–123 (2017)]"</a>. <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>86</b> (6): 471–74. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AmJPh..86..471B">2018AmJPh..86..471B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.5027490">10.1119/1.5027490</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125953814">125953814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=The+pre-Newtonian+meaning+of+the+word+%22weight%22%3B+a+comment+on+%22Kepler+and+the+origins+of+pre-Newtonian+mass%22+%5BAm.+J.+Phys.+85%2C+115%E2%80%93123+%282017%29%5D&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=471-74&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125953814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.5027490&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018AmJPh..86..471B&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1119%252F1.5027490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFDrake1979" class="citation journal cs1">Drake, S. (1979). "Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Free Fall". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>228</b> (5): 84–92. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973SciAm.228e..84D">1973SciAm.228e..84D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0573-84">10.1038/scientificamerican0573-84</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Galileo%27s+Discovery+of+the+Law+of+Free+Fall&rft.volume=228&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=84-92&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0573-84&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973SciAm.228e..84D&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFGalileo1632" class="citation book cs1">Galileo, G. (1632). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialogue_Concerning_the_Two_Chief_World_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (無呢版)"><i>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogue+Concerning+the+Two+Chief+World+Systems&rft.date=1632&rft.aulast=Galileo&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFGalileo1638" class="citation book cs1">Galileo, G. (1638). <i>Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, Intorno à Due Nuove Scienze</i>.第213卷. <a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Elzevir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Elzevir (無呢版)">Louis Elsevier</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discorsi+e+Dimostrazioni+Matematiche%2C+Intorno+%C3%A0+Due+Nuove+Scienze&rft.pub=Louis+Elsevier&rft.date=1638&rft.aulast=Galileo&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span>, translated in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFCrewde_Salvio1954" class="citation book cs1">Crew, H.; de Salvio, A., 編 (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001015122/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&Itemid=99999999"><i>Mathematical Discourses and Demonstrations, Relating to Two New Sciences</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dover_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dover Publications (無呢版)">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-275-10057-2" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-275-10057-2"><bdi>978-1-275-10057-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=753&Itemid=99999999">原著</a>喺1 October 2013歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Discourses+and+Demonstrations%2C+Relating+to+Two+New+Sciences&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-1-275-10057-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_staticxt%26staticfile%3Dshow.php%253Ftitle%3D753%26Itemid%3D99999999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span> and also available in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFHawking2002" class="citation book cs1">Hawking, S., 編 (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780762413485/page/534"><i>On the Shoulders of Giants</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Running_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Running Press (無呢版)">Running Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780762413485/page/534">534–535</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-7624-1348-5" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-7624-1348-5"><bdi>978-0-7624-1348-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Shoulders+of+Giants&rft.pages=534-535&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-1348-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780762413485%2Fpage%2F534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFNewton1729" class="citation book cs1">Newton, I. (1729) [1686]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP13"><i>The mathematical principles of natural philosophy</i></a>. Motte, A.翻譯. Printed for Benjamin Motte. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mathematical+principles+of+natural+philosophy&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Printed+for+Benjamin+Motte&rft.date=1729&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTm0FAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPP13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFHooke1674" class="citation book cs1">Hooke, R. (1674). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JgtPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>An attempt to prove the motion of the earth from observations</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Society (無呢版)">Royal Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+attempt+to+prove+the+motion+of+the+earth+from+observations&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft.date=1674&rft.aulast=Hooke&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJgtPAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull1960" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, H.W., 編 (1960). <i>Correspondence of Isaac Newton, Volume 2 (1676–1687)</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Correspondence+of+Isaac+Newton%2C+Volume+2+%281676%E2%80%931687%29&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://massless.info/images/Isaac_Newton_Principia_English.pdf"><i>Principia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principia&rft.pages=16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmassless.info%2Fimages%2FIsaac_Newton_Principia_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFWhiteside2008" class="citation book cs1">Whiteside, D.T., 編 (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZ0v23iqRgC"><i>The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, Volume VI (1684–1691)</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-04585-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-521-04585-8"><bdi>978-0-521-04585-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mathematical+Papers+of+Isaac+Newton%2C+Volume+VI+%281684%E2%80%931691%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04585-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIZ0v23iqRgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-principia-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-principia_24-0">18.