CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><script id="gtm"> performance.mark('gtm.start'); (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; j.onload = function () { performance.mark('gtm.end'); performance.measure('gtm', 'gtm.start', 'gtm.end'); }; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-M36RG8PT'); </script><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/favicon.7bc3d920.ico"/><script> window.eventsToSend = window.eventsToSend || [] window.eventsToSend.push({ name: "page_rendering", timestamp: new Date().toISOString(), value: JSON.stringify({ time: performance?.now() }) }) </script><script type="speculationrules">{"prerender":[{"where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/slideshow/*"}]},"eagerness":"moderate"}]}</script><title>Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09 | PPT</title><meta name="robots" content="index, follow"/><meta name="title" content="Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09"/><meta name="description" content="Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09 - Download as a PDF or view online for free"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="x-default" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://a.pub.network/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://b.pub.network/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://c.pub.network/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://d.pub.network/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://c.amazon-adsystem.com" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://s.amazon-adsystem.com" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://secure.quantserve.com/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://rules.quantcount.com/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://pixel.quantserve.com/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://btloader.com/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://api.btloader.com/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://confiant-integrations.global.ssl.fastly.net" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="https://a.pub.network/slideshare-net/pubfig.min.js" as="script"/><script> window.freestarReactCompontentLoaded = true; // Prevents Freestar from appending the script a second time; typo is theirs window.freestar = window.freestar || { queue: [] }; window.freestar.config = freestar.config || {}; window.freestar.config.disabledProducts = { googleInterstitial: false, }; window.eventsToSend = window.eventsToSend || []; window.freestar.queue.push(function () { window.eventsToSend.push({ name: "freestar_queue_start", timestamp: new Date().toISOString() }) }); </script><meta name="twitter:site" content="@SlideShare"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="player"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09 - Download as a PDF or view online for free"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds"/><meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09"/><meta name="twitter:player" content="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/AqAVKJrBtWZzNS"/><meta name="twitter:player:width" content="597"/><meta name="twitter:player:height" content="486"/><meta name="twitter:app:name:googleplay" content="SlideShare Android"/><meta name="twitter:app:id:googleplay" content="net.slideshare.mobile"/><meta name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="SlideShare iOS"/><meta name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="917418728"/><meta name="twitter:app:url:iphone" content="slideshare-app://ss/165952101"/><meta name="twitter:app:name:ipad" content="SlideShare iOS"/><meta name="twitter:app:id:ipad" content="917418728"/><meta name="twitter:app:url:ipad" content="slideshare-app://ss/165952101"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="SlideShare"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658"/><meta property="og:title" content="Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09"/><meta property="og:description" content="Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09 - Download as a PDF or view online for free"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds"/><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09"/><meta property="og:image:type" content="image/webp"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="640"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="360"/><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"CreativeWork","name":"Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09","description":"The document outlines the secret history of Silicon Valley, tracing the origins of entrepreneurship in the region back to World War II when Stanford Professor Frederick Terman established the Electronics Research Laboratory to develop electronic warfare technologies for the US military using radar and communications. This led to the development of key microwave components like klystrons, carcinotrons, and traveling wave tubes that enabled new radar and signals intelligence systems and helped spawn the electronics industry in the area after the war.","url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658","datePublished":"2009-12-06 00:40:59 UTC","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Slideshare","url":"https://www.slideshare.net/"},"encodingFormat":"application/pdf","fileFormat":"pdf","inLanguage":"en","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658"}}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.slideshare.net"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Education","item":"https://www.slideshare.net/category/education"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09","item":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658"}]}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.slideshare.net"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Technology","item":"https://www.slideshare.net/category/technology"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09","item":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658"}]}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.slideshare.net"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Business","item":"https://www.slideshare.net/category/business"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09","item":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658"}]}</script><script> freestar.queue.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting('test', []); }); </script><meta name="next-head-count" content="58"/><link rel="preload" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/9c20d643cc03e499-s.p.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous" data-next-font="size-adjust"/><link rel="preload" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/a9b61b60c2d733b4-s.p.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous" data-next-font="size-adjust"/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><link rel="preload" href="https://cmp.osano.com/AzZdHGSGtpxCq1Cpt/079b27eb-bb3f-48dd-9bd9-3feb8aec3c38/osano.js" as="script"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/webpack-fca657b2df1193b1.js"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-0dfcca9a5dec51b3.js"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/main-4b9e5138f827276f.js"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-d3e96b184f52081b.js"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/5121-c12bfd4bed7c2139.js"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/5581-c31338dd77890eb2.js"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/4740-639dc16ecd764905.js"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/6229-23a3a93a4fd8bda9.js"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/slideshow/%5Btitle%5D/%5Bid%5D-451dcf877ad69f2b.js"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/34d87f1e259ccc2522816c4af0afbdd34048dee6/_buildManifest.js"/><link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/34d87f1e259ccc2522816c4af0afbdd34048dee6/_ssgManifest.js"/><style>:root{--black:#000;--white:#fff;--alice-blue-100:#f5fcff;--alice-blue-200:#f2faff;--alice-blue-600:#ddf1f9;--celadon-blue:#027eb0;--celadon-blue-dark:#026c97;--midnight-green-dark:#002e3c;--light-gray:#e9edf8;--pale-gray:#fdfdfd;--snow-gray:#f3f6fd;--snow-gray-100:#f9faff;--blue-gray-100:#f5f6fa;--blue-gray-200:#e3e6f0;--blue-gray-300:#d0d6e6;--blue-gray-400:#b4bbd1;--blue-gray-500:#989fbc;--blue-gray-600:#636c8b;--blue-gray-700:#424766;--blue-gray-800:#212240;--blue-gray-900:#0e0f25;--blue-300:#005e93;--blue-200:#0076b9;--blue-100:#e7f5fc;--gray-500:#303133;--tangerine-100:#fbedd8;--color-info:#3aa7ea;--color-error:#bf3131;--color-success:#337c41;--color-warning:#cd5308;--color-error-red-100:#f2dede;--celadon-blue-rgb:2,126,176;--blue-gray-600-rgb:99,108,139;--color-twitter:#1da1f2;--color-twitter-hover:#1a91da;--color-facebook:#3b5998;--color-facebook-hover:#3c5586;--color-linkedin:#337ab1;--color-linkedin-hover:#2e6e9f;--color-scribd:#1e7b85;--color-scribd-hover:#1d7680;--color-sms:#3b3835;--color-email:#bbc4c8;color-scheme:only light;--header-height:64px;--toolbar-height:54px;--progress-bar-height:8px;--pushdown-height:90px;--adhesion-height:0px;--key-moments-size:140px;--sidebar-size:404px;--metadata-toolbar-height:100px;--metadata-toolbar-offset:0px;--metadata-toolbar-shadow-opacity:0;--actions-menu-height:74px;--max-content-width:1688px;--border-radius:8px;--sticky-index:8;--header-index:11;--dropdown-index:99;--freestar-index:999;--progress-bar-index:9999;--popup-index:9999;--toast-index:99999;--pointly-index:2;--slide-actions-index:3;--font-weight-light:300;--font-weight-regular:400;--font-weight-medium:600;--font-weight-bold:700;--font-weight-black:900;--font-size-large:16px;--font-size-medium:14px;--font-size-small:12px;--font-size-xsmall:10px;--line-height-relax:1.5;--line-height-compact:1.15;--line-height-tight:1;--ease:cubic-bezier(0.2,0,0,1)}@media screen and (max-width:1249px){:root{--sidebar-size:364px}}@media screen and (max-width:1024px){:root{--header-height:75px}}@media screen and (max-width:767px){:root{--pushdown-height:50px}}@media only screen and (min-width:929px){:root{--actions-menu-height:0}}*,:after,:before{box-sizing:border-box}*{margin:0}:focus-visible{outline:2px solid rgba(2,126,176,.7);outline-offset:2px}body,html{min-height:100%}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;scrollbar-gutter:stable}body{background-color:var(--white);font-family:var(--font-family);font-size:var(--font-size-medium);line-height:var(--line-height-relax);overflow:clip scroll;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}canvas,img,picture,video{display:block;max-width:100%}button,input,select,textarea{font-family:var(--font-family)}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,p{overflow-wrap:break-word}#__next,#root{isolation:isolate;min-height:100%;height:-moz-max-content;height:max-content}::-moz-selection{color:var(--blue-gray-900);background-color:var(--blue-gray-200)}::selection{color:var(--blue-gray-900);background-color:var(--blue-gray-200)}body:has(dialog[open]){overflow:clip}header:has(+aside.visible){box-shadow:none}header:has(+aside:not(.visible)){box-shadow:0 1px 0 0 var(--blue-gray-200)}.content-wrapper{width:100%;max-width:var(--max-content-width);margin-inline:auto}.clamp-lines{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:2;line-clamp:2;display:-webkit-box}.clamp-lines,.ellipsis{text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden}.ellipsis{white-space:nowrap}.seo-only,.sr-only{position:absolute!important;width:1px;height:1px;border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);clip-path:inset(50%);padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap}.no-scroll,body[class^=no-scroll-for-]{overflow:hidden;touch-action:none}.hide-scrollbar{-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none}.hide-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.unstyled-button{background:none;border:none;padding:0}body:has(#slideshare_pushdown-pushdown-cls iframe){--pushdown-height:90px}body:has(.fs-pushdown-sticky:empty){--pushdown-height:0px}@media only screen and (max-width:928px){#fs-sticky-footer{bottom:var(--actions-menu-height)}}@media only screen and (min-width:1051px){body:has(#slideshare_pushdown-pushdown-cls.fs-pushdown-sticky){--metadata-toolbar-offset:0px!important}}.metadata-toolbar{top:var(--metadata-toolbar-offset)}body:has(#fs-sticky-footer iframe) #fixed-download-container{bottom:var(--adhesion-height,0)}body:not(:has(#fs-sticky-footer iframe)) #fs-sticky-footer{min-height:0!important}dialog[open]{display:grid;opacity:1}dialog[open]::backdrop{opacity:.6}dialog{width:auto;height:auto;max-width:100dvw;max-height:100dvh;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px rgba(9,30,66,.08),0 2px 1px rgba(9,30,66,.08),0 0 20px -6px rgba(9,30,66,.3);border:0;padding:0;overflow:clip}dialog,dialog::backdrop{opacity:0;transition:opacity .3s ease-out,transform .3s ease-out,translate .3s ease-out,display allow-discrete .3s,overlay allow-discrete .3s}dialog::backdrop{background-color:#000}@starting-style{dialog[open],dialog[open]::backdrop{opacity:0}}.popover.open,[popover]:popover-open{opacity:1;scale:1}[popover]:popover-open::backdrop{opacity:0}.popover{display:none;z-index:var(--popup-index)}.popover.open{display:block;opacity:1}.popover,[popover]{position:absolute;inset:auto;color:var(--blue-gray-800);background-color:canvas;border:0;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.05),0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.2);overscroll-behavior:contain;overflow:clip auto;padding:0;margin-block:1ch;scale:.96}.popover,[popover],[popover]::backdrop{transition:opacity .3s,scale .3s,display allow-discrete .2s,overlay allow-discrete .2s;opacity:0}@starting-style{.popover.open,[popover]:popover-open,[popover]:popover-open::backdrop{opacity:0}.popover.open,[popover]:popover-open{scale:.96}}.popover [data-popover-list],[popover] [data-popover-list]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;list-style:none;padding-inline:0;padding-block:8px}.popover [data-popover-item],[popover] [data-popover-item]{width:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding-block:12px;padding-inline:16px;color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.popover [data-popover-item]:hover,[popover] [data-popover-item]:hover{background-color:var(--blue-gray-100)}.popover [role=separator],[popover] [role=separator]{margin-block:8px;margin-inline:16px}@supports (anchor-name:--foo-bar){[popover]{position-try-order:most-height;position-visibility:anchors-visible}[popover][data-popover-position=bottom]{top:anchor(bottom);left:anchor(center);translate:-50% 0;transform-origin:top center;position-try:flip-block}[popover][data-popover-position=bottom-start]{top:anchor(bottom);left:anchor(start);transform-origin:top left;position-try:flip-block,flip-inline}[popover][data-popover-position=bottom-end]{top:anchor(bottom);right:anchor(end);transform-origin:top right;position-try:flip-block,flip-inline}[popover][data-popover-position=top]{bottom:anchor(top);left:anchor(center);transform-origin:bottom center;position-try:flip-block}[popover][data-popover-position=top-start]{bottom:anchor(top);left:anchor(start);transform-origin:bottom left;position-try:flip-block,flip-inline}[popover][data-popover-position=top-end]{bottom:anchor(top);right:anchor(end);transform-origin:bottom right;position-try:flip-block,flip-inline}}#fs-sticky-footer,.orp-player-wrapper{z-index:var(--freestar-index)!important}.fs-sticky-parent{position:static!important}.fs-sticky-wrapper{padding-right:0!important;display:block!important}#slideshare_pushdown-pushdown-cls.fs-pushdown-sticky{position:static!important}body.no-scroll-mobile #slideshare_pushdown-pushdown-cls{height:auto}body.gallery-view #slideshare_pushdown-pushdown-cls{display:none}#pushdown-ad-large{display:grid;justify-content:center;align-items:center}#above-recs-desktop-ad-sm,#above-recs-mobile,#below-reader-ad,#between-recs-ad-1,#between-recs-ad-2{height:280px}@media screen and (min-width:929px){#below-reader-ad,#between-recs-ad-1,#between-recs-ad-2{height:250px}#above-recs-desktop-ad-sm,#above-recs-desktop-ad-sm-2{aspect-ratio:336/280;height:280px;margin-bottom:32px}#above-recs-desktop-ad-sm_container{justify-content:left!important}}@media only screen and (min-width:1051px){body{--padding-x-offset:clamp(1rem,-1.6rem + 8vw,8rem);--margin-x-offset:0px;--end:calc(var(--padding-x-offset) + var(--sidebar-size) + var(--margin-x-offset))}#fs-sticky-footer:has(#slideshare_adhesion){left:0;width:calc(100% - var(--end))}#fs-sticky-footer:has(#slideshare_adhesion2){width:var(--end);left:unset;right:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1689px){body{--margin-x-offset:calc(calc(100% - var(--max-content-width)) / 2)}}div:has(>#between-recs-ad-1),div:has(>#between-recs-ad-2),div:has(>#interstitial-ad-1),div:has(>[id^=slideshare_docs_incontent]){display:grid;justify-content:center}div:has(>#interstitial-ad-1.video-interstitial-ad){display:block}@media screen and (max-width:928px){div:has(>#above-recs-mobile),div:has(>#below-reader-ad){display:grid;justify-content:center}}#fs-sticky-footer.hidden,.orp-player-wrapper.hidden{display:none!important}@media only screen and (max-width:928px){#fs-sticky-footer.hidden-on-mobile,.orp-player-wrapper.hidden-on-mobile{display:none!important}}div[id^=FreeStarVideoAdContainer_]{width:100%}#freestar-video-child:not(:empty){margin-bottom:24px}div[id^=FreeStarVideoAdContainer_FloatingOnly]{width:auto;aspect-ratio:auto}:root{--shadow-color:rgba(122,61,143,.15);--osano-dialog-shadow:drop-shadow(var(--shadow-color) 0.5px 1px 1px) drop-shadow(var(--shadow-color) 1px 2px 2px) drop-shadow(var(--shadow-color) 2px 4px 4px) drop-shadow(var(--shadow-color) 4px 8px 8px) drop-shadow(var(--shadow-color) 8px 16px 16px)}.osano-cm-dialog{background-color:#212240;color:var(--white)}.osano-cm-dialog__close{color:inherit;stroke:var(--white)}.osano-cm-dialog--eu{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 200px;grid-column-gap:48px;-moz-column-gap:48px;column-gap:48px;max-height:95dvh;font-family:Source Sans Pro,sans-serif;color:var(--blue-gray-600,#636c8b);background-color:var(--white,#fff);border-top-left-radius:var(--border-radius,8px);border-top-right-radius:var(--border-radius,8px);filter:var(--osano-dialog-shadow);padding-block-start:32px;padding-block-end:20px;padding-inline:5%;.osano-cm-dialog__content{max-height:calc(95dvh - 52px)}.osano-cm-dialog__close{display:none}.osano-cm-dialog__title{font-size:24px;font-weight:700;color:var(--blue-gray-900,#0e0f25);margin-block-end:16px}.osano-cm-content__usage-list{font-size:16px}.osano-cm-usage-list__list{margin-block-start:8px;margin-block-end:16px;margin-inline-start:8px;.osano-cm-list__list-item{font-size:16px}}.osano-cm-link,.osano-cm-message{font-size:16px}.osano-cm-message{display:flex}.osano-cm-drawer-links,.osano-cm-link{display:inline}.osano-cm-link{color:var(--celadon-blue,#027eb0);font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;&:hover{color:var(--celadon-blue-dark,#026c97)}&:after{content:"|";padding-inline:12px}&:last-child:after{content:""}}.osano-cm-dialog__list{line-height:normal;margin-block-start:24px;.osano-cm-list__list-item{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;&:after{content:"|";padding-inline:16px;color:var(--blue-gray-200,#e3e6f0);font-size:28px}&:last-child:after{content:""}}}.osano-cm-toggle__switch{display:none}.osano-cm-toggle__input{width:16px;height:16px;margin:unset;overflow:unset;accent-color:var(--blue-gray-900,#0e0f25);position:static;opacity:1}.osano-cm-toggle__label.osano-cm-label{color:var(--blue-gray-600,#636c8b);font-size:18px;font-weight:600;margin-left:8px;margin-inline-end:0}.osano-cm-dialog__buttons{min-width:unset;align-self:flex-end;display:grid;grid-row-gap:8px;row-gap:8px;justify-content:stretch;align-items:center;margin:unset;.osano-cm-buttons__button{height:-moz-max-content;height:max-content;min-height:40px;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;margin:unset}.osano-cm-accept-all{order:-1}.osano-cm-accept-all,.osano-cm-manage{background-color:var(--celadon-blue,#027eb0)}.osano-cm-deny,.osano-cm-denyAll,.osano-cm-save{background-color:transparent;color:var(--celadon-blue,#027eb0);border:1px solid var(--celadon-blue,#027eb0)}}}.osano-cm-dialog--eu.osano-cm-dialog--br{.osano-cm-dialog__title{font-size:26px;font-weight:600}.osano-cm-dialog__buttons{row-gap:12px}}.osano-cm-window:has(>.osano-cm-dialog--br-overlay):before{content:"";position:fixed;inset:0;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);z-index:-1}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.osano-cm-dialog--eu{-moz-column-gap:24px;column-gap:24px;grid-template-columns:1fr;padding-block-end:32px;padding-inline:16px;.osano-cm-dialog__buttons{display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-start;gap:16px;.osano-cm-buttons__button{width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content}}}.osano-cm-dialog--eu.osano-cm-dialog--br{.osano-cm-link,.osano-cm-message{font-size:16px;width:auto}.osano-cm-dialog__buttons{margin-block-start:24px;row-gap:16px}}}@media screen and (max-width:520px){.osano-cm-dialog--eu{font-size:14px;padding-block-start:16px;padding-block-end:16px;.osano-cm-dialog__title{font-size:20px;margin-block-end:8px}.osano-cm-link,.osano-cm-message{font-size:inherit}.osano-cm-usage-list__list{font-size:12px;.osano-cm-list__list-item{font-size:inherit}}.osano-cm-toggle__label.osano-cm-label{font-size:15px}.osano-cm-dialog__list{width:100%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-block-start:8px;.osano-cm-list__list-item{display:grid;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue-gray-200,#e3e6f0);padding-block:4px;&:last-child{border-bottom:unset}}.osano-cm-list__list-item:after{content:unset}.osano-cm-list-item__toggle{align-self:baseline;justify-content:space-between;.osano-cm-toggle__label{order:-1;margin:unset}}}.osano-cm-dialog__buttons{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-column-gap:16px;-moz-column-gap:16px;column-gap:16px;grid-row-gap:12px;row-gap:12px;margin-block-start:0;.osano-cm-buttons__button{min-width:-moz-max-content;min-width:max-content;width:unset;justify-self:stretch}.osano-cm-accept-all{grid-column:1/span 2}}}.osano-cm-dialog--eu.osano-cm-dialog--br{padding-block-start:32px;padding-block-end:32px;.osano-cm-dialog__title{font-size:26px;margin-block-end:16px}.osano-cm-link,.osano-cm-message{font-size:16px;width:auto}.osano-cm-dialog__buttons{margin-block-start:24px;row-gap:16px}}}@media screen and (min-width:929px){.osano-cm-widget{display:none}.osano-cm-content__message{margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:0;width:90%}.osano-cm-message{font-size:12px}.osano-cm-drawer-links{margin:0}.osano-cm-link{color:var(--celadon-blue);font-size:12px}.osano-cm-list__list-item{font-size:12px}.osano-cm-dialog__buttons{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px}.osano-cm-button{height:44px;font-size:14px;background-color:var(--celadon-blue);border-color:var(--celadon-blue);color:var(--white);padding:10px;margin:3px 0}.osano-cm-denyAll{background-color:var(--blue-gray-800);border-color:var(--white);color:var(--white)}}.osano-cm-widget{display:none}.osano-cm-content__message{margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:0;width:90%}.osano-cm-message{font-size:12px}.osano-cm-drawer-links{margin:0}.osano-cm-link{color:var(--celadon-blue);font-size:12px}.osano-cm-list__list-item{font-size:12px}.osano-cm-dialog__buttons{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px}.osano-cm-button{height:44px;font-size:14px;background-color:var(--celadon-blue);border-color:var(--celadon-blue);color:var(--white);padding:10px;margin:3px 0}.osano-cm-denyAll{background-color:var(--blue-gray-800);border-color:var(--white);color:var(--white)}@font-face{font-family:__Source_Sans_3_4d9a39;font-style:normal;font-weight:200 900;font-display:swap;src:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/bccb245ee3362e85-s.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+0460-052f,u+1c80-1c8a,u+20b4,u+2de0-2dff,u+a640-a69f,u+fe2e-fe2f}@font-face{font-family:__Source_Sans_3_4d9a39;font-style:normal;font-weight:200 900;font-display:swap;src:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/4117e16a89310b23-s.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+0301,u+0400-045f,u+0490-0491,u+04b0-04b1,u+2116}@font-face{font-family:__Source_Sans_3_4d9a39;font-style:normal;font-weight:200 900;font-display:swap;src:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/2a041df68de43fa6-s.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+1f??}@font-face{font-family:__Source_Sans_3_4d9a39;font-style:normal;font-weight:200 900;font-display:swap;src:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/17c5807503b61094-s.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+0370-0377,u+037a-037f,u+0384-038a,u+038c,u+038e-03a1,u+03a3-03ff}@font-face{font-family:__Source_Sans_3_4d9a39;font-style:normal;font-weight:200 900;font-display:swap;src:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/7572a3f8628c1f19-s.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+0102-0103,u+0110-0111,u+0128-0129,u+0168-0169,u+01a0-01a1,u+01af-01b0,u+0300-0301,u+0303-0304,u+0308-0309,u+0323,u+0329,u+1ea0-1ef9,u+20ab}@font-face{font-family:__Source_Sans_3_4d9a39;font-style:normal;font-weight:200 900;font-display:swap;src:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/9c20d643cc03e499-s.p.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+0100-02ba,u+02bd-02c5,u+02c7-02cc,u+02ce-02d7,u+02dd-02ff,u+0304,u+0308,u+0329,u+1d00-1dbf,u+1e00-1e9f,u+1ef2-1eff,u+2020,u+20a0-20ab,u+20ad-20c0,u+2113,u+2c60-2c7f,u+a720-a7ff}@font-face{font-family:__Source_Sans_3_4d9a39;font-style:normal;font-weight:200 900;font-display:swap;src:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/a9b61b60c2d733b4-s.p.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:u+00??,u+0131,u+0152-0153,u+02bb-02bc,u+02c6,u+02da,u+02dc,u+0304,u+0308,u+0329,u+2000-206f,u+20ac,u+2122,u+2191,u+2193,u+2212,u+2215,u+feff,u+fffd}@font-face{font-family:__Source_Sans_3_Fallback_4d9a39;src:local("Arial");ascent-override:109.21%;descent-override:42.66%;line-gap-override:0.00%;size-adjust:93.76%}.__className_4d9a39{font-family:__Source_Sans_3_4d9a39,__Source_Sans_3_Fallback_4d9a39,Inter,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Fira Sans,Droid Sans,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-style:normal}.__variable_4d9a39{--font-family:"__Source_Sans_3_4d9a39","__Source_Sans_3_Fallback_4d9a39",Inter,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Fira Sans,Droid Sans,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.PageProgressBar_root__1y_Q3{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;z-index:var(--progress-bar-index);pointer-events:none}.PageProgressBar_bar__Kyoem{width:100%;height:3px;background-color:var(--celadon-blue);transform:scaleX(0);transform-origin:left;transition:transform .4s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1),opacity .5s ease;opacity:1}.PageProgressBar_complete__KhJy3{opacity:0}.ErrorShell_root__zYUH8{min-height:100vh;display:flex;flex-direction:column}.Header_root__8A86O{--fluid-16-24:clamp(1rem,0.7373rem + 1.3136vi,1.5rem);position:relative;height:var(--header-height);display:grid;grid-template-columns:auto 1fr;align-items:center;grid-gap:24px;gap:24px;background-color:var(--white);font-family:inherit;padding-inline:var(--fluid-16-24)}.Header_root__8A86O.Header_sticky__NGNE7{position:sticky;top:0;transition:box-shadow .3s ease-in-out;z-index:var(--header-index)}.Header_root__8A86O button{font-size:14px;white-space:nowrap}.Header_wrapper___zBfP{display:flex;align-items:center;flex-shrink:0;gap:12px}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.Header_root__8A86O{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(min-content,1fr))}}.Hamburger_root__tHlgC{display:grid;place-content:center;background:transparent;border:0;border-radius:2px;color:var(--blue-gray-600);padding:0;margin:0;cursor:pointer}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.Hamburger_root__tHlgC{display:none}}.SidebarFallback_loggedOutRoot__oKMfe{display:grid;grid-template-rows:170px 1fr}.SidebarFallback_loggedOutContainer__Tpr_u{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:16px}.SidebarFallback_loggedInRoot__r1CEd{display:grid;grid-template-rows:64px 1fr}.SidebarFallback_loggedInContainer__dw_ML{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;padding:16px}.SidebarFallback_loggedInLinks__C2NaL{display:grid;grid-gap:24px;gap:24px}.SidebarFallback_loggedInUser__b8i41{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;margin-block-start:12px;margin-block-end:auto}.Skeleton_root__U4QqL{--skeleton-bg:rgba(0,0,0,.1);--shimmer-bg:linear-gradient(90deg,transparent,rgba(0,0,0,.04),transparent);position:relative;display:block;height:1.2rem;flex-shrink:0;background:var(--skeleton-bg);overflow:hidden}.Skeleton_root__U4QqL:after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;translate:-100% 0;background:var(--shimmer-bg);animation:Skeleton_shimmer__hGst9 2s ease-in-out .5s infinite}.Skeleton_circle___fxTG{aspect-ratio:1/1;border-radius:100vmax;height:unset}.Skeleton_rectangle__UY3OD{border-radius:0}.Skeleton_rounded__BLBq2{border-radius:4px}.Skeleton_text___JusF{border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;scale:1 .6}.Skeleton_text___JusF:before{content:"\00a0"}.Skeleton_list__xNehW{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:6px;padding-inline:8px;padding-block:10px}.Skeleton_copy__qgw2R{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-block:12px;padding-inline:16px}.Skeleton_copy__qgw2R .skeleton:first-child{margin-block-end:8px}@keyframes Skeleton_shimmer__hGst9{0%{translate:-100% 0}50%{translate:100% 0}to{translate:100% 0}}.Icon_root__AjZyv{--size:24px;position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.Icon_icon__4zzsG{flex-shrink:0;display:inline-block;width:var(--size);height:var(--size);-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center;-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-size:cover;mask-size:cover;vertical-align:middle}.Drawer_root__ob4ZM[open]{translate:0 0}.Drawer_root__ob4ZM{position:fixed;inset:0;border-radius:0;translate:var(--slide-from)}@starting-style{.Drawer_root__ob4ZM[open]{translate:var(--slide-from)}}.Drawer_root__ob4ZM[data-placement=left]{--slide-from:-100% 0;inset-inline-end:auto;border-top-right-radius:var(--border-radius);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--border-radius)}.Drawer_root__ob4ZM[data-placement=right]{--slide-from:100% 0;inset-inline-start:unset;border-top-left-radius:var(--border-radius);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--border-radius)}.Drawer_root__ob4ZM[data-placement=bottom]{--slide-from:0 100%;inset-block-start:unset;border-top-left-radius:var(--border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--border-radius)}.Drawer_content__ye6ZB{display:grid;overflow:auto}.Drawer_root__ob4ZM[data-placement=left],.Drawer_root__ob4ZM[data-placement=right]{width:min(280px,80vw);height:100dvh}.Drawer_root__ob4ZM[data-placement=bottom]{width:100dvw;max-height:80dvh}.CloseButton_root__JCTRm{position:absolute;right:16px;top:16px;width:40px;height:40px;display:grid;place-content:center;color:var(--blue-gray-600);border-radius:100vmax;background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0;margin:0;transition:background-color .2s ease-in-out;cursor:pointer}.CloseButton_root__JCTRm:hover{background-color:rgba(var(--blue-gray-600-rgb),.05)}.Logo_root__Qba3h{flex-shrink:0}.SearchForm_root__usp4s{position:relative;justify-self:center;width:min(100%,440px)}.SearchForm_root__usp4s form{display:grid}.SearchForm_root__usp4s input{height:40px;border-radius:100vmax;border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-600);margin:0;padding:0 40px 0 16px;color:var(--blue-gray-900);background-color:var(--white);width:100%}.SearchForm_root__usp4s input::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--blue-gray-600)}.SearchForm_root__usp4s input::placeholder{color:var(--blue-gray-600)}.SearchForm_submit__U8kPR{width:32px;height:32px;position:absolute;right:14px;top:50%;display:grid;place-content:center;border:none;background:transparent;border-radius:100vmax;color:var(--blue-gray-400);padding:0;margin:0;translate:0 -50%;cursor:pointer}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.SearchForm_root__usp4s{justify-self:flex-end}}.HeaderActions_root__11_ai{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-self:flex-end;gap:16px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.HeaderActions_root__11_ai{display:none}}.Footer_footer__N3WmV{width:100%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;background-color:var(--midnight-green-dark);color:var(--blue-gray-400);padding:24px;margin-top:auto}.Footer_separator__Qa1tj{border:1px solid var(--white);opacity:.2;margin:24px 0}.FooterTop_wrapper__RuYz5{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:24px}.FooterTop_links__9J65v{color:inherit;display:flex;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;-moz-column-gap:40px;column-gap:40px;row-gap:12px;padding:0;margin:0}.FooterTop_cookiePreferenceButton__xmSox{background-color:transparent;border:none;color:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:800;cursor:pointer}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.FooterTop_links__9J65v{-moz-column-gap:24px;column-gap:24px}}.Link_root__vn3ab{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:4px;border-radius:2px;color:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;text-decoration:none;-webkit-text-decoration-color:transparent;text-decoration-color:transparent;transition:color .2s ease-in-out,-webkit-text-decoration-color .2s ease-in-out .2s;transition:color .2s ease-in-out,text-decoration-color .2s ease-in-out .2s;transition:color .2s ease-in-out,text-decoration-color .2s ease-in-out .2s,-webkit-text-decoration-color .2s ease-in-out .2s}.Link_primary__Iq4CI{color:var(--celadon-blue-dark)}.Link_primary__Iq4CI:focus,.Link_primary__Iq4CI:focus-visible,.Link_primary__Iq4CI:hover{color:var(--celadon-blue)}.Link_gray__Efpxa{color:var(--blue-gray-600)}.Link_gray__Efpxa:focus,.Link_gray__Efpxa:focus-visible,.Link_gray__Efpxa:hover{color:var(--blue-gray-700)}.Link_light__mcUPh{color:var(--blue-gray-400)}.Link_light__mcUPh:focus,.Link_light__mcUPh:focus-visible,.Link_light__mcUPh:hover{color:var(--blue-gray-100)}.Link_dark__Ql4LW{color:var(--blue-gray-800)}.Link_dark__Ql4LW:focus,.Link_dark__Ql4LW:focus-visible,.Link_dark__Ql4LW:hover{color:var(--celadon-blue)}.Link_weight-regular__yPpnB{font-weight:400}.Link_weight-medium__h0ic3{font-weight:600}.Link_weight-bold__me4nt{font-weight:700}.Link_size-small__wSSrC{font-size:12px}.Link_size-medium__ZLo12{font-size:14px}.Link_size-large__W0PAv{font-size:16px}.Link_size-xLarge__Dq0j8{font-size:18px}.Link_hoverUnderline__QMNau:hover,.Link_underline__RoQbh{text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-color:inherit;text-decoration-color:inherit}.Link_hoverUnderline__QMNau:hover{text-decoration-thickness:1.5px;text-underline-offset:2px}.FooterBottom_wrapper__Gj9p_{height:51px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:24px}.FooterBottom_copyright__xltkG{font-size:14px;line-height:24px;margin-right:auto}.FooterBottom_icons__wEEhc{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px}.FooterBottom_separator__181dN{width:2px;height:22px;background-color:var(--white);opacity:.2}.PrivateContentMessage_root__IEx17{flex-grow:1;width:100%;height:100%;display:flex;align-items:flex-start}.PrivateContentMessage_box__YG0Bp{width:100%;max-width:960px;background-color:#f2dede;border-color:#eed3d7;border-radius:8px;color:#b94a48;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;padding:16px 24px;margin:100px auto}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.PrivateContentMessage_box__YG0Bp{margin-left:16px;margin-right:16px}}.RemovedContentMessage_root__rtN5X{flex-grow:1;width:100%;display:flex;align-items:flex-start}.RemovedContentMessage_box__pw1z3{width:100%;max-width:960px;background-color:#fcf8e3;border:1px solid #fbeed5;border-radius:4px;color:#c09853;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;text-shadow:0 1px 0 hsla(0,0%,100%,.5);padding:16px 24px;margin:100px auto}.RemovedContentMessage_title__vwHjN{color:#504c48;font-size:25px;font-weight:300;line-height:35px;margin-bottom:4px}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.RemovedContentMessage_box__pw1z3{margin-left:16px;margin-right:16px}}.ErrorDisplay_root__bY_Qo{height:100%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--white);font-family:-system-ui,sans-serif;color:var(--blue-gray-800)}.ErrorDisplay_smiley__o9HSN{width:129px;height:122px;margin:60px auto 30px}.ErrorDisplay_errorBox__jL_9h{max-width:800px;width:100%;height:290px;background:var(--white) url(/images/fadedlogo.jpg) no-repeat left top;background-position:14px 20px;margin:0 auto 120px}.ErrorDisplay_errorCode__AlZal{border-right:1px solid var(--blue-gray-100);color:var(--blue-gray-500);float:left;font-size:1.3em;height:290px;line-height:370px;margin:0 25px 0 0;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;width:200px}.ErrorDisplay_errorBox__jL_9h h1{font-weight:400;margin-bottom:0}.ErrorDisplay_errorBox__jL_9h h2{font-size:.9em;font-weight:400;margin-top:0}.ErrorDisplay_errorBox__jL_9h h3{font-size:1em;font-weight:700;margin:10px 0}.ErrorDisplay_errorBox__jL_9h ul{list-style-type:none}.ErrorDisplay_errorBox__jL_9h ul li{background:transparent url(/images/arrow.png) no-repeat left 6px;float:left;font-size:.813em;font-weight:400;list-style-type:none;margin:.313em;padding-left:20px;width:110px}.ErrorDisplay_middle__espDJ{padding-right:3.5em}.ErrorDisplay_searchSection__1J_EK{background:var(--blue-gray-100) url(/images/searchbg.jpg) repeat-x left top;border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-300);float:left;padding:10px;margin-top:20px}.ErrorDisplay_searchSection__1J_EK form{display:flex}.ErrorDisplay_searchSection__1J_EK button{background:url(/images/searchbutton.jpg) repeat-x scroll 0 0 #ffb762;border:1px solid #db9b51;color:var(--blue-gray-800);cursor:pointer;float:left;font-size:1em;margin:0 0 0 .8px;padding:9px 15px;outline:0 none;text-decoration:none;text-shadow:1px 1px 1px var(--white);vertical-align:top}.ErrorDisplay_searchSection__1J_EK button span{background:#ffb762 url(/images/magnifier.jpg) no-repeat 0 0;padding:0 8px;margin-left:5px;text-decoration:none}.ErrorDisplay_errorSearchBox__Uglib{border-color:var(--blue-gray-500) var(--blue-gray-400) var(--blue-gray-400) var(--blue-gray-500);border-width:1px;color:var(--blue-gray-600);float:left;font-size:13px;margin-left:2px;padding:9px;vertical-align:top;width:350px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.ErrorDisplay_searchSection__1J_EK{width:calc(100% - 240px)}.ErrorDisplay_errorSearchBox__Uglib{width:calc(100% - 128px);margin:0 auto}}.ToastManager_root__mVUMQ{position:fixed;inset-block-end:0;inset-inline:0;display:grid;justify-items:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;grid-gap:1vh;gap:1vh;padding-block-end:5vh;padding-right:1rem;pointer-events:none;z-index:var(--toast-index)}@media only screen and (max-width:928px){.ToastManager_root__mVUMQ{justify-items:center;justify-content:center;padding-right:0;top:0;padding-block-start:2vh;inset-block-end:unset}}.Toast_root__ZhPa4{min-width:360px;max-width:360px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:max-content 1fr repeat(2,max-content);grid-gap:4px;gap:4px;background-color:var(--background);border-radius:8px;color:var(--white);padding-block:28px;padding-inline:24px;pointer-events:all;opacity:1;transition:opacity .3s ease-in-out}@starting-style{.Toast_root__ZhPa4{opacity:0}}.Toast_info__g9NV8{--background:var(--midnight-green-dark)}.Toast_success__sWJ1E{--background:var(--color-success)}.Toast_error__SQpXK{--background:var(--color-error)}.Toast_warning__7GyxY{--background:var(--color-warning)}.Toast_root__ZhPa4>svg{flex-shrink:0;margin-top:2px}.Toast_content__whMkq{font-weight:400;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;word-wrap:break-word}.Toast_separator__dUZVN{width:1px;background-color:var(--blue-gray-500);opacity:.3;margin-inline:8px}.Toast_dismiss___YbdO{color:var(--blue-gray-300);cursor:pointer}.Toast_dismiss___YbdO:hover{color:var(--white)}.PortalsContainer_drawerRoot__esMLC{position:fixed;top:0;left:0}.PortalsContainer_bannerRoot__Q_sNw{position:relative}.PortalsContainer_drawerRoot__esMLC{z-index:101} /*# sourceMappingURL=72ab5910a3b55ae9.css.map*/</style><style>.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_{width:100%;max-width:var(--max-content-width);position:relative;display:grid;place-content:flex-start;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) var(--sidebar-size);grid-template-rows:auto auto 1fr;background-color:var(--white);padding-block:1px;padding-inline:clamp(1rem,-1.6rem + 8vw,8rem);margin-inline:auto}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_.SlideshowScreen_withKeyMoments__RbHLe{grid-template-columns:var(--key-moments-size) minmax(0,1fr) var(--sidebar-size)}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_.SlideshowScreen_withAdSidebar__iVE05{--sidebar-size:calc(1px + 300px + 56px)}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_:before{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0 0 auto;height:1px;background-color:var(--blue-gray-200);margin-inline:-50vw}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_ .sidebar{border-left:1px solid var(--blue-gray-200);grid-row:1/-1;grid-column:2}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_.SlideshowScreen_withKeyMoments__RbHLe .sidebar{grid-column:3}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_ .metadata{grid-column:1/-2;grid-row:1}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_ .metadata-toolbar{grid-column:1/-2;grid-row:2}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_ .player{grid-column:1}@media screen and (min-width:929px){.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_.SlideshowScreen_withKeyMoments__RbHLe .player{grid-column:2;grid-row:3}}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_.SlideshowScreen_withKeyMoments__RbHLe .key-moments{grid-column:1;grid-row:3}@media screen and (min-width:929px){.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_.SlideshowScreen_withKeyMoments__RbHLe .player{border-left:1px solid var(--blue-gray-200)}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_.SlideshowScreen_withKeyMoments__RbHLe .metadata{padding-inline-end:24px}}@media screen and (min-width:929px) and (max-width:1050px){.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_.SlideshowScreen_withKeyMoments__RbHLe{grid-template-columns:var(--key-moments-size) minmax(0,1fr);padding-inline:0}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_.SlideshowScreen_withKeyMoments__RbHLe .metadata,.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_.SlideshowScreen_withKeyMoments__RbHLe .metadata-toolbar{grid-column:1/-1;padding-inline:16px}}@media screen and (max-width:928px){.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_:before{display:none}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_.SlideshowScreen_withKeyMoments__RbHLe{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)!important}.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_ .metadata,.