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-principia_24-1">18.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-principia_24-2">18.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-principia_24-3">18.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFSir_Isaac_NewtonN.W._Chittenden1848" class="citation book cs1">Sir Isaac Newton; N.W. Chittenden (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtonsprincipi00chitgoog"><i>Newton's Principia: The mathematical principles of natural philosophy</i></a>. D. Adee. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtonsprincipi00chitgoog/page/n43">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780520009295" title="Special:書本來源/9780520009295"><bdi>9780520009295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newton%27s+Principia%3A+The+mathematical+principles+of+natural+philosophy&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=D.+Adee&rft.date=1848&rft.isbn=9780520009295&rft.au=Sir+Isaac+Newton&rft.au=N.W.+Chittenden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtonsprincipi00chitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFCuk2003" class="citation web cs1">Cuk, M. (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030320113723/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=452">"Curious About Astronomy: How do you measure a planet's mass?"</a>. <i>Ask an Astronomer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=452">原著</a>喺20 March 2003歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2011-03-12</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ask+an+Astronomer&rft.atitle=Curious+About+Astronomy%3A+How+do+you+measure+a+planet%27s+mass%3F&rft.date=2003-01&rft.aulast=Cuk&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcurious.astro.cornell.edu%2Fquestion.php%3Fnumber%3D452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFNewton1728" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Newton">Newton, Isaac</a> (1728). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rEYUAAAAQAAJ&q=ball&pg=PR1"><i>A Treatise of the System of the World</i></a>. London: F. Fayram. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+of+the+System+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=F.+Fayram&rft.date=1728&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrEYUAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dball%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFCoelho2010" class="citation journal cs1">Coelho, Ricardo Lopes (January 2010). "On the Concept of Force: How Understanding its History can Improve Physics Teaching". <i>Science & Education</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 91–113. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sc&Ed..19...91C">2010Sc&Ed..19...91C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11191-008-9183-1">10.1007/s11191-008-9183-1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195229870">195229870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Education&rft.atitle=On+the+Concept+of+Force%3A+How+Understanding+its+History+can+Improve+Physics+Teaching&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-113&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195229870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11191-008-9183-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sc%26Ed..19...91C&rft.aulast=Coelho&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+Lopes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbs2017" class="citation web cs1">Gibbs, Yvonne (31 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320070434/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/features/teachers-learn-the-difference-between-mass-and-weight-even-in-space/">"Teachers Learn the Difference Between Mass and Weight Even in Space"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/features/teachers-learn-the-difference-between-mass-and-weight-even-in-space">原著</a>喺20 March 2023歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Teachers+Learn+the+Difference+Between+Mass+and+Weight+Even+in+Space&rft.date=2017-03-31&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Farmstrong%2Ffeatures%2Fteachers-learn-the-difference-between-mass-and-weight-even-in-space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFHecht2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hecht, Eugene (January 2006). "There Is No Really Good Definition of Mass". <i>The Physics Teacher</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 40–45. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhTea..44...40H">2006PhTea..44...40H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.2150758">10.1119/1.2150758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Physics+Teacher&rft.atitle=There+Is+No+Really+Good+Definition+of+Mass&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-45&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.2150758&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PhTea..44...40H&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">恩斯特·馬赫，《力學科學》（1919 年）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belkind-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-belkind_32-0">25.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-belkind_32-1">25.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ori Belkind，《物理系統：平坦時空同物質之間嘅概念路徑》（2012 年）Springer（<i>第 5.3 章</i>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.W. Bridgman，《愛因斯坦嘅理論同操作觀點》，喺：P.A. Schilpp，編輯，《阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦：哲學家-科學家》，Open Court，La Salle，Ill.，劍橋大學出版社，1982 年，第 2 卷，第 335–354 頁。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFGillies1972" class="citation journal cs1">Gillies, D.A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426201827/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/staff/gillies/documents/1972a_Operationalism.pdf">"PDF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Synthese</i>. <b>25</b>: 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00484997">10.1007/BF00484997</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239369276">239369276</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/staff/gillies/documents/1972a_Operationalism.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺26 April 2016歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=PDF&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00484997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239369276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gillies&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fsts%2Fstaff%2Fgillies%2Fdocuments%2F1972a_Operationalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">亨利·龐加萊。 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brocku.ca/MeadProject/Poincare/Poincare_1905_07.html">古典力學</a>". 《科學與假設》第 6 章。倫敦：沃爾特·斯科特出版社 (1905)：89-110。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylorWheeler1992" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, E.F.; Wheeler, J.A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacetimephysics00edwi_0/page/248"><i>Spacetime Physics</i></a>. W.H. Freeman. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacetimephysics00edwi_0/page/248">248–149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-7167-2327-1" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-7167-2327-1"><bdi>978-0-7167-2327-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spacetime+Physics&rft.pages=248-149&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-2327-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=E.F.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspacetimephysics00edwi_0%2Fpage%2F248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFG._Oas2005" class="citation arxiv cs1">G. Oas (2005). "On the Abuse and Use of Relativistic Mass". <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (identifier) (無呢版)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/physics/0504110">physics/0504110</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=On+the+Abuse+and+Use+of+Relativistic+Mass&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fphysics%2F0504110&rft.au=G.+Oas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-okun-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-okun_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFOkun1989" class="citation journal cs1">Okun, L.B. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722130232/http://www.itep.ru/theor/persons/lab180/okun/em_3.pdf">"The Concept of Mass"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physics_Today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics Today (無呢版)">Physics Today</a></i>. <b>42</b> (6): 31–36. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PhT....42f..31O">1989PhT....42f..31O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.881171">10.1063/1.881171</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itep.ru/theor/persons/lab180/okun/em_3.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺22 July 2011歸檔.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Mass&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=31-36&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.881171&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989PhT....42f..31O&rft.aulast=Okun&rft.aufirst=L.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itep.ru%2Ftheor%2Fpersons%2Flab180%2Fokun%2Fem_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFRindlerVandyckMurugesanRuschin1990" class="citation journal cs1">Rindler, W.; Vandyck, M.A.; Murugesan, P.; Ruschin, S.; Sauter, C.; Okun, L.B. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722130328/http://www.itep.ru/theor/persons/lab180/okun/em_4.pdf">"Putting to Rest Mass Misconceptions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physics_Today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics Today (無呢版)">Physics Today</a></i>. <b>43</b> (5): 13–14, 115, 117. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PhT....43e..13R">1990PhT....43e..13R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2810555">10.1063/1.2810555</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itep.ru/theor/persons/lab180/okun/em_4.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺22 July 2011歸檔.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Putting+to+Rest+Mass+Misconceptions&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=13-14%2C+115%2C+117&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2810555&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PhT....43e..13R&rft.aulast=Rindler&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Vandyck%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Murugesan%2C+P.&rft.au=Ruschin%2C+S.&rft.au=Sauter%2C+C.&rft.au=Okun%2C+L.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itep.ru%2Ftheor%2Fpersons%2Flab180%2Fokun%2Fem_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFSandin1991" class="citation journal cs1">Sandin, T.R. (1991). "In Defense of Relativistic Mass". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Physics (無呢版)">American Journal of Physics</a></i>. <b>59</b> (11): 1032. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AmJPh..59.1032S">1991AmJPh..59.1032S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.16642">10.1119/1.16642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+Relativistic+Mass&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1032&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.16642&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991AmJPh..59.1032S&rft.aulast=Sandin&rft.aufirst=T.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF普朗克，馬克斯1907" class="citation cs2">普朗克，馬克斯 (1907)，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte1907deutsch"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈運動系統動力學〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>運</span><span class="zit3">動系統動力學</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>，<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《柏林皇家普魯士科學院會議記錄》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>柏</span><span class="zit3">林皇家普魯士科學院會議記錄</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>，<b>上半年</b> (29): 542–570，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1908AnP...331....1P">1908AnP...331....1P</a>，<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19083310602">10.1002/andp.19083310602</a> </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%84&rft.atitle=%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&rft.volume=%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B4&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=542-570&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.19083310602&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1908AnP...331....1P&rft.au=%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%EF%BC%8C%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsitzungsberichte1907deutsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd>英文維基文庫翻譯：<a href="https://zh-yue.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Dynamics_of_Moving_Systems" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:On the Dynamics of Moving Systems">運動系統動力學</a>（<i>參見第 16 段。</i>）</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-hecht-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hecht_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFHecht2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hecht, Eugene (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicsland.com/Physics10_files/Mass.pdf">"There Is No Really Good Definition of Mass"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Physics Teacher</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 40–45. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhTea..44...40H">2006PhTea..44...40H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.2150758">10.1119/1.2150758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Physics+Teacher&rft.atitle=There+Is+No+Really+Good+Definition+of+Mass&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-45&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.2150758&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PhTea..44...40H&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicsland.com%2FPhysics10_files%2FMass.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFMisnerThorneWheeler1973" class="citation book cs1">Misner, C.W.; Thorne, K.S.; Wheeler, J.A. (1973). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gravitation00cwmi"><i>Gravitation</i></a></span>. W.H. Freeman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gravitation00cwmi/page/n498">466</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-7167-0344-0" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-7167-0344-0"><bdi>978-0-7167-0344-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravitation&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0344-0&rft.aulast=Misner&rft.aufirst=C.W.&rft.au=Thorne%2C+K.S.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgravitation00cwmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randall-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Randall_47-0">37.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Randall_47-1">37.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Randall_47-2">37.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">麗莎·藍道爾，《扭曲嘅通道：揭開宇宙隱藏維度嘅奧秘》，第 286 頁：「人們最初認為快子係速度快過光速嘅粒子……但係我哋而家知道，快子表明包含佢嘅理論中存在不穩定性。令科幻迷遺憾嘅係，快子唔係自然界中出現嘅真實物理粒子。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tipler-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tipler_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF蒂普勒盧埃林2008" class="citation book cs1">蒂普勒, 保羅·A.、盧埃林, 拉爾夫·A. (2008)。<span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernphysicsfif00paul"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《現代物理學》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>現</span><span class="zit3">代物理學</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a></span> (第 5 版)。紐約：W.H. Freeman & Co.。頁 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernphysicsfif00paul/page/n71">54</a>。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-7167-7550-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-7167-7550-8"><bdi>978-0-7167-7550-8</bdi></a>。｢... 因此，速度 v > c 嘅粒子存在 ... 稱為快子 ... 將會俾相對論帶來嚴重嘅 ... 無限嘅創造能量同因果悖論嘅問題。｣</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&rft.place=%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC+5+%E7%89%88&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+%26+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-7550-8&rft.aulast=%E8%92%82%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92&rft.aufirst=%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7A.&rft.au=%E7%9B%A7%E5%9F%83%E6%9E%97%2C+%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernphysicsfif00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kutasov-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kutasov_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF庫塔索夫，大衛馬里諾，馬科斯摩爾，格雷戈里·W.2000" class="citation journal cs1">庫塔索夫，大衛; 馬里諾，馬科斯、摩爾，格雷戈里·W. (2000)。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈弦場論中關於快子凝聚嘅一啲精確結果〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>弦</span><span class="zit3">場論中關於快子凝聚嘅一啲精確結果</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《高能物理雜誌》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>高</span><span class="zit3">能物理雜誌</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>2000</b> (10): 045。<a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (identifier) (無呢版)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0009148">hep-th/0009148</a></span>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JHEP...10..045K">2000JHEP...10..045K</a>。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1126-6708%2F2000%2F10%2F045">10.1088/1126-6708/2000/10/045</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15664546">15664546</a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E9%AB%98%E8%83%BD%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C&rft.atitle=%E5%BC%A6%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E5%98%85%E4%B8%80%E5%95%B2%E7%B2%BE%E7%A2%BA%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C&rft.volume=2000&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=045&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-th%2F0009148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15664546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1126-6708%2F2000%2F10%2F045&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JHEP...10..045K&rft.au=%E5%BA%AB%E5%A1%94%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B&rft.au=%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%AB%BE%EF%BC%8C%E9%A6%AC%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF&rft.au=%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%EF%BC%8C%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sen_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF森2002" class="citation journal cs1">森阿肖克 (2002)。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈滾動快子〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>滾</span><span class="zit3">動快子</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《高能物理雜誌》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>高</span><span class="zit3">能物理雜誌</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>2002</b> (4): 048。<a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (identifier) (無呢版)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0203211">hep-th/0203211</a></span>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JHEP...04..048S">2002JHEP...04..048S</a>。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1126-6708%2F2002%2F04%2F048">10.1088/1126-6708/2002/04/048</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12023565">12023565</a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E9%AB%98%E8%83%BD%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C&rft.atitle=%E6%BB%BE%E5%8B%95%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90&rft.volume=2002&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=048&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-th%2F0203211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12023565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1126-6708%2F2002%2F04%2F048&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JHEP...04..048S&rft.aulast=%E6%A3%AE&rft.aufirst=%E9%98%BF%E8%82%96%E5%85%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbons-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbons_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF吉本斯2002" class="citation journal cs1">吉本斯, G.W. (2002)。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈滾動快子嘅宇宙學演化〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>滾</span><span class="zit3">動快子嘅宇宙學演化</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《物理快報 B》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>物</span><span class="zit3">理快報 B</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>537</b> (1–2): 1–4。<a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (identifier) (無呢版)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0204008">hep-th/0204008</a></span>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PhLB..537....1G">2002PhLB..537....1G</a>。