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_ .metadata-toolbar,.SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_ .player{grid-column:1/-1}}.PrivateContentScreen_root__qdfD9{gap:30px}.PasswordForm_root__Pnyoo,.PrivateContentScreen_root__qdfD9{min-height:calc(100svh - 2 * var(--header-height));background-color:var(--blue-gray-100);display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.PasswordForm_root__Pnyoo{gap:20px}.Form_root__NTbyO{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:10px}.Form_root__NTbyO button[type=submit]{align-self:flex-start}.Button_root__i1yp0{--size:44px;--foreground:var(--white);--background:var(--celadon-blue);--border:var(--celadon-blue);--fontSize:16px;--padding-x:14px;position:relative;min-width:48px;min-height:var(--size);display:flex;align-items:center;border-radius:4px;border:none;background-color:var(--background);color:var(--foreground);font-size:var(--fontSize);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);padding-inline:var(--padding-x);transition:color .2s ease-in-out,background-color .2s ease-in-out;cursor:pointer}.Button_root__i1yp0 span{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:4px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s ease-in-out}.Button_large__Yv_oe{--fontSize:18px;--size:48px;--padding-x:20px}.Button_regular__i28NX{--fontSize:18px;--size:44px}.Button_medium__H8pKi{--size:40px}.Button_small__sqsEx{--size:32px;--padding-x:12px}.Button_xsmall__jBPCG{--fontSize:14px;--size:24px;--padding-x:8px}.Button_root__i1yp0.Button_icon__1C4qi{justify-content:center;min-width:24px;padding:0}.Button_icon__1C4qi{width:var(--size);height:var(--size)}.Button_spinner__iLPXf{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);opacity:0;visibility:hidden;transition:opacity .2s ease-in-out,visibility .2s ease-in-out}.Button_loading__ZYqeE .Button_spinner__iLPXf{opacity:1;visibility:visible;transition-delay:0s}.Button_loading__ZYqeE span{opacity:0}.Button_fullWidth__dRbM6{width:100%;justify-content:center}.Button_fullWidth__dRbM6 span{justify-content:center}.Button_disabled__M5jJf{opacity:.8;pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none}.Button_primary__K25Gq.Button_contained__gyjai{--foreground:var(--white);--background:var(--celadon-blue);--border:var(--celadon-blue)}.Button_primary__K25Gq.Button_contained__gyjai:active,.Button_primary__K25Gq.Button_contained__gyjai:hover{--background:var(--celadon-blue-dark);--border:var(--celadon-blue-dark)}.Button_primary__K25Gq.Button_outlined__oZHqK{border:1px solid var(--border);--foreground:var(--celadon-blue-dark);--background:transparent;--border:var(--celadon-blue-dark)}.Button_primary__K25Gq.Button_outlined__oZHqK:hover{--foreground:var(--blue-gray-800);--background:rgba(var(--celadon-blue-rgb),0.05);--border:var(--blue-gray-800)}.Button_primary__K25Gq.Button_outlined__oZHqK:active{--foreground:var(--celadon-blue-dark);--background:rgba(var(--celadon-blue-rgb),0.1);--border:var(--celadon-blue)}.Button_primary__K25Gq.Button_text__ZT_3O{--foreground:var(--celadon-blue-dark);--background:transparent;--border:transparent}.Button_primary__K25Gq.Button_text__ZT_3O:hover{--foreground:var(--celadon-blue-dark);--background:rgba(var(--celadon-blue-rgb),0.05);--border:transparent}.Button_primary__K25Gq.Button_text__ZT_3O:active{--foreground:var(--celadon-blue);--background:rgba(var(--celadon-blue-rgb),0.1);--border:transparent}.Button_secondary__hHiHI.Button_contained__gyjai{--foreground:var(--white);--background:var(--blue-gray-600);--border:var(--blue-gray-600)}.Button_secondary__hHiHI.Button_contained__gyjai:hover{--background:var(--blue-gray-700);--border:var(--blue-gray-700)}.Button_secondary__hHiHI.Button_contained__gyjai:active{--background:var(--blue-gray-500);--border:var(--blue-gray-500)}.Button_secondary__hHiHI.Button_outlined__oZHqK{border:1px solid var(--border);--foreground:var(--blue-gray-600);--background:transparent;--border:var(--blue-gray-600)}.Button_secondary__hHiHI.Button_outlined__oZHqK:hover{--foreground:var(--blue-gray-700);--background:rgba(var(--blue-gray-600-rgb),0.05);--border:var(--blue-gray-700)}.Button_secondary__hHiHI.Button_outlined__oZHqK:active{--foreground:var(--blue-gray-600);--background:rgba(var(--blue-gray-600-rgb),0.1);--border:var(--blue-gray-500)}.Button_secondary__hHiHI.Button_regular__i28NX{border:1px solid var(--border);--foreground:var(--blue-gray-700);--background:var(--white);--border:var(--blue-gray-200)}.Button_secondary__hHiHI.Button_regular__i28NX:hover{--background:var(--blue-gray-100)}.Button_secondary__hHiHI.Button_text__ZT_3O{--foreground:var(--blue-gray-600);--background:transparent;--border:transparent}.Button_secondary__hHiHI.Button_text__ZT_3O:hover{--foreground:var(--blue-gray-700);--background:rgba(var(--blue-gray-600-rgb),0.05);--border:transparent}.Button_secondary__hHiHI.Button_text__ZT_3O:active{--foreground:var(--blue-gray-600);--background:rgba(var(--blue-gray-600-rgb),0.1);--border:transparent}.Button_tertiary__ae6C5{--foreground:var(--blue-gray-700);--background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-200)}.Button_tertiary__ae6C5:hover{--background:var(--blue-gray-100)}.Button_tertiary__ae6C5.Button_active__YNf7E,.Button_tertiary__ae6C5:active{--background:var(--blue-gray-200)}.Dropdown_container__NBOZ_{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;font-family:var(--font-family);width:100%;max-width:280px}.Dropdown_select__8pQOA{border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-500);border-radius:4px;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;color:var(--blue-gray-900);margin:0;padding:8px 20px 8px 8px;background:transparent}.Dropdown_select__8pQOA:hover{border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-600);background:transparent}.Dropdown_select__8pQOA:focus{outline:none;border:1px solid var(--celadon-blue)}.Dropdown_footerText__NChWz{color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-size:11px;font-weight:400}.Dropdown_error__QI4FY{border:1px solid var(--color-error)}.Label_label__KH246{font-weight:600;font-size:14px;font-family:var(--font-family);color:var(--blue-gray-600);margin:0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none}.Label_error__jqh1I{color:var(--color-error)}.RequiredNotice_required___q_RJ{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-size:11px;font-weight:400}.RequiredNotice_error__eBy3b{color:var(--color-error)}.Input_container__QSkRF{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;font-family:var(--font-family);width:100%;max-width:280px}.Input_input__Q0qP2{padding:8px;border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-500);border-radius:4px;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;color:var(--blue-gray-900);margin:0;height:46px}.Input_input__Q0qP2:hover{border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-600)}.Input_input__Q0qP2:focus{outline:none;border:1px solid var(--celadon-blue)}.Input_error__l9OaT{border:1px solid var(--color-error)}.Input_characterLimit__4NkYE{color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-size:11px;font-weight:400}.Input_characterLimitError__ZByP3{color:var(--color-error)}.Input_footer__55AdV{display:flex;justify-content:space-between}.Input_footerAlignRight__DG8UZ{justify-content:flex-end}.Text_root__is73U{display:inline-block;padding:0;margin:0}.Text_primary__rZf7F{color:var(--blue-gray-900)}.Text_secondary__EPWj0{color:var(--blue-gray-600)}.Text_success__Mcw5I{color:var(--color-success)}.Text_error__pdEO6{color:var(--color-error)}.Text_warning__xCiZk{color:var(--color-warning)}.Text_white__Sb1IU{color:#fff}.Text_rowTitle__U1gB1{font-size:28px;line-height:35px}.Text_xlarge__X3NtK{font-size:20px;line-height:26px}.Text_large__c_Tar{font-size:18px;line-height:26px}.Text_medium__rk8Tn{font-size:16px;line-height:22px}.Text_small__S0zKm{font-size:14px;line-height:18px}.Text_xsmall__vYp9p{font-size:12px;line-height:15px}.Text_xxsmall__kOJdm{font-size:11px;line-height:14px}.Text_disabled___vAZA{color:var(--blue-gray-500)}.Text_italic__ZZFbJ{font-style:italic}.Text_weight-light__Rh8tc{font-weight:300}.Text_weight-regular__gWC16{font-weight:400}.Text_weight-medium__oIdYz{font-weight:500}.Text_weight-strong__yEO2S{font-weight:600}.Text_weight-bold__xnsIS{font-weight:700}.Text_ellipsis__QNjvO{max-width:100%;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.Text_lineClamp__SO_Pl{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical}.TextArea_container__oc_q4{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;font-family:var(--font-family);width:100%;max-width:280px}.TextArea_textarea__VyrNQ{padding:8px;border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-500);border-radius:4px;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;color:var(--blue-gray-900);font-family:var(--font-family);min-height:150px;margin:0}.TextArea_textarea__VyrNQ:hover{border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-600)}.TextArea_textarea__VyrNQ:focus{outline:none;border:1px solid var(--celadon-blue);background:transparent}.TextArea_error__o_XpL{border:1px solid var(--color-error)}.TextArea_characterLimit__hm9El{color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-size:11px;font-weight:400}.TextArea_characterLimitError__UbPM9{color:var(--color-error)}.TextArea_footer__EG4wA{display:flex;justify-content:space-between}.TextArea_footerAlignRight__PmO7Z{justify-content:flex-end}.TagInput_container__4lPGD{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;font-family:var(--font-family);width:100%;max-width:280px}.TagInput_input__lsGqa{border:none;flex:1 1;min-width:100px;height:30px}.TagInput_tag__9BE6f{border-radius:20px;padding:4px 8px;border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-300);display:flex;gap:8px;font-size:14px;color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-weight:600;align-items:center}.TagInput_closeTag__oeDgn{border:none;background-color:transparent;padding:0;color:var(--blue-gray-500);font-size:10px;margin:0}.TagInput_closeTag__oeDgn:hover{opacity:.75;cursor:pointer}.TagInput_inputContainer__dl2dW{box-sizing:border-box;padding:8px;border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-500);border-radius:4px;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;color:var(--blue-gray-900);width:100%;display:flex;gap:8px}.TagInput_inputContainer__dl2dW:hover{border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-600)}.TagInput_input__lsGqa:focus{outline:none;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid var(--celadon-blue)}.TagInput_error__INAMJ{border:1px solid var(--color-error)}.TagInput_errorText__Dq2QW{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;color:var(--color-error);font-size:11px;font-weight:400}.TagInput_autocompleteContainer__RgOvw{position:relative}.TagInput_autocomplete__nGD9D{background-color:var(--white);display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:-8px;box-shadow:0 .5px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.039),0 3.75px 11px rgba(0,0,0,.19);border-radius:4px;overflow-y:scroll;z-index:3}.TagInput_suggestion__k4kfh{padding:8px;color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-weight:600;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:1.5px}.TagInput_suggestion__k4kfh:hover{cursor:pointer;color:var(--blue-gray-600)}.TagInput_focusedSuggestion__QnSXo,.TagInput_suggestion__k4kfh:hover{background-color:var(--blue-gray-200)}.TagInput_tagContainer__LflB5{display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%}.TagInput_footerText__O_1t4{color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-size:11px;font-weight:400}.Selector_container__v2jVr{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;font-family:var(--font-family);width:100%;max-width:280px}.Selector_selector__U2foh{border-radius:4px;display:flex;width:100%}.Selector_selector__U2foh button{border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-500);padding:6px 0;flex:1 1;margin:0;background-color:transparent}.Selector_selector__U2foh button:enabled:hover{cursor:pointer;background-color:var(--blue-gray-300)}.Selector_selector__U2foh button:first-child{border-radius:4px 0 0 4px}.Selector_selector__U2foh button:last-child{border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}.Selector_selector__U2foh button.Selector_selected__nyxjH{border:1px solid var(--celadon-blue);background-color:var(--celadon-blue)}.Selector_selector__U2foh button.Selector_selected__nyxjH .Selector_text__Rs7F7{color:var(--white)}.Selector_selector__U2foh button.Selector_selected__nyxjH:focus{outline-offset:4px}.Selector_selectorContainer__h4Mg1{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:4px}.Selector_icon__Y9S90{color:var(--blue-gray-500)}.Selector_text__Rs7F7{margin:0;font-weight:400;font-size:16px;font-family:Source Sans Pro,sans-serif}.IconWithExplanation_container__21T3S{position:relative;display:inline-flex}.IconWithExplanation_explanation___qwbw{position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);left:120%;background-color:#fff;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 .5px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.039),0 3.75px 11px rgba(0,0,0,.19);z-index:3;padding:8px;width:150px}.IconWithExplanation_container__21T3S:hover .IconWithExplanation_explanation___qwbw{display:block}.IconWithExplanation_arrow__fCL_Y{content:"";position:absolute;left:-10px;margin-left:-5px;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);border:10px solid transparent;border-right-color:#fff}@media (max-width:768px){.IconWithExplanation_arrow__fCL_Y{margin-right:-5px;margin-left:0;border-color:transparent transparent transparent #fff;left:auto;right:-10px}.IconWithExplanation_explanation___qwbw{left:auto;right:120%}}.Checkbox_wrapper__HI5JR{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center}.Checkbox_input__RZSBL:hover,.Checkbox_label__7BF2Y:hover,.Checkbox_wrapper__HI5JR:hover{cursor:pointer}.Checkbox_wrapper__HI5JR .Checkbox_label__7BF2Y{font-weight:400;color:var(--blue-gray-900);margin:0}.Checkbox_wrapper__HI5JR .Checkbox_input__RZSBL{width:20px;height:20px;accent-color:var(--celadon-blue);margin:0}.Checkbox_wrapper__HI5JR:hover .Checkbox_input__RZSBL{accent-color:var(--celadon-blue-dark)}.Checkbox_wrapper__HI5JR:hover .Checkbox_label__7BF2Y{color:var(--celadon-blue-dark)}.RadioButton_root__592m2{--size:16px;--borderSize:2px;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-start;gap:12px;padding-block:8px;cursor:pointer}.RadioButton_root__592m2.RadioButton_large__K_9NI{--size:24px}.RadioButton_root__592m2.RadioButton_rtl__rAcql{font-size:16px;justify-content:space-between}.RadioButton_root__592m2:hover:not(.RadioButton_labelOnLeft__nb96s){font-weight:600}.RadioButton_root__592m2 input[type=radio]{position:relative;width:var(--size);height:var(--size);-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background-color:transparent;margin:0;border:var(--borderSize) solid var(--blue-gray-500);border-radius:100vmax}.RadioButton_root__592m2 input[type=radio]:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;display:block;width:calc(var(--size) / 2);height:calc(var(--size) / 2);background-color:var(--celadon-blue);border-radius:100vmax;translate:-50% -50%;transition:scale .2s;scale:0}.RadioButton_root__592m2.RadioButton_checked__dJL5R input[type=radio]{border-color:var(--celadon-blue)}.RadioButton_root__592m2.RadioButton_checked__dJL5R input[type=radio]:before{scale:1}.Banner_root__pOnAN{--background:var(--celadon-blue-dark);width:100vw;height:40px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background-color:var(--background);color:var(--white);font-size:var(--font-size-medium);font-weight:var(--font-weight-medium);opacity:0;visibility:hidden;transition:opacity .2s ease-in-out,visibility .2s ease-in-out;z-index:1}.Banner_visible__q1NMx{opacity:1;visibility:visible;transition-delay:0s}.Banner_aboveHeader__hC_i_{position:static;top:0}.Banner_belowHeader__Mcfew{position:absolute;top:var(--header-height)}.Banner_info__7SXSI{--background:var(--color-info)}.Banner_success__wveEs{--background:var(--color-success)}.Banner_error__lW5NB{--background:var(--color-error)}.Banner_warning__pEEt7{--background:var(--color-warning)}.Metadata_root__oCstk{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));place-content:flex-start;padding-inline-end:20px;padding-block-start:32px}.Metadata_root__oCstk .author{grid-column:1;grid-row:3;align-content:flex-start}.Metadata_root__oCstk .description,.Metadata_root__oCstk .pills-list,.Metadata_root__oCstk .stats,.Metadata_root__oCstk .title{grid-column:1/span 2}.Metadata_root__oCstk .title{margin-bottom:8px}.Metadata_root__oCstk .stats{margin-bottom:12px}.Metadata_root__oCstk .description{margin-top:12px}.Metadata_root__oCstk .pills-list{margin-block-start:20px;margin-block-end:18px}.Metadata_root__oCstk .actions{display:none}@media screen and (max-width:928px){.Metadata_root__oCstk{margin-block:8px 20px}.Metadata_root__oCstk .stats{margin-bottom:16px}.Metadata_root__oCstk .description{margin-top:0}.Metadata_root__oCstk .author{grid-column:2;grid-row:5;margin-block-start:12px;margin-block-end:6px;justify-content:end}.Metadata_root__oCstk.Metadata_authorInDescription__hW1wb:not(.Metadata_expanded__uLdy4) .author{display:none}.Metadata_root__oCstk.Metadata_authorInDescription__hW1wb.Metadata_expanded__uLdy4 .author{display:flex;grid-column:1/span 2;grid-row:5;justify-content:flex-start;margin-block-start:12px}.Metadata_root__oCstk .actions{display:none}.Metadata_root__oCstk .pills-list{margin-block-start:16px;margin-block-end:0}}.Metadata_root__oCstk .metadata-recs{grid-column:1/-1}.Title_root__svkHQ{font-size:clamp(26px,1vw + 1rem,28px);font-weight:600;line-height:1.25;min-width:0;word-break:break-word}.Heading_heading__3MAvZ,.Title_root__svkHQ{color:var(--blue-gray-900)}.Heading_h1__3k7S2{font-size:32px;font-weight:700}.Heading_h2__f9yvs{font-size:28px;font-weight:600}.Heading_h3__f1djd{font-size:24px}.Heading_h4__7tfLE{font-size:20px}.Heading_h5__jVM0l{font-size:16px;font-weight:400}.Heading_h6__uUTrd{font-size:14px;font-weight:400}.Stats_root__p_BoZ{flex-wrap:wrap;display:flex;align-items:center;-moz-column-gap:6px;column-gap:6px;color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-size:16px}.Stats_leftContent__588PR,.Stats_rightContent__8d0AF{display:flex;gap:6px}@media screen and (max-width:928px){.Stats_root__p_BoZ.Stats_extendedMetadata__wb62p .Stats_leftContent__588PR{width:100%}.Stats_root__p_BoZ.Stats_extendedMetadata__wb62p .Stats_formatTypesBullet__xDv0L{display:none}}.Likes_root__WVQ1_{cursor:pointer;transition:color .2s ease-in-out;border-radius:4px}.Likes_root__WVQ1_:hover{color:var(--blue-gray-700)}.Author_root___6Bx5{--link-color:var(--blue-gray-800);position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px}.Author_link___lVxw{z-index:1;color:var(--link-color);font-weight:600;display:block}.Author_link___lVxw:before{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0}.Author_follow__Lw4TS{z-index:1}@media screen and (max-width:928px){.Author_link___lVxw:hover{color:var(--blue-gray-800)}}.Avatar_root__GNWHY{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;background-color:var(--white);color:var(--blue-gray-300);border-radius:50%;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;text-align:center;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;overflow:hidden}.Avatar_initials__EJfVt{color:var(--white);transition:background-color .2s ease-in-out}.Avatar_initials__EJfVt,.Avatar_initials__EJfVt:hover{background-color:var(--blue-gray-600)}.Avatar_image__Bbtll{width:100%;height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.FollowButton_root__FxpBi{display:inline-flex;background-color:transparent;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:4px;font-size:12px;padding:1px 6px;transition:background-color .2s ease-in-out,border-color .2s ease-in-out;cursor:pointer}.FollowButton_following__xKCww{border-color:#bf5905;color:#bf5905}.FollowButton_following__xKCww:hover{background-color:#ffead7;border-color:rgba(191,89,5,.5)}.FollowButton_follow__d_6u5{border-color:var(--celadon-blue-dark);color:var(--celadon-blue-dark)}.FollowButton_follow__d_6u5:hover{background-color:#eaf7ff;border-color:rgba(2,126,176,.5)}@media screen and (max-width:928px){.FollowButton_root__FxpBi{display:none}}.Description_root__kt4uq{--line-height:26px;position:relative}.Description_root__kt4uq.Description_clamped__PaV_1{padding-bottom:25px}.Description_root__kt4uq.Description_clamped__PaV_1 .Description_wrapper__hYE9_{mask-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--white),transparent);-webkit-mask-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--white),transparent)}.Description_wrapper__hYE9_{min-height:var(--line-height);display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:2}.Description_noClamp__1z7c5,.Description_wrapper__hYE9_.Description_expanded__lRamt{-webkit-line-clamp:unset;-webkit-mask-image:none;mask-image:none}.Description_wrapper__hYE9_.Description_expanded__lRamt{height:auto}.Description_wrapper__hYE9_ p{color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-size:18px;line-height:var(--line-height);white-space:pre-wrap;word-break:break-word}.Description_root__kt4uq button{padding-inline:0}.Description_root__kt4uq .Description_more__ChrRK{position:absolute;padding:0;bottom:0;height:26px}.Description_root__kt4uq .Description_less__BvWbY{display:none}@media screen and (max-width:928px){.Description_root__kt4uq .Description_more__ChrRK{right:0;background-color:#fff}.Description_root__kt4uq.Description_clamped__PaV_1{padding-bottom:0}.Description_root__kt4uq .Description_less__BvWbY,.Description_root__kt4uq .Description_more__ChrRK{display:flex;height:var(--line-height)}}.Description_root__kt4uq .Description_less__BvWbY.Description_hidden__a9QZJ,.Description_root__kt4uq .Description_more__ChrRK.Description_hidden__a9QZJ{display:none}.PillsList_root__2EydN{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:8px}.Pill_root__IqOYH{--bg:color-mix(in srgb,var(--celadon-blue-dark),90% transparent);--color:var(--blue-gray-800);height:40px;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;background-color:var(--bg);border-radius:100vmax;color:var(--color);font-size:16px;font-weight:600;padding-inline:16px;transition:color .2s ease-in-out,background-color .2s ease-in-out,filter .2s ease-in-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.Pill_root__IqOYH:not(.Pill_selected__VPtHm):hover{filter:brightness(.6)}.Pill_root__IqOYH.Pill_selected__VPtHm{--bg:var(--blue-gray-900);--color:var(--white)}@media screen and (max-width:520px){.Pill_root__IqOYH{height:28px;padding-inline:12px;gap:4px;font-size:12px}.Pill_icon__xE_Cg{--size:18px!important}}.Actions_root__00yIC{display:flex;gap:6px;align-items:baseline;min-height:44px}@media screen and (max-width:928px){.Actions_root__00yIC{min-height:35px}.Actions_root__00yIC .gallery-view-button{padding-inline:0;margin-inline-end:auto}}@media (min-width:929px){.Actions_root__00yIC .fullscreen-button,.Actions_root__00yIC .like-button,.Actions_root__00yIC .more-button,.Actions_root__00yIC .save-button{--size:44px;border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-200)}}button.GalleryViewButton_root__s4Nw4{--size:32px;color:var(--blue-gray-700)}button.GalleryViewButton_root__s4Nw4:hover{background-color:transparent}@media only screen and (min-width:929px){button.GalleryViewButton_root__s4Nw4{display:none}}.Tooltip_root__7FS0Y{background:var(--midnight-green-dark);border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 .5px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.04),0 4px 11px rgba(0,0,0,.2);color:var(--white);font-weight:400;font-size:12px;line-height:15px;padding:6px 8px;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;animation:Tooltip_show__qVG5k .2s ease-in-out forwards;z-index:var(--popup-index)}.Tooltip_triggerWrapper___S2HG{flex-shrink:0;position:relative;align-items:center;justify-content:center}@keyframes Tooltip_show__qVG5k{to{opacity:1;visibility:visible}}.Tooltip_large__J4Fvl{padding:16px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;background:#fff;color:var(--black)}.SaveLoggedIn_icon__lk74r{color:var(--blue-gray-700)}.SaveOptionsDrawer_drawerTrigger__Gb7nK{box-shadow:none;border:none;border-radius:4px;position:relative;z-index:7}.SaveOptionsDrawer_drawerTrigger__Gb7nK:active,.SaveOptionsDrawer_drawerTrigger__Gb7nK:active:focus,.SaveOptionsDrawer_drawerTrigger__Gb7nK:hover{border:none;box-shadow:none;background-color:transparent}.SaveOptionsDrawer_drawerTrigger__Gb7nK:focus{background:transparent}.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerContent__J5JTL{margin:16px}.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerContent__J5JTL .SaveOptionsDrawerContent_separator__UW5Rz{margin:8px 0}.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerContent__J5JTL .SaveOptionsDrawerContent_itemsContainer__tCXw5{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-top:0;max-height:144px;overflow-y:auto}.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerContent__J5JTL .SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerActionSecondary__7cq8j{font-weight:400;line-height:24px;padding:0 8px;margin:8px 0;width:100%}.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerContent__J5JTL .SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerActionSecondary__7cq8j span{color:var(--blue-gray-800);justify-content:space-between;gap:30px}.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerContent__J5JTL .SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerActionPrimary____QuR span{gap:14px}.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerContent__J5JTL .SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerActionPrimary____QuR{color:var(--blue-gray-800);display:flex;font-weight:400;line-height:24px;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-start;padding:8px 4px;margin:14px 0}.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerContent__J5JTL .SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerActionPrimary____QuR.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_newListButton__VzhfD{font-size:16px;font-weight:600}.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerContent__J5JTL .SaveOptionsDrawerContent_addIcon__Wb2cq{color:var(--blue-gray-800)}.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerContent__J5JTL .SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerActionSecondary__7cq8j span.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_clampLines__zfkfI{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;text-align:left;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;width:calc(100vw - 115px)}.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerContent__J5JTL .SaveOptionsDrawerContent_listIcon__5dcfC{color:var(--blue-gray-900)}.SaveOptionsDrawerContent_drawerContent__J5JTL .SaveOptionsDrawerContent_noSavedLists__cpUBY{color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-weight:400;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;padding:12px 16px;text-align:center}.Separator_root__70Ime{--orientationMargin:0;background-color:var(--blue-gray-200);flex-shrink:0}.Separator_horizontal__czVEa{width:calc(100% - var(--orientationMargin) * 2);height:1px}.Separator_vertical__JYCCK{width:1px;height:calc(100% - var(--orientationMargin) * 2)}.SaveLoggedOut_icon__ny9X2{color:var(--blue-gray-700)}.MoreDropdownButton_root__ciXL6{width:100%;padding:0 16px}.MoreDropdownButton_list__VI5Ah{list-style-type:none;padding:0;margin:0}.MoreDropdownButton_item__t4HmI{margin:8px 0}.MoreDropdownButton_actionButton__gJ41E{color:var(--black);display:flex;align-items:center;font-size:16px;height:48px;gap:12px}.MoreDropdownButton_actionButton__gJ41E:focus{outline:none}.MoreDropdownButton_drawerHeading__chh4X{margin:24px 0;display:flex;align-items:center}.MoreDropdownButton_moreOptionsIcon__TpJLA{color:var(--blue-gray-700)}.MoreDropdownButton_icon__DxfY4{color:var(--blue-gray-800)}.MoreDropdownButton_tooltip__az4od{white-space:nowrap}.MoreDropdownButton_trigger__x7wGs{width:44px;height:44px;border-radius:4px}@media (max-width:928px){.MoreDropdownButton_trigger__x7wGs{width:32px;height:32px}}.ReportForm_root__REyLj{display:grid;grid-gap:12px;gap:12px;font-size:1rem;color:var(--blue-gray-800)}.ReportForm_root__REyLj label,.ReportForm_row__dXO5W{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px}.ReportForm_root__REyLj label{gap:8px}.ReportForm_root__REyLj label:has(input[type=radio]:checked){font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-gray-900)}.ReportForm_root__REyLj input[type=radio]{accent-color:var(--celadon-blue)}.ReportForm_root__REyLj select{width:100%;display:block;height:40px;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg fill="lightgray" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24px" height="24px"><path d="M7 10l5 5 5-5z"/></svg>') no-repeat right 8px center;border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-300);border-radius:4px;color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-size:1rem;padding-block:4px;padding-inline:16px;margin-block-start:8px}.ReportForm_root__REyLj select.changed{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg fill="lightgray" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24px" height="24px"><path d="M7 10l5 5 5-5z"/></svg>');color:var(--blue-gray-900)}.ReportForm_root__REyLj a{color:var(--celadon-blue);font-weight:600;text-decoration:none}.ReportForm_root__REyLj p{color:var(--blue-gray-700)}.ReportForm_actions__LPSXn{display:flex;gap:12px;justify-content:flex-end;margin-block-start:8px}.ReportForm_copyrightPolicy__z8QMf{display:unset}.ReportForm_info__2Xs_1{max-width:200px;padding-inline:16px;padding-block:20px}.ReportForm_error__bC3zN{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#f2dede;color:var(--blue-gray-800);padding-inline:16px;padding-block:12px;margin-block-end:16px}.Modal_root__TYkzh[open]{transform:translateY(0)}.Modal_root__TYkzh{--max-height:calc(100dvb - var(--header-height));--title-size:80px;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;max-height:var(--max-height);place-self:center;border-radius:var(--border-radius);transform:translateY(8px)}@starting-style{.Modal_root__TYkzh[open]{transform:translateY(8px)}}.Modal_root__TYkzh.Modal_small__hupRE{width:400px}.Modal_root__TYkzh.Modal_medium__j8NOV{width:600px}.Modal_root__TYkzh.Modal_large__ygVmr{width:800px}.Modal_root__TYkzh.Modal_xlarge__HeXWk{width:960px}.Modal_wrapper__4UTGq{position:relative;display:grid}.Modal_wrapper__4UTGq .modal-content{flex:1 1;max-height:calc(var(--max-height) - var(--title-size));overflow:clip auto}@media screen and (max-width:520px){.Modal_root__TYkzh,.Modal_root__TYkzh.Modal_large__ygVmr,.Modal_root__TYkzh.Modal_medium__j8NOV,.Modal_root__TYkzh.Modal_small__hupRE,.Modal_root__TYkzh.Modal_xlarge__HeXWk{width:100vw}}@media screen and (max-width:928px){.Modal_root__TYkzh.Modal_bottomPlacement__BUbfp{width:100vw;top:unset;bottom:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}}.Modal_title__xhSfl{height:var(--title-size);display:flex;align-items:center;color:var(--blue-gray-900);font-size:20px;font-weight:600;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue-gray-200);padding-inline-start:20px;padding-inline-end:60px}.Modal_title__xhSfl:first-letter{text-transform:capitalize}.Modal_content__R1F4d{padding-inline:20px;padding-block:24px}.Modal_root__TYkzh:has(.Modal_actions__t63hZ) .Modal_content__R1F4d{padding-block-end:96px}.Modal_actions__t63hZ{position:absolute;inset-inline:0;bottom:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-end;gap:24px;background-color:var(--white);padding-inline:20px;padding-block:16px}.MetadataToolbar_root__c03ao{--shadow-opacity:0;position:sticky;display:grid;height:var(--metadata-toolbar-height);background-color:var(--white);z-index:var(--header-index)}.MetadataToolbar_wrapper__r7XEc{position:relative;display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) max-content 1fr;align-items:center;padding-inline-end:20px;padding-block:16px}.MetadataToolbar_underline__QQn0C{grid-column:1/-1;grid-row:2;height:1px;position:absolute;bottom:0;right:-20px;left:-30vw;background-color:var(--blue-gray-200);box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0 0 0/var(--shadow-opacity));animation:MetadataToolbar_reveal-shadow__5yBxP linear both;animation-timeline:scroll(block);animation-range:150px 450px}.MetadataToolbar_title__jfTWv{font-size:18px;font-weight:600}.MetadataToolbar_actions__FB33C{width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;justify-self:flex-end;align-self:flex-start;display:flex;grid-column-end:-1}.MetadataToolbar_pageNumber__i6Bhj{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;margin-inline:1em;height:44px}@media screen and (max-width:928px){.MetadataToolbar_root__c03ao{display:none}}@keyframes MetadataToolbar_reveal-shadow__5yBxP{to{--shadow-opacity:0.122}}.DownloadButton_root__adY00{margin-left:auto;display:inline-grid;gap:6px;justify-items:center;flex-shrink:0;text-align:center}.DownloadButton_savedStyling__k18od{font-weight:600;font-size:18px}.DownloadMultipleFormatDrawer_root__CWFxX{width:100%;padding:0 24px}.DownloadMultipleFormatDrawer_drawerHeading__8LnFw{margin:16px 0}.DownloadMultipleFormatDrawer_drawerContent__y815X{width:100%;padding:24px 0}.DownloadMultipleFormatDrawer_drawerRadioButtons__I_lQ4 label{margin-bottom:20px}.DownloadMultipleFormatDrawer_drawerRadioButtons__I_lQ4{margin-bottom:4px}.Fieldset_root__L2NQU{display:grid;padding:0;border:0}.Fieldset_root__L2NQU legend{display:none}.DownloadMultipleFormatPopover_popoverContent__IJudF{min-width:185px}.PopoverMenuContent_root__MsRtR{background:var(--white);box-shadow:0 .5px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.04),0 4px 11px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:4px;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;transition:opacity .2s ease-in-out,visibility .2s ease-in-out;z-index:1000}.PopoverMenuContent_root__MsRtR.PopoverMenuContent_visible__O86I_{opacity:1;visibility:visible;transition-delay:0s}.PopoverMenuItem_item__iazpP{width:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;cursor:pointer;font-size:inherit;line-height:24px;padding:12px 16px;white-space:nowrap}.PopoverMenuItem_item__iazpP.PopoverMenuItem_highlight__inbqK,.PopoverMenuItem_item__iazpP:hover{background-color:var(--blue-gray-100)}.PopoverMenuSeparator_separator__UpSGw{width:calc(100% - 32px);height:1px;background-color:var(--blue-gray-300);margin:8px 16px}.Player_root__L1AmF{position:relative;min-width:0;background-color:var(--snow-gray);padding:20px}.Player_root__L1AmF.Player_isInfographic__iQpvH{background-color:unset;padding-inline-start:1px;padding-inline-end:20px}@media (max-width:928px){.Player_root__L1AmF,.Player_root__L1AmF.Player_isInfographic__iQpvH{background-color:unset;padding-inline:2px}}.VerticalPlayer_root__K8_YS{position:relative;display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);grid-gap:24px;gap:24px}@media screen and (max-width:928px){.VerticalPlayer_root__K8_YS{gap:8px}}.VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r{position:relative}.VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r .vertical-slide-image{position:absolute;inset:0}.VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r>.save-slide{position:absolute;top:12px;right:12px}@media only screen and (max-width:928px){.VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r .save-slide-button{--size:32px;background-color:var(--blue-gray-100)}}.VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA{position:relative;width:100%;height:100%;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--blue-gray-200);border-radius:8px;overflow:clip}.VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p{-o-object-fit:contain;object-fit:contain;opacity:0;transition:opacity .3s var(--ease)}.VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p.VerticalSlideImage_loaded__Q7FLb{opacity:1}.VerticalSlideActions_root__azvaH{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px;position:absolute;top:12px;right:12px;bottom:12px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .3s ease-in .1s;z-index:1}@starting-style{.VerticalSlideActions_root__azvaH{opacity:0}}button.VerticalSlideActions_downloadButton__ancDu{border-radius:4px;color:var(--blue-gray-700);background-color:var(--blue-gray-100)}button.VerticalSlideActions_fullscreen__5CkK_{background-color:var(--blue-gray-100);color:var(--blue-gray-700);margin-block-start:auto}@media (max-width:928px){.VerticalSlideActions_root__azvaH>div:first-child{display:none}}.SaveSlide_root__k6Uis{color:var(--blue-gray-700)}.SaveSlide_root__k6Uis button.SaveSlide_button__w0PF7{background-color:var(--blue-gray-100);font-size:18px;line-height:24px;color:var(--blue-gray-700);padding:0 8px;min-width:32px;transition:min-width .2s ease-in-out}.FreestarVideoAd_root__KDWgl{min-width:0;flex-shrink:0;aspect-ratio:16/9}.SlideRecs_root__likA5{--card-hover-background:var(--blue-gray-200);display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:20px}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 h2{font-size:24px;font-weight:600}@media (max-width:1050px){.SlideRecs_root__likA5{display:none}}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_cards__Lbxtt{display:grid;grid-gap:16px;gap:16px}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_card__txc2D{position:relative;grid-template-columns:180px 1fr;grid-template-rows:auto;gap:16px}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .slideshow-thumbnail{box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--blue-gray-200)}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .slideshow-card-content{padding-block:0;padding-inline-end:36px;gap:8px}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .slideshow-title{line-height:1;margin-block-end:0}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_wrapper__21j_w{display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_wrapper__21j_w a,.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_wrapper__21j_w span{font-size:12px}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_save__RR8dD{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_author__zlhWO{color:var(--blue-gray-700);font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;z-index:2}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_author__zlhWO:first-letter{text-transform:uppercase}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_card__txc2D .slideshow-title{font-size:16px}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_description__0bGsx{color:var(--blue-gray-700);font-size:14px;display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden;line-clamp:1;-webkit-line-clamp:1;-webkit-box-orient:vertical}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_dot__Db7HR{font-size:16px}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_tags__RCA1q{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:8px}.SlideRecs_root__likA5 .SlideRecs_tags__RCA1q span{display:grid;place-content:center;height:20px;background-color:var(--alice-blue-600);border-radius:100vmax;color:var(--blue-gray-700);font-size:11px;font-weight:600;padding-inline:12px;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;white-space:nowrap;text-transform:capitalize;z-index:2}.SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4{position:relative;display:grid;grid-template-rows:max-content minmax(0,1fr);grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);align-content:flex-start;color:var(--blue-gray-600)}.SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4:hover .SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk{scale:1.02}.SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV{display:grid;padding:16px 0;grid-template-columns:1fr 32px;grid-template-rows:auto;grid-row-gap:4px;row-gap:4px}.SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV .slideshow-right-side{grid-column-start:2;grid-row-start:1;grid-row-end:span 3}.SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV .slideshow-author,.SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV .slideshow-stats,.SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV .slideshow-title,.SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV .slideshow-type{grid-column-start:1}.SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV .slideshow-author,.SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV .slideshow-stats{margin-block-start:auto}.SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7{position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:1;margin:4px}.Thumbnail_root__qLW0K{--ease:cubic-bezier(0.2,0,0,1);position:relative;background-color:var(--blue-gray-100);border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-100);border-radius:8px;-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(8px);backdrop-filter:blur(8px);scale:1;transition:scale .2s var(--ease);overflow:hidden}.Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a{--reveal-delay:calc(30ms * var(--index));position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;opacity:0;transition:opacity .3s var(--ease);transition-delay:var(--reveal-delay)}.Thumbnail_loaded__XOJ5p{opacity:1}.Thumbnail_blur__opK6A{filter:blur(8px)}.Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d{-o-object-fit:contain;object-fit:contain}.SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW{display:-webkit-box;color:var(--blue-gray-900);font-size:18px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:8px;white-space:break-spaces;word-break:break-word;-webkit-box-orient:vertical}.RecSaveButton_icon__btwCp{color:var(--blue-gray-700);z-index:2}.SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px}.SlideshowStats_text___WD7l{color:var(--blue-gray-600)}.SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_{color:var(--celadon-blue);font-weight:600;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-color:transparent;text-decoration-color:transparent;text-decoration-thickness:1.5px;text-underline-offset:2px;transition:-webkit-text-decoration-color .2s ease-out;transition:text-decoration-color .2s ease-out;transition:text-decoration-color .2s ease-out,-webkit-text-decoration-color .2s ease-out;z-index:2}.SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_:hover{-webkit-text-decoration-color:var(--celadon-blue);text-decoration-color:var(--celadon-blue)}.CountTag_root__y1hE1,.SplitDot_root__lTZDc{color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-weight:400}.VerticalInterstitialAdWrapper_root__LxQh8{container-type:inline-size;position:relative;display:grid;min-height:280px;overflow-x:clip}.VerticalInterstitialAdWrapper_root__LxQh8:has(.interstitial-ad-container.has-fetched):not(:has(.interstitial-ad-container.has-fetched .freestar-ad-container:not(.unfilled))){display:none}.VerticalInterstitialAdWrapper_root__LxQh8:has(div.interstitial-ad-container.has-fetched div.freestar-ad-container.filled div),.VerticalInterstitialAdWrapper_root__LxQh8:has(div.interstitial-ad-container.has-fetched div.freestar-ad-container.unfilled iframe){display:grid!important}.VerticalInterstitial_root__Dunl7{display:none}@container (max-width: 480px){.VerticalInterstitial_root__Dunl7{display:block;justify-self:center;align-self:center}}.FreestarAdContainer_root__qPPC_{position:relative;display:grid;place-content:center}.FreestarAdContainer_root__qPPC_.FreestarAdContainer_withFallback__A4lgm{aspect-ratio:var(--fallback-aspect-ratio)}.FreestarAdContainer_fallback__WreT9{position:absolute;inset:0;grid-template-columns:unset;place-content:center}.AdFallback_root__uAXsl{display:grid;justify-items:center;grid-template-columns:1fr;z-index:0}.MultipleIncontentSmall_root__x58Hs{display:none;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(max-content,300px));place-content:center;gap:16px}@container (min-width: 616px) and (max-width: 688px){.MultipleIncontentSmall_root__x58Hs{display:grid}}.MultipleIncontentWide_root__4WD8U{display:none;place-content:center}@container (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 616px){.MultipleIncontentWide_root__4WD8U{display:grid}}.MultipleIncontentLarge_root__pGIAn{display:none;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(max-content,336px));place-content:center;gap:16px}@container (min-width: 688px){.MultipleIncontentLarge_root__pGIAn{display:grid}}.BelowReaderAd_root__NKeGg{margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:60px}.BelowReaderAd_root__NKeGg.BelowReaderAd_desktop__7_JN7{display:block;justify-items:flex-start}.BelowReaderAd_root__NKeGg.BelowReaderAd_mobile__08T3d{display:none}.BelowReaderAd_root__NKeGg .fallback-ad{justify-self:flex-start}@media screen and (max-width:928px){.BelowReaderAd_root__NKeGg.BelowReaderAd_desktop__7_JN7{display:none}.BelowReaderAd_root__NKeGg.BelowReaderAd_mobile__08T3d{display:block;justify-items:center}}.Sidebar_root__1BbNu{width:var(--sidebar-size);max-height:100dvh;overflow:clip scroll;position:sticky;top:var(--metadata-toolbar-offset,0);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-inline-start:28px;padding-block-start:32px;padding-block-end:430px}.Sidebar_root__1BbNu.Sidebar_withSidebarAds__0w0dT{max-height:unset;overflow:unset;position:static;top:unset;display:grid;grid-template-rows:repeat(var(--slots),1fr);padding-inline:28px}@media (max-width:1050px){.Sidebar_root__1BbNu,.Sidebar_root__1BbNu.Sidebar_withSidebarAds__0w0dT{display:none}}.AboveRecsAd_root__iTmTR{min-height:280px;margin-block-end:32px}.AboveRecsAd_root__iTmTR .freestar-ad-container{place-content:flex-start}@media (max-width:1050px){.AboveRecsAd_root__iTmTR .freestar-ad-container{place-content:center}}.AboveRecsAd_mobileAd__LYgqf{display:none}.AboveRecsAd_desktopAd__ymykj{display:block}@media (max-width:1050px){.AboveRecsAd_mobileAd__LYgqf{display:block}.AboveRecsAd_desktopAd__ymykj{display:none}}.RailRecommendations_root__zqtZQ{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;padding-block-end:24px}.RailRecommendations_title__kt1D2{font-size:24px;color:var(--blue-gray-900);font-weight:600;margin-block-end:20px}.RailCard_root__rZUGY{--card-hover-background:var(--blue-gray-100);width:100%;position:relative;padding-block:12px}.RailCard_root__rZUGY.slideshow-card{grid-template-columns:160px minmax(0,1fr);grid-template-rows:auto;gap:12px}.RailCard_root__rZUGY .slideshow-card-content{padding:0}.RailCard_link__d3BBm{z-index:1}.RailCard_root__rZUGY .RailCard_title__Tvfiv{font-size:16px}.RailCard_stats__ZvZms .text{font-size:12px}.RailCard_root__rZUGY .RailCard_author__JYeYZ{color:var(--blue-gray-700);text-decoration:none}@media screen and (min-width:929px){.RailCard_root__rZUGY:hover{background-color:var(--blue-gray-100)}}.RelatedContent_root__29Np1{background-color:var(--blue-gray-100);border-top:1px solid var(--blue-gray-200);border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue-gray-200);padding-block:32px;position:relative}.RelatedContent_wrapper__riU7l{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);grid-gap:32px;gap:32px;max-width:var(--max-content-width);margin-inline:auto}.RelatedContent_title__QUhpL{text-align:center;font-size:32px;font-weight:700}@media screen and (max-width:520px){.RelatedContent_wrapper__riU7l{padding-inline:16px}}.BottomRecommendation_root__7aU9w{display:grid;grid-gap:4px;gap:4px;padding-inline:24px}.BottomRecommendation_title__SRj68{font-size:22px;font-weight:600}.BottomRecommendation_count__4HpLo{font-size:16px;font-weight:400}@media screen and (max-width:520px){.BottomRecommendation_root__7aU9w{padding-inline:0}}.BottomRecommendationContent_root__2qm4_{display:grid}.BottomRecommendationContent_hidden__CUlxl{display:none}.BottomRecommendationContent_root__2qm4_ .mobile-recs{display:grid}.BottomRecommendationContent_root__2qm4_ .desktop-recs{display:none}@media screen and (min-width:520px){.BottomRecommendationContent_root__2qm4_ .mobile-recs{display:none}.BottomRecommendationContent_root__2qm4_ .desktop-recs{display:flex}}.Slider_root__c0Jo8{position:relative;display:grid}.Slider_scroller__KHjw4{display:flex;gap:20px;overflow:auto;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;overscroll-behavior-x:contain;max-inline-size:100%;min-block-size:100%;touch-action:pan-x;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none}.Slider_scroller__KHjw4::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.Slider_scroller__KHjw4>*{flex-grow:1;flex-shrink:0;scroll-snap-align:start}.Slider_scroller__KHjw4>:last-child{scroll-snap-align:end}.Slider_arrow__8LCca{display:grid;place-content:center;width:36px;height:36px;position:absolute;top:50%;background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-200);border-radius:100vmax;box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.25);color:var(--blue-gray-800);padding:0;opacity:1;visibility:visible;pointer-events:all;transition:opacity .2s ease-in-out,visibility .2s ease-in-out;transition-delay:0s;cursor:pointer;z-index:1}.Slider_prev__YMssa{left:0;translate:-50% -50%}.Slider_next__fa9IO{right:0;translate:50% -50%}.Slider_hidden__rs7nK{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;pointer-events:none}.BottomRecommendationCard_root__gffTk{inline-size:clamp(220px,12.63rem + 3.45vw,260px);position:relative;background-color:none}.BottomRecommendationCard_root__gffTk .slideshow-thumbnail{border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-200)}.ScribdRecommendation_root__t3ezS{display:grid;grid-gap:16px;gap:16px;padding:0 24px}.ScribdRecommendation_header__Jw_M1{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr max-content}.ScribdRecommendation_title__JZ5p7{font-size:22px;font-weight:600}.ScribdRecommendation_link__4DVQz{align-self:end;grid-column:2;grid-row:1/span 2;color:var(--celadon-blue-dark)}.ScribdRecommendation_link__4DVQz:hover{color:var(--celadon-blue)}.ScribdRecommendationCard_root__ef2Y_{--rec-bg-1:#f1e3e3;--rec-bg-2:#f6f4e3;--rec-bg-3:#e1eaec;--rec-bg-4:#efebef;--rec-bg-5:#f1f0f0;--rec-bg-6:#f4eadb;--rec-bg-7:#eaeee7;--rec-bg-8:#e3e8ef;--rec-bg-9:#f1eee6;max-width:172px;position:relative;height:100%;display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);grid-template-rows:max-content minmax(0,1fr);align-content:flex-start;background-color:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--blue-gray-200);box-shadow:none;transition:box-shadow .2s ease-in-out;text-decoration:none}.ScribdRecommendationCard_root__ef2Y_:hover{box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.ScribdRecommendationCard_thumb__5VVNh{position:relative;display:flex;background-color:var(--blue-gray-200);margin-block-start:24px;margin-inline:20px}.ScribdRecommendationCard_root__ef2Y_:before{position:absolute;inset:0;aspect-ratio:19/16;content:"";background-color:var(--block-color)}.ScribdRecommendationCard_thumb__5VVNh img{--reveal-delay:calc(30ms * var(--card-index));aspect-ratio:inherit;box-shadow:0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;transition:opacity .3s var(--ease);transition-delay:var(--reveal-delay)}.ScribdRecommendationCard_loaded__FTN_f img{opacity:1;visibility:visible}.ScribdRecommendationCard_content__ObcvL{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-block:20px;padding-inline:16px}.ScribdRecommendationCard_content__ObcvL .rating{padding-block-start:8px;margin-block-start:auto}@media (max-width:928px){.ScribdRecommendationCard_content__ObcvL .rating{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start}}.Rating_root__fgZQJ{display:flex;align-items:center;-moz-column-gap:6px;column-gap:6px;white-space:nowrap}.Rating_root__fgZQJ :first-child{color:#e47b01;font-size:16px;line-height:1}.Rating_root__fgZQJ :last-child{color:var(--blue-gray-600);font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-.25px}.Transcript_root__Vrf6Q{width:100%;max-width:var(--max-content-width);display:grid;grid-gap:8px;gap:8px;padding:32px 16px;margin-inline:auto;position:relative;background:#fff}.Transcript_title__YgAka{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:4px;font-weight:300;word-break:break-word}.Transcript_list__faItj{list-style-type:none;padding-inline-start:0;word-break:break-word}.Transcript_link__MLbGS{color:var(--celadon-blue);font-weight:700;line-height:22px;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer}.EditorsNotes_root__3PcDF{padding:32px 16px;margin:0 auto}.EditorsNotes_heading__XR9E6{font-weight:700;font-size:22px}.EditorsNotes_list__NcG5Y{padding-left:30px;font-size:18px;font-style:italic;color:var(--blue-gray-600)}.EditorsNotes_item__ebBbj{word-break:break-word}@media screen and (min-width:1696px){.EditorsNotes_root__3PcDF{max-width:1688px}}.ActionsMenu_root__4k507{display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-start;min-height:44px;position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:var(--sticky-index);height:var(--actions-menu-height);padding:0 15px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1.85px 6.25px 0 #00000030}.ActionsMenu_root__4k507 .ActionsMenu_downloadButton__s7Iqj{justify-self:flex-end}@media (min-width:929px){.ActionsMenu_root__4k507{display:none}}.LikeModal_more__R9uAk{justify-self:center;color:var(--celadon-blue);font-weight:500;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;transition:opacity .2s ease-in-out,visibility .2s ease-in-out}.LikeModal_more__R9uAk.LikeModal_visible__t1vr4{opacity:1;visibility:visible;transition-delay:0s}.LikesUserList_root__RMFUk{list-style:none;padding:0 0 16px;margin:0}.LikesUserList_root__RMFUk>li{display:grid}.LikesUserList_root__RMFUk>li:last-child .LikesUserList_link__NeMA0{border-bottom:none}.LikesUserList_link__NeMA0{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,max-content) 1fr;grid-template-rows:repeat(2,min-content);grid-template-areas:"avatar username summary" "avatar title title";grid-column-gap:12px;-moz-column-gap:12px;column-gap:12px;grid-row-gap:0;row-gap:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue-gray-200);padding:8px 0;text-decoration:none}.LikesUserList_avatar__VRXz2{grid-area:avatar}.LikesUserList_username__c84om{grid-area:username}.LikesUserList_summary___gbSG{grid-area:summary}.LikesUserList_title__UF0V6{grid-area:title}.ViewModal_content__GPKXy{padding-block:0}.ViewModal_row__xLxnz{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--blue-gray-300);color:var(--blue-gray-800);padding:16px 0}.ViewModal_row__xLxnz:last-child{border-bottom:none}.ConfirmRemoveSavedModal_description__2EAEu{color:var(--blue-gray-800);font-weight:400;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:24px 0}div.SaveToNewListModal_input__Fi90k{max-width:unset;margin-bottom:24px}.SaveToNewListModal_checkboxWrapper__y_w0m .SaveToNewListModal_checkboxLabel__lMiU9:hover,.SaveToNewListModal_checkboxWrapper__y_w0m:hover .SaveToNewListModal_checkboxLabel__lMiU9,.SaveToNewListModal_checkboxWrapper__y_w0m:hover .SaveToNewListModal_input__Fi90k{color:var(--blue-gray-800)}.SaveToNewListModal_checkboxWrapper__y_w0m .SaveToNewListModal_checkboxLabel__lMiU9{color:var(--blue-gray-800);font-weight:400;font-size:14px;flex-direction:column;display:flex;line-height:18px}.SaveToNewListModal_imageContainer__Dx4nD{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:178px;margin:0 auto 24px}.SaveToNewListModal_imageContainer__Dx4nD img{height:100px}.SaveToNewListModal_errorContainer__FBZPH{margin:16px 0}dialog.FullscreenModal_root__efM9m[open]{animation:none;opacity:1;scale:1}dialog.FullscreenModal_root__efM9m{--max-height:100dvh;width:100dvw;height:100dvh;border-radius:0;opacity:0;scale:.96}dialog.FullscreenModal_root__efM9m .FullscreenModal_content__bQ6mt{width:100svw;height:100svh;display:grid;padding:0;max-height:100svh}@starting-style{dialog.FullscreenModal_root__efM9m[open]{opacity:0;scale:.96}} /*# sourceMappingURL=f2d403b314115c89.css.map*/</style></head><body><noscript><iframe title="gtm-noscript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-M36RG8PT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div id="__next"><div class="__variable_4d9a39 __className_4d9a39" style="overflow:clip"><div class="PageProgressBar_root__1y_Q3"><div class="PageProgressBar_bar__Kyoem" style="transform:scaleX(0)"></div></div><div data-freestar-ad="__320x50 __1140x90" id="slideshare_pushdown-pushdown-cls" style="height:var(--pushdown-height)"></div><header class="Header_root__8A86O"><div class="Header_wrapper___zBfP"><button aria-label="Open navigation menu" class="Hamburger_root__tHlgC" data-cy="mobile-header-menu" type="button"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/hamburger.5a525941.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><dialog id=":R9am:" class="drawer Drawer_root__ob4ZM" data-placement="left"><div class="Drawer_content__ye6ZB"></div><button autofocus="" type="button" aria-label="Close" class="close-button CloseButton_root__JCTRm" data-cy="drawer-close-button"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/close.393923c4.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button></dialog><a aria-label="SlideShare a Scribd company logo" class="Logo_root__Qba3h" data-cy="slideshare-logo" title="Return to the homepage" href="https://www.slideshare.net/"><img alt="SlideShare a Scribd company logo" loading="lazy" width="120" height="30" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/images/next/svg/logo/slideshare-scribd-company.svg?w=128&q=75 1x, https://public.slidesharecdn.com/images/next/svg/logo/slideshare-scribd-company.svg?w=256&q=75 2x" src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/images/next/svg/logo/slideshare-scribd-company.svg?w=256&q=75"/></a></div><div class="SearchForm_root__usp4s"><form data-testid="search-form" role="search"><input name="searchfrom" type="hidden" value="header"/><input type="text" autoComplete="off" aria-label="Search SlideShare" id="nav-search-query" data-cy="search-field" name="q" placeholder="Search" value=""/><button type="submit" class="SearchForm_submit__U8kPR" id="search-submit" data-cy="search-submit"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/search.844a289d.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only">Submit Search</span></span></button></form></div><div class="HeaderActions_root__11_ai undefined"></div></header><div class="SlideshowScreen_root__k9j1_ SlideshowScreen_withKeyMoments__RbHLe"><div class="metadata Metadata_root__oCstk" data-cy="metadata"><h1 class="Heading_heading__3MAvZ Heading_h1__3k7S2 title Title_root__svkHQ">Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09</h1><div class="stats Stats_root__p_BoZ"><div class="Stats_leftContent__588PR"><time dateTime="2009-12-06 00:40:59 UTC"><span class="skeleton Skeleton_root__U4QqL Skeleton_rounded__BLBq2" style="width:75px;height:24px"></span></time><span class="Text_root__is73U Text_medium__rk8Tn text" style="-webkit-line-clamp:0">•</span></div><div class="Stats_rightContent__8d0AF"><span class="Text_root__is73U Text_weight-strong__yEO2S Text_secondary__EPWj0 Text_medium__rk8Tn Likes_root__WVQ1_ text" style="-webkit-line-clamp:0" tabindex="0">120 likes</span><span class="Text_root__is73U Text_medium__rk8Tn text" style="-webkit-line-clamp:0">•</span><span class="Text_root__is73U Text_weight-strong__yEO2S Text_secondary__EPWj0 Text_medium__rk8Tn Likes_root__WVQ1_ text" style="-webkit-line-clamp:0" tabindex="0">250,546 views</span></div></div><div class="author Author_root___6Bx5"><div class="Avatar_root__GNWHY" style="width:24px;height:24px;line-height:24px"><img class="Avatar_image__Bbtll" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo-sblank-48x48.jpg?cb=1707173175" alt="Stanford University" loading="lazy" decoding="sync"/></div><a class="Link_root__vn3ab Author_link___lVxw ellipsis Link_primary__Iq4CI Link_size-large__W0PAv Link_weight-regular__yPpnB" data-cy="author-link" title="Stanford University" href="https://www.slideshare.net/sblank">Stanford University</a><button type="button" class="FollowButton_root__FxpBi Author_follow__Lw4TS FollowButton_follow__d_6u5">Follow</button></div><div class="description Description_root__kt4uq Description_clamped__PaV_1"><div class="Description_wrapper__hYE9_" data-cy="document-description"><p>The document outlines the secret history of Silicon Valley, tracing the origins of entrepreneurship in the region back to World War II when Stanford Professor Frederick Terman established the Electronics Research Laboratory to develop electronic warfare technologies for the US military using radar and communications. This led to the development of key microwave components like klystrons, carcinotrons, and traveling wave tubes that enabled new radar and signals intelligence systems and helped spawn the electronics industry in the area after the war.<button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_primary__K25Gq Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Description_less__BvWbY Description_hidden__a9QZJ" data-testid="button" aria-label="Read less"><span>Read less</span></button></p></div><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_primary__K25Gq Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Description_more__ChrRK" data-testid="button" aria-label="Read more" data-cy="read-more-button"><span>Read more</span></button></div><div class="actions Actions_root__00yIC"><div class="Tooltip_triggerWrapper___S2HG"><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi like-button unliked" data-testid="button" aria-label="Like" data-favorited="false" data-cy="like-button"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/like.3870b074.svg);background-color:#424766"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button></div><div class="Tooltip_triggerWrapper___S2HG"><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-button" data-testid="button" aria-label="actions.save" data-saved="false" data-cy="loggedout-save-slideshow-button"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv SaveLoggedOut_icon__ny9X2" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button></div><button type="button" class="unstyled-button more-button MoreDropdownButton_trigger__x7wGs" aria-label="More options" data-cy="more-options-icon" data-testid="ellipsis"><div class="Tooltip_triggerWrapper___S2HG"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv MoreDropdownButton_moreOptionsIcon__TpJLA" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/more-horizontal.f69be1b8.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></div></button></div></div><div class="MetadataToolbar_root__c03ao metadata-toolbar" data-cy="slideshow-toolbar"><div class="MetadataToolbar_wrapper__r7XEc"><div class="actions Actions_root__00yIC"><div class="Tooltip_triggerWrapper___S2HG"><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi like-button unliked" data-testid="button" aria-label="Like" data-favorited="false" data-cy="like-button"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/like.3870b074.svg);background-color:#424766"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button></div><div class="Tooltip_triggerWrapper___S2HG"><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-button" data-testid="button" aria-label="actions.save" data-saved="false" data-cy="loggedout-save-slideshow-button"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv SaveLoggedOut_icon__ny9X2" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button></div><button type="button" class="unstyled-button more-button MoreDropdownButton_trigger__x7wGs" aria-label="More options" data-cy="more-options-icon" data-testid="ellipsis"><div class="Tooltip_triggerWrapper___S2HG"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv MoreDropdownButton_moreOptionsIcon__TpJLA" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/more-horizontal.f69be1b8.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></div></button></div><span data-cy="page-number" class="MetadataToolbar_pageNumber__i6Bhj">1 of 133</span><div class="MetadataToolbar_actions__FB33C"><div class="DownloadButton_root__adY00"><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_primary__K25Gq Button_contained__gyjai Button_large__Yv_oe" data-testid="download-button" data-cy="download-button-toolbar"><span><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/download.b1b2622c.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span>Download now</span></button></div></div><div class="MetadataToolbar_underline__QQn0C"></div></div></div><div class="player Player_root__L1AmF"><div id="new-player" class="vertical-player VerticalPlayer_root__K8_YS" data-slideshow-id="2658658"><div><div id="slide1" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-0" alt="Hidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon Valley Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com Rev 4 Dec 09 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="eager" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-1-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-1-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-1-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-1-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide2" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-1" alt="The Genesis of Silicon Valley Entrepreneurship Marc Andreessen Internet Steve Jobs Personal Computers Gordon Moore Integrated Circuits Innovation Networks Hewlett & Packard Defense 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-2-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-2-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-2-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-2-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide3" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-2" alt="The Popular View of Silicon Valley History Internet Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Fruit Orchards Innovation Networks Fruit Orchards Fruit Orchards 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-3-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-3-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-3-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-3-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide4" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-3" alt="The Real Story of Silicon Valley History Internet Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Microwaves Innovation Networks Test Equipment Vacuum Tubes 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-4-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-4-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-4-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-4-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide5" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-4" alt="A few caveats • Not a professional historian • WWII story from the western front - lacks Soviet contributions • Some of this is probably wrong • Cold War story is U.S.- centric. Other data points welcomed • All “secrets” are from open-source literature The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-5-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-5-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-5-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-5-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide6" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-5" alt="Seven Short Stories The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-6-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-6-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-6-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-6-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide7" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-6" alt="Story 1: WWII The First Electronic War The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-7-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-7-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-7-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-7-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide8" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-7" alt="Dec 7th 1941: America Enters WWII • Britain fighting since Sept ‘39 • Soviets fighting massive land/air battles since June ‘41 • Allies incapable of landing in Western Europe for 2+ years • Decide that – priority was to win in Europe vs Pacific – destroy German war fighting capacity from the air until they can invade The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-8-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-8-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-8-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-8-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide9" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-8" alt="Strategic Bombing of Germany March 1943: The Combined Bomber Offensive “Your primary objective will be the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic system and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened." The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-9-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-9-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-9-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-9-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide10" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-9" alt="Strategic Bombing of Germany The Combined Bomber Offensive • British bombed at Night – Area Bombing • Lancaster's • Halifax • Flew at 7 - 17 thousand feet • The American’s by Day – Precision Bombing • B-17’s • B-24’s • Flew at 15 - 25 thousand feet The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-10-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-10-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-10-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-10-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide11" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-10" alt="The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-11-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-11-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-11-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-11-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide12" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-11" alt="Early Warning Radar Range The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-12-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-12-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-12-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-12-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide13" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-12" alt="The German Air Defense System The Kammhuber Line • Integrated Electronic air defense network – Covered France, the Low Countries, and into northern Germany • Protection from British/US bomber raids – Warn and Detect – Target and Aim – Destroy The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-13-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-13-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-13-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-13-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide14" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-13" alt="British/American Air War in Western Europe 28,000 Active Combat Planes 40,000 Allied planes lost or damaged beyond repair: 18,000 American and 22,000 British (46 000 planes lost by the USSR in the East) 79,265 Americans and 79,281 British killed, wounded or captured The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-14-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-14-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-14-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-14-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide15" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-14" alt="Early Warning Radars in Occupied France The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-15-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-15-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-15-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-15-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide16" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-15" alt="Mammoth Early Warning Radar • 200 mile range – 150 MHz, 200KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3µs, accuracy 0.5° • 100’ wide, 33’ high • 1st phased-array radar • Operational 1942 • 20 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-16-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-16-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-16-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-16-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide17" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-16" alt="Wasserman Early Warning Radar • 150 mile range – 150 MHz, 100KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3µs, accuracy 0.25° • Backbone of the German early warning network • Steerable tower 190’ • Operational 1942 • 150 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-17-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-17-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-17-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-17-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide18" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-17" alt="Jagdschloss Early Warning Radar • 180 mile range – 120-157 or 156-250 MHz, 300KW, PW 1us, PRF 500hz • Best early warning radar • 360° rotation at 4 rpm, • Remote PPI display via microwave link • Operational 1944 • 80 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-18-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-18-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-18-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-18-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide19" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-18" alt="Himmelbelt Local Air Defense Network • Box ~30 x 20 miles • Integrated network of radars, flak, fighters, searchlights The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-19-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-19-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-19-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-19-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide20" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-19" alt="Himmelbelt Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-20-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-20-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-20-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-20-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide21" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-20" alt="Himmelbelt Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers • Giant Wurzburg – Ground Controlled Intercept radar – direct fighters to bombers – fighters could then intercept with their on-board radar The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-21-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-21-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-21-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-21-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide22" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-21" alt="Himmelbelt Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers • Giant Wurzburg – Ground Controlled Intercept radar – direct fighters to bombers – fighters could then intercept with their on-board radar • Lichtenstein BC & SN2 – Airborne radar on German nightfighters The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-22-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-22-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-22-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-22-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide23" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-22" alt="Freya Early Warning Radar • 60-120 mile range – 120-144 MHz, 15KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3 µs, accuracy 1.5° • Steerable and mobile • Over 1000 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-23-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-23-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-23-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-23-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide24" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-23" alt="Giant Wurzburg Ground Control Intercept Radar • 45 mile range – 533-566mhz frequency agile, 10KW, PRF 1875hz, PW 2 µs • GCI radar • 25’ wide • over 1,500 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-24-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-24-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-24-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-24-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide25" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-24" alt="Luftwaffe Signals Intelligence Service • Network of passive intercept stations • Picked up allied radio and bombing-radar signals • Plotted location of bomber streams The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-25-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-25-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-25-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-25-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide26" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-25" alt="Himmelbett Air Battle Air Traffic Control • Radars fed Himmelbett centers • Operators worked from rows of seats in front of a huge screen • Fighters would fly orbits around a radio beacon – fighter controller talked it to the vicinity of the target • Fighters would turn on its radar, acquire the target, and attack The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-26-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-26-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-26-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-26-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide27" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-26" alt="The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-27-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-27-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-27-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-27-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide28" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-27" alt="Flak - Radar Controlled Anti Aircraft Guns • 15,000 Flak Guns – 400,000 soldiers in flak batteries • Radar-directed flak to 30,000’ – 128mm: 10 shells/minute – 105mm: 15 rounds/minute – 88mm: 15-20 rounds/minute • Fused for time – Fragmentation rounds 105 mm flak Flak: an abbreviation for Fliegerabwehrkanonen, german for anti-aircraft guns – No Proximity Fuses The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-28-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-28-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-28-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-28-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide29" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-28" alt="Wurzburg Anti-Aircraft Radar • Fire control of flak batteries • 15 mile range – 533-566 MHz frequency agile – 10KW, PRF 3750hz, PW 2us, Accuracy 25 meters • 10 feet wide • Steerable and Mobile • ~ 5,000 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-29-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-29-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-29-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-29-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide30" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-29" alt="Operation Biting - Raid on Bruneval • Commando raid to steal a Wurzburg • 27 February 1942 • Captured all the radar electronics and technicians • Used it to test countermeasures The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-30-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-30-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-30-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-30-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide31" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-30" alt="German Night-Fighters On-board Radar • Directed to vicinity by ground radar • Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, Messerschmitt Bf 110 • “Lichtenstein” B/C then SN2 Radar – Range 2.5 miles, 400mhz then 90mhz The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-31-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-31-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-31-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-31-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide32" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-31" alt="The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-32-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-32-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-32-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-32-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide33" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-32" alt="German Day Fighters Vectored by Ground Radar • Ground Control Intercept radar talked the fighters into visual range of the bombers • Messerschmitt BF-109, Focke Wolf 190 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-33-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-33-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-33-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-33-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide34" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-33" alt="The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-34-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-34-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-34-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-34-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide35" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-34" alt="Not many clear days a month in winter over Europe How did they see the target? The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-35-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-35-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-35-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-35-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide36" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-35" alt="Bombing Through Overcast Solution: Air to Ground Bombing Radar • Radar aimed at the ground – Targets could be seen under clouds and rain – Outlines of major ground features – map overlays • British in Mid 1943 – H2S 300mhz • Americans in late 1943 – H2X / APS-15 3ghz – B-24 & P-38 Pathfinders • Oops - Naxos The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-36-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-36-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-36-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-36-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide37" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-36" alt="Math Challenge For every 100 bombers on a mission 4 - 20% would not return Crews had to fly 25 mission to go home The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-37-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-37-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-37-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-37-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide38" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-37" alt="Story 2: The Electronic Shield - Electronic Warfare The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-38-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-38-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-38-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-38-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide39" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-38" alt="Harvard Radio Research Lab (RRL) Signals Intelligence and Electronic Warfare • Reduce losses to fighters and flak • Find/understand German Air Defense – Electronic and Signals Intelligence • Jam/confuse German Air Defense – Radar Order of Battle – Chaff – Jammers • Top Secret 800 person lab The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-39-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-39-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-39-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-39-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide40" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-39" alt="ELINT – Electronic Intelligence The Line of Sight Problem You got to get close! The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-40-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-40-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-40-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-40-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide41" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-40" alt="ELINT using Ferret’s Find and understand German Air Defense • Ferret’s and Crows • B-24J flights inside Germany to intercept German radar signals • Fitted with receivers & displays • Wire and strip recorders – Frequency, pulse rate, power, etc. – 50 MHz to 3 GHz The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-41-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-41-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-41-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-41-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide42" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-41" alt="Using ELINT to Map Radar Coverage The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-42-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-42-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-42-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-42-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide43" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-42" alt="Window/Chaff Jam Wurzburg AAA & GCI Radar • Strips of aluminum foil – 1/2 Wurzburg frequency • 46,000 packets tossed out by hand – Each packet contained 2,000 strips – Automatic dispensers came later • First used July 1943 – Raid on Hamburg – Shut down German air defense • Used 3/4’s of Aluminum Foil in the US The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-43-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-43-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-43-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-43-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide44" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-43" alt="Blind German Early Warning Radar Jam Wassermann, Mammoth and Freya MANDREL • Put Jammers on Airplanes Jammer • Mandrel/APT-3 • DINA/APT-1 – First on escort fighters – Later on bombers – 12 watts DINA Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-44-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-44-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-44-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-44-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide45" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-44" alt="Shut down Flak & Ground Control Radar Jam the Wurzburg’s • “Carpet” AN/APT-2 Jammer – Confuse Wurzburg radar – Shut down flak – Shut down GCI – 5 Watts • 24,000 built – On all bombers Carpet Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-45-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-45-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-45-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-45-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide46" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-45" alt="Shut down and Spoof Fighter Ground Control Jam Fighter/Ground VHF Radio Links • "Tinsel” – Microphones in the engine nacelles of a bomber broadcast noise • "Corona" – German-speaking RAF personnel, broadcast fake controller instructions • “Airborne Cigar” – Jammed VHF Nightfighter Ground Control Intercept comm – Flew in special ops Lancasters • “Jostle IV” – Jammed VHF Ground Control Intercept comm – Took up the entire bomb bay of a B-17 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-46-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-46-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-46-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-46-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide47" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-46" alt="British Jam German Night Fighter Radar • Airborne Grocer – Jam Lichtenstein Night Fighter radar • On all British bombers • Monica – Tail warning system – Oops, German Flensburg MANDREL jamming equipment The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-47-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-47-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-47-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-47-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide48" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-47" alt="Jammer Versus Radar Coverage The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-48-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-48-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-48-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-48-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide49" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-48" alt="Electronic Warfare 1944/45 chaff ELINT GCI Jamming Flak Jamming The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-49-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-49-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-49-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-49-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide50" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-49" alt="Who Ran this Secret Lab and became the Father of Electronic Warfare? • Harvard Radio Research Lab – Separate from MIT's Radiation Laboratory – Ran all electronic warfare in WWII – 800 people – 1941-1944 • Director: Fredrick Terman - Stanford The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-50-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-50-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-50-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-50-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide51" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-50" alt="Fredrick Terman “the Father of Silicon Valley” • Stanford Professor of engineering 1926 – encouraged his students, William Hewlett and David Packard to start a company • Dean of Engineering 1946 • Provost 1955 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-51-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-51-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-51-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-51-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide52" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-51" alt="Story 3: Spook Entrepreneurship The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-52-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-52-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-52-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-52-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide53" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-52" alt="WWII Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) • $450 million spent on weapons R&D – MIT $117 million – Caltech $83 million – Harvard and Columbia ~ $30 million • Stanford ~ $50K The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-53-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-53-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-53-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-53-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide54" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-53" alt="Terman’s Postwar Strategy • Focus on microwaves and electronics – Not going to be left out of gov’t $’s this time • Recruits 11 former members of RRL as faculty • Set up the Electronics Research Laboratory (ERL) – “Basic” and Unclassified Research • First Office of Naval Research (ONR) contract 1946 • By 1950 Stanford was the MIT of the West The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-54-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-54-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-54-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-54-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide55" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-54" alt="Problem: Jammers Need: More Power and Frequency Agility • More Power – WWII: low power jammers X 100’s of planes – Now each bomber needed to protect itself • Frequency Agility – WWII radars xmitted on a single frequency – Jammers needed to be manual tuned – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-55-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-55-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-55-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-55-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide56" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-55" alt="Solution: Electronically Tunable Microwave Power Tubes • Magnetron - limited scale, ﬁxed/unstable freq • Klystron - scale to extremely high power – Drawback: narrow frequency range • Backward wave oscillator (BWO)/Carcinotron – Electronically tunable – Can sweep 1000/mhz per second – High Power ~1,000 watts The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-56-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-56-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-56-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-56-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide57" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-56" alt="Problem: ELINT Receivers Need: Higher Bandwidth & Frequency Agility • High Bandwidth – Need to cover 300mhz to 40ghz w/one receiver • Frequency Agility – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies – Manual tuning would miss signals – Needed high probability of intercept single pulses The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-57-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-57-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-57-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-57-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide58" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-57" alt="Solution: Electronically Tunable Wideband Amplifiers • Traveling Wave Tubes – High gain >40db, – low noise, – high bandwidth >1 octave – 300mhz - 50ghz – Tune at 1000mhz/sec The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-58-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-58-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-58-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-58-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide59" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-58" alt="Microwave Valley - Components Klystrons, Carcinotrons, & Traveling Wave Tubes • Eitel-McCullough (1934) • Varian Associates (1948) • Litton Industries (1946) • Huggins Laboratories (1948) • Stewart Engineering (1952) • Watkins-Johnson (1957) • Microwave Electronics Co. (1959) The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-59-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-59-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-59-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-59-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide60" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-59" alt="Korean War Changes the Game Spook Work Comes to Stanford • Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL) – “Applied” and Classified Military programs – Doubles the size of the electronics program – Separate from the unclassified Electronics Research Laboratory – Made the university, for the first time, a full partner in the military-industrial complex The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-60-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-60-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-60-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-60-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide61" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-60" alt="The Cold War and the Black Valley • The Cold War battlefield moves 500 miles east • Fear of a “nuclear Pearl Harbor” • Countermeasures, Elint and Sigint, become critical • Stanford becomes a center of excellence for the NSA, CIA, Navy, Air Force The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-61-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-61-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-61-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-61-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide62" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-61" alt="The Cold War is an Electronic War • Russian air defense modeled after Germans – add surface to air missiles, fighter radar, IFF – Understand and defeat (ELINT) • Soviet strategic missile and bomber threat – Monitor telemetry (SIGINT) to understand performance – Photo reconnaissance to find silo’s and bombers • Soviet Naval threat – Monitor and track soviet submarines • Soviet Nuclear threat – Identify and understand production facilities The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-62-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-62-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-62-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-62-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide63" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-62" alt="Stanford Technical Advisory Meetings • Air Force, Navy, Army, CIA and NSA • Sylvania, and other contractors • Review of projects and new concepts The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-63-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-63-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-63-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-63-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide64" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-63" alt="Stanford Joins the “Black” World • Electronics Research Laboratory – “Basic” and Unclassified Research • Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL) – “Applied” and Classified Military programs • Merge and become the Systems Engineering Lab (SEL) in 1955 – Same year Terman becomes Provost The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-64-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-64-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-64-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-64-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide65" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-64" alt="Stanford Systems Engineering Lab • Immediate, practical application of real world intelligence problems for CIA, NSA, NRO, Air Force • Combined ERL components with advanced theory into complete ELINT and Jamming systems – Usually prototypes turned over to contractors – At times, built one-off systems – Digital filtering, OTH, etc. • Use PhD students and staff – classified thesis! • Ultimately 800 person lab The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-65-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-65-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-65-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-65-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide66" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-65" alt="Problem: Understand the Soviet Radar Order of Battle • Where are the Soviet radars? – Consumers; SAC, CIA. • Details of the radars – NSA/CIA to contractors • Periphery of Soviet Union known • Interior terra incognito The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-66-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-66-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-66-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-66-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide67" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-66" alt="The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-67-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-67-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-67-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-67-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide68" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-67" alt="Solution: A Fleet of ELINT Planes • Joint NSA/CIA/Air Force/Navy • Flew periphery of Soviet bloc 24/7 – PB4Y2, P2V, C-97, RB-47, EC-121, C-130, EA-3B, RC-135 • Measured Soviet Air Defense – Revealed low-altitude coverage was good • Continuous Comint The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-68-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-68-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-68-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-68-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide69" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-68" alt="ELINT – The Line of Sight Problem You got to get close! You got to get them turned on!! The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-69-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-69-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-69-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-69-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide70" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-69" alt="The Cost: 23 ELINT Planes Date Victim Service Aircraft Pilot Weapon 8Apr50 PB4Y - 2 USN La-11 B.Do k i n 23/37mm 24Apr50 F-82 USA F MiG-15 Keleinikov 23/37mm Apr50 F-51D USA F MiG-15 N.Guzhov 23/37mm May50 F-51D USA F La-11 Yefremov 20mm 11May50 B-24 USA F MiG-15 I.Shinkarenko 23/37mm 26Dec50 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 S.Bhakae v 23/37mm 6Nov51 P2V - 2 USN MiG-15 M.Schukin 23/37mm 13Jun52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 O.Fedot o v 23/37mm 7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Zheryakov 23/37mm 7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Lesnov 23/37mm 29Jul53 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 A.Ryba k o v 23/37mm 4Sep54 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 7Nov54 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Kosti n 23/37mm 17Apr55 RB-47H USA F MiG-15 Korot k o v 23/37mm 22Jun55 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 10Sep5 6 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 27Jun58 C-118 USA F MiG-17 P Sevetlichnikov 23/37mm 2Sep58 C-130A USA F MiG-17 H.Gavrilo v 23/37mm 1Jul60 RB-47 USA F MiG-17 F V.Polyakov 23/37mm 1963 RB-47 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm 1963 T-39 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm 10Mar64 RB-66C USA F MiG-21 F - 1 3 Zinowlj e v 30mm 14Dec65 RB-57F USA F MiG-17 F ? 