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0370-2693%2802%2901881-6">10.1016/s0370-2693(02)01881-6</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119487619">119487619</a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%BF%AB%E5%A0%B1+B&rft.atitle=%E6%BB%BE%E5%8B%95%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90%E5%98%85%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&rft.volume=537&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-th%2F0204008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119487619%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0370-2693%2802%2901881-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PhLB..537....1G&rft.aulast=%E5%90%89%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%AF&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greene_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF格林2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E8%B3%B4%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布賴恩·格林 (無呢版)">格林布賴恩</a> (2000)。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%84%AA%E9%9B%85%E5%98%85%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="優雅嘅宇宙 (無呢版)"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《優雅嘅宇宙》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>優</span><span class="zit3">雅嘅宇宙</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。Vintage Books。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%84%AA%E9%9B%85%E5%98%85%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97&rft.aufirst=%E5%B8%83%E8%B3%B4%E6%81%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-susskind-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-susskind_53-0">43.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-susskind_53-1">43.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF阿哈羅諾夫科馬爾蘇斯金德1969" class="citation journal cs1">阿哈羅諾夫, Y.; 科馬爾, A.、蘇斯金德, L. (1969)。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈超光速行為、因果關係同不穩定性〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>超</span><span class="zit3">光速行為、因果關係同不穩定性</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《物理評論》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>物</span><span class="zit3">理評論</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>182</b> (5): 1400–1403。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhRv..182.1400A">1969PhRv..182.1400A</a>。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.182.1400">10.1103/PhysRev.182.1400</a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96&rft.atitle=%E8%B6%85%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E3%80%81%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1400-1403&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.182.1400&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969PhRv..182.1400A&rft.aulast=%E9%98%BF%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E8%AB%BE%E5%A4%AB&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=%E7%A7%91%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%2C+A.&rft.au=%E8%98%87%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91%E5%BE%B7%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feinberg67-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-feinberg67_54-0">44.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-feinberg67_54-1">44.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF費因伯格1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%91%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E5%9B%A0%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傑拉爾德·費因伯格 (無呢版)">費因伯格傑拉爾德</a> (1967)。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈快過光速嘅粒子嘅可能性〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>快</span><span class="zit3">過光速嘅粒子嘅可能性</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《物理評論》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>物</span><span class="zit3">理評論</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>159</b> (5): 1089–1105。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967PhRv..159.1089F">1967PhRv..159.1089F</a>。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.159.1089">10.1103/PhysRev.159.1089</a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96&rft.atitle=%E5%BF%AB%E9%81%8E%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F%E5%98%85%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%98%85%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1089-1105&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.159.1089&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967PhRv..159.1089F&rft.aulast=%E8%B2%BB%E5%9B%A0%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&rft.aufirst=%E5%82%91%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peskin-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Peskin_55-0">45.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Peskin_55-1">45.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF佩斯金施羅德1995" class="citation book cs1">佩斯金, M.E.、施羅德, D.V. (1995)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《量子場論導論》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>量</span><span class="zit3">子場論導論</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。Perseus Books。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96&rft.pub=Perseus+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=%E4%BD%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91&rft.aufirst=M.E.&rft.au=%E6%96%BD%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%2C+D.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="出面網頁"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E9.9D.A2.E7.B6.B2.E9.A0.81"></span>出面網頁</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=26" title="編輯小節: 出面網頁"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mass_(physical_property)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mass (physical property)"><span style="">Mass (physical property)</span></a></b></div></div> </div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:NSRW_Poster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:NSRW Poster (無呢版)">Template:NSRW Poster</a> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF弗朗西斯科·弗洛雷斯2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">弗朗西斯科·弗洛雷斯 (2012年2月6號)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equivME/"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈質量同能量嘅等效性〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>質</span><span class="zit3">量同能量嘅等效性</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>. <span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《斯坦福哲學百科全書》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>斯</span><span class="zit3">坦福哲學百科全書</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%98%85%E7%AD%89%E6%95%88%E6%80%A7&rft.btitle=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8&rft.date=2012-02-06&rft.au=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2FequivME%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF戈登·凱恩2005" class="citation magazine cs1">戈登·凱恩 (2005年6月27號)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010052029/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000005FC-2927-12B3-A92783414B7F0000"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈質量嘅奧秘〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>質</span><span class="zit3">量嘅奧秘</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《科學美國人》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>科</span><span class="zit3">學美國人</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000005FC-2927-12B3-A92783414B7F0000">原著</a>喺2007年10月10號歸檔。