23/37mm The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-70-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-70-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-70-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-70-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide71" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-70" alt="Elint - Is There a Better Way? The U-2 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-71-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-71-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-71-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-71-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide72" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-71" alt="Stanford/Military/Industry Ecosystem • Stanford did basic research in electronics • Stanford and SRI do applied research • Microwave and systems companies in Silicon Valley produce equipment for the military The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-72-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-72-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-72-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-72-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide73" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-72" alt="Example: U-2 as an Sigint Platform (1956) Courtesy of Stanford and Silicon Valley • System IV – 150 - 40,000 MHz – Stanford Electronics Laboratories – Ramo Woolridge • E/F Band ELINT recorder (1956) • A Band ELINT recorder (1959) • E/F Band Jammer (1959) – Granger Associates • Watkins Johnson – QRC -192 Elint receiver – 50 -14,000 MHz • Communications receiver – 100-150 MHz/3 channel tape recorder The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-73-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-73-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-73-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-73-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide74" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-73" alt="Example: A-12 ELINT/EWS Suite (1965) • System VI ELINT analog recorder – 50 - 8,000 MHz -45 dbm – TRW • Bluedog SA-2 L-band guidance jammer – Sylvania • Pinpeg SA-2 warning receiver – 2.8-3.2 & 4.8 -5.2 ghz -40 dbm • Big Blast SA-2 Noise Jammer • Mad Moth SA-2 Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-74-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-74-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-74-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-74-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide75" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-74" alt="Microwave Valley - Systems Some Stanford Alum’s • Sylvania Electronics Defense Laboratory (1953) – Countermeasures, search receivers, converters – Hired faculty as consultants, including Terman • GE Microwave Laboratory (1956) • Granger Associates (1956) Bill Granger • Applied Technology (1959) Bill Granger • Electronic Systems Laboratories (ESL) (1964) – William Perry + 6 other’s from Sylvania EDL • Argo Systems (1969) James de Broekert • Advent Systems (1972) James de Broekert The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-75-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-75-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-75-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-75-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide76" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-75" alt="Terman Changes the Startup/University Rules Silicon Valley as We Know it Starts Here • Graduate students encouraged to start companies • Professors encouraged to consult for companies • Terman and other professors take board seats • Technology transfer/IP licensing easy • Getting out in the real world was good for your academic career The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-76-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-76-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-76-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-76-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide77" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-76" alt="Terman and the Cold War Silicon Valley’s 1st Engine of Entrepreneurship Military Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-77-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-77-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-77-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-77-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide78" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-77" alt="Story 4: Spook Innovation The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-78-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-78-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-78-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-78-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide79" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-78" alt="Project: Melody ~1960 • First noticed in Project Genetrix – Soviet P-20 Token radar bounced off our high altitude spy balloons – Was received by our radars – Hmm… • Bistatic intercept receiver Irony Alert: In WWII Germans used their Klein-Heidelberg Bistatic radar using the British “Chain Home” radar to track allied bombers The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-79-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-79-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-79-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-79-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide80" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-79" alt="Project: Melody ~1960 • Pick up Soviet radars bounced off their own ICBM’s during test flights – Used CIA “Tacksman” intercept sites in Beshahr/Kabkan Iran – Use the missiles’ telemetry beacon to steer our radars • Produced intercepts of all ground-based Soviet missile tracking radars – Including all ABM radars – At a 1000 mile range • Later used ionized cloud of Soviets nuclear tests The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-80-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-80-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-80-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-80-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide81" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-80" alt="OXCART / A-12 U-2 Successor The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-81-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-81-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-81-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-81-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide82" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-81" alt="CIA: Directorate of Science & Technology • Concerned about OXCART* vulnerability – First aircraft designed for Stealth (tail was plastic) – High speed (Mach 3.3), high altitude (90K feet) • Facing evolved Soviet air defense system • ELINT Staff Office (ESO) asked: – What’s the radar environment like inside the Soviet Union? * A-12/OXCART was the CIA version of the plane which was kept secret (15 built). SR-71 was the 2 seat Air Force reconnaissance version which was made public (31 built.) The YF-12 was an Air Force fighter interceptor (3 built.) The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-82-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-82-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-82-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-82-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide83" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-82" alt="Problem: Find “Tall King” • Primary Soviet Air Defense Radar – Long Range, 375 miles • 150mhz, PRF 100/200hz, 800Kw – 100’ wide, 30’ high • Where were they located? • How many are there? – B52 bombers needed to know – OXCART needed to know The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-83-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-83-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-83-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-83-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide84" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-83" alt="Solution: Project “Flower Garden” Shoot the Moon • Point dishes at the moon • Use the moon as a bistatic reflector • Listen for TALL KING signals – As earth and moon revolved and rotated all TALL KING’s came into view, one at a time – Plot their precise location The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-84-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-84-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-84-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-84-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide85" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-84" alt="HENHOUSE Radar • Soviet HENHOUSE phased-array radar – 850’ long, 25MW – Missile Warning/ABM system – Space surveillance • Identified via satellite photos and ELINT • But what were its capabilities? The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-85-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-85-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-85-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-85-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide86" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-85" alt="Radio Dishes Get Funded • Attach ELINT receivers to Bell Labs 60’ antenna in New Jersey – Use Stanford“matched filter” techniques • Use antennas at Sugar Grove, Chesapeake Bay, Aricebo, Jordell Bank • Pay for and build Stanford “Dish” – Hide relationships via “cover agencies” – Air Force Cambridge Research Center and Ofﬁce of Naval Research – Discovers “Hen House” radar The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-86-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-86-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-86-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-86-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide87" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-86" alt="PPMS: Power & Pattern Measurement Systems ~1962 • Now we know where Tall King & Spoon Rest radars are but • Now we need to know: – Spatial Coverage – Radiated Power – RF Coherence – Polarization • For Jamming and Stealth The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-87-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-87-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-87-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-87-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide88" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-87" alt="Project: Palladium • Ok, now we know spatial coverage, etc. we need to know: – Sensitivity of Soviet radar receivers – How good were their operators • Hence, Project Palladium • Build a system that electronically generated and injected false targets into Soviet radars – They saw ghost aircraft – We could simulate any aircraft, any speed – Trick was to know what they were seeing The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-88-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-88-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-88-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-88-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide89" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-88" alt="Project: PALLADIUM • Teamed with NSA and used SIGINT intercepts – Listened to their communication channels and could decrypt them in real time – Watch when they turned on their SA-2 target tracking radar • We used ground bases, naval ships, submarines The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-89-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-89-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-89-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-89-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide90" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-89" alt="Project Echo 1960 ELINT Balloons in Space • 100’ aluminized mylar balloon • Cover was “radio relay” tests • Originally to be launched from Vandenberg • Launched in Aug 1960 • By this time something else was in space The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-90-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-90-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-90-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-90-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide91" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-90" alt="Story 5: 1956 - The Year It All Changes The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-91-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-91-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-91-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-91-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide92" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-91" alt="Lockheed Comes to Town • Polaris missile SLBM • Built in by Lockheed Missiles Division in Sunnyvale – Westinghouse Electric launch tube subcontractor • 20,000 employees by 1960 – From 0 in 4 years – HP: 3,000 employees 1960 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-92-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-92-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-92-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-92-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide93" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-92" alt="Lockheed and WS-117L NRO - Move Reconnaissance to Space CORONA SAMOS/SENTRY Program P-11/ 989 SAMOS F-1/2/3 Imaging MIDAS - Program 461 VELA ELINT/SIGINT IR - Launch Detection Nuclear Detection Program A: Air Force - imaging and sigint Program B: CIA - Imaging electroopitcal and sigint Program C: Navy signit Program D: U-2, A-12/Oxcart, D-21/Tagboard The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-93-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-93-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-93-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-93-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide94" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-93" alt="Lockheed - Agena Space Bus for Spy Satellites • First restartable second stage – Boost and maneuvering – 3-axis stabilized • Used on Thor, Atlas and Titan • Controlled all 1960’s spy satellites • 365 built on an assembly line in secret in Sunnyvale The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-94-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-94-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-94-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-94-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide95" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-94" alt="Stanford AEL/STL and Rambo • William Rambo – Designed “Carpet” Jammer at RRL – Went to AIL after WWII, Stanford - 1951 – Headed AEL then STL - 1958 – NSA/CIA consultant • Stanford STL leads the space ELINT effort – Works with Lockheed on ferret subsatellites The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-95-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-95-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-95-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-95-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide96" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-95" alt="STL/Lockheed and de Broekert • James de Broekert of Stanford STL • STL & Lockheed built P-11 Ferret sub-satellites carried on Corona photo satellites – 7 launched between Mar 1963-Oct 1964 • 1962: Samos F-2/3 Elint satellites – redesignated as Program 102 • Founded Argo, Signal Science, Advent Systems The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-96-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-96-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-96-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-96-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide97" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-96" alt="Project West Ford 1963 A Ring of Chaff in Space • 400 million copper dipoles • 3/4’s of an inch long • 2000 mile altitude, 5 miles wide, 25 miles thick • Cover was “radio relay” tests • Launched as part of MIDAS The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-97-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-97-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-97-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-97-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide98" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-97" alt="Project Grab 1960-1962 ELINT in Space • No more overflights or balloons • Collect radar emissions from Soviet air defense radars • Record, Store and Dump • Built by the Naval Research Laboratory • Used by SAC for EOB then given to the NRO The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-98-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-98-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-98-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-98-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide99" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-98" alt="Project POPPY 1962-1971 Navy ELINT in Space • Ships can no longer hide • Collect radar emissions from Soviet naval vessels • Clusters of satellites • Triangulate and direction find The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-99-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-99-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-99-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-99-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide100" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-99" alt="Villard and Over the Horizon Radar • Meteor trails – burst comm and ELINT receiver • Nuclear tests • OTH - Over The Horizon Radar – Monitor missile launches EARTHLING in Pakistan in 1961 CHECKROTE in Taiwan in 1966 – Aircraft tracking • Stealth - 1969 at SRI The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-100-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-100-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-100-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-100-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide101" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-100" alt="The End of Classified Work at Stanford • In 1968, 35 percent of Stanford research funding in electronics was for classified work • 50% of SRI’s work was from DOD • April 9, 1969 400 students occupy AEL The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-101-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-101-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-101-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-101-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide102" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-101" alt="Story 6: 1956 Why It’s Silicon Valley The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-102-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-102-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-102-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-102-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide103" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-102" alt="Meanwhile, on the Other Side of Town… The Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force starts a Company The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-103-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-103-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-103-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-103-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide104" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-103" alt="William Shockley “The Other Father of Silicon Valley” • Director of Navy anti-submarine warfare operations group at Columbia (1942-1943) • Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force (1943-1945) • Deputy Director and Research Director of the Weapons System Evaluation Group in the Defense Department (1954-1955) • Co-inventor of the transistor – Nobel Prize in 1956 • Founded Shockley Semiconductor 1955 – First semiconductor company in California The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-104-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-104-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-104-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-104-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide105" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-104" alt="William Shockley “Great Researcher, Awesome Talent Spotter, Horrible Manager” • Unintended consequences: “The traitorous 8” leave Shockley – found Fairchild Semiconductor • First VC Investment (Venrock) – Noyce & Moore leave Fairchild to start Intel – 65 other chip companies in the next 20 years • Eugenics beliefs end his career 1963 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-105-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-105-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-105-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-105-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide106" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-105" alt="The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-106-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-106-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-106-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-106-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide107" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-106" alt="Semiconductor Genealogy: 1955 - 1976 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-107-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-107-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-107-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-107-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide108" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-107" alt="Shockley’s Legacy • It’s Silicon Valley The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-108-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-108-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-108-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-108-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide109" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-108" alt="Story 7: Why We All Don’t Work for the Government The Rise of Private Capital The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-109-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-109-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-109-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-109-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide110" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-109" alt="Venture Capital Silicon Valley’s 2nd Engine of Entrepreneurship Venture Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-110-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-110-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-110-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-110-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide111" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-110" alt="The Valley Attracts Financial Attention The 1st West Coast IPO’s • 1956 Varian • 1957 Hewlett Packard • 1958 Ampex The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-111-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-111-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-111-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-111-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide112" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-111" alt="The Rise of Risk Capital Family Money 1940’s - 1960’s • J.H. Whitney – 1st family office 1946 • Laurance Rockefeller – Draper Gaither & Anderson (1st limited Partnership) 1958 – Spun out as Venrock in 1969 • Bessemer • East Coast focus • Wide variety of industries The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-112-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-112-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-112-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-112-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide113" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-112" alt="The Rise of Risk Capital East Coast VC Experiments • 1946 American Research & Development – George Doriot – Right idea, wrong model (public VC firm) • 1963 Boston Capital The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-113-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-113-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-113-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-113-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide114" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-113" alt="The Rise of Risk Capital “The Group” 1950’s • First Bay Area “Angels” – Reid Dennis – William Bryan – William Edwards – William K. Bowes – Daniel McGanney ~ 10 deals $75 -$300K The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-114-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-114-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-114-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-114-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide115" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-114" alt="Reid Dennis Remembers • “The first 25 electronics companies required total capital of $300k each and private individuals formed the basis of the early syndicates” • “….in 1975, prior to the relaxation of ERISA laws, the entire VC industry raised $10m” The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-115-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-115-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-115-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-115-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide116" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-115" alt="Soviet Union Launches Sputnik and the U.S. Venture Capital Industry • Soviet satellite shocked the U.S. • Galvanized congress • New agencies/programs – NASA – ARPA – National Defense Education Act – SBA SBIC Act The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-116-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-116-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-116-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-116-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide117" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-116" alt="The Rise of Risk Capital SBIC Act of 1958 • Gov’t match of private investments 3:1 • 700 SBIC funds by 1965 – 75% of all VC funding in 1968, 7% in 1988 • Corporate – Bank of America - George Quist, Tom Clauson – Firemans Fund/American Express - Reid Dennis • Private – 1959 Continental Capital - Frank Chambers – The Group; Bryan Edwards, McGanney – 1962 Pitch Johnson & Bill Draper – 1962 Sutter Hill The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-117-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-117-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-117-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-117-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide118" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-117" alt="Defense R&D Budget Defense R&D $ Billions Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-118-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-118-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-118-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-118-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide119" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-118" alt="Defense R&D Budget California Defense R&D California $ Billions Defense R&D Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-119-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-119-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-119-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-119-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide120" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-119" alt="Defense R&D Budget Silicon Valley Defense R&D $ Billions California Defense R&D Silicon Valley Defense R&D Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-120-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-120-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-120-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-120-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide121" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-120" alt="Defense R&D Budget Versus Venture Capital Defense R&D $ Billions California Defense R&D Silicon Valley Defense R&D Silicon Valley Venture Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-121-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-121-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-121-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-121-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide122" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-121" alt="Defense R&D Budget Versus Venture Capital Defense R&D $ Billions California Defense R&D Silicon Valley Defense R&D Silicon Valley Venture Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-122-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-122-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-122-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-122-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide123" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-122" alt="The Rise of Risk Capital The Limited Partnership • DGA (Draper Gaither & Anderson) 1958 • Rock and Davis 1961 • Sutter Hill 1964 • TA Associates 1968 • Mayfield Fund 1969 • Patricof & Co. 1969 • Kleiner Perkins 1972 • Capital Mgmt Services (Sequoia) 1972 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-123-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-123-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-123-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-123-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide124" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-123" alt="The Rise of Risk Capital 1978/1979 - A Watershed • Capital gains slashed (1978) – 49.5% to 28% • Employee Retirement Income Security Act (1979) – Pension funds can invest The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-124-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-124-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-124-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-124-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide125" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-124" alt="Venture Capital Silicon Valley’s 2nd Engine of Entrepreneurship Venture Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-125-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-125-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-125-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-125-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide126" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-125" alt="Summary • Terman/Stanford/Government responsible for entrepreneurial culture of Silicon Valley • Military primed the pump as a customer for key technologies – Semiconductors, computers, Internet – But very little technical cross pollination • Venture Capital turned the valley to volume corporate and consumer applications Is there another “crisis” that will restart the valley’s cycle of innovation? Or will we continue to be profit driven? The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-126-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-126-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-126-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-126-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide127" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-126" alt="This Presentation is On-line Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-127-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-127-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-127-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-127-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide128" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-127" alt="WWII Sources - Books • WWII – A Radar History of WWII - Louis Brown – Confound and Destroy - Martin Streetly – Echoes of War, the Story of H2S Radar - Sir Bernard Lovell – The Invention that Changed the World - Robert Buderi – Wizard War, British Scientific Intelligence - R.V. Jones – History of Air Intercept Radar and British Nightfighter - Ian White – The Luftwaffe Over Germany: Defense of the Reich - Donald Caldwell – Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare - Alfred Price – Volume I: The History of US. Electronic Warfare to 1946 - Alfred Price The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-128-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-128-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-128-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-128-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide129" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-128" alt="Cold War Sources - Books • Cold War – Volume II: The History of US. Electronic Warfare: Renaissance Years- Alfred Price – The Wizards of Langley - Jeffrey T. Richelson – Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency - James Bamford – The Puzzle Palace: Inside the NSA, - James Bamford – Secrets of Signals Intelligence During the Cold War and Beyond - Matthew M. Aid, Cees Wiebes – Eternal Vigilance? - Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, Christopher M. Andrew – High-Cold-War-Strategic Air Reconnaissance and the Electronic Intelligence War - Robert Jackson – By Any Means Necessary: America's Secret Air War in the Cold War - William E. Burrows – Shadow Flights: America's Secret Airwar Against the Soviet Union: A Cold War History - C. Peebles – Spyplane - Norman Polmar – Radar Handbook, - Merrill I. Skolnik – Out From Behind the Eight Ball: A History of Project Echo by Doanld C. Elder The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-129-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-129-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-129-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-129-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide130" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-129" alt="Silicon Valley Sources - Books • Terman/Shockley/Intel – Fred Terman at Stanford - Stewart Gilmore – Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley- Joel Shurkin – The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce - Leslie Berlin • Silicon Valley History – Electronics in the West: the First Fifty Years - Jane Morgan – The Origins of the Electronics Industry on the Pacific Coast- Arthur Norberg – Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford - Rebecca S. Lowen – The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford - Stuart W. Leslie – Making Silicon Valley: Innovation & the Growth of High Tech - C. Lecuyer – Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 - Annalee Saxenian • Venture Capital – Creative Capital: Georges Doriot and the Birth of Venture Capital - Spencer E. Ante • Semiconductor Timeline to 1976: Semi and Don C. Hoefler The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-130-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-130-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-130-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-130-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide131" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-130" alt="ELINT Sources - Web • Engineering/ELINT in the CIA/NSA – http://www.tbp.org/pages/Publications/Bent/Features/F99Poteat.pdf – http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/ • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st06.pdf • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st08.pdf • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB60/abm022.pdf – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent- csi/pdf/v11i2a05p.pdf – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent- csi/pdf/v12i2a02p.pdf – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi- publications/books-and-monographs/a-12/hiding-oxcart-in-plain-sight.html – http://jya.com/nsa-elint.htm – http://fas.org/irp/program/list.htm • ELINT Aircraft Losses – http://www.rb-29.net/HTML/77ColdWarStory/08.01apndxC.htm – http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/APP34.PDF The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-131-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-131-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-131-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-131-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide132" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-131" alt="Photo and Movie Sources - Web • B-24 Ferret ELINT equipment photos – http://aafradio.org/ • WWII Radar History/Photos/Radar Order of Battle – www.gyges.dk – http://www.luftarchiv.de/ – http://www.vectorsite.net/ttwiz.html The Wizard War – http://www.museumwaalsdorp.nl/en/german_radar.html – http://www.baermann.biz/pauke/index.php?catid=9&blogid=1 • Movie Clips – 12 O’Clock High – Memphis Belle – Dr. Strangelove The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-132-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-132-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-132-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-132-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide133" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-132" alt="This Presentation is On-line Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-133-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-133-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-133-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-133-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="RelatedContent_root__29Np1"><div class="RelatedContent_wrapper__riU7l"><h2 class="Heading_heading__3MAvZ Heading_h2__f9yvs RelatedContent_title__QUhpL">More Related Content</h2><div></div><div></div><div id="between-recs-ad-1-container" class="freestar-ad-container FreestarAdContainer_root__qPPC_" style="--fallback-aspect-ratio:undefined / undefined"><div><div class="" id="between-recs-ad-1"></div></div></div><div></div><div id="between-recs-ad-2-container" class="freestar-ad-container FreestarAdContainer_root__qPPC_" style="--fallback-aspect-ratio:undefined / undefined"><div><div class="" id="between-recs-ad-2"></div></div></div><div></div></div></div><div class="Transcript_root__Vrf6Q"><h2 class="Transcript_title__YgAka"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/file.5db1ba24.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span>Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09</h2><div><ul class="Transcript_list__faItj"><div><li>1. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#1">Hidden in Plain </a> Sight: The Secret History of Silicon Valley Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com Rev 4 Dec 09 </li></div><div><li>2. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#2">The Genesis of </a> Silicon Valley Entrepreneurship Marc Andreessen Internet Steve Jobs Personal Computers Gordon Moore Integrated Circuits Innovation Networks Hewlett & Packard Defense 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>3. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#3">The Popular View </a> of Silicon Valley History Internet Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Fruit Orchards Innovation Networks Fruit Orchards Fruit Orchards 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>4. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#4">The Real Story </a> of Silicon Valley History Internet Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Microwaves Innovation Networks Test Equipment Vacuum Tubes 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>5. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#5">A few caveats • </a> Not a professional historian • WWII story from the western front - lacks Soviet contributions • Some of this is probably wrong • Cold War story is U.S.- centric. Other data points welcomed • All “secrets” are from open-source literature The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>6. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#6">Seven Short Stories </a> The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>7. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#7">Story 1: WWII </a> The First Electronic War The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>8. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#8">Dec 7th 1941: </a> America Enters WWII • Britain fighting since Sept ‘39 • Soviets fighting massive land/air battles since June ‘41 • Allies incapable of landing in Western Europe for 2+ years • Decide that – priority was to win in Europe vs Pacific – destroy German war fighting capacity from the air until they can invade The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>9. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#9">Strategic Bombing of </a> Germany March 1943: The Combined Bomber Offensive “Your primary objective will be the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic system and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened." The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>10. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#10">Strategic Bombing of </a> Germany The Combined Bomber Offensive • British bombed at Night – Area Bombing • Lancaster's • Halifax • Flew at 7 - 17 thousand feet • The American’s by Day – Precision Bombing • B-17’s • B-24’s • Flew at 15 - 25 thousand feet The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>11. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#11">The Secret History </a> of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>12. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#12">Early Warning Radar </a> Range The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>13. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#13">The German Air </a> Defense System The Kammhuber Line • Integrated Electronic air defense network – Covered France, the Low Countries, and into northern Germany • Protection from British/US bomber raids – Warn and Detect – Target and Aim – Destroy The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>14. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#14">British/American Air War </a> in Western Europe 28,000 Active Combat Planes 40,000 Allied planes lost or damaged beyond repair: 18,000 American and 22,000 British (46 000 planes lost by the USSR in the East) 79,265 Americans and 79,281 British killed, wounded or captured The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>15. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#15">Early Warning Radars </a> in Occupied France The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>16. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#16">Mammoth </a> Early Warning Radar • 200 mile range – 150 MHz, 200KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3µs, accuracy 0.5° • 100’ wide, 33’ high • 1st phased-array radar • Operational 1942 • 20 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>17. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#17">Wasserman </a> Early Warning Radar • 150 mile range – 150 MHz, 100KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3µs, accuracy 0.25° • Backbone of the German early warning network • Steerable tower 190’ • Operational 1942 • 150 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>18. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#18">Jagdschloss </a> Early Warning Radar • 180 mile range – 120-157 or 156-250 MHz, 300KW, PW 1us, PRF 500hz • Best early warning radar • 360° rotation at 4 rpm, • Remote PPI display via microwave link • Operational 1944 • 80 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>19. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#19">Himmelbelt Local Air Defense </a> Network • Box ~30 x 20 miles • Integrated network of radars, flak, fighters, searchlights The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>20. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#20">Himmelbelt </a> Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>21. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#21">Himmelbelt </a> Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers • Giant Wurzburg – Ground Controlled Intercept radar – direct fighters to bombers – fighters could then intercept with their on-board radar The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>22. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#22">Himmelbelt </a> Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers • Giant Wurzburg – Ground Controlled Intercept radar – direct fighters to bombers – fighters could then intercept with their on-board radar • Lichtenstein BC & SN2 – Airborne radar on German nightfighters The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>23. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#23">Freya </a> Early Warning Radar • 60-120 mile range – 120-144 MHz, 15KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3 µs, accuracy 1.5° • Steerable and mobile • Over 1000 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>24. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#24">Giant Wurzburg </a> Ground Control Intercept Radar • 45 mile range – 533-566mhz frequency agile, 10KW, PRF 1875hz, PW 2 µs • GCI radar • 25’ wide • over 1,500 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>25. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#25">Luftwaffe Signals Intelligence </a> Service • Network of passive intercept stations • Picked up allied radio and bombing-radar signals • Plotted location of bomber streams The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>26. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#26">Himmelbett </a> Air Battle Air Traffic Control • Radars fed Himmelbett centers • Operators worked from rows of seats in front of a huge screen • Fighters would fly orbits around a radio beacon – fighter controller talked it to the vicinity of the target • Fighters would turn on its radar, acquire the target, and attack The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>27. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#27">The Secret History </a> of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>28. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#28">Flak - Radar </a> Controlled Anti Aircraft Guns • 15,000 Flak Guns – 400,000 soldiers in flak batteries • Radar-directed flak to 30,000’ – 128mm: 10 shells/minute – 105mm: 15 rounds/minute – 88mm: 15-20 rounds/minute • Fused for time – Fragmentation rounds 105 mm flak Flak: an abbreviation for Fliegerabwehrkanonen, german for anti-aircraft guns – No Proximity Fuses The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>29. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#29">Wurzburg </a> Anti-Aircraft Radar • Fire control of flak batteries • 15 mile range – 533-566 MHz frequency agile – 10KW, PRF 3750hz, PW 2us, Accuracy 25 meters • 10 feet wide • Steerable and Mobile • ~ 5,000 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>30. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#30">Operation Biting - </a> Raid on Bruneval • Commando raid to steal a Wurzburg • 27 February 1942 • Captured all the radar electronics and technicians • Used it to test countermeasures The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>31. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#31">German Night-Fighters </a> On-board Radar • Directed to vicinity by ground radar • Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, Messerschmitt Bf 110 • “Lichtenstein” B/C then SN2 Radar – Range 2.5 miles, 400mhz then 90mhz The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>32. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#32">The Secret History </a> of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>33. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#33">German Day Fighters </a> Vectored by Ground Radar • Ground Control Intercept radar talked the fighters into visual range of the bombers • Messerschmitt BF-109, Focke Wolf 190 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>34. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#34">The Secret History </a> of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>35. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#35">Not many clear </a> days a month in winter over Europe How did they see the target? The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>36. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#36">Bombing Through Overcast </a> Solution: Air to Ground Bombing Radar • Radar aimed at the ground – Targets could be seen under clouds and rain – Outlines of major ground features – map overlays • British in Mid 1943 – H2S 300mhz • Americans in late 1943 – H2X / APS-15 3ghz – B-24 & P-38 Pathfinders • Oops - Naxos The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>37. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#37">Math Challenge For </a> every 100 bombers on a mission 4 - 20% would not return Crews had to fly 25 mission to go home The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>38. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#38">Story 2: The </a> Electronic Shield - Electronic Warfare The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>39. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#39">Harvard Radio Research </a> Lab (RRL) Signals Intelligence and Electronic Warfare • Reduce losses to fighters and flak • Find/understand German Air Defense – Electronic and Signals Intelligence • Jam/confuse German Air Defense – Radar Order of Battle – Chaff – Jammers • Top Secret 800 person lab The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>40. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#40">ELINT – Electronic </a> Intelligence The Line of Sight Problem You got to get close! The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>41. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#41">ELINT using Ferret’s </a> Find and understand German Air Defense • Ferret’s and Crows • B-24J flights inside Germany to intercept German radar signals • Fitted with receivers & displays • Wire and strip recorders – Frequency, pulse rate, power, etc. – 50 MHz to 3 GHz The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>42. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#42">Using ELINT to </a> Map Radar Coverage The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>43. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#43">Window/Chaff </a> Jam Wurzburg AAA & GCI Radar • Strips of aluminum foil – 1/2 Wurzburg frequency • 46,000 packets tossed out by hand – Each packet contained 2,000 strips – Automatic dispensers came later • First used July 1943 – Raid on Hamburg – Shut down German air defense • Used 3/4’s of Aluminum Foil in the US The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>44. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#44">Blind German Early </a> Warning Radar Jam Wassermann, Mammoth and Freya MANDREL • Put Jammers on Airplanes Jammer • Mandrel/APT-3 • DINA/APT-1 – First on escort fighters – Later on bombers – 12 watts DINA Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>45. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#45">Shut down Flak </a> & Ground Control Radar Jam the Wurzburg’s • “Carpet” AN/APT-2 Jammer – Confuse Wurzburg radar – Shut down flak – Shut down GCI – 5 Watts • 24,000 built – On all bombers Carpet Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>46. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#46">Shut down and </a> Spoof Fighter Ground Control Jam Fighter/Ground VHF Radio Links • "Tinsel” – Microphones in the engine nacelles of a bomber broadcast noise • "Corona" – German-speaking RAF personnel, broadcast fake controller instructions • “Airborne Cigar” – Jammed VHF Nightfighter Ground Control Intercept comm – Flew in special ops Lancasters • “Jostle IV” – Jammed VHF Ground Control Intercept comm – Took up the entire bomb bay of a B-17 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>47. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#47">British Jam German </a> Night Fighter Radar • Airborne Grocer – Jam Lichtenstein Night Fighter radar • On all British bombers • Monica – Tail warning system – Oops, German Flensburg MANDREL jamming equipment The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>48. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#48">Jammer Versus Radar </a> Coverage The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>49. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#49">Electronic Warfare 1944/45 chaff ELINT GCI </a> Jamming Flak Jamming The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>50. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#50">Who Ran this </a> Secret Lab and became the Father of Electronic Warfare? • Harvard Radio Research Lab – Separate from MIT's Radiation Laboratory – Ran all electronic warfare in WWII – 800 people – 1941-1944 • Director: Fredrick Terman - Stanford The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>51. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#51">Fredrick Terman </a> “the Father of Silicon Valley” • Stanford Professor of engineering 1926 – encouraged his students, William Hewlett and David Packard to start a company • Dean of Engineering 1946 • Provost 1955 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>52. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#52">Story 3: Spook </a> Entrepreneurship The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>53. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#53">WWII Office of </a> Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) • $450 million spent on weapons R&D – MIT $117 million – Caltech $83 million – Harvard and Columbia ~ $30 million • Stanford ~ $50K The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>54. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#54">Terman’s Postwar Strategy • </a> Focus on microwaves and electronics – Not going to be left out of gov’t $’s this time • Recruits 11 former members of RRL as faculty • Set up the Electronics Research Laboratory (ERL) – “Basic” and Unclassified Research • First Office of Naval Research (ONR) contract 1946 • By 1950 Stanford was the MIT of the West The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>55. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#55">Problem: Jammers Need: </a> More Power and Frequency Agility • More Power – WWII: low power jammers X 100’s of planes – Now each bomber needed to protect itself • Frequency Agility – WWII radars xmitted on a single frequency – Jammers needed to be manual tuned – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>56. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#56">Solution: Electronically Tunable </a> Microwave Power Tubes • Magnetron - limited scale, ﬁxed/unstable freq • Klystron - scale to extremely high power – Drawback: narrow frequency range • Backward wave oscillator (BWO)/Carcinotron – Electronically tunable – Can sweep 1000/mhz per second – High Power ~1,000 watts The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>57. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#57">Problem: ELINT Receivers </a> Need: Higher Bandwidth & Frequency Agility • High Bandwidth – Need to cover 300mhz to 40ghz w/one receiver • Frequency Agility – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies – Manual tuning would miss signals – Needed high probability of intercept single pulses The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>58. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#58">Solution: Electronically Tunable </a> Wideband Amplifiers • Traveling Wave Tubes – High gain >40db, – low noise, – high bandwidth >1 octave – 300mhz - 50ghz – Tune at 1000mhz/sec The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>59. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#59">Microwave Valley - </a> Components Klystrons, Carcinotrons, & Traveling Wave Tubes • Eitel-McCullough (1934) • Varian Associates (1948) • Litton Industries (1946) • Huggins Laboratories (1948) • Stewart Engineering (1952) • Watkins-Johnson (1957) • Microwave Electronics Co. (1959) The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>60. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#60">Korean War Changes </a> the Game Spook Work Comes to Stanford • Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL) – “Applied” and Classified Military programs – Doubles the size of the electronics program – Separate from the unclassified Electronics Research Laboratory – Made the university, for the first time, a full partner in the military-industrial complex The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>61. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#61">The Cold War </a> and the Black Valley • The Cold War battlefield moves 500 miles east • Fear of a “nuclear Pearl Harbor” • Countermeasures, Elint and Sigint, become critical • Stanford becomes a center of excellence for the NSA, CIA, Navy, Air Force The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>62. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#62">The Cold War </a> is an Electronic War • Russian air defense modeled after Germans – add surface to air missiles, fighter radar, IFF – Understand and defeat (ELINT) • Soviet strategic missile and bomber threat – Monitor telemetry (SIGINT) to understand performance – Photo reconnaissance to find silo’s and bombers • Soviet Naval threat – Monitor and track soviet submarines • Soviet Nuclear threat – Identify and understand production facilities The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>63. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#63">Stanford Technical Advisory </a> Meetings • Air Force, Navy, Army, CIA and NSA • Sylvania, and other contractors • Review of projects and new concepts The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>64. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#64">Stanford Joins the </a> “Black” World • Electronics Research Laboratory – “Basic” and Unclassified Research • Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL) – “Applied” and Classified Military programs • Merge and become the Systems Engineering Lab (SEL) in 1955 – Same year Terman becomes Provost The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>65. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#65">Stanford Systems Engineering </a> Lab • Immediate, practical application of real world intelligence problems for CIA, NSA, NRO, Air Force • Combined ERL components with advanced theory into complete ELINT and Jamming systems – Usually prototypes turned over to contractors – At times, built one-off systems – Digital filtering, OTH, etc. • Use PhD students and staff – classified thesis! • Ultimately 800 person lab The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>66. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#66">Problem: Understand the </a> Soviet Radar Order of Battle • Where are the Soviet radars? – Consumers; SAC, CIA. • Details of the radars – NSA/CIA to contractors • Periphery of Soviet Union known • Interior terra incognito The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>67. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#67">The Secret History </a> of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>68. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#68">Solution: A Fleet </a> of ELINT Planes • Joint NSA/CIA/Air Force/Navy • Flew periphery of Soviet bloc 24/7 – PB4Y2, P2V, C-97, RB-47, EC-121, C-130, EA-3B, RC-135 • Measured Soviet Air Defense – Revealed low-altitude coverage was good • Continuous Comint The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>69. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#69">ELINT – The </a> Line of Sight Problem You got to get close! You got to get them turned on!! The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>70. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#70">The Cost: 23 </a> ELINT Planes Date Victim Service Aircraft Pilot Weapon 8Apr50 PB4Y - 2 USN La-11 B.Do k i n 23/37mm 24Apr50 F-82 USA F MiG-15 Keleinikov 23/37mm Apr50 F-51D USA F MiG-15 N.Guzhov 23/37mm May50 F-51D USA F La-11 Yefremov 20mm 11May50 B-24 USA F MiG-15 I.Shinkarenko 23/37mm 26Dec50 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 S.Bhakae v 23/37mm 6Nov51 P2V - 2 USN MiG-15 M.Schukin 23/37mm 13Jun52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 O.Fedot o v 23/37mm 7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Zheryakov 23/37mm 7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Lesnov 23/37mm 29Jul53 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 A.Ryba k o v 23/37mm 4Sep54 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 7Nov54 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Kosti n 23/37mm 17Apr55 RB-47H USA F MiG-15 Korot k o v 23/37mm 22Jun55 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 10Sep5 6 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 27Jun58 C-118 USA F MiG-17 P Sevetlichnikov 23/37mm 2Sep58 C-130A USA F MiG-17 H.Gavrilo v 23/37mm 1Jul60 RB-47 USA F MiG-17 F V.Polyakov 23/37mm 1963 RB-47 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm 1963 T-39 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm 10Mar64 RB-66C USA F MiG-21 F - 1 3 Zinowlj e v 30mm 14Dec65 RB-57F USA F MiG-17 F ? 23/37mm The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>71. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#71">Elint - Is </a> There a Better Way? The U-2 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>72. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#72">Stanford/Military/Industry Ecosystem • </a> Stanford did basic research in electronics • Stanford and SRI do applied research • Microwave and systems companies in Silicon Valley produce equipment for the military The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>73. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#73">Example: U-2 as </a> an Sigint Platform (1956) Courtesy of Stanford and Silicon Valley • System IV – 150 - 40,000 MHz – Stanford Electronics Laboratories – Ramo Woolridge • E/F Band ELINT recorder (1956) • A Band ELINT recorder (1959) • E/F Band Jammer (1959) – Granger Associates • Watkins Johnson – QRC -192 Elint receiver – 50 -14,000 MHz • Communications receiver – 100-150 MHz/3 channel tape recorder The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>74. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#74">Example: A-12 ELINT/EWS </a> Suite (1965) • System VI ELINT analog recorder – 50 - 8,000 MHz -45 dbm – TRW • Bluedog SA-2 L-band guidance jammer – Sylvania • Pinpeg SA-2 warning receiver – 2.8-3.2 & 4.8 -5.2 ghz -40 dbm • Big Blast SA-2 Noise Jammer • Mad Moth SA-2 Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>75. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#75">Microwave Valley - </a> Systems Some Stanford Alum’s • Sylvania Electronics Defense Laboratory (1953) – Countermeasures, search receivers, converters – Hired faculty as consultants, including Terman • GE Microwave Laboratory (1956) • Granger Associates (1956) Bill Granger • Applied Technology (1959) Bill Granger • Electronic Systems Laboratories (ESL) (1964) – William Perry + 6 other’s from Sylvania EDL • Argo Systems (1969) James de Broekert • Advent Systems (1972) James de Broekert The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>76. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#76">Terman Changes the </a> Startup/University Rules Silicon Valley as We Know it Starts Here • Graduate students encouraged to start companies • Professors encouraged to consult for companies • Terman and other professors take board seats • Technology transfer/IP licensing easy • Getting out in the real world was good for your academic career The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>77. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#77">Terman and the </a> Cold War Silicon Valley’s 1st Engine of Entrepreneurship Military Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008 </li></div><div><li>78. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#78">Story 4: Spook </a> Innovation The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>79. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#79">Project: Melody </a> ~1960 • First noticed in Project Genetrix – Soviet P-20 Token radar bounced off our high altitude spy balloons – Was received by our radars – Hmm… • Bistatic intercept receiver Irony Alert: In WWII Germans used their Klein-Heidelberg Bistatic radar using the British “Chain Home” radar to track allied bombers The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>80. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#80">Project: Melody </a> ~1960 • Pick up Soviet radars bounced off their own ICBM’s during test flights – Used CIA “Tacksman” intercept sites in Beshahr/Kabkan Iran – Use the missiles’ telemetry beacon to steer our radars • Produced intercepts of all ground-based Soviet missile tracking radars – Including all ABM radars – At a 1000 mile range • Later used ionized cloud of Soviets nuclear tests The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>81. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#81">OXCART / A-12 </a> U-2 Successor The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>82. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#82">CIA: Directorate of </a> Science & Technology • Concerned about OXCART* vulnerability – First aircraft designed for Stealth (tail was plastic) – High speed (Mach 3.3), high altitude (90K feet) • Facing evolved Soviet air defense system • ELINT Staff Office (ESO) asked: – What’s the radar environment like inside the Soviet Union? * A-12/OXCART was the CIA version of the plane which was kept secret (15 built). SR-71 was the 2 seat Air Force reconnaissance version which was made public (31 built.) The YF-12 was an Air Force fighter interceptor (3 built.) The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>83. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#83">Problem: Find “Tall </a> King” • Primary Soviet Air Defense Radar – Long Range, 375 miles • 150mhz, PRF 100/200hz, 800Kw – 100’ wide, 30’ high • Where were they located? • How many are there? – B52 bombers needed to know – OXCART needed to know The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>84. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#84">Solution: Project “Flower </a> Garden” Shoot the Moon • Point dishes at the moon • Use the moon as a bistatic reflector • Listen for TALL KING signals – As earth and moon revolved and rotated all TALL KING’s came into view, one at a time – Plot their precise location The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>85. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#85">HENHOUSE Radar • Soviet </a> HENHOUSE phased-array radar – 850’ long, 25MW – Missile Warning/ABM system – Space surveillance • Identified via satellite photos and ELINT • But what were its capabilities? The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>86. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#86">Radio Dishes Get </a> Funded • Attach ELINT receivers to Bell Labs 60’ antenna in New Jersey – Use Stanford“matched filter” techniques • Use antennas at Sugar Grove, Chesapeake Bay, Aricebo, Jordell Bank • Pay for and build Stanford “Dish” – Hide relationships via “cover agencies” – Air Force Cambridge Research Center and Ofﬁce of Naval Research – Discovers “Hen House” radar The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>87. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#87">PPMS: Power & </a> Pattern Measurement Systems ~1962 • Now we know where Tall King & Spoon Rest radars are but • Now we need to know: – Spatial Coverage – Radiated Power – RF Coherence – Polarization • For Jamming and Stealth The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>88. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#88">Project: Palladium • Ok, </a> now we know spatial coverage, etc. we need to know: – Sensitivity of Soviet radar receivers – How good were their operators • Hence, Project Palladium • Build a system that electronically generated and injected false targets into Soviet radars – They saw ghost aircraft – We could simulate any aircraft, any speed – Trick was to know what they were seeing The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>89. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#89">Project: PALLADIUM • Teamed </a> with NSA and used SIGINT intercepts – Listened to their communication channels and could decrypt them in real time – Watch when they turned on their SA-2 target tracking radar • We used ground bases, naval ships, submarines The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>90. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#90">Project Echo 1960 </a> ELINT Balloons in Space • 100’ aluminized mylar balloon • Cover was “radio relay” tests • Originally to be launched from Vandenberg • Launched in Aug 1960 • By this time something else was in space The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>91. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#91">Story 5: 1956 </a> - The Year It All Changes The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>92. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#92">Lockheed Comes to </a> Town • Polaris missile SLBM • Built in by Lockheed Missiles Division in Sunnyvale – Westinghouse Electric launch tube subcontractor • 20,000 employees by 1960 – From 0 in 4 years – HP: 3,000 employees 1960 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>93. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#93">Lockheed and WS-117L </a> NRO - Move Reconnaissance to Space CORONA SAMOS/SENTRY Program P-11/ 989 SAMOS F-1/2/3 Imaging MIDAS - Program 461 VELA ELINT/SIGINT IR - Launch Detection Nuclear Detection Program A: Air Force - imaging and sigint Program B: CIA - Imaging electroopitcal and sigint Program C: Navy signit Program D: U-2, A-12/Oxcart, D-21/Tagboard The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>94. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#94">Lockheed - Agena </a> Space Bus for Spy Satellites • First restartable second stage – Boost and maneuvering – 3-axis stabilized • Used on Thor, Atlas and Titan • Controlled all 1960’s spy satellites • 365 built on an assembly line in secret in Sunnyvale The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>95. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#95">Stanford AEL/STL and </a> Rambo • William Rambo – Designed “Carpet” Jammer at RRL – Went to AIL after WWII, Stanford - 1951 – Headed AEL then STL - 1958 – NSA/CIA consultant • Stanford STL leads the space ELINT effort – Works with Lockheed on ferret subsatellites The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>96. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#96">STL/Lockheed and de </a> Broekert • James de Broekert of Stanford STL • STL & Lockheed built P-11 Ferret sub-satellites carried on Corona photo satellites – 7 launched between Mar 1963-Oct 1964 • 1962: Samos F-2/3 Elint satellites – redesignated as Program 102 • Founded Argo, Signal Science, Advent Systems The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>97. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#97">Project West Ford </a> 1963 A Ring of Chaff in Space • 400 million copper dipoles • 3/4’s of an inch long • 2000 mile altitude, 5 miles wide, 25 miles thick • Cover was “radio relay” tests • Launched as part of MIDAS The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>98. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#98">Project Grab 1960-1962 </a> ELINT in Space • No more overflights or balloons • Collect radar emissions from Soviet air defense radars • Record, Store and Dump • Built by the Naval Research Laboratory • Used by SAC for EOB then given to the NRO The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>99. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#99">Project POPPY 1962-1971 </a> Navy ELINT in Space • Ships can no longer hide • Collect radar emissions from Soviet naval vessels • Clusters of satellites • Triangulate and direction find The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>100. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#100">Villard and Over </a> the Horizon Radar • Meteor trails – burst comm and ELINT receiver • Nuclear tests • OTH - Over The Horizon Radar – Monitor missile launches EARTHLING in Pakistan in 1961 CHECKROTE in Taiwan in 1966 – Aircraft tracking • Stealth - 1969 at SRI The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>101. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#101">The End of </a> Classified Work at Stanford • In 1968, 35 percent of Stanford research funding in electronics was for classified work • 50% of SRI’s work was from DOD • April 9, 1969 400 students occupy AEL The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>102. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#102">Story 6: 1956 </a> Why It’s Silicon Valley The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>103. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#103">Meanwhile, on the </a> Other Side of Town… The Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force starts a Company The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>104. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#104">William Shockley </a> “The Other Father of Silicon Valley” • Director of Navy anti-submarine warfare operations group at Columbia (1942-1943) • Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force (1943-1945) • Deputy Director and Research Director of the Weapons System Evaluation Group in the Defense Department (1954-1955) • Co-inventor of the transistor – Nobel Prize in 1956 • Founded Shockley Semiconductor 1955 – First semiconductor company in California The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>105. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#105">William Shockley “Great </a> Researcher, Awesome Talent Spotter, Horrible Manager” • Unintended consequences: “The traitorous 8” leave Shockley – found Fairchild Semiconductor • First VC Investment (Venrock) – Noyce & Moore leave Fairchild to start Intel – 65 other chip companies in the next 20 years • Eugenics beliefs end his career 1963 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>106. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#106">The Secret History </a> of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>107. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#107">Semiconductor Genealogy: 1955 </a> - 1976 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>108. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#108">Shockley’s Legacy • It’s </a> Silicon Valley The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>109. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#109">Story 7: Why </a> We All Don’t Work for the Government The Rise of Private Capital The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>110. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#110">Venture Capital </a> Silicon Valley’s 2nd Engine of Entrepreneurship Venture Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008 </li></div><div><li>111. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#111">The Valley Attracts </a> Financial Attention The 1st West Coast IPO’s • 1956 Varian • 1957 Hewlett Packard • 1958 Ampex The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>112. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#112">The Rise of </a> Risk Capital Family Money 1940’s - 1960’s • J.H. Whitney – 1st family office 1946 • Laurance Rockefeller – Draper Gaither & Anderson (1st limited Partnership) 1958 – Spun out as Venrock in 1969 • Bessemer • East Coast focus • Wide variety of industries The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>113. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#113">The Rise of </a> Risk Capital East Coast VC Experiments • 1946 American Research & Development – George Doriot – Right idea, wrong model (public VC firm) • 1963 Boston Capital The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>114. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#114">The Rise of </a> Risk Capital “The Group” 1950’s • First Bay Area “Angels” – Reid Dennis – William Bryan – William Edwards – William K. Bowes – Daniel McGanney ~ 10 deals $75 -$300K The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>115. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#115">Reid Dennis Remembers • </a> “The first 25 electronics companies required total capital of $300k each and private individuals formed the basis of the early syndicates” • “….in 1975, prior to the relaxation of ERISA laws, the entire VC industry raised $10m” The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>116. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#116">Soviet Union Launches </a> Sputnik and the U.S. Venture Capital Industry • Soviet satellite shocked the U.S. • Galvanized congress • New agencies/programs – NASA – ARPA – National Defense Education Act – SBA SBIC Act The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>117. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#117">The Rise of </a> Risk Capital SBIC Act of 1958 • Gov’t match of private investments 3:1 • 700 SBIC funds by 1965 – 75% of all VC funding in 1968, 7% in 1988 • Corporate – Bank of America - George Quist, Tom Clauson – Firemans Fund/American Express - Reid Dennis • Private – 1959 Continental Capital - Frank Chambers – The Group; Bryan Edwards, McGanney – 1962 Pitch Johnson & Bill Draper – 1962 Sutter Hill The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>118. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#118">Defense R&D Budget </a> Defense R&D $ Billions Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>119. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#119">Defense R&D Budget </a> California Defense R&D California $ Billions Defense R&D Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>120. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#120">Defense R&D Budget </a> Silicon Valley Defense R&D $ Billions California Defense R&D Silicon Valley Defense R&D Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>121. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#121">Defense R&D Budget </a> Versus Venture Capital Defense R&D $ Billions California Defense R&D Silicon Valley Defense R&D Silicon Valley Venture Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>122. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#122">Defense R&D Budget </a> Versus Venture Capital Defense R&D $ Billions California Defense R&D Silicon Valley Defense R&D Silicon Valley Venture Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>123. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#123">The Rise of </a> Risk Capital The Limited Partnership • DGA (Draper Gaither & Anderson) 1958 • Rock and Davis 1961 • Sutter Hill 1964 • TA Associates 1968 • Mayfield Fund 1969 • Patricof & Co. 1969 • Kleiner Perkins 1972 • Capital Mgmt Services (Sequoia) 1972 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>124. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#124">The Rise of </a> Risk Capital 1978/1979 - A Watershed • Capital gains slashed (1978) – 49.5% to 28% • Employee Retirement Income Security Act (1979) – Pension funds can invest The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>125. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#125">Venture Capital </a> Silicon Valley’s 2nd Engine of Entrepreneurship Venture Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008 </li></div><div><li>126. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#126">Summary • Terman/Stanford/Government responsible </a> for entrepreneurial culture of Silicon Valley • Military primed the pump as a customer for key technologies – Semiconductors, computers, Internet – But very little technical cross pollination • Venture Capital turned the valley to volume corporate and consumer applications Is there another “crisis” that will restart the valley’s cycle of innovation? Or will we continue to be profit driven? The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>127. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#127">This Presentation is </a> On-line Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com </li></div><div><li>128. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#128">WWII Sources - </a> Books • WWII – A Radar History of WWII - Louis Brown – Confound and Destroy - Martin Streetly – Echoes of War, the Story of H2S Radar - Sir Bernard Lovell – The Invention that Changed the World - Robert Buderi – Wizard War, British Scientific Intelligence - R.V. Jones – History of Air Intercept Radar and British Nightfighter - Ian White – The Luftwaffe Over Germany: Defense of the Reich - Donald Caldwell – Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare - Alfred Price – Volume I: The History of US. Electronic Warfare to 1946 - Alfred Price The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>129. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#129">Cold War Sources </a> - Books • Cold War – Volume II: The History of US. Electronic Warfare: Renaissance Years- Alfred Price – The Wizards of Langley - Jeffrey T. Richelson – Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency - James Bamford – The Puzzle Palace: Inside the NSA, - James Bamford – Secrets of Signals Intelligence During the Cold War and Beyond - Matthew M. Aid, Cees Wiebes – Eternal Vigilance? - Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, Christopher M. Andrew – High-Cold-War-Strategic Air Reconnaissance and the Electronic Intelligence War - Robert Jackson – By Any Means Necessary: America's Secret Air War in the Cold War - William E. Burrows – Shadow Flights: America's Secret Airwar Against the Soviet Union: A Cold War History - C. Peebles – Spyplane - Norman Polmar – Radar Handbook, - Merrill I. Skolnik – Out From Behind the Eight Ball: A History of Project Echo by Doanld C. Elder The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>130. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#130">Silicon Valley Sources </a> - Books • Terman/Shockley/Intel – Fred Terman at Stanford - Stewart Gilmore – Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley- Joel Shurkin – The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce - Leslie Berlin • Silicon Valley History – Electronics in the West: the First Fifty Years - Jane Morgan – The Origins of the Electronics Industry on the Pacific Coast- Arthur Norberg – Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford - Rebecca S. Lowen – The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford - Stuart W. Leslie – Making Silicon Valley: Innovation & the Growth of High Tech - C. Lecuyer – Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 - Annalee Saxenian • Venture Capital – Creative Capital: Georges Doriot and the Birth of Venture Capital - Spencer E. Ante • Semiconductor Timeline to 1976: Semi and Don C. Hoefler The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>131. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#131">ELINT Sources - </a> Web • Engineering/ELINT in the CIA/NSA – http://www.tbp.org/pages/Publications/Bent/Features/F99Poteat.pdf – http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/ • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st06.pdf • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st08.pdf • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB60/abm022.pdf – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent- csi/pdf/v11i2a05p.pdf – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent- csi/pdf/v12i2a02p.pdf – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi- publications/books-and-monographs/a-12/hiding-oxcart-in-plain-sight.html – http://jya.com/nsa-elint.htm – http://fas.org/irp/program/list.htm • ELINT Aircraft Losses – http://www.rb-29.net/HTML/77ColdWarStory/08.01apndxC.htm – http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/APP34.PDF The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>132. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#132">Photo and Movie </a> Sources - Web • B-24 Ferret ELINT equipment photos – http://aafradio.org/ • WWII Radar History/Photos/Radar Order of Battle – www.gyges.dk – http://www.luftarchiv.de/ – http://www.vectorsite.net/ttwiz.html The Wizard War – http://www.museumwaalsdorp.nl/en/german_radar.html – http://www.baermann.biz/pauke/index.php?catid=9&blogid=1 • Movie Clips – 12 O’Clock High – Memphis Belle – Dr. Strangelove The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>133. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#133">This Presentation is </a> On-line Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div></ul></div></div><div class="actions-menu-container ActionsMenu_root__4k507" data-cy="actions-menu-mobile"><div class="Tooltip_triggerWrapper___S2HG"><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-button" data-testid="button" aria-label="actions.save" data-saved="false" data-cy="loggedout-save-slideshow-button"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv SaveLoggedOut_icon__ny9X2" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button></div><button type="button" class="unstyled-button more-button MoreDropdownButton_trigger__x7wGs" aria-label="More options" data-cy="more-options-icon" data-testid="ellipsis"><div class="Tooltip_triggerWrapper___S2HG"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv MoreDropdownButton_moreOptionsIcon__TpJLA" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/more-horizontal.f69be1b8.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></div></button><div class="DownloadButton_root__adY00 ActionsMenu_downloadButton__s7Iqj"><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_primary__K25Gq Button_contained__gyjai Button_large__Yv_oe" data-testid="download-button" data-cy="download-button-actions-menu"><span><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/download.b1b2622c.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span>Download</span></button></div></div><dialog class="Modal_root__TYkzh FullscreenModal_root__efM9m" id=":Rn36:"><div class="Modal_wrapper__4UTGq"><div class="modal-content Modal_content__R1F4d FullscreenModal_content__bQ6mt"></div></div></dialog><div class="ad textads banner-ads banner_ads ad-unit ad-zone ad-space adsbox ads prebid" style="position:absolute;height:1px"></div><footer class="Footer_footer__N3WmV"><div class="FooterTop_wrapper__RuYz5" data-testid="footer-top"><div class="FooterTop_links__9J65v"><a class="Link_root__vn3ab Link_light__mcUPh Link_size-medium__ZLo12 Link_weight-bold__me4nt" href="/about">About</a><a class="Link_root__vn3ab Link_light__mcUPh Link_size-medium__ZLo12 Link_weight-bold__me4nt" href="https://support.scribd.com/hc/en/categories/360004792932-SlideShare?userType=SlideShare">Support</a><a class="Link_root__vn3ab Link_light__mcUPh Link_size-medium__ZLo12 Link_weight-bold__me4nt" href="https://support.scribd.com/hc/en/articles/210129326-General-Terms-of-Use">Terms</a><a class="Link_root__vn3ab Link_light__mcUPh Link_size-medium__ZLo12 Link_weight-bold__me4nt" href="https://support.scribd.com/hc/en/articles/210129366-Privacy-policy">Privacy</a><a class="Link_root__vn3ab Link_light__mcUPh Link_size-medium__ZLo12 Link_weight-bold__me4nt" href="/copyright-policy">Copyright</a><button class="FooterTop_cookiePreferenceButton__xmSox" type="button">Cookie Preferences</button><a class="Link_root__vn3ab Link_light__mcUPh Link_size-medium__ZLo12 Link_weight-bold__me4nt" href="https://support.scribd.com/hc/en-us/articles/360038016931-Privacy-Rights-Request-Form">Do not sell or share my personal information</a><a class="Link_root__vn3ab Link_light__mcUPh Link_size-medium__ZLo12 Link_weight-bold__me4nt" href="https://www.everand.com">Everand</a></div></div><hr class="Footer_separator__Qa1tj"/><div class="FooterBottom_wrapper__Gj9p_" data-testid="footer-bottom"><span class="FooterBottom_copyright__xltkG">© 2024 SlideShare from Scribd </span><div class="FooterBottom_icons__wEEhc"><a class="Link_root__vn3ab Link_light__mcUPh Link_size-large__W0PAv Link_weight-regular__yPpnB" aria-label="Slideshare on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/slideshare"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:18px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/twitter.89a06630.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></a><span class="FooterBottom_separator__181dN"></span><a class="Link_root__vn3ab Link_light__mcUPh Link_size-large__W0PAv Link_weight-regular__yPpnB" aria-label="Slideshare on RSS Feed" href="https://www.slideshare.net/rss/latest"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:16px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/rss.5c914539.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></a></div></div></footer><div id="portals-container" style="z-index:1"><div id="banner-portal" class="PortalsContainer_bannerRoot__Q_sNw"></div></div></div></div><script src="https://cmp.osano.com/AzZdHGSGtpxCq1Cpt/079b27eb-bb3f-48dd-9bd9-3feb8aec3c38/osano.js"></script><script> // This script assumes the Osano script is synchronously loaded window.eventsToSend = window.eventsToSend || [] if (window.Osano) { window.eventsToSend.push({ name: "osano_loaded", timestamp: new Date().toISOString(), value: JSON.stringify({ time: performance?.now() }) }) } </script><script defer="" nomodule="" src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js"></script><script src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/webpack-fca657b2df1193b1.js" defer=""></script><script src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-0dfcca9a5dec51b3.js" defer=""></script><script src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/main-4b9e5138f827276f.js" defer=""></script><script src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-d3e96b184f52081b.js" defer=""></script><script src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/5121-c12bfd4bed7c2139.js" defer=""></script><script src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/5581-c31338dd77890eb2.js" defer=""></script><script src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/4740-639dc16ecd764905.js" defer=""></script><script src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/6229-23a3a93a4fd8bda9.js" defer=""></script><script src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/slideshow/%5Btitle%5D/%5Bid%5D-451dcf877ad69f2b.js" defer=""></script><script src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/34d87f1e259ccc2522816c4af0afbdd34048dee6/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/34d87f1e259ccc2522816c4af0afbdd34048dee6/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"name":"slideshow","edgeTestAssignments":[{"name":"example","variant":"B"},{"name":"fullscreen_view","variant":"B"},{"name":"gallery_view","variant":"B"},{"name":"nextjs_profile","variant":"B"},{"name":"reading_modes","variant":"A"},{"name":"recs_placement","variant":"A"},{"name":"recs_placement_v2","variant":"A"},{"name":"single_slide_view_v2","variant":"A"}],"layout":{"currentUser":null,"fullPath":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658","osanoId":"079b27eb-bb3f-48dd-9bd9-3feb8aec3c38","featureFlags":[{"name":"disable_facebook","enabled":true},{"name":"document_interstitials_flag","enabled":true},{"name":"recommendation_impression_tracking","enabled":true},{"name":"search_results_tracking","enabled":true},{"name":"view_restriction_without_subscription_after_five","enabled":true},{"name":"disable_lazy_hydration","enabled":false}]},"countryCodeFromFastly":"SG","slideshow":{"username":"sblank","allowDownloads":true,"allowDownloadOriginalFile":true,"allowEmbeds":true,"canonicalUrl":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658","categories":[{"id":"6","name":"Education","url":"education"},{"id":"16","name":"Technology","url":"technology"},{"id":"3","name":"Business","url":"business"}],"createdAt":"2009-12-06 00:40:59 UTC","description":"The document outlines the secret history of Silicon Valley, tracing the origins of entrepreneurship in the region back to World War II when Stanford Professor Frederick Terman established the Electronics Research Laboratory to develop electronic warfare technologies for the US military using radar and communications. This led to the development of key microwave components like klystrons, carcinotrons, and traveling wave tubes that enabled new radar and signals intelligence systems and helped spawn the electronics industry in the area after the war.","downloadKey":"3bb6bd365e9a5c0d12f3659e0ab04beff32ecfac0df7da272ee0074a8e3fedf0","editorsNotes":[],"emailShareUrl":"mailto:?subject=Check out this SlideShare presentation\u0026body=https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658","extension":"pdf","facebookShareUrl":"https://facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fslideshow%2Fsecret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09%2F2658658\u0026t=Secret+History+of+Silicon+Valley+Rev+4+Dec+09","genaiDescriptionCreatedAt":"2024-04-21","genaiTest":"description","id":"2658658","iframeEmbed":{"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/AqAVKJrBtWZzNS","height":486,"width":597},"isIndexable":true,"isLikedByCurrentUser":false,"isPrivate":false,"isSeoTitleTestVariant":false,"isViewable":true,"language":"en","likes":120,"linkedinShareUrl":"https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fslideshow%2Fsecret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09%2F2658658\u0026trk=SLIDESHARE","downloadCount":1237,"recommendationsByLocation":{"rightRail":[{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Secret History of Silicon Valley - Master Slide Deck","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":278,"score":0.566617,"slideshowId":"57399653","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"secret-history-of-silicon-valley-master-slide-deck","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/masterpresentation-160123073100-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"cia, electronic warfare, freya, klystron, lawrence livermonre, nro, nsa, radiation lab, robert oppenheimer, secret history, secret history of silicon valley, silicon valley, stanford, steve blank, terman, twt, wasserman, wwii","tags":["cia","comint","robert oppenheimer"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-master-slide-deck/57399653","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":424473},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Final ew ppt","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":24,"score":0.517401,"slideshowId":"26609930","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"final-ew-ppt","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/finalewppt-130927040147-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"This document discusses electronic warfare and is divided into three main sections: electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support. Electronic attack involves jamming, deception, and destructive techniques to interfere with an enemy's use of the electromagnetic spectrum. Electronic protection techniques are used to protect friendly forces from electronic attack. Electronic warfare support passively detects and analyzes emissions to gather intelligence and provide situational awareness. Specific electronic warfare systems and techniques discussed include jamming, chaff, flares, anti-radiation missiles, frequency hopping, and ELINT/COMINT collection.","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/final-ew-ppt/26609930","userLogin":"pnkju","userName":"Pankaj Upadhyay","viewCount":10633},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Stealth technology","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":18,"score":0.499108,"slideshowId":"3712732","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"stealth-technology","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/stealthtechnology-100413142015-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Stealth technology uses various methods and materials to reduce an aircraft's detection by radar and other sensors. Radar absorbent surfaces (RAS) and radar absorbent materials (RAM) are used to deflect or absorb radar signals, making aircraft appear smaller or invisible to radar. Infrared signatures are also reduced through engine placement and other design features. Active stealth techniques like plasma stealth aim to inject plasma around an aircraft to absorb electromagnetic waves. While stealth aircraft have advantages like reduced detection, they also have limitations such as reduced payload and increased costs. The first stealth aircraft was the F-117, introduced in 1981.","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stealth-technology/3712732","userLogin":"bro3766","userName":"Heather Brooks","viewCount":10222},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Directed Energy Weapons 1/2","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":102,"score":0.492436,"slideshowId":"27468807","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"directed-energy-weapons-12","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/1250074754-131022182337-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"- Directed energy weapons such as high energy lasers and high power microwaves are no longer future concepts but are being developed and tested for operational use. \n\n- The US Navy has led development of high energy laser weapons since the 1970s including the first megawatt chemical laser. Recent advances in solid state lasers are moving these technologies forward. \n\n- The Navy is currently developing a fiber laser-based Laser Weapon System to augment the Close-In Weapon System currently deployed on ships. \n\n- High power microwave weapons are also increasing in power and some prototypes have been deployed operationally to support troops. \n\n- Foreign development of directed energy weapons has increased the need for the Navy to develop countermeasures","tags":["missles","microwaves","rockets"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/directed-energy-weapons-12/27468807","userLogin":"hossamozein","userName":"Hossam Zein","viewCount":13401},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Aegis bmd overview_mac_capt shipman 23 jan 12_ distro a_12-mda-6517_11 januar...","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":18,"score":0.487246,"slideshowId":"12286459","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"aegis-bmd-overviewmaccapt-shipman-23-jan-12-distro-a12mda651711-january-12","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/aegisbmdoverviewmaccaptshipman23jan12distroa12-mda-651711january12-120404215132-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"This document provides an overview of the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) program for the Military Affairs Council. It summarizes Aegis BMD's role in intercepting short, medium, and intermediate range ballistic missiles. It also outlines the U.S. Phased Adaptive Approach for European missile defense and the current status of Aegis BMD ships. The overview discusses Aegis BMD's engagement capabilities at different ranges and its contributions to the Ballistic Missile Defense System over time with upgrades to sensors, weapons, and command and control systems.","tags":["aegis bmd"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/Lsquirrel/aegis-bmd-overviewmaccapt-shipman-23-jan-12-distro-a12mda651711-january-12","userLogin":"Lsquirrel","userName":"Lsquirrel","viewCount":5843},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Multi-Funtion Phased Array Radar","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":23,"score":0.487243,"slideshowId":"40290653","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"multifunction-phased-array-radar","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/phasedarrayradar-141015042135-conversion-gate02-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"This document discusses the evolution and components of phased array radar technology. It begins by describing conventional radar systems and then introduces passive and active phased array radars, which use phase shifters and attenuators instead of mechanical movement to steer radar beams electronically. Key components of phased array radars include transmit/receive modules, digital beamforming, and GaN devices. The document outlines applications for weather surveillance and discusses multi-function phased array radars.","tags":["phased radars"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/multifunction-phased-array-radar/40290653","userLogin":"Mistral_Solutions","userName":"Mistral Solutions ","viewCount":9945},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Transmit / Receive (T/R) Modules for Radar Systems","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":29,"score":0.484361,"slideshowId":"267087947","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"transmit-receive-tr-modules-for-radar-systems","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/embedded-240403080303-79b01936-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Introduction to TRMs\nBlock diagram of a TRM\nPerformance Requirements of a TRM\nEarly TRM Development Efforts\nModern TRMs: Single-Chip T/R Module\nModern TRMs: Wafer-Scale Phased Array\nModern TRMs: The Lowest-Cost Single-Chip T/R\nModern TRMs: Digital Beamforming\nLiterature Survey: X-Band\nLiterature Survey: S-Band\n","tags":["radar systems","tr modules","trms"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/transmit-receive-tr-modules-for-radar-systems/267087947","userLogin":"hazoorEE","userName":"Hazoor Ahmad","viewCount":632},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"USAF Fifth Gen fighter","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":14,"score":0.47473,"slideshowId":"15745155","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"usaf-fifth-gen-fighter","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/breakfast2-28-12ltgencarlisle-121223213547-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The document discusses the evolution of US fighter aircraft generations and the capabilities of 5th generation fighters. It highlights that the F-22 and F-35 each have complementary and optimized roles, with the F-22 focused on air superiority due to its speed, maneuverability and larger internal weapons capacity, and the F-35 focused on global precision attack thanks to its sensors and increased weapons payload. Maintaining a mix of both fighters is presented as critical to addressing 21st century air threats.","tags":["usaf","fifth generation fighter"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/usaf-fifth-gen-fighter/15745155","userLogin":"prayukth1","userName":"Prayukth K V","viewCount":8962}],"whatsHot":[{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Electronic Warfare ( EW ) Training Crash Course","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":18,"score":0.472109,"slideshowId":"96607983","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"electronic-warfare-training-crash-course","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/electronicwarfare-180510103635-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The Electronic Warfare Training Crash Course is a 4-day training program that provides an introduction to key concepts in electronic warfare (EW) including EW principles, capabilities, functions, technology and modeling/simulation. The training is intended for technical personnel, engineers, analysts and managers involved in EW, radar and electronic systems. The course covers topics such as EW architecture, signals intelligence, radar fundamentals, electronic attack/protection capabilities and EW systems engineering. Participants will learn how EW concepts are applied to counter threats and control the electromagnetic spectrum.","tags":["what is electronic warfare","how electronic warfare ew works","electronic warfare training usa"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/electronic-warfare-training-crash-course/96607983","userLogin":"BryanLen1","userName":"Bryan Len","viewCount":880},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Team Drone - 2021 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competition","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":51,"score":0.471304,"slideshowId":"250937790","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"team-drone-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team5late1841158862916tigpcdraftpresentation2-220104014801-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, c3i, command and control","tags":["technology","innovation and great power competition","tigpc"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-drone-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition/250937790","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":77577},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Elint Interception \u0026 Analysis","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":37,"score":0.467393,"slideshowId":"1264576","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"elint-interception-analysis","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/elintinterceptionanalysisnowatermark-090408100135-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"This document provides a summary of a professional development short course on ELINT (Electronic Intelligence) Interception and Analysis. The course, taught by Dr. Richard G. Wiley, covers methods for intercepting radar and other non-communication signals, analyzing the signals to determine their functions and capabilities, and practical exercises. Participants receive a textbook on ELINT. The 4-day course outline covers topics like radar fundamentals, receiver types, direction finding techniques, emitter location, pulse analysis, and modern radar waveforms.","tags":["elint","interception","analysis"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/elint-interception-analysis/1264576","userLogin":"aticourses","userName":"Jim Jenkins","viewCount":5191},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"F 15 vs su-27","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":36,"score":0.467127,"slideshowId":"19577861","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"f-15-vs-su27-19577861","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/f-15vssu-27-130422090431-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The document compares 4th generation fighters the F-15 and Su-27. It notes that the Su-27 was intended to surpass the F-15 in overall capability with improvements like 10% larger dimensions and engines for greater thrust. The Su-27 also has a more optimized cross-section and internal fuel capacity for comparable range to rivals using external tanks. Both fighters improved maneuverability over previous generations with innovations like larger wings, more powerful engines, and advanced flight control systems.","tags":["f-15","su-27"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/f-15-vs-su27-19577861/19577861","userLogin":"mishanbgd","userName":"mishanbgd","viewCount":16766},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Radar 2009 a 17 transmitters and receivers","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":84,"score":0.466104,"slideshowId":"58231647","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"radar-2009-a-17-transmitters-and-receivers","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/radar-2009-a17-transmitters-and-receivers-160213205154-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"This document provides an overview of radar transmitter and receiver systems. It begins with an introduction and block diagram of radar transmitters and receivers. The bulk of the document then focuses on different types of high power tube amplifiers used in radar transmitters, including klystrons, traveling wave tubes, crossed field amplifiers, and magnetrons. It also briefly discusses solid state RF power amplifiers. The document concludes with an outline of topics to be covered, including receivers and waveform generators, other transmitter and receiver subsystems, and radar receiver-transmitter architectures.","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/radar-2009-a-17-transmitters-and-receivers/58231647","userLogin":"Forward2025","userName":"Forward2025","viewCount":6712},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Eccm in radar","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":112,"score":0.458212,"slideshowId":"46102072","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"eccm-in-radar","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/eccminradar-150320203145-conversion-gate01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Tác chiến điện tử","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/eccm-in-radar/46102072","userLogin":"hoqson9","userName":"Ho Son","viewCount":6047},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Stevenson f 22 brief","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":78,"score":0.456361,"slideshowId":"16311038","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"stevenson-f-22-brief","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/stevensonf-22brief-130202111751-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The document discusses criticisms of the U.S. Air Force's procurement of the F-22 fighter jet. It argues that the Air Force has ignored lessons from history by prioritizing technology like stealth and speed over situational awareness and dogfighting ability. While stealth technology provides some advantages, it does not make aircraft invisible and radars must still be operated to engage enemies. The document also questions whether the F-22 can fulfill its mission of gaining the first sighting of an enemy when its rearward visibility is limited. Overall, the document asserts that the Air Force's focus on the F-22's technological capabilities does not guarantee success against a thinking enemy in realistic air combat situations.","tags":["f-22 brief","stevenson","f-22"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stevenson-f-22-brief/16311038","userLogin":"Picard578","userName":"Picard578","viewCount":44066},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Future Warfare","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":116,"score":0.454881,"slideshowId":"173879245","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"future-warfare-173879245","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/futurewarfare-190919203301-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Why isn't this world a paradise? Because humanity lives under Saturn's influence. Everything in this world is tainted by Satan. This means concretely that material oppression separates us from the abundance and timelessness of carefree life.\r\n\r\nThe anarchists are the only ones who came close to a true analysis of our condition. They identified agriculture as the main problem that leads to all others. Agriculture is the separation from nature, ourselves and each other. Now the revelation is that Saturn is the Roman god of agriculture \u0026 civilization!\r\n\r\nInterestingly, the advent of agriculture is dated at ~10.000 years ago which is also where Tim Leary \u0026 Bob Wilson place the emergence of the 3rd Circuit - the Promethean brain or 666 mind. In Space Odyssey terms, this is the point where the ape-men start thinking and transform the Prima Materia through their own work. This is the \"fall\" from the former tribal, unconscious paradise. The black monolith is Saturn's dark gate, Saturn being the Guardian of the Threshold behind which waits the lost paradise!\r\n\r\nPrometheus is Lucifer - intellectual reasoning and logic which separates us from the child-like state of mind, of stillness and observation and drags us into the external world (the devil) and into the illusions of thoughts - into evil. All brains are controlled by Maya and we forget who we really are (God's Image). We believe in separation even though it's impossible.\r\n\r\nIn our perfect state we are ageless, without ego and agriculture. There was no need for tech. The 666 is the ego/brain/Saturn, which is a material, finite system that can be simulated (most people are Sims, SIMulated SIMians!). Atoms are empty space so the brain is unreal. HAL kills the crew - the living dead of mankind: their egos implode.\r\n\r\nBut because Saturn or its demons genetically corrupted us - Saturn is Kronos or time - our cells are programmed to age and die. Time is symbolized by water in the Bible. We live inside of Leviathan or Ouroboros (Saturn's Rings). The Orphic Egg symbolizes how our world is hatched by the snake. Our intellect \u0026 science slowly restores the lost knowledge necessary for our transmutation - through technology - into God's Image. Transhumanism is Saturn-Gnosis.\r\n\r\nThis is Saturn's irony. Although it is evil and has separated us from our ageless paradise - the way itself leads us back into paradise. The snake creates its own destruction. This point has already been reached at the end of the 20th century. We are now in the 3RD millennium. Christ has returned (HOLOFEELING) and judged the world (Saturn) at the Grand Cross Solar Eclipse in August, 1999. Jesus the son is also Japan the sun - a creative mind beyond good \u0026 evil.\r\n\r\nSaturn's slavery is the iron triangle (inverted SMI²LE): limited space, intelligence and time. Concretely this means: agriculture, ego, and aging.\r\n\r\nBehind Saturn lies Uranus (Heaven/Freedom): immortality (telomerase), enlightenment (holofeeling), space travel (antigravity)","tags":["nasa","warfare","war"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/future-warfare-173879245/173879245","userLogin":"Vapula","userName":"Vapula","viewCount":919},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Radiation basics and radiation damage","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":46,"score":0.454258,"slideshowId":"37945849","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"radiation-basics-and-radiation-damage","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/nanoscience-140813052304-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"This document provides an overview of radiation, radioisotopes, and their applications in medicine. It discusses the structure of atoms and isotopes, including definitions of radioisotopes and their three main types of radioactive decay - alpha, beta, and gamma decay. It also covers half-life, and the direct and indirect actions of radiation. The document outlines the different types of radiation damage and effects, as well as methods of repairing radiation-induced DNA damage, including direct damage reversal and four types of excision repair.","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/divyabms/radiation-basics-and-radiation-damage","userLogin":"divyabms","userName":"divyabms","viewCount":5205},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"171214 radm hill_csis_usni","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":18,"score":0.453998,"slideshowId":"136950064","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"171214-radm-hillcsisusni","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/171214radmhillcsisusni-190318090225-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"RADM J. A. Hill provided a ballistic missile defense update, summarizing that: the US is committed to improving its missile defense system to defend against threats; the threat from North Korea and Iran is increasing as their missile capabilities advance; and the Missile Defense Agency is focusing on increasing system reliability, addressing advanced threats, and boosting engagement capabilities to stay ahead of the evolving threat.","tags":["ballistic missile defense update","december 2017"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/171214-radm-hillcsisusni/136950064","userLogin":"Lsquirrel","userName":"Lsquirrel","viewCount":756},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Radar 2009 a 19 electronic counter measures","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":62,"score":0.453218,"slideshowId":"58231680","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"radar-2009-a-19-electronic-counter-measures","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/radar-2009-a19-electronic-counter-measures-160213205349-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"This document contains slides from a lecture on electronic countermeasures (ECM) against radar systems. It discusses how ECM techniques like chaff, noise jamming and random pulses can be used to mask targets from radar detection by increasing clutter. It provides details on how chaff works, including its reflectivity properties and how it is dispensed. Examples are given of chaff masking an aircraft and deceiving trackers. The presentation also introduces how electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) can be used to counter ECM techniques.","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/radar-2009-a-19-electronic-counter-measures/58231680","userLogin":"Forward2025","userName":"Forward2025","viewCount":6327},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"The F-35 Cockpit","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":14,"score":0.453207,"slideshowId":"12572694","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"the-f35-cockpit","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/thef-35cockpitapproach-120417081628-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The F-35 Cockpit: Enabling the Pilot as a Tactical Decision Maker\n\nDr. Michael L. Skaff created this briefing. Skaff described his background in a recent interview as follows:\n\nI was an F-16 pilot out of the Air Force Academy. I was prior enlisted, and I’ve been with Lockheed Martin for about 23 years working on the F-35 cockpit since ’95. I flew out of MacDill, Shaw, and Luke during the Cold War.\n\nFor a full discussion with Skaff regarding the baseline F-35 please see\n\nhttp://www.sldinfo.com/understanding-the-basic-f-35-what-is-in-the-baseline-aircraft/\n","tags":["f-35","cockpit"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/the-f35-cockpit/12572694","userLogin":"robbinlaird","userName":"ICSA, LLC","viewCount":34761},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Lecture 6-Radiation Shielding","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":25,"score":0.449333,"slideshowId":"30005233","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"lecture-6-30005233","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/lecture6-140114102537-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"This document discusses concepts related to radiation shielding, including:\n\n- How radiation intensity decreases with distance from the source according to the inverse square law. Fluence and flux are defined to describe radiation intensity. \n\n- Formulas are provided to calculate flux and exposure rate at varying distances from a point source, taking into account the source strength, photon energy, and attenuation from any shielding material. \n\n- Tables of attenuation coefficients are given for various materials to allow for calculations of exposure rate from shielded sources.\n\n- Simplified rules of thumb are described for estimating exposure rates from gamma and beta point sources based on source strength, photon energy, and distance from the source.","tags":["lecture 6-radiation shielding"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/lecture-6-30005233/30005233","userLogin":"erletshaqe1","userName":"Albania Energy Association","viewCount":6497},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"Electronic Warfare Threat Modeling and Simulation ","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":24,"score":0.448978,"slideshowId":"98546135","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"learn-about-electronic-warfare-threat-modeling-and-simulation","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/electronicwarfarethreatmodelingandsimulationtraining-180524193548-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Electronic Warfare Threat Modeling and Simulation Training.Electronic Warfare Threat Modeling and Simulation Training\r\n\r\n# Who Should Attend\r\n\r\nTechnical personnel\r\nRadar system planning\r\nElectrical engineers\r\nSoftware engineers\r\nSystem engineers\r\nSystem analysts\r\nCyber security professionals\r\nVerification and validation personnel\r\nProject managers\r\nProgram managers\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Electronic Warfare Threat Modeling and Simulation Training Course provides modeling and simulation of classic and new threat environment applied to Electronic Warfare (EW) foundation. This course designed for military professionals, analysts, engineers, electrical engineers, project managers, electronic warfare technical professionals and anyone involved in planning, analysis, modeling and simulation of Electronic Warfare Threat in the new environment.\r\n\r\nTONEX has developed training courses in ISR, Microwave, Radar, EW, Tactical Data Link, Link 11, Link 16, Link 22, tactical lasers electrical systems and other innovative training programs since 1993.\r\n\r\n\r\n# Learning Objectives \r\n\r\n Rundown the premise of current Electronic Warfare (EW) ideas, engineering and strategies \r\nTalk about the utilization of electronic warfare ideas to ground, airborne and maritime surface warfare \r\nRundown the practical and operational susceptibilities of weapon frameworks to electronic warfare \r\nUnderstand the application modeling, simulation and net-driven design to electronic warfare \r\nTalk about Electronic Warfare Systems Engineering and System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) standards \r\nPortray Threat Modeling and Simulation \r\nPortray Electronic Warfare (EW) threat conditions \r\nThoroughly analyze new and great Electronic Warfare (EW) threat conditions\r\n\r\n# Course Agenda\r\n\r\nWhat is Electronic Warfare (EW)?\r\n\r\nElectronic Warfare principles\r\nOverview of signals such as radio, \r\ninfrared or radar\r\nElectronic Warfare architecture\r\nNaval EW\r\nGround EW\r\nAirborne EW\r\nCyber EW\r\nRF electronic warfare\r\nInfrared Countermeasures\r\n\r\n# Overview of Threat to Electronic Warfare Functions in New Environment\r\n\r\nAbility to use the electromagnetic spectrum\r\nKey concepts to sense, protect, and communicate\r\nOverview of Electronic Warfare major areas and function\r\nElectronic Attack\r\nDisrupting signals\r\nElectronic Protection\r\nPreventing a receiver from being jammed\r\nElectronic Support\r\nProducing the data necessary to disrupt the electromagnetic spectrum\u000bListening\r\nCollecting radio signals\r\nSensing the radar of an incoming missile\r\nWeapon systems\r\nRadar systems\r\nRadar cross section\r\nSearch radars\r\nTracking radars\r\nElectronic support measures\r\nElectromagnetic countermeasures\r\n\r\nLearn more about Electronic Warfare Threat Modeling and Simulation \r\nhttps://www.tonex.com/training-courses/electronic-warfare-threat-modeling-simulation-training/\r\n","tags":["electronic warfare threat modeling and simulation","tonex training","ea"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/learn-about-electronic-warfare-threat-modeling-and-simulation/98546135","userLogin":"WesleyComal","userName":"Wesley Comal","viewCount":725},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"أساسيات الحرب الألكترونية","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":66,"score":0.448597,"slideshowId":"52840469","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"ss-52840469","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/random-150916100343-lva1-app6892-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"معلومات عن اساسيات الحرب الألكترونية تفيد كمدخل للمتعاملين في هذا المجال","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/nasersalah75/ss-52840469","userLogin":"nasersalah75","userName":"Naser Elmisbah","viewCount":6084},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"اساسيات النظائر المشعه.pdf","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":27,"score":0.446895,"slideshowId":"259357166","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"pdf-259357166","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/random-230722140916-999160a9-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"اساسيات النظائر المشعه","tags":["اساسيات النظائر المشعه"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pdf-259357166/259357166","userLogin":"mohamedscientisst","userName":"Mohamed Alashram","viewCount":127},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"THALES - TACTICOS GFCS","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":23,"score":0.444178,"slideshowId":"23071384","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"thales-tacticos-gfcs","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/dds06-12-06-130616145600-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The document discusses Thales Nederland's TACTICOS Combat Management System and its use of the Data Distribution Service (DDS) middleware. The TACTICOS CMS uses a distributed, fault-tolerant architecture with DDS as the information backbone to integrate sensors and weapons on naval vessels. DDS provides scalability, reliability, and information-centric capabilities like publish-subscribe that are crucial for the complex data management and real-time decision making required of a combat management system.","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/thales-tacticos-gfcs/23071384","userLogin":"NiloSeijas","userName":"Nilo Garcia Seijas","viewCount":3830},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) - 12 April 2011","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":12,"score":0.444106,"slideshowId":"7604706","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"international-nuclear-and-radiological-event-scale-ines-12-april-2011","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/ines120411-110412135500-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) provides criteria for rating events associated with radioactive material to communicate their safety significance to the public. INES ratings are based on three criteria: impact on people and the environment, radiological barriers and controls, and degradation of defense in depth protections. Higher level events involve more significant radioactive releases or damage to fuel and barriers. The defense in depth strategy uses multiple layers of safety systems so that failure of one is compensated by others to prevent harm.","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/international-nuclear-and-radiological-event-scale-ines-12-april-2011/7604706","userLogin":"iaea","userName":"International Atomic Energy Agency","viewCount":7497},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"AESA Airborne Radar Theory and Operations Technical Training Course Sampler","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":33,"score":0.442326,"slideshowId":"31080206","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"aesa-airborne-radartheoryandoperationscoursesampler","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/aesaairborneradartheoryandoperationscoursesampler-140211082433-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The revolutionary active electronically scanned array (AESA) Radar provides huge gains in performance and all the front line fighters in the world from the Americans (F35, F22, F18, F15, F16) to the Europeans, Russians and Chinese already have one or soon will. This four day seminar, which took 10,000 man hours to produce, is a comprehensive treatment on the latest systems engineering technology required to design the modes for an AESA to capitalize on the systems inherent multi role, wide bandwidth, fast beam switching, and high power capabilities. Steve Jobs once said “You must provide the tools to let people become their best”, and this seminar will include two indispensable tools for the AESA engineer. 1) A newly written 400+ page electronic book with interactive calculations and simulations on the more complicated seminar subjects like STAP and Automatic Target Recognition. 2) A professionally designed spread sheet (with software) for designing, capturing and predicting the detection performance of the AESA modes including the challenging Alert-Confirm waveform.","tags":["aesa","airborne radar","stap"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/aesa-airborne-radartheoryandoperationscoursesampler/31080206","userLogin":"aticourses","userName":"Jim Jenkins","viewCount":8467},{"algorithmId":"5","displayTitle":"PPT on Directed Energy Weapons","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":17,"score":0.441268,"slideshowId":"117058325","sourceName":"cm_interact","strippedTitle":"ppt-on-directed-energy-weapons","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/directedenergyweapons-180928080212-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Directed Energy Weapons (LASER, High Power Microwave Weapons) DEW are future weapons, It is game Changing technology in future.","tags":["laser","microwave weapons","future weapon"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/ppt-on-directed-energy-weapons/117058325","userLogin":"VishalBait","userName":"Vishal Bait","viewCount":4349}],"alsoLiked":[{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"Lean Startup Operating Manual (Customer Development at Work)","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":57,"score":0,"slideshowId":"1463041","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"lean-startup-operating-manual-customer-development-at-work","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/tiecon051609-090520031923-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Here's the checklist for a startup wanting to get started with Customer Development part of the Lean Startup","tags":["tiecon","steve blank","customer development"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/lean-startup-operating-manual-customer-development-at-work/1463041","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":34722},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"Secret History: Why Stanford and Not Berkeley?","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":79,"score":0,"slideshowId":"7060368","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"secret-history-why-stanford-and-not-berkeley","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/berkeley022411-110225132921-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The document summarizes the secret history of how Stanford, rather than Berkeley, became the origin of Silicon Valley. It describes how Stanford focused on electronics and microwave technology during WWII and the Cold War, attracting both government funding and pioneering entrepreneurs like Frederick Terman. In contrast, Berkeley focused on theoretical physics and operating national laboratories. Venture capital in the 1950s-60s further fueled innovation and entrepreneurship in the region.","tags":["steve blank","stanford","nro"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-why-stanford-and-not-berkeley/7060368","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":51555},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"Customer Development Past Present Future Steve Blank 111909","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":37,"score":0,"slideshowId":"2542752","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"customer-development-past-present-future-steve-blank-111909","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/customerdevelopmentpastpresentfuturesteveblank111909-091120013201-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"- Steve Blank Presentation \n- Nov 09 San Francisco Lean Startup Circle\n- Customer Development Past Present Future","tags":["steve blank","customer development","lean startup"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/customer-development-past-present-future-steve-blank-111909/2542752","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":34354},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"The startup owners manual sxsw","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":123,"score":0,"slideshowId":"11954724","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"the-startup-owners-manual-sxsw-11954724","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/thestartupownersmanualsxsw-120310163912-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The document summarizes Steve Blank's presentation on the startup path and customer development process. It provides an overview of Blank's background and books that influenced his work. It then outlines the four steps of the customer development process - customer discovery, validation, creation, and growth. The presentation concludes by discussing how Blank teaches entrepreneurs to test hypotheses about their business model in his Lean LaunchPad class over 8 weeks.","tags":["steve blank","business model","startup"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/the-startup-owners-manual-sxsw-11954724/11954724","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":91154},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"10 Steps to Product/Market Fit","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":68,"score":0,"slideshowId":"8599055","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"10-steps-to-productmarket-fit","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/marketfit-110714151312-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The 10 steps to product/market fit are: \n1) Document your initial business plan or \"Plan A\". \n2) Identify and tackle the riskiest parts of your business model first. \n3) Understand that startups go through three stages - problem/solution fit, product/market fit, and scaling. Focus on validated learning through experiments and pivots before trying to optimize or scale.\n4) Focus on the right key metrics like acquisition, activation, retention, revenue, and referrals that provide valuable insights before achieving product/market fit. \n5) Formulate specific and testable hypotheses about what will drive customer acquisition.