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA&rft.atitle=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%98%85%E5%A5%A7%E7%A7%98&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft.au=%E6%88%88%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E6%81%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3FchanID%3Dsa006%26articleID%3D000005FC-2927-12B3-A92783414B7F0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREFL.B._奧昆2002" class="citation journal cs1">L.B. 奧昆 (2002)。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈光子、時鐘、重力同質量嘅概念〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>光</span><span class="zit3">子、時鐘、重力同質量嘅概念</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《核物理 B：會議增刊》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>核</span><span class="zit3">物理 B：會議增刊</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>110</b>: 151–155。<a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (identifier) (無呢版)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/physics/0111134">physics/0111134</a></span>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002NuPhS.110..151O">2002NuPhS.110..151O</a>。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0920-5632%2802%2901472-X">10.1016/S0920-5632(02)01472-X</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16733517">16733517</a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86+B%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E5%A2%9E%E5%88%8A&rft.atitle=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E3%80%81%E6%99%82%E9%90%98%E3%80%81%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%90%8C%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%98%85%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5&rft.volume=110&rft.pages=151-155&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fphysics%2F0111134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16733517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0920-5632%2802%2901472-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002NuPhS.110..151O&rft.au=L.B.+%E5%A5%A7%E6%98%86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF弗蘭克·韋爾切克2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%88%87%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗蘭克·韋爾切克 (無呢版)">弗蘭克·韋爾切克</a> (2001年5月13號)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.mit.edu/watch/the-origin-of-mass-and-the-feebleness-of-gravity-9082/"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈質量嘅起源同重力嘅微弱〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>質</span><span class="zit3">量嘅起源同重力嘅微弱</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a> (video)。麻省理工學院視頻。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%98%85%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E5%90%8C%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%98%85%E5%BE%AE%E5%BC%B1&rft.pub=%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E8%A6%96%E9%A0%BB&rft.date=2001-05-13&rft.au=%E5%BC%97%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%88%87%E5%85%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.mit.edu%2Fwatch%2Fthe-origin-of-mass-and-the-feebleness-of-gravity-9082%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF約翰·貝茲2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E8%8C%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·貝茲 (無呢版)">約翰·貝茲</a>等人 (2012年)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/mass.html"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈質量會隨速度變化嗎？〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>質</span><span class="zit3">量會隨速度變化嗎？</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E6%9C%83%E9%9A%A8%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%97%8E%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2012&rft.au=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E8%8C%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmath.ucr.edu%2Fhome%2Fbaez%2Fphysics%2FRelativity%2FSR%2Fmass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673" /><cite id="CITEREF約翰·貝茲2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E8%8C%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·貝茲 (無呢版)">約翰·貝茲</a>等人 (2008年)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/photon_mass.html"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈光子嘅質量係幾多？〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>光</span><span class="zit3">子嘅質量係幾多？</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%98%85%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E4%BF%82%E5%B9%BE%E5%A4%9A%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2008&rft.au=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E8%8C%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmath.ucr.edu%2Fhome%2Fbaez%2Fphysics%2FParticleAndNuclear%2Fphoton_mass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉姆·巴戈特 (無呢版)">吉姆·巴戈特</a> (2017年9月27號)。 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfHjzomqbZc">質量嘅概念</a> (視頻) 由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國皇家研究所 (無呢版)">英國皇家研究所</a>喺 <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> 上發佈。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SI_base_quantities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:SI base quantities (無呢版)">Template:SI base quantities</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Classical_mechanics_derived_SI_units&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Classical mechanics derived SI units (無呢版)">Template:Classical mechanics derived SI units</a> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="權威控制" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="權威控制" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%A8%81%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="權威控制">權威控制</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="extiw" title="en:Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85081853">sh85081853</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="extiw" title="en:Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4169025-4">4169025-4</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" class="extiw" title="fr:Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/027767027">027767027</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11973906k">cb11973906k</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11973906k">資料</a>）</span></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:国立国会図書館">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571299">00571299</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="extiw" title="en:National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph387192&CON_LNG=ENG">ph387192</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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