\n6) Architect your product and processes for speed and","tags":["startup company"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/10-steps-to-productmarket-fit/8599055","userLogin":"ashmaurya","userName":"Ash Maurya","viewCount":153814},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"Steve blank moneyball and evidence-based entreprenuership ","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":54,"score":0,"slideshowId":"28592614","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"steve-blank-money-ball-and-evidencebased-entreprenuership","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/steveblankmoneyballforleanconf-131125032220-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The document discusses the Lean Startup methodology and the development of an Investment Readiness Level (IRL) framework analogous to NASA's Technology Readiness Level. It describes how the IRL evaluates a startup's progress based on data, moving from the initial hypothesis stage through validating the problem and solution fit, and product/market fit on both sides of the Business Model Canvas. The IRL is intended to quantify risk levels for startups based on evidence gathered through customer development and experimentation.","tags":["steve blank","moneyball","startups"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/steve-blank-money-ball-and-evidencebased-entreprenuership/28592614","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":114912},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"Lecture 1: Business Model \u0026 Customer Development","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":201,"score":0,"slideshowId":"9626147","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"lecture-1-business-model-customer-development","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/lecture1-111010030133-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The document summarizes the key concepts from the Lean LaunchPad course, including business models, customer development, and pivoting. It explains that a business model describes all parts of a company necessary to make money. It then discusses customer development as a process involving customer discovery, validation, and creation to iteratively build a business model through pivoting based on customer feedback. The goal is to identify a repeatable and scalable business model in the search for a startup idea.","tags":["business model","steve blank","nsf"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/lecture-1-business-model-customer-development/9626147","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":104423},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"Seacurity Hacking for Defense 2017","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":93,"score":0,"slideshowId":"76717284","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"seacurity-hacking-for-defense-2017-video-76717284","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/seacurityfinalpresentation-170607052402-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The team has identified a breakthrough opportunity to partner with the Maritime and Port Security Information Sharing and Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO) to develop a port cybersecurity assessment framework. This would allow the United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) to evaluate cyber resilience at strategic US seaports through aggregated data from commercial port authorities. Key activities would include defining critical infrastructure, providing framework guidelines, and establishing a partnership between USTRANSCOM and MPS-ISAO for valuable data sharing. The framework aims to provide a standard for evaluating ports and incentivizing improved cyber readiness for both military and commercial beneficiaries.","tags":["lean startup","startup","joe felter"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/seacurity-hacking-for-defense-2017-video-76717284/76717284","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":137805},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"Xplomo Hacking for Defense 2017","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":38,"score":0,"slideshowId":"76717424","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"xplomo-hacking-for-defense-2017","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/xplomofinalpresentation-170607053201-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"mission model, mission model canvas, customer development, Hacking for Defense, lean startup, stanford, startup, steve blank, Pete Newell, Joe Felter, minimum viable product","tags":["startup","joe felter","mission model"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/xplomo-hacking-for-defense-2017/76717424","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":129462},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"Austra Lumina Hacking for Defense 2017","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":47,"score":0,"slideshowId":"76717204","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"austra-lumina-hacking-for-defense-2017","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/finaldraft-submittedversionv2-2017-06-06-170607051835-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"mission model, mission model canvas, customer development, Hacking for Defense, lean startup, stanford, startup, steve blank, Pete Newell, Joe Felter, minimum viable product","tags":["hacking for defense","steve blank","stanford"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/austra-lumina-hacking-for-defense-2017/76717204","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":129101},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"Surgency Hacking for Defense 2017","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":43,"score":0,"slideshowId":"76717303","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"surgency-hacking-for-defense-2017","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/finalpresentation-surgency-170607052521-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"mission model, mission model canvas, customer development, Hacking for Defense, lean startup, stanford, startup, steve blank, Pete Newell, Joe Felter, minimum viable product","tags":["joe felter","minimum viable product","mission model canvas"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/surgency-hacking-for-defense-2017/76717303","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":129631},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"21st Century Frogman Lessons Learned H4D Stanford 2017","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":49,"score":0,"slideshowId":"76717143","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"21st-century-frogman-lessons-learned-h4d-stanford-2017","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/frogmanfinal-170607051521-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"mission model, mission model canvas, customer development, Hacking for Defense, lean startup, stanford, startup, steve blank, Pete Newell, Joe Felter, minimum viable product","tags":["startup","hacking for defense","minimum viable product"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/21st-century-frogman-lessons-learned-h4d-stanford-2017/76717143","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":163879},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"Broadcom - Hacking for Defense - Stanford 2017","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":37,"score":0,"slideshowId":"76749401","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"broadcom-hacking-for-defense-stanford-2017","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/broadcomfinal-170608014939-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"mission model, mission model canvas, customer development, Hacking for Defense, lean startup, stanford, startup, steve blank, Pete Newell, Joe Felter, minimum viable product","tags":["customer development","stanford","mission model canvas"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/broadcom-hacking-for-defense-stanford-2017/76749401","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":125884},{"algorithmId":"21","displayTitle":"Customer Development at Startup2Startup","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":28,"score":0,"slideshowId":"1375305","sourceName":"li_interact","strippedTitle":"customer-development-at-startup2startup","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/startup2startup043009-090502002608-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Steve Blank and Eric Ries at Startup2Startup Customer Development Presentation 30 April 2009, Palo Alto California","tags":["startup","entrepreneur","startup2startup"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/customer-development-at-startup2startup/1375305","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":157393}],"similarTo":[],"moreFromUser":[{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Networks - 2022 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competition","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":19,"score":0,"slideshowId":"255126380","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-networks-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition-255126380","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team2networks2-230103193906-3a211bca-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, networks","tags":["technology innovation and great power competition","tigpc","gordian knot center"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-networks-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition-255126380/255126380","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":2510},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team LiOn Batteries - 2022 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competition","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":16,"score":0,"slideshowId":"254972349","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-lion-batteries-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team9lionbatteries-221221050826-a3ab7cab-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, LiOn Batteries","tags":["technology innovation and great power competition","tigpc","gordian knot center"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/sblank/team-lion-batteries-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":2924},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Quantum - 2022 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competition","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":14,"score":0,"slideshowId":"254972339","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-quantum-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team7quantum-221221050657-0f216f2a-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, Quantum","tags":["technology innovation and great power competition","tigpc","gordian knot center"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/sblank/team-quantum-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":2258},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Disinformation - 2022 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competition","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":27,"score":0,"slideshowId":"254970280","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-disinformation-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team6disinformation-221221011843-37a67139-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, Disinformation","tags":["technology innovation and great power competition","tigpc","gordian knot center"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-disinformation-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition/254970280","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":2337},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Wargames - 2022 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competition","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":20,"score":0,"slideshowId":"254970251","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-wargames-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team4-combineddraft-221221011421-59a4b8a1-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, Wargames","tags":["technology innovation and great power competition","tigpc","gordian knot center"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-wargames-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition/254970251","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":2474},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Acquistion - 2022 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competition ","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":42,"score":0,"slideshowId":"254969985","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-acquistion-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team3lessonslearnedvf-221221002641-538f4f5a-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, Acquistion","tags":["technology innovation and great power competition","tigpc","gordian knot center"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-acquistion-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition/254969985","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":2588},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Climate Change - 2022 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competition ","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":19,"score":0,"slideshowId":"254969279","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-army-climate-change-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team1final-221220213514-633c0c59-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, climate","tags":["technology innovation and great power competition","tigpc","gordian knot center"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/sblank/team-army-climate-change-2022-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":2483},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Altuna Engr245 2022 Lessons Learned","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":25,"score":0,"slideshowId":"252113422","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"altuna-engr245-2022-lessons-learned","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/2022-05-25altunafinalreflections-220704025228-fbbfff3c-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The document describes a team's efforts to commercialize a new protein quantification technology called PLA-Seq. After initially thinking the technology's value propositions of lower cost, faster throughput, and lower sample volume would appeal to pharmaceutical and personalized health companies, the team conducted customer interviews and learned accuracy was more important than cost to most customers. They also found their target markets should be preclinical biotech and academia rather than personalized health or CROs. The team incorporated their business and pivoted their marketing strategy and funding plans accordingly based on learnings outside of the building.","tags":["e245","lean launchpad","lean"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/altuna-engr245-2022-lessons-learned/252113422","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":1339},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Invisa Engr245 2022 Lessons Learned","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":21,"score":0,"slideshowId":"252113417","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"invisa-engr245-2022-lessons-learned","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/invisafinalpresenation-220704025156-caa0c0b6-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The document summarizes the development of Invisa Bio over 10 weeks as they pivoted between different medical applications and solutions for their self-assembling medical device technology. They initially focused on manufacturing and delivery but shifted to leveraging drug delivery mechanisms. They considered applications in cardiology, neurology, and orthopedics before focusing on brain aneurysms based on feedback from physicians. The company incorporated, raised funding, and began shadowing doctors to further develop their technology to address unmet needs in difficult to reach areas.","tags":["stanford","lean","lean launchpad"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/invisa-engr245-2022-lessons-learned/252113417","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":182},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"ānanda Engr245 2022 Lessons Learned","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":18,"score":0,"slideshowId":"252113416","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"nanda-engr245-2022-lessons-learned","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/nandalessonslearned-finaldraft-220704025152-21e0bfdd-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"(1) The document describes the journey of a team developing a saffron supplement product to address mental health issues like anxiety and depression. \n\n(2) It started with the goal of targeting adults aged 18-40, but through customer interviews and testing, they learned that teenagers were more interested in an anti-anxiety gummy product. \n\n(3) Key lessons included the challenges of building the right team, navigating advice, knowing when enough customer feedback has been received, and setting individual and project milestones. The team is now continuing work over the summer to further develop the product.","tags":["stanford","e245","lean launchpad"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nanda-engr245-2022-lessons-learned/252113416","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":56},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Gordian Knot Center Roundtable w/Depty SecDef ","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":37,"score":0,"slideshowId":"251567050","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"gordian-knot-center-roundtable-wdepty-secdef","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/dsdgkcroundtablev2-220412025626-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Kathleen Hicks - Deputy secretary of defense- visit to the Stanford Gordian Knot Center for National Security Innovation","tags":["defense innovation","deputy secretary of defense","gordian knot"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/gordian-knot-center-roundtable-wdepty-secdef/251567050","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":35012},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Army venture capital - 2021 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competi...","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":16,"score":0,"slideshowId":"250985332","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-army-venture-capital-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition-250985332","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/avicdeckfinal2-220112223235-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, Army venture capital","tags":["technology","innovation and great power competition","tigpc"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-army-venture-capital-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition-250985332/250985332","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":74480},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Army venture capital - 2021 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competi...","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":16,"score":0,"slideshowId":"250985330","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-army-venture-capital-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition-250985330","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/avicdeckfinal2-220112223132-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve Blank, Army Venture capital","tags":["technology","innovation and great power competition","tigpc"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-army-venture-capital-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition-250985330/250985330","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":580},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Catena - 2021 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competition","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":20,"score":0,"slideshowId":"250937807","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-catena-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team71833318821721catenafinalprojectpresentationsubmission-220104015059-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, economic coercion,","tags":["technology","innovation and great power competition","tigpc"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-catena-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition/250937807","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":77357},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Apollo - 2021 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competition","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":24,"score":0,"slideshowId":"250937800","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-space-force-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team61110388821561spaceforce-220104014933-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, space force","tags":["technology","innovation and great power competition","tigpc"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-space-force-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition/250937800","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":76808},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Short Circuit - 2021 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competition","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":19,"score":0,"slideshowId":"250937666","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-short-circuit-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team41730708820990teamshortcircuitpresentationclean-220104011943-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, semiconductors","tags":["technology","innovation and great power competition","tigpc"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-short-circuit-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition/250937666","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":77012},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Aurora - 2021 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Competition","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":17,"score":0,"slideshowId":"250937652","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"aurora-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team3late1064048821797newfinalpresentationslides-220104011503-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, Army venture capital","tags":["technology","innovation and great power competition","tigpc"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/aurora-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition/250937652","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":77077},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Team Conflicted Capital Team - 2021 Technology, Innovation \u0026 Great Power Comp...","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":13,"score":0,"slideshowId":"250937647","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"team-conflicted-capital-team-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/team21130conflictedcapitaltigpcfinalpresentation-220104011009-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, venture capital","tags":["technology","innovation and great power competition","tigpc"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-conflicted-capital-team-2021-technology-innovation-great-power-competition/250937647","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":77223},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Lecture 8 - Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition - Cyber","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":72,"score":0,"slideshowId":"250694008","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"lecture-8-technology-innovation-and-great-power-competition-cyber","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/lecture8tigpc2021-211121072220-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, Michael Sulmeyer, cybercom,USCYBERCOM","tags":["technology","innovation and great power competition","tigpc"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/lecture-8-technology-innovation-and-great-power-competition-cyber/250694008","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":55669},{"algorithmId":"","displayTitle":"Lecture 7 - Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition - Space","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":64,"score":0,"slideshowId":"250694000","sourceName":"MORE_FROM_USER","strippedTitle":"lecture-7-technology-innovation-and-great-power-competition-space","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/lecture7tigpc2021-211121071916-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms\u0026e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, space, space force, general Raymond, space command","tags":["technology","innovation and great power competition","tigpc"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/lecture-7-technology-innovation-and-great-power-competition-space/250694000","userLogin":"sblank","userName":"Stanford University","viewCount":50780}],"featured":null,"latest":[{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"Chapter 1. Definition, History, Present status and scope of Pharmacognosy","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":12,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273515556","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"chapter-1-definition-history-present-status-and-scope-of-pharmacognosy","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/chapter1-241122050449-5ca3a677-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Pharmacognosy Theory D.Pharm Ist Year Course code: ER20-13T","tags":["pharmacognosy","er20-13t"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/chapter-1-definition-history-present-status-and-scope-of-pharmacognosy/273515556","userLogin":"TRIBHUWANKUMARVASHIS1","userName":"Tribhuwan Kumar Vashishtha","viewCount":51},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"Science Invertebrate classification.pptx","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":19,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273501698","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"science-invertebrate-classification-pptx","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/invertebratesclassification-241121152940-aa317e31-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Practice of invertebrate classification. Natural Science 3º","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/science-invertebrate-classification-pptx/273501698","userLogin":"manuelaromero2013","userName":"manuelaromero2013","viewCount":162},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"Ravindranath tagore - gitanjali biography","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":4,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273422823","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"ravindranath-tagore-gitanjali-biography","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/tagore-241119055914-4184a748-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Ravindranath tagore- gitanjali biographies ","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/ravindranath-tagore-gitanjali-biography/273422823","userLogin":"MahaMaha34","userName":"Maha Maha","viewCount":54},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"GIÁO ÁN KẾ HOẠCH DẠY HỌC MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM (GLOBAL SUCCESS) THEO CÔN...","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":240,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273433051","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"giao-an-k-ho-ch-d-y-h-c-mon-ti-ng-anh-l-p-9-c-nam-global-success-theo-cong-van-5512-2-c-t-nam-h-c-2024-2025-tu-n-1-18-pdf","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/gionkhochdyhcmntinganhlp9cnmglobalsuccesstheocngvn55122ctnmhc2024-2025tun1-18-241119122029-78a0e489-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"https://app.box.com/s/tmjfqkwtqmm1giargo8sznaej2zgqvel","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/giao-an-k-ho-ch-d-y-h-c-mon-ti-ng-anh-l-p-9-c-nam-global-success-theo-cong-van-5512-2-c-t-nam-h-c-2024-2025-tu-n-1-18-pdf/273433051","userLogin":"daykemquynhon","userName":"Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection","viewCount":234},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"Safety Sustainability Slides for friday.","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":5,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273510437","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"safety-sustainability-slides-for-friday","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/safetysustainabilityslides-241122003639-1b7d906f-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"sustainabilty","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/safety-sustainability-slides-for-friday/273510437","userLogin":"muzakkir15987","userName":"muzakkir15987","viewCount":415},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"FORMATION OF HABITS IN INDIVIDUAL .pptx","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":6,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273563924","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"formation-of-habits-in-individual-pptx","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/habitformation-241124175421-747cf6f2-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"FORMATION OF HABITS","tags":["applied psychology","nursing","gnm"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/formation-of-habits-in-individual-pptx/273563924","userLogin":"PoojaSen20","userName":"PoojaSen20","viewCount":65},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"IGNOU Sample Practical File for MCFTL006 Applied Social Psychology KMS","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":67,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273454278","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"ignou-sample-practical-file-for-mcftl006-applied-social-psychology-kms","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/mcftl006kmscovid-241120044235-95a9e1a8-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"This sample file has been contributed by a former IGNOU student for the benefit of current students. For more free samples visit: https://ignou.realhappinesscenter.com/p/ignou-practicals-internship-reports.html","tags":["sample file","ignou","msccft"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/ignou-sample-practical-file-for-mcftl006-applied-social-psychology-kms/273454278","userLogin":"msahluwalia","userName":"PsychoTech Services","viewCount":157},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"Documentation of Antiquities Definition and Classification","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":15,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273435081","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"documentation-of-antiquities-definition-and-classification","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/13-241119132401-c21949f0-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The PPP is prepared for the UG students only, not for API or for commercial use. ","tags":["archaeology","archaeological survey","drawing"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/documentation-of-antiquities-definition-and-classification/273435081","userLogin":"SachinTiwary4","userName":"SachinTiwary4","viewCount":55},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"NOV 19 Beauty of Art as a Powerful Tool to Teach the Catholic Faith","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":116,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273428031","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"nov-19-beauty-of-art-as-a-powerful-tool-to-teach-the-catholic-faith","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/nov19beautyofartasapowerfultooltoteachthecatholicfaith-241119093251-502b685c-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Beauty of Art as a Powerful Tool to Teach the Catholic Faith\n\nwww.characterconferences.com\n\ncatalystpds@gmail.com","tags":["catechism","catechist","education"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nov-19-beauty-of-art-as-a-powerful-tool-to-teach-the-catholic-faith/273428031","userLogin":"mannrentoy","userName":"Mann Rentoy","viewCount":257},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"Fulbright story of Gabriela Mezeiova, Slovak Fulbright Alumni Association","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":7,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273435792","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"fulbright-story-of-gabriela-mezeiova-slovak-fulbright-alumni-association","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/3greenillustrativeenvironmentalsustainabilitypresentation-241119134855-8c4b0412-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Fulbright story of Gabriela Mezeiova","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/fulbright-story-of-gabriela-mezeiova-slovak-fulbright-alumni-association/273435792","userLogin":"TomasCar","userName":"Tomas Car","viewCount":382},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"How to use t-ref and useRef in OWL in Odoo 17","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":13,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273396593","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"how-to-use-t-ref-and-useref-in-owl-in-odoo-17","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtouset-refanduserefinowlinodoo17-241118091514-1d04424f-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"OWL, odoo’s frontend framework is a robust and extensive tool used by odoo developers for making front end modification/customization . Here we are going to see how to use the useRef hook along with t-ref .","tags":["odoo 17","odoo 18","odoo slides"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/how-to-use-t-ref-and-useref-in-owl-in-odoo-17/273396593","userLogin":"CelineGeorge1","userName":"Celine George","viewCount":618},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"How to add Opening Stock and Adjust them in odoo Inventory","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":25,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273486626","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"how-to-add-opening-stock-and-adjust-them-in-odoo-inventory","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtoaddopeningstockandadjusttheminodooinventory-241121044819-0c77341c-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"To manage inventory precisely, add opening stock in the Odoo Inventory module. This sets a foundation for accurate financial reporting, COGS calculation, inventory valuation, and performance analysis. It ensures accurate tracking of stock movements, sales, and purchases, aligning records with actual stock for efficient control.","tags":["odoo","odoo slides","odoo guides"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/how-to-add-opening-stock-and-adjust-them-in-odoo-inventory/273486626","userLogin":"CelineGeorge1","userName":"Celine George","viewCount":62},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"Intelligence and its types ^Jnature.pptx","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":17,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273563961","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"intelligence-and-its-types-jnature-pptx","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/intelligenceanditstypesjnature-241124175612-9d462cde-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"INTELLIGENCE AND ITS TYPES ","tags":["applied psychology","gnm","bsc nursing"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/intelligence-and-its-types-jnature-pptx/273563961","userLogin":"PoojaSen20","userName":"PoojaSen20","viewCount":61},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"How To Recursively Render Components In Owl in odoo","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":9,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273423532","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"how-to-recursively-render-components-in-owl-in-odoo","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtorecursivelyrendercomponentsinowlinodoo-241119062807-ece5c58d-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The Odoo Javascript framework uses a custom component framework called Owl. Let’s discuss about Owl.js' recursive rendering capabilities, exploring the intricacies of the code alongside a representative hierarchical data structure.","tags":["odoo guides","odoo slides","odoo technical"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/how-to-recursively-render-components-in-owl-in-odoo/273423532","userLogin":"CelineGeorge1","userName":"Celine George","viewCount":395},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"BCS515B Module3 vtu notes : Artificial Intelligence Module 3.pdf","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":19,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273390195","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"bcs515b-module3-vtu-notes-artificial-intelligence-module-3-pdf","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/module3-241118044013-c8e219d7-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"BCS515B Module3 vtu notes :\nArtificial Intelligence ","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/bcs515b-module3-vtu-notes-artificial-intelligence-module-3-pdf/273390195","userLogin":"swethaashok28","userName":"Swetha A","viewCount":189},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"1124.resume_mainstream_ThomasKGirard-01.pdf","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":2,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273420111","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"1124-resume_mainstream_thomaskgirard-01-pdf","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/1124-241119042444-41ed1e43-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Thomas Girard is an Oxford-educated thought leader, globally recognized for his work in design innovation, creativity, and resilience. As a TEDx speaker with over 100,000 views across 18 languages, he uses his platform to inspire audiences worldwide. His memoir, Son of Greg Girard, explores the crossroads of family legacy, design, and innovation. He has delivered keynote addresses at global events such as UXIndia and participated as an invited delegate at the prestigious Sorbonne University.\n","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/1124-resume_mainstream_thomaskgirard-01-pdf/273420111","userLogin":"ThomasGIRARDBDes","userName":"Thomas GIRARD BDes","viewCount":229},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"Adhesives (Highlights)..............pptx","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":4,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273515343","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"adhesives-highlights-pptx","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/adhesieves-241122045203-2747e7f4-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"For Polytechnic","tags":["ksb"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/adhesives-highlights-pptx/273515343","userLogin":"ksbhattadcm","userName":"ksbhattadcm","viewCount":341},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"Fulbright story of Nikola Beim, Slovak Fulbright Alumni Association","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":8,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273435795","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"fulbright-story-of-nikola-beim-slovak-fulbright-alumni-association","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/1beimsfaaprezentacia-241119134907-5419c4e7-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Fulbright story of Nikola Beim","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/fulbright-story-of-nikola-beim-slovak-fulbright-alumni-association/273435795","userLogin":"TomasCar","userName":"Tomas Car","viewCount":362},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"Engineering material ......Polymers.pptx","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":7,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273431971","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"engineering-material-polymers-pptx","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/polymer-241119114459-e59559f2-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Sem I\nSKBP Polytechnic ","tags":["ksb"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/engineering-material-polymers-pptx/273431971","userLogin":"ksbhattadcm","userName":"ksbhattadcm","viewCount":674},{"algorithmId":"4","displayTitle":"Drug Excreation in Biopharmaceutics (B,Pharmacy 6thsem)","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":14,"score":0,"slideshowId":"273540720","sourceName":"LATEST","strippedTitle":"drug-excreation-in-biopharmaceutics-b-pharmacy-6thsem","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/drugexcreation-241123083437-f5f98285-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"unit - 2 sem 6 b. pharmacy","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/drug-excreation-in-biopharmaceutics-b-pharmacy-6thsem/273540720","userLogin":"VishakhaBanwait","userName":"Vishakha Saini","viewCount":152}]},"secretUrl":"AqAVKJrBtWZzNS","shouldShowAds":true,"slides":{"host":"https://image.slidesharecdn.com","title":"Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09","imageLocation":"secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01","imageSizes":[{"quality":85,"width":320,"format":"jpg"},{"quality":85,"width":638,"format":"jpg"},{"quality":75,"width":2048,"format":"webp"}]},"smsShareUrl":"sms:?body=Check out this SlideShare : https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658","strippedTitle":"secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=640\u0026height=640\u0026fit=bounds","title":"Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09","totalSlides":133,"transcript":["Hidden in Plain Sight:\nThe Secret History of Silicon Valley\n\n\n Watch This Talk Online\n http://bit.ly/SecretVideo\n\n\n Read the Backstory\n http://bit.ly/SecretStories\n\n\n Read the Blog\n www.steveblank.com\n\n Rev 4 Dec 09\n ","The Genesis of Silicon Valley Entrepreneurship\n\n Marc Andreessen\n Internet\n\n\n Steve Jobs\n Personal\n Computers\n\n Gordon Moore\n Integrated\n Circuits Innovation Networks\n\n\nHewlett \u0026 Packard\n Defense\n\n\n\n\n 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Popular View of\n Silicon Valley History Internet\n\n\n Personal\n Computers\n\n Integrated\n Circuits\n\n\n Fruit\n Orchards Innovation Networks\n Fruit\n Orchards\n\n Fruit\n Orchards\n\n1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Real Story of\n Silicon Valley History Internet\n\n\n Personal\n Computers\n\n Integrated\n Circuits\n\n\n Microwaves\n Innovation Networks\n Test\n Equipment\n\n Vacuum\n Tubes\n\n1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","A few caveats\n\n• Not a professional historian\n• WWII story from the western front - lacks Soviet\n contributions\n• Some of this is probably wrong\n• Cold War story is U.S.- centric. Other data points\n welcomed\n• All “secrets” are from open-source literature\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Seven Short Stories\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Story 1: WWII The First Electronic War\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Dec 7th 1941: America Enters WWII\n\n• Britain fighting since Sept ‘39\n• Soviets fighting massive land/air\n battles since June ‘41\n• Allies incapable of landing in\n Western Europe for 2+ years\n• Decide that\n – priority was to win in Europe vs Pacific\n – destroy German war fighting capacity\n from the air until they can invade\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Strategic Bombing of Germany\nMarch 1943: The Combined Bomber Offensive\n\n\n “Your primary objective will be the\n progressive destruction and dislocation\n of the German military, industrial and\n economic system and the undermining\n of the morale of the German people to a\n point where their capacity for armed\n resistance is fatally weakened.\"\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Strategic Bombing of Germany\n The Combined Bomber Offensive\n\n• British bombed at Night\n – Area Bombing\n • Lancaster's\n • Halifax\n • Flew at 7 - 17 thousand feet\n\n\n• The American’s by Day\n – Precision Bombing\n • B-17’s\n • B-24’s\n • Flew at 15 - 25 thousand feet\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Early Warning Radar Range\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The German Air Defense System\n The Kammhuber Line\n\n• Integrated Electronic air defense network\n – Covered France, the Low Countries, and into\n northern Germany\n\n\n• Protection from British/US bomber raids\n – Warn and Detect\n – Target and Aim\n – Destroy\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","British/American Air War in Western Europe\n\n 28,000 Active Combat Planes\n\n40,000 Allied planes lost or damaged beyond repair:\n 18,000 American and 22,000 British\n (46 000 planes lost by the USSR in the East)\n\n 79,265 Americans and 79,281 British killed,\n wounded or captured\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Early Warning Radars in Occupied France\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Mammoth\n Early Warning Radar\n\n• 200 mile range\n – 150 MHz, 200KW, PRF 500hz,\n PW 3µs, accuracy 0.5°\n• 100’ wide, 33’ high\n• 1st phased-array radar\n• Operational 1942\n• 20 built\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Wasserman\n Early Warning Radar\n\n• 150 mile range\n – 150 MHz, 100KW, PRF 500hz,\n PW 3µs, accuracy 0.25°\n• Backbone of the German\n early warning network\n• Steerable tower 190’\n• Operational 1942\n• 150 built\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Jagdschloss\n Early Warning Radar\n\n• 180 mile range\n – 120-157 or 156-250 MHz, 300KW,\n PW 1us, PRF 500hz\n• Best early warning radar\n• 360° rotation at 4 rpm,\n• Remote PPI display via\n microwave link\n• Operational 1944\n• 80 built\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Himmelbelt\nLocal Air Defense\n Network\n\n\n• Box ~30 x 20 miles\n• Integrated network\n of radars, flak,\n fighters,\n searchlights\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Himmelbelt\n Radar Order of Battle\n\n• Freya\n – early warning radar\n – detect allied bombers\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Himmelbelt\n Radar Order of Battle\n• Freya\n – early warning radar\n – detect allied bombers\n• Giant Wurzburg\n – Ground Controlled Intercept radar\n – direct fighters to bombers\n – fighters could then intercept with their\n on-board radar\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Himmelbelt\n Radar Order of Battle\n• Freya\n – early warning radar\n – detect allied bombers\n• Giant Wurzburg\n – Ground Controlled Intercept radar\n – direct fighters to bombers\n – fighters could then intercept with their\n on-board radar\n• Lichtenstein BC \u0026 SN2\n – Airborne radar on German\n nightfighters\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Freya\n Early Warning Radar\n• 60-120 mile range\n – 120-144 MHz, 15KW, PRF 500hz,\n PW 3 µs, accuracy 1.5°\n• Steerable and mobile\n• Over 1000 deployed\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Giant Wurzburg\n Ground Control Intercept Radar\n\n• 45 mile range\n – 533-566mhz frequency\n agile, 10KW, PRF 1875hz,\n PW 2 µs\n• GCI radar\n• 25’ wide\n• over 1,500 deployed\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Luftwaffe Signals Intelligence Service\n\n\n• Network of passive\n intercept stations\n• Picked up allied radio\n and bombing-radar\n signals\n• Plotted location of\n bomber streams\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Himmelbett\n Air Battle Air Traffic Control\n• Radars fed Himmelbett centers\n• Operators worked from rows of\n seats in front of a huge screen\n• Fighters would fly orbits around\n a radio beacon\n – fighter controller talked it to the\n vicinity of the target\n• Fighters would turn on its radar,\n acquire the target, and attack\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Flak - Radar Controlled Anti Aircraft Guns\n\n• 15,000 Flak Guns\n – 400,000 soldiers in flak batteries\n• Radar-directed flak to 30,000’\n – 128mm: 10 shells/minute\n – 105mm: 15 rounds/minute\n – 88mm: 15-20 rounds/minute\n• Fused for time\n – Fragmentation rounds 105 mm flak\n Flak: an abbreviation for Fliegerabwehrkanonen, german for anti-aircraft guns\n\n – No Proximity Fuses\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Wurzburg\n Anti-Aircraft Radar\n\n• Fire control of flak batteries\n• 15 mile range\n – 533-566 MHz frequency agile\n – 10KW, PRF 3750hz, PW 2us,\n Accuracy 25 meters\n• 10 feet wide\n• Steerable and Mobile\n• ~ 5,000 deployed\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Operation Biting - Raid on Bruneval\n\n\n• Commando raid to\n steal a Wurzburg\n• 27 February 1942\n• Captured all the radar electronics and\n technicians\n• Used it to test countermeasures\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","German Night-Fighters\n On-board Radar\n\n\n\n\n• Directed to vicinity by ground radar\n• Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88,\n Messerschmitt Bf 110\n• “Lichtenstein” B/C then SN2 Radar\n – Range 2.5 miles, 400mhz then 90mhz\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","German Day Fighters\n Vectored by Ground Radar\n\n\n\n• Ground Control\n Intercept radar talked\n the fighters into visual\n range of the bombers\n• Messerschmitt BF-109,\n Focke Wolf 190\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Not many clear days a month in winter\n over Europe\n\n How did they see the target?\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Bombing Through Overcast\n Solution: Air to Ground Bombing Radar\n\n• Radar aimed at the ground\n – Targets could be seen under\n clouds and rain\n – Outlines of major ground features\n – map overlays\n• British in Mid 1943\n – H2S 300mhz\n• Americans in late 1943\n – H2X / APS-15 3ghz\n – B-24 \u0026 P-38 Pathfinders\n• Oops - Naxos\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Math Challenge\n\n For every 100 bombers on a mission\n 4 - 20% would not return\n\nCrews had to fly 25 mission to go home\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Story 2: The Electronic Shield -\n Electronic Warfare\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Harvard Radio Research Lab (RRL)\n Signals Intelligence and Electronic Warfare\n\n• Reduce losses to fighters and flak\n• Find/understand German Air Defense\n – Electronic and Signals Intelligence\n• Jam/confuse German Air Defense\n – Radar Order of Battle\n – Chaff\n – Jammers\n• Top Secret 800 person lab\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","ELINT – Electronic Intelligence\n The Line of Sight Problem\n\n\n\n\n You got to get close!\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","ELINT using Ferret’s\n Find and understand German Air Defense\n\n• Ferret’s and Crows\n• B-24J flights inside Germany to\n intercept German radar signals\n• Fitted with receivers \u0026 displays\n• Wire and strip recorders\n – Frequency, pulse rate, power, etc.\n – 50 MHz to 3 GHz\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Using ELINT to Map Radar Coverage\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Window/Chaff\n Jam Wurzburg AAA \u0026 GCI Radar\n\n• Strips of aluminum foil\n – 1/2 Wurzburg frequency\n• 46,000 packets tossed out by hand\n – Each packet contained 2,000 strips\n – Automatic dispensers came later\n• First used July 1943\n – Raid on Hamburg\n – Shut down German air defense\n• Used 3/4’s of Aluminum Foil in the US\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Blind German Early Warning Radar\n Jam Wassermann, Mammoth and Freya\n\n MANDREL\n• Put Jammers on Airplanes Jammer\n\n• Mandrel/APT-3\n• DINA/APT-1\n – First on escort fighters\n – Later on bombers\n – 12 watts\n DINA\n Jammer\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Shut down Flak \u0026 Ground Control Radar\n Jam the Wurzburg’s\n\n\n• “Carpet” AN/APT-2 Jammer\n – Confuse Wurzburg radar\n – Shut down flak\n – Shut down GCI\n – 5 Watts\n• 24,000 built\n – On all bombers Carpet Jammer\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Shut down and Spoof Fighter Ground Control\n Jam Fighter/Ground VHF Radio Links\n• \"Tinsel”\n – Microphones in the engine nacelles of a bomber broadcast noise\n• \"Corona\"\n – German-speaking RAF personnel, broadcast fake controller instructions\n• “Airborne Cigar”\n – Jammed VHF Nightfighter Ground Control Intercept comm\n – Flew in special ops Lancasters\n• “Jostle IV”\n – Jammed VHF Ground Control Intercept comm\n – Took up the entire bomb bay of a B-17\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","British Jam German Night Fighter Radar\n\n• Airborne Grocer\n – Jam Lichtenstein\n Night Fighter radar\n• On all British bombers\n• Monica\n – Tail warning system\n – Oops, German\n Flensburg\n\n\n MANDREL jamming equipment\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Jammer Versus Radar Coverage\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Electronic Warfare 1944/45\n\nchaff\nELINT\nGCI Jamming\nFlak Jamming\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Who Ran this Secret Lab and became\n the Father of Electronic Warfare?\n\n• Harvard Radio Research Lab\n – Separate from MIT's Radiation Laboratory\n – Ran all electronic warfare in WWII\n – 800 people\n – 1941-1944\n• Director: Fredrick Terman - Stanford\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Fredrick Terman\n “the Father of Silicon Valley”\n\n\n• Stanford Professor of engineering 1926\n – encouraged his students, William Hewlett\n and David Packard to start a company\n• Dean of Engineering 1946\n• Provost 1955\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Story 3: Spook Entrepreneurship\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","WWII Office of Scientific Research and\n Development (OSRD)\n\n• $450 million spent on weapons R\u0026D\n – MIT $117 million\n – Caltech $83 million\n – Harvard and Columbia ~ $30 million\n• Stanford ~ $50K\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Terman’s Postwar Strategy\n\n\n• Focus on microwaves and electronics\n – Not going to be left out of gov’t $’s this time\n• Recruits 11 former members of RRL as faculty\n• Set up the Electronics Research Laboratory (ERL)\n – “Basic” and Unclassified Research\n• First Office of Naval Research (ONR) contract 1946\n• By 1950 Stanford was the MIT of the West\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Problem: Jammers Need:\n More Power and Frequency Agility\n\n\n• More Power\n – WWII: low power jammers X 100’s of planes\n – Now each bomber needed to protect itself\n• Frequency Agility\n – WWII radars xmitted on a single frequency\n – Jammers needed to be manual tuned\n – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Solution: Electronically Tunable\n Microwave Power Tubes\n\n• Magnetron - limited scale, ﬁxed/unstable freq\n• Klystron - scale to extremely high power\n – Drawback: narrow frequency range\n• Backward wave oscillator (BWO)/Carcinotron\n – Electronically tunable\n – Can sweep 1000/mhz per second\n – High Power ~1,000 watts\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Problem: ELINT Receivers Need:\n Higher Bandwidth \u0026 Frequency Agility\n\n• High Bandwidth\n – Need to cover 300mhz to 40ghz w/one receiver\n• Frequency Agility\n – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies\n – Manual tuning would miss signals\n – Needed high probability of intercept single pulses\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Solution: Electronically Tunable\n Wideband Amplifiers\n\n• Traveling Wave Tubes\n – High gain \u003e40db,\n – low noise,\n – high bandwidth \u003e1 octave\n – 300mhz - 50ghz\n – Tune at 1000mhz/sec\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Microwave Valley - Components\nKlystrons, Carcinotrons, \u0026 Traveling Wave Tubes\n\n\n• Eitel-McCullough (1934)\n• Varian Associates (1948)\n• Litton Industries (1946)\n• Huggins Laboratories (1948)\n• Stewart Engineering (1952)\n• Watkins-Johnson (1957)\n• Microwave Electronics Co. (1959)\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Korean War Changes the Game\n Spook Work Comes to Stanford\n\n• Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL)\n – “Applied” and Classified Military programs\n – Doubles the size of the electronics program\n – Separate from the unclassified Electronics\n Research Laboratory\n – Made the university, for the first time, a full\n partner in the military-industrial complex\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Cold War and the Black Valley\n\n• The Cold War battlefield\n moves 500 miles east\n• Fear of a “nuclear Pearl\n Harbor”\n• Countermeasures, Elint\n and Sigint, become critical\n• Stanford becomes a center\n of excellence for the NSA,\n CIA, Navy, Air Force\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Cold War is an Electronic War\n\n• Russian air defense modeled after Germans\n – add surface to air missiles, fighter radar, IFF\n – Understand and defeat (ELINT)\n• Soviet strategic missile and bomber threat\n – Monitor telemetry (SIGINT) to understand performance\n – Photo reconnaissance to find silo’s and bombers\n• Soviet Naval threat\n – Monitor and track soviet submarines\n• Soviet Nuclear threat\n – Identify and understand production facilities\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Stanford Technical Advisory Meetings\n\n• Air Force, Navy, Army,\n CIA and NSA\n• Sylvania, and other\n contractors\n• Review of projects and\n new concepts\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Stanford Joins the “Black” World\n\n• Electronics Research Laboratory\n – “Basic” and Unclassified Research\n• Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL)\n – “Applied” and Classified Military programs\n• Merge and become the Systems Engineering\n Lab (SEL) in 1955\n – Same year Terman becomes Provost\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Stanford Systems Engineering Lab\n\n• Immediate, practical application of real world\n intelligence problems for CIA, NSA, NRO, Air Force\n• Combined ERL components with advanced theory\n into complete ELINT and Jamming systems\n – Usually prototypes turned over to contractors\n – At times, built one-off systems\n – Digital filtering, OTH, etc.\n• Use PhD students and staff\n – classified thesis!\n• Ultimately 800 person lab\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Problem: Understand the Soviet\n Radar Order of Battle\n• Where are the Soviet radars?\n – Consumers; SAC, CIA.\n• Details of the radars\n – NSA/CIA to contractors\n• Periphery of Soviet Union\n known\n• Interior terra incognito\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Solution: A Fleet of ELINT Planes\n\n• Joint NSA/CIA/Air Force/Navy\n• Flew periphery of Soviet bloc 24/7\n – PB4Y2, P2V, C-97, RB-47, EC-121,\n C-130, EA-3B, RC-135\n• Measured Soviet Air Defense\n – Revealed low-altitude coverage was good\n• Continuous Comint\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","ELINT – The Line of Sight Problem\n You got to get close!\n\n\n\n\n You got to get them turned on!!\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Cost: 23 ELINT Planes\nDate Victim Service Aircraft Pilot Weapon\n8Apr50 PB4Y - 2 USN La-11 B.Do k i n 23/37mm\n24Apr50 F-82 USA F MiG-15 Keleinikov 23/37mm\n Apr50 F-51D USA F MiG-15 N.Guzhov 23/37mm\nMay50 F-51D USA F La-11 Yefremov 20mm\n11May50 B-24 USA F MiG-15 I.Shinkarenko 23/37mm\n26Dec50 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 S.Bhakae v 23/37mm\n6Nov51 P2V - 2 USN MiG-15 M.Schukin 23/37mm\n13Jun52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 O.Fedot o v 23/37mm\n7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Zheryakov 23/37mm\n7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Lesnov 23/37mm\n29Jul53 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 A.Ryba k o v 23/37mm\n4Sep54 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm\n7Nov54 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Kosti n 23/37mm\n17Apr55 RB-47H USA F MiG-15 Korot k o v 23/37mm\n22Jun55 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm\n10Sep5 6 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 ? 23/37mm\n27Jun58 C-118 USA F MiG-17 P Sevetlichnikov 23/37mm\n2Sep58 C-130A USA F MiG-17 H.Gavrilo v 23/37mm\n 1Jul60 RB-47 USA F MiG-17 F V.Polyakov 23/37mm\n 1963 RB-47 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm\n 1963 T-39 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm\n10Mar64 RB-66C USA F MiG-21 F - 1 3 Zinowlj e v 30mm\n14Dec65 RB-57F USA F MiG-17 F ? 23/37mm\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Elint - Is There a Better Way?\n The U-2\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Stanford/Military/Industry Ecosystem\n\n\n • Stanford did basic research in electronics\n • Stanford and SRI do applied research\n • Microwave and systems companies in\n Silicon Valley produce equipment for the\n military\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Example: U-2 as an Sigint Platform (1956)\n Courtesy of Stanford and Silicon Valley\n• System IV\n – 150 - 40,000 MHz\n – Stanford Electronics Laboratories\n – Ramo Woolridge\n• E/F Band ELINT recorder (1956)\n• A Band ELINT recorder (1959)\n• E/F Band Jammer (1959)\n – Granger Associates\n• Watkins Johnson\n – QRC -192 Elint receiver\n – 50 -14,000 MHz\n• Communications receiver\n – 100-150 MHz/3 channel tape recorder\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Example: A-12 ELINT/EWS Suite (1965)\n\n• System VI ELINT analog recorder\n – 50 - 8,000 MHz -45 dbm\n – TRW\n• Bluedog SA-2 L-band guidance\n jammer\n – Sylvania\n• Pinpeg SA-2 warning receiver\n – 2.8-3.2 \u0026 4.8 -5.2 ghz -40 dbm\n• Big Blast SA-2 Noise Jammer\n• Mad Moth SA-2 Jammer\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Microwave Valley - Systems\n Some Stanford Alum’s\n\n• Sylvania Electronics Defense Laboratory (1953)\n – Countermeasures, search receivers, converters\n – Hired faculty as consultants, including Terman\n• GE Microwave Laboratory (1956)\n• Granger Associates (1956) Bill Granger\n• Applied Technology (1959) Bill Granger\n• Electronic Systems Laboratories (ESL) (1964)\n – William Perry + 6 other’s from Sylvania EDL\n• Argo Systems (1969) James de Broekert\n• Advent Systems (1972) James de Broekert\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Terman Changes the Startup/University Rules\n Silicon Valley as We Know it Starts Here\n\n• Graduate students encouraged to start companies\n• Professors encouraged to consult for companies\n• Terman and other professors take board seats\n• Technology transfer/IP licensing easy\n• Getting out in the real world was good for your\n academic career\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Terman and the Cold War\n Silicon Valley’s 1st Engine of Entrepreneurship\n\n Military\n Entrepreneurs\n Finance\n\n\n\nMotivation Crisis Profit\n\n\n\nCulture Cooperative Entrepreneurial\n Outward-Facing\n Risk Capital\n Tech Universities\n\n Free flow of\n People/Information\n\n\nInfrastructure Predictable Stable Technical\n 24/7 Utilities\n Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities\n\n\n\n Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008\n ","Story 4: Spook Innovation\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project: Melody ~1960\n\n• First noticed in Project Genetrix\n – Soviet P-20 Token radar bounced\n off our high altitude spy balloons\n – Was received by our radars\n – Hmm…\n• Bistatic intercept receiver\n\n\n\n\nIrony Alert: In WWII Germans used their Klein-Heidelberg Bistatic radar using the British “Chain Home” radar to track allied bombers\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project: Melody ~1960\n\n• Pick up Soviet radars bounced off their own ICBM’s\n during test flights\n – Used CIA “Tacksman” intercept sites in Beshahr/Kabkan Iran\n – Use the missiles’ telemetry beacon to steer our radars\n• Produced intercepts of all ground-based Soviet missile\n tracking radars\n – Including all ABM radars\n – At a 1000 mile range\n• Later used ionized cloud of Soviets nuclear tests\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","OXCART / A-12\n U-2 Successor\n\n\n\n\nThe Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","CIA: Directorate of Science \u0026 Technology\n\n• Concerned about OXCART* vulnerability\n – First aircraft designed for Stealth (tail was plastic)\n – High speed (Mach 3.3), high altitude (90K feet)\n• Facing evolved Soviet air defense system\n• ELINT Staff Office (ESO) asked:\n – What’s the radar environment like inside the\n Soviet Union?\n\n * A-12/OXCART was the CIA version of the plane which was kept secret (15 built). SR-71 was the 2 seat Air Force\n reconnaissance version which was made public (31 built.) The YF-12 was an Air Force fighter interceptor (3 built.)\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Problem: Find “Tall King”\n\n• Primary Soviet Air Defense Radar\n – Long Range, 375 miles\n • 150mhz, PRF 100/200hz, 800Kw\n – 100’ wide, 30’ high\n• Where were they located?\n• How many are there?\n – B52 bombers needed to know\n – OXCART needed to know\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Solution: Project “Flower Garden”\n Shoot the Moon\n\n• Point dishes at the moon\n• Use the moon as a bistatic\n reflector\n• Listen for TALL KING signals\n – As earth and moon revolved and\n rotated all TALL KING’s came into\n view, one at a time\n – Plot their precise location\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","HENHOUSE Radar\n\n• Soviet HENHOUSE phased-array radar\n – 850’ long, 25MW\n – Missile Warning/ABM system\n – Space surveillance\n• Identified via satellite photos\n and ELINT\n• But what were its capabilities?\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Radio Dishes Get Funded\n\n• Attach ELINT receivers to Bell Labs\n 60’ antenna in New Jersey\n – Use Stanford“matched filter” techniques\n• Use antennas at Sugar Grove,\n Chesapeake Bay, Aricebo, Jordell Bank\n• Pay for and build Stanford “Dish”\n – Hide relationships via “cover agencies”\n – Air Force Cambridge Research Center\n and Ofﬁce of Naval Research\n – Discovers “Hen House” radar\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","PPMS: Power \u0026 Pattern\n Measurement Systems ~1962\n\n• Now we know where Tall King \u0026 Spoon Rest radars are but\n• Now we need to know:\n – Spatial Coverage\n – Radiated Power\n – RF Coherence\n – Polarization\n• For Jamming and Stealth\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project: Palladium\n• Ok, now we know spatial coverage, etc. we need to\n know:\n – Sensitivity of Soviet radar receivers\n – How good were their operators\n• Hence, Project Palladium\n• Build a system that electronically generated and\n injected false targets into Soviet radars\n – They saw ghost aircraft\n – We could simulate any aircraft, any speed\n – Trick was to know what they were seeing\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project: PALLADIUM\n\n• Teamed with NSA and used SIGINT\n intercepts\n – Listened to their communication channels\n and could decrypt them in real time\n – Watch when they turned on their SA-2\n target tracking radar\n• We used ground bases, naval ships,\n submarines\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project Echo 1960\n ELINT Balloons in Space\n\n\n• 100’ aluminized mylar balloon\n• Cover was “radio relay” tests\n• Originally to be launched from\n Vandenberg\n• Launched in Aug 1960\n• By this time something else\n was in space\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Story 5: 1956 - The Year It All Changes\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Lockheed Comes to Town\n\n• Polaris missile SLBM\n• Built in by Lockheed Missiles\n Division in Sunnyvale\n – Westinghouse Electric\n launch tube subcontractor\n• 20,000 employees by 1960\n – From 0 in 4 years\n – HP: 3,000 employees 1960\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Lockheed and WS-117L\n NRO - Move Reconnaissance to Space\n CORONA\n SAMOS/SENTRY\n Program P-11/ 989\n SAMOS F-1/2/3\n Imaging\n\n\n\n\n MIDAS - Program 461 VELA\n\n\n\n\n ELINT/SIGINT\nIR - Launch Detection Nuclear Detection\n Program A: Air Force - imaging and sigint\n Program B: CIA - Imaging electroopitcal and sigint\n Program C: Navy signit\n Program D: U-2, A-12/Oxcart, D-21/Tagboard\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Lockheed - Agena\n Space Bus for Spy Satellites\n\n• First restartable second stage\n – Boost and maneuvering\n – 3-axis stabilized\n• Used on Thor, Atlas and Titan\n• Controlled all 1960’s spy\n satellites\n• 365 built on an assembly line\n in secret in Sunnyvale\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Stanford AEL/STL and Rambo\n\n• William Rambo\n – Designed “Carpet” Jammer at RRL\n – Went to AIL after WWII, Stanford - 1951\n – Headed AEL then STL - 1958\n – NSA/CIA consultant\n• Stanford STL leads the space ELINT effort\n – Works with Lockheed on ferret subsatellites\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","STL/Lockheed and de Broekert\n\n• James de Broekert of Stanford STL\n• STL \u0026 Lockheed built P-11 Ferret\n sub-satellites carried on Corona\n photo satellites\n – 7 launched between Mar 1963-Oct 1964\n• 1962: Samos F-2/3 Elint satellites\n – redesignated as Program 102\n• Founded Argo, Signal Science,\n Advent Systems\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project West Ford 1963\n A Ring of Chaff in Space\n\n\n• 400 million copper dipoles\n• 3/4’s of an inch long\n• 2000 mile altitude, 5 miles wide,\n 25 miles thick\n• Cover was “radio relay” tests\n• Launched as part of MIDAS\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project Grab 1960-1962\n ELINT in Space\n\n\n• No more overflights or balloons\n• Collect radar emissions from\n Soviet air defense radars\n• Record, Store and Dump\n• Built by the Naval Research\n Laboratory\n• Used by SAC for EOB then\n given to the NRO\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project POPPY 1962-1971\n Navy ELINT in Space\n\n• Ships can no longer hide\n• Collect radar emissions from\n Soviet naval vessels\n• Clusters of satellites\n• Triangulate and direction find\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Villard and Over the Horizon Radar\n• Meteor trails\n – burst comm and ELINT receiver\n• Nuclear tests\n• OTH - Over The Horizon Radar\n – Monitor missile launches\n EARTHLING in Pakistan in 1961\n CHECKROTE in Taiwan in 1966\n – Aircraft tracking\n• Stealth - 1969 at SRI\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The End of Classified Work at Stanford\n\n\n • In 1968, 35 percent of\n Stanford research\n funding in electronics\n was for classified work\n • 50% of SRI’s work was\n from DOD\n • April 9, 1969 400\n students occupy AEL\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Story 6: 1956 Why It’s Silicon Valley\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Meanwhile, on the Other\n Side of Town…\nThe Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force\n starts a Company\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","William Shockley\n “The Other Father of Silicon Valley”\n\n• Director of Navy anti-submarine warfare operations\n group at Columbia (1942-1943)\n• Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force (1943-1945)\n• Deputy Director and Research Director of the Weapons\n System Evaluation Group in the Defense Department\n (1954-1955)\n• Co-inventor of the transistor\n – Nobel Prize in 1956\n• Founded Shockley Semiconductor 1955\n – First semiconductor company in California\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","William Shockley\n “Great Researcher, Awesome Talent\n Spotter, Horrible Manager”\n• Unintended consequences:\n “The traitorous 8” leave Shockley\n – found Fairchild Semiconductor\n • First VC Investment (Venrock)\n – Noyce \u0026 Moore leave Fairchild to start Intel\n – 65 other chip companies in the next 20 years\n• Eugenics beliefs end his career 1963\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Semiconductor Genealogy: 1955 - 1976\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Shockley’s Legacy\n\n\n• It’s Silicon Valley\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Story 7: Why We All Don’t Work for\n the Government\n\n The Rise of Private Capital\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Venture Capital\n Silicon Valley’s 2nd Engine of Entrepreneurship\n\n Venture\n Entrepreneurs\n Finance\n\n\n\nMotivation Crisis Profit\n\n\n\nCulture Cooperative Entrepreneurial\n Outward-Facing\n Risk Capital\n Tech Universities\n\n\n Free flow of\n People/Information\n\n\nInfrastructure Predictable Stable Technical\n 24/7 Utilities\n Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities\n\n\n\n Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008\n ","The Valley Attracts Financial Attention\n The 1st West Coast IPO’s\n\n• 1956 Varian\n\n• 1957 Hewlett Packard\n\n• 1958 Ampex\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Rise of Risk Capital\n Family Money 1940’s - 1960’s\n\n• J.H. Whitney\n – 1st family office 1946\n• Laurance Rockefeller\n – Draper Gaither \u0026 Anderson (1st limited Partnership) 1958\n – Spun out as Venrock in 1969\n• Bessemer\n\n• East Coast focus\n• Wide variety of industries\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Rise of Risk Capital\n East Coast VC Experiments\n\n\n• 1946 American Research \u0026 Development\n – George Doriot\n – Right idea, wrong model\n (public VC firm)\n• 1963 Boston Capital\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Rise of Risk Capital\n “The Group” 1950’s\n\n• First Bay Area “Angels”\n – Reid Dennis\n – William Bryan\n – William Edwards\n – William K. Bowes\n – Daniel McGanney\n\n ~ 10 deals $75 -$300K\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Reid Dennis Remembers\n\n\n• “The first 25 electronics companies\n required total capital of $300k each and\n private individuals formed the basis of\n the early syndicates”\n• “….in 1975, prior to the relaxation of\n ERISA laws, the entire VC industry\n raised $10m”\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Soviet Union Launches Sputnik and\n the U.S. Venture Capital Industry\n\n• Soviet satellite shocked the U.S.\n• Galvanized congress\n• New agencies/programs\n – NASA\n – ARPA\n – National Defense Education Act\n – SBA SBIC Act\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Rise of Risk Capital\n SBIC Act of 1958\n\n• Gov’t match of private investments 3:1\n• 700 SBIC funds by 1965\n – 75% of all VC funding in 1968, 7% in 1988\n• Corporate\n – Bank of America - George Quist, Tom Clauson\n – Firemans Fund/American Express - Reid Dennis\n• Private\n – 1959 Continental Capital - Frank Chambers\n – The Group; Bryan Edwards, McGanney\n – 1962 Pitch Johnson \u0026 Bill Draper\n – 1962 Sutter Hill\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Defense R\u0026D Budget\n\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n\n $ Billions\n\n\n\n\nSources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States\nGovernemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Defense R\u0026D Budget\n California\n\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n California\n $ Billions Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n\n\nSources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States\nGovernemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Defense R\u0026D Budget\n Silicon Valley\n\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n\n $ Billions California\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n Silicon Valley\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n\n\nSources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States\nGovernemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Defense R\u0026D Budget\n Versus Venture Capital\n\n\n Defense R\u0026D\n $ Billions\n California\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n Silicon Valley\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n Silicon Valley\n Venture\n\n\nSources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States\nGovernemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Defense R\u0026D Budget\n Versus Venture Capital\n\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n $ Billions\n California\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n Silicon Valley\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n Silicon Valley\n Venture\n\n\n\nSources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States\nGovernemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Rise of Risk Capital\n The Limited Partnership\n\n• DGA (Draper Gaither \u0026 Anderson) 1958\n• Rock and Davis 1961\n• Sutter Hill 1964\n• TA Associates 1968\n• Mayfield Fund 1969\n• Patricof \u0026 Co. 1969\n• Kleiner Perkins 1972\n• Capital Mgmt Services (Sequoia) 1972\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Rise of Risk Capital\n 1978/1979 - A Watershed\n\n• Capital gains slashed (1978)\n – 49.5% to 28%\n\n• Employee Retirement Income Security Act (1979)\n – Pension funds can invest\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Venture Capital\n Silicon Valley’s 2nd Engine of Entrepreneurship\n\n Venture\n Entrepreneurs\n Finance\n\n\n\nMotivation Crisis Profit\n\n\n\nCulture Cooperative Entrepreneurial\n Outward-Facing\n Risk Capital\n Tech Universities\n\n\n Free flow of\n People/Information\n\n\nInfrastructure Predictable Stable Technical\n 24/7 Utilities\n Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities\n\n\n\n Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008\n ","Summary\n\n• Terman/Stanford/Government responsible for\n entrepreneurial culture of Silicon Valley\n• Military primed the pump as a customer for key\n technologies\n – Semiconductors, computers, Internet\n – But very little technical cross pollination\n• Venture Capital turned the valley to volume corporate\n and consumer applications\n Is there another “crisis” that will restart the\n valley’s cycle of innovation?\n Or will we continue to be profit driven?\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","This Presentation is On-line\n\n\n Watch This Talk Online\n http://bit.ly/SecretVideo\n\n\n Read the Backstory\n http://bit.ly/SecretStories\n\n\n Read the Blog\n www.steveblank.com\n ","WWII Sources - Books\n• WWII\n – A Radar History of WWII - Louis Brown\n – Confound and Destroy - Martin Streetly\n – Echoes of War, the Story of H2S Radar - Sir Bernard Lovell\n – The Invention that Changed the World - Robert Buderi\n – Wizard War, British Scientific Intelligence - R.V. Jones\n – History of Air Intercept Radar and British Nightfighter - Ian White\n – The Luftwaffe Over Germany: Defense of the Reich - Donald Caldwell\n – Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare - Alfred Price\n – Volume I: The History of US. Electronic Warfare to 1946 - Alfred Price\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Cold War Sources - Books\n\n• Cold War\n – Volume II: The History of US. Electronic Warfare: Renaissance Years- Alfred Price\n – The Wizards of Langley - Jeffrey T. Richelson\n – Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency - James Bamford\n – The Puzzle Palace: Inside the NSA, - James Bamford\n – Secrets of Signals Intelligence During the Cold War and Beyond - Matthew M. Aid, Cees Wiebes\n – Eternal Vigilance? - Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, Christopher M. Andrew\n – High-Cold-War-Strategic Air Reconnaissance and the Electronic Intelligence War - Robert Jackson\n – By Any Means Necessary: America's Secret Air War in the Cold War - William E. Burrows\n – Shadow Flights: America's Secret Airwar Against the Soviet Union: A Cold War History - C. Peebles\n – Spyplane - Norman Polmar\n – Radar Handbook, - Merrill I. Skolnik\n – Out From Behind the Eight Ball: A History of Project Echo by Doanld C. Elder\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Silicon Valley Sources - Books\n\n• Terman/Shockley/Intel\n – Fred Terman at Stanford - Stewart Gilmore\n – Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley- Joel Shurkin\n – The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce - Leslie Berlin\n• Silicon Valley History\n – Electronics in the West: the First Fifty Years - Jane Morgan\n – The Origins of the Electronics Industry on the Pacific Coast- Arthur Norberg\n – Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford - Rebecca S. Lowen\n – The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and\n Stanford - Stuart W. Leslie\n – Making Silicon Valley: Innovation \u0026 the Growth of High Tech - C. Lecuyer\n – Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 - Annalee Saxenian\n• Venture Capital\n – Creative Capital: Georges Doriot and the Birth of Venture Capital - Spencer E. Ante\n• Semiconductor Timeline to 1976: Semi and Don C. Hoefler\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","ELINT Sources - Web\n• Engineering/ELINT in the CIA/NSA\n – http://www.tbp.org/pages/Publications/Bent/Features/F99Poteat.pdf\n – http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/\n • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st06.pdf\n • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st08.pdf\n • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB60/abm022.pdf\n – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-\n csi/pdf/v11i2a05p.pdf\n – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-\n csi/pdf/v12i2a02p.pdf\n – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-\n publications/books-and-monographs/a-12/hiding-oxcart-in-plain-sight.html\n – http://jya.com/nsa-elint.htm\n – http://fas.org/irp/program/list.htm\n• ELINT Aircraft Losses\n – http://www.rb-29.net/HTML/77ColdWarStory/08.01apndxC.htm\n – http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/APP34.PDF\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Photo and Movie Sources - Web\n• B-24 Ferret ELINT equipment photos\n – http://aafradio.org/\n• WWII Radar History/Photos/Radar Order of Battle\n – www.gyges.dk\n – http://www.luftarchiv.de/\n – http://www.vectorsite.net/ttwiz.html The Wizard War\n – http://www.museumwaalsdorp.nl/en/german_radar.html\n – http://www.baermann.biz/pauke/index.php?catid=9\u0026blogid=1\n• Movie Clips\n – 12 O’Clock High\n – Memphis Belle\n – Dr. Strangelove\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","This Presentation is On-line\n\n\n Watch This Talk Online\n http://bit.ly/SecretVideo\n\n\n Read the Backstory\n http://bit.ly/SecretStories\n\n\n Read the Blog\n www.steveblank.com\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n "],"twitterShareUrl":"https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?via=SlideShare\u0026text=Secret+History+of+Silicon+Valley+Rev+4+Dec+09+by+%40sgblank+%23a12+%23cia+https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fslideshow%2Fsecret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09%2F2658658","type":"presentation","slideDimensions":{"height":612,"width":792},"topReadSlides":[{"slideIndex":130,"ranking":1},{"slideIndex":42,"ranking":3},{"slideIndex":63,"ranking":2}],"user":{"id":"1137721","isFollowing":false,"login":"sblank","name":"Stanford University","occupation":"Lecturer","organization":"Stanford University","photo":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo-sblank-48x48.jpg?cb=1707173175","photoExists":true,"shortName":"Stanford University"},"views":250546},"_nextI18Next":{"initialI18nStore":{"en":{"common":{"ad":{"fallbackText":"Ad for Scribd subscription","label":"Ad","close":"Close Ad","dismiss_in":"Dismiss in","ad_info_title":"Why are you seeing this?","ad_info_description":"We use ads to keep content free and accessible for everyone. You can remove them by \u003c2\u003esigning up\u003c/2\u003e for a SlideShare subscription."},"error":{"favorite_add":"We couldn't add SlideShare to favorites","favorite_remove":"We couldn't remove SlideShare from favorites","follow":"There was a problem following this user","unfollow":"There was a problem un-following this user","save":"Unable to save this item at this time.","remove_save":"We couldn't remove from your saved items"},"header":{"hamburger_menu_aria_label":"Open navigation menu","logo":{"alt":"SlideShare a Scribd company logo","title":"Return to the homepage"},"home":"Home","explore":"Explore","search":{"placeholder":"Search","aria_label":"Search SlideShare","button":"Submit Search"},"upload":"Upload","login":"Login","signup":{"label":"Download free for 30 days","title":"Signup now for a SlideShare account"},"user":{"aria_label":"User Settings","clipboards":"My Clipboards","uploads":"My Uploads","analytics":"Analytics","settings":"Account Settings","support":"Support","logout":"Logout"}},"footer":{"link":{"about":"About","support":"Support","terms":"Terms","privacy":"Privacy","copyright":"Copyright","cookie":"Cookie Preferences","privacyRights":"Do not sell or share my personal information"},"language_selector":{"aria_label":"Change Language","hidden_text":"Current Language"},"copyright":"SlideShare from Scribd","social":{"rss":{"aria_label":"Slideshare on RSS Feed","title":"RSS"},"twitter":{"aria_label":"Slideshare on Twitter","title":"Twitter"}}},"app_notification_banner":{"notification_text":"We've updated our privacy policy.","notification_link_text_desktop":"Click here to review the details.","notification_link_text_mobile":"Tap here to review the details."},"privacy_policy_explicit_opt_in_modal":{"modal_title":"We've updated our privacy policy.","modal_content_paragraph_one":"We’ve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data.","modal_content_paragraph_two":"You can read the details below. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy.","modal_content_paragraph_three":"Thank you!","modal_action_assertive":"Accept and continue","modal_action":"View updated privacy policy","modal_action_error":"We've encountered a problem, please try again."},"actions":{"addToSaved":"Save for later","all_saved":"All Saved","back":"Back","close":"Close","cancel":"Cancel","save":"Save","saved":"Saved","submit":"Submit","next":"Next","previous":"Previous","removeSaved":"Remove from saved","scrollLeft":"Scroll Left","scrollRight":"Scroll Right","save_to_new_list_success":"Saved to "},"form":{"required":"Required"},"slideshow_card":{"slideshow_type":{"document":"Document","infographic":"Infographic","presentation":"Presentation","documents":"Documents","infographics":"Infographics","presentations":"Presentations","downloads":"Downloads","likes":"Likes"},"slideshow_type_unit":{"presentation":"Slide","document":"Page","infographic":"Page"},"pages_count_one":"{{count}} page","pages_count_other":"{{count}} pages","slides_count_one":"{{count}} slide","slides_count_other":"{{count}} slides","screen_reader_text":"{{title}} by {{author}}","screen_reader_text_extended":"{{title}} by {{author}}, has {{slideCount}} slides with {{viewCount}} views.","view_one":"view","view_other":"views"},"image_alt":{"studying":"Abstract image of a woman sitting on books and studying on a laptop"},"items":{"count_one":"{{count}} item","count_other":"{{count}} items"},"time":{"second_one":"{{count}} second","second_other":"{{count}} seconds"},"timeSince":{"minutes_ago":"{{count}} min. ago","hours_ago_one":"{{count}} hour ago","hours_ago_other":"{{count}} hours ago","days_ago_one":"{{count}} day ago","days_ago_other":"{{count}} days ago","months_ago_one":"{{count}} month ago","months_ago_other":"{{count}} months ago","years_ago_one":"{{count}} year ago","years_ago_other":"{{count}} years ago"},"see_more":"See more","see_less":"See Less","yes":"Yes","no":"No","signup":"Sign Up"},"player":{"actions":{"all_saved":"All Saved","clip":"Clip Slide","copy_text":"Copy text","copy_text_success":"Text copied to clipboard","copy_text_error":"Failed to copy the text. Please try again!","download_presentation":"Download presentation","download_slide":"Download slide","download_document":"Download document","download_page":"Download page","download_now":"Download now","download":"Download","favorite":"Favorite","remove_favorite":"Remove favorite","remove_like":"Remove like","like":"Like","follow":"Follow","unfollow":"Unfollow","more_options":"More options","share":"Share","save_slide":"Save slide","saved":"Saved","remove_from_list":"Remove from list {{listname}}","removed_from_list":"Saved item has been removed from the List","removed_from_list_error":"Could not remove the saved item from list","save_error":"Unable to save this item at this time.","save_to_new_list":"New list","save_to_list":"Save to list {{listname}}","scroll_view":"Scroll view","scroll_view_description":"Vertically scroll through all slides","slideshow_view":"Slideshow view","slideshow_view_description":"View one slide at a time","no_saved_lists":"You don't have any lists created yet."},"ads":{"label":"Ad","skip":"Skip to next slide","skip_countdown":"You can skip to the next slide in","continue_in":"Continue in","change_volume":"Change Volume","download_read_ad_free":"Download to read ad-free","scroll":"Scroll to read more"},"ad_block_interstitial":{"title_1":"Keep SlideShare free —","title_2":"please disable your ad blocker.","button_label":"Show me how","message":"Hate ads? Join Scribd to browse SlideShare and Scribd ad-free.","cta":"Try Scribd for free"},"author":{"by":"by","follow":"Follow","following":"Following","keynoteAuthor":"Keynote Author"},"download":{"success":"Your SlideShare is downloading."},"editors_notes":"Editor's Notes","end_of_reading":{"loading":"Loading in","title":"Check these out next","next_slideshares":"Next SlideShares","upcoming_slideshare":"Upcoming SlideShare"},"first_clip":{"title":"You just clipped your first slide!","description":"Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips."},"metadata":{"at":"at","aiTag":{"descriptionLabel":"AI-enhanced description","descriptionTooltipTitle":"AI-Enhanced Description","descriptionTooltip":"Leveraging AI technology, we've optimized the description for improved clarity.","titleLabel":"AI-enhanced title","titleTooltipTitle":"AI-Enhanced Title","titleTooltip":"Leveraging AI technology, we've optimized the title for improved clarity.","titleAndDescriptionLabel":"AI-enhanced title and description","titleAndDescriptionTooltipTitle":"AI-Enhanced Title and Description","titleAndDescriptionTooltip":"Leveraging AI technology, we've optimized the title and description for improved clarity."},"download":{"bottomSheetTitle":"Download format","label_short":"Download","label":"Download now","description":"Download to read offline","download_count":"Downloaded {{count}} times"},"download_as":"Download as {{formatTypes}}","free_download":"Free Download","readMore":"Read more","readLess":"Read less","more":"more","category":{"label":"Category","description":"View the featured presentations, documents and infographics in the"},"dateFormat":"MMM. D, YYYY","most_read":"Most read","pages":"Pages","page":"Page"},"navigation":{"next_slide":"Next Slide","previous_slide":"Previous Slide","slide_count_of_total_count":"\u003cspan data-cy='current-slide-number' class='current-slide-number j-current-slide'\u003e{{slideCount}}\u003c/span\u003e of \u003cspan class='total-slides j-total-slides'\u003e{{totalCount}}\u003c/span\u003e","view_fullscreen":"View Fullscreen","zoom_in":"Zoom In","zoom_out":"Zoom Out"},"new_clipboard_modal":{"title":"Create a clipboard","name":{"label":"Name","placeholder":"Best of Slides","error":"Name cannot be blank"},"description":{"label":"Description","placeholder":"Add a brief description so other know what your clipboard is about."},"visibility":{"label":"Visibility","description":"Others can see my Clipboard"}},"select_clipboard_modal":{"title":"Select a clipboard","message":"Looks like you've already clipped this slide","button":"Create a clipboard"},"share":"Share SlideShare","rec":{"related":"Related slideshows","recommended_for_you":"Recommended for you","descTooltipTitle":"About the slideshow","recommended":{"title":"Recommended","shortTitle":"Recommended"},"relatedContent":{"title":"More Related Content","shortTitle":"More Related Content"},"featured":{"title":"Featured","shortTitle":"Featured"},"forYou":{"title":"Slideshows for you","shortTitle":"Slideshows for you"},"alsoLiked":{"title":"Viewers also liked","shortTitle":"Viewers also liked"},"latest":{"title":"Recently uploaded","shortTitle":"Recently uploaded"},"moreFromUser":{"title":"More from {{name}}","shortTitle":"More from uploader"},"similarTo":{"title":"Similar to {{title}}","shortTitle":"Similar to"},"whatsHot":{"title":"What's hot","shortTitle":"What's hot"}},"scribd":{"books":{"label":"Ebook","title":"Related Books"},"audioBooks":{"label":"Audiobook","title":"Related Audiobooks"},"error":{"title":"Oops! Something went wrong.","description":"We're sorry, but we can't find any related content at this time.","button":"Try again"},"freeWithTrial":"Free with a 30 day trial from {{brand}}","viewAll":"View All"},"error":{"clipboard":"We couldn't create your clipboard","save":"We couldn't save this item","unsave":"We couldn't remove from your saved items","blocked":"This user has blocked you","private_content":"Private content!","privacy_explanation":"This content has been marked as private by the uploader.","enter_password":"Enter password","file_protected":"This file is password protected.","password_incorrect":"The password is incorrect.","private_presentation":"Private Presentation","private_content_message":"This uploaded file has been marked private by the author. Sorry!","removed_content_title":"Uploaded Content Removed","removed_content_message":"The uploaded content has been removed and is no longer available.","redirect_message":"Redirecting to the homepage in","something_went_wrong_title":"Sorry! The page could not be loaded.","something_went_wrong_message":"This is probably a temporary error. Just refresh the page and retry. If the problem continues, please check back in 5-10 minutes.","not_found_title":"Sorry! We could not find what you were looking for.","not_found_message":"Don't worry, we will help you get to the right place. Are you looking for:"},"save_to_new_list_modal":{"title":"Add to a new list","list_name_input_label":"What would you like to name this list?","list_privacy_label":"Make list private","cancel_button_label":"Cancel","save_list_button_label":"Save","success":"Saved to ","error":"We couldn't save this item to {{listname}}"},"confirm_remove_save_modal":{"title":"This saved item is also in a list.","description":"Removing from saved will also delete the item from your lists","cancel_button_label":"Cancel","delete_button_label":"Delete"},"seo_metadata_test":{"description_suffix":"Download as a PDF or view online for free"}},"metadata":{"gallery_view":"Gallery","gallery_view_label":"Gallery View","like_one":"like","like_other":"likes","likeWithCount_one":"{{count}} like","likeWithCount_other":"{{count}} likes","view_one":"view","view_other":"views","saved_one":"saved","saved_other":"saved","from_embeds":"From embeds","number_of_embeds":"Number of embeds","on_slideshare":"On Slideshare","total_views":"Total views","split_char":",","decimal_point":".","show_more":"Show More","likes":{"empty_message":"Be the first to like this","loading_message":"Loading..."},"slide_one":"slide","slide_other":"slides","slide_count_of_total":"of"},"report":{"more":"More options","share":"Share","report":"Report","edit":"Edit","viewAnalytics":"View Analytics","flag_as_inappropriate":"Report as inappropriate","error":"There was an error while reporting this slideshow. Please try again.","flag":"Flag","copyright_complaint":"Copyright Complaint","select_a_reason":"Select a reason","select_your_reason":"Select your reason for reporting this presentation as inappropriate.","none":"None","porn":"Pornographic","defamatory":"Defamatory","ultraviolence":"Extremely Violent or Promotes Terrorism","hate_speech":"Hate Speech","offensive":"Offensive Language or Threatening","spam":"Spam or Scam","form":{"title":"Report content","description":"If you are the copyright owner of this document and want to report it, please visit the \u003cCustomLink href='example.com'\u003ecopyright infringement notice page\u003c/CustomLink\u003e to submit a report.","error_category":"Select a category to submit your report","error_subtype":"Select a sub-category to submit your report","default_subtype":"Select an option...","category":{"illegal":{"label":"Illegal","description":"Content that breaks the law or promotes illegal activities.","subtypes":{"child_exploitation":"Minor Exploitation","child_sexual_abuse_material":"Child Sexual Abuse","dangerous_products_or_services":"Dangerous Products/Services","non_violent_crime":"Non-Violent Offenses","sex_related_crime":"Sexual Offenses","violent_crime":"Violent Offenses","terrorism":"Terrorism","general":"Other"}},"explicit":{"label":"Explicit","description":"Content that is graphic, offensive, or disturbing.","subtypes":{"sexually_explicit_content":"Sexually Explicit","shocking_content":"Shocking or Disturbing","general":"Other"}},"dangerous_and_deragatory":{"label":"Dangerous \u0026 Derogatory","description":"Content that encourages harmful, threatening, or hateful behavior.","subtypes":{"menacing":"Threatening Behavior","incitement":"Inciting Violence or Hatred","self_harm":"Self-harm","general":"Other"}},"deceptive_and_fraudulent":{"label":"Deceptive \u0026 Fraudulent","description":"Content that intentionally misleads, deceives, or engages in fraudulent activities.","subtypes":{"academic_integrity":"Academic Dishonesty","misinformation":"Spreading False Information","general":"Other"}},"guideline_ignoring":{"label":"Intellectual Property","description":"Content that uses someone else's protected work without permission.","subtypes":{"ip_infringement_copyright":"IP infringement (copyright)","ip_infringement_non_copyright":"IP infringement (non-copyright)","general":"Other"}},"privacy":{"label":"Privacy","description":"Content that misuses personal information.","subtypes":{"privacy_general":"General Privacy","privacy_child":"Child Privacy"}},"spam":{"label":"Spam","description":"Unsolicited and repetitive content that disrupts your experience."},"low_quality":{"label":"Low Quality","description":"Content that fails to meet minimum standards for clarity, relevance, or completeness."}}}},"share_modal":{"close":"Close","embed_title":"Embed","embed_size":"Size (px)","link":"Link","start":"Start on","title":"Share this SlideShare","share_facebook":"Share on Facebook","share_linkedin":"Share on Linkedin","share_twitter":"Tweet on Twitter"},"next_slideshow":{}}},"initialLocale":"en","ns":["common","player","metadata","report","share_modal","next_slideshow"],"userConfig":null},"_sentryTraceData":"a4fe622cf1394d0d92bc69c72884d2e4-bf5e65d618cdbcb7-1","_sentryBaggage":"sentry-environment=production,sentry-public_key=7e7cafa2920448ed81ac67de08abbeed,sentry-trace_id=a4fe622cf1394d0d92bc69c72884d2e4,sentry-sample_rate=1,sentry-transaction=%2Fslideshow%2F%5Btitle%5D%2F%5Bid%5D,sentry-sampled=true"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/slideshow/[title]/[id]","query":{"title":"secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09","id":"2658658"},"buildId":"34d87f1e259ccc2522816c4af0afbdd34048dee6","assetPrefix":"https://public.slidesharecdn.com","runtimeConfig":{"assetPrefix":"https://public.slidesharecdn.com"},"isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gssp":true,"locale":"en","locales":["en","de","es","pt","fr"],"defaultLocale":"en","domainLocales":[{"domain":"www.slideshare.net","defaultLocale":"en"},{"domain":"de.slideshare.net","defaultLocale":"de"},{"domain":"es.slideshare.net","defaultLocale":"es"},{"domain":"pt.slideshare.net","defaultLocale":"pt"},{"domain":"fr.slideshare.net","defaultLocale":"fr"}],"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>