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href="#Bronze_Age_Europe_and_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bronze Age Europe and Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age_Europe_and_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_torcs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_torcs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Celtic torcs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Celtic_torcs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Celtic torcs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Celtic_torcs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romano-British_beaded_torcs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romano-British_beaded_torcs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Romano-British beaded torcs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romano-British_beaded_torcs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shapes_and_decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shapes_and_decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shapes and decoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shapes_and_decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Torc</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Шыйная грыўня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шыйная грыўня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Торква – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Торква" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torc%27h" title="Torc'h – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Torc'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torca" title="Torca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torques" title="Torques – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Torques" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torch" title="Torch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Torch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_(halssmykke)" title="Torque (halssmykke) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Torque (halssmykke)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torques" title="Torques – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Torques" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA" title="Τορκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τορκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torques_(collar)" title="Torques (collar) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torques (collar)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torko" title="Torko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Torko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torke_(lepokoa)" title="Torke (lepokoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Torke (lepokoa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="گردن‌بند حلقه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گردن‌بند حلقه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_(collier)" title="Torque (collier) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Torque (collier)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_(colar)" title="Torque (colar) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Torque (colar)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%ED%81%AC_(%EC%9E%A5%EC%8B%A0%EA%B5%AC)" title="토크 (장신구) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토크 (장신구)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torko" title="Torko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Torko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincin_leher" title="Cincin leher – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cincin leher" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque" title="Torque – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torque" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="გვერგვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გვერგვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antkakl%C4%97" title="Antkaklė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antkaklė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torques" title="Torques – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Torques" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque" title="Torque – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Torque" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF_(%E8%A3%85%E8%BA%AB%E5%85%B7)" title="トルク (装身具) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルク (装身具)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque" title="Torque – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Torque" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque" title="Torque – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Torque" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkwes" title="Torkwes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Torkwes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_(colar)" title="Torque (colar) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torque (colar)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Шейная гривна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шейная гривна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torc" title="Torc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Torc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torques" title="Torques – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Torques" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0)" title="Гривна (прикраса) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гривна (прикраса)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q397447#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Torc_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Torc (disambiguation)">Torc (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rigid, usually twisted ring worn around the neck or arm, often of precious metal</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque_%C3%A0_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Torque_%C3%A0_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg/220px-Torque_%C3%A0_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Torque_%C3%A0_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg/330px-Torque_%C3%A0_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Torque_%C3%A0_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg/440px-Torque_%C3%A0_tampons_Somme-Suippe_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi_120208.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2483" data-file-height="2143" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> 4th-century BC buffer-type torc from France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dying_Gaul_(Head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dying_Gaul_%28Head%29.jpg/220px-Dying_Gaul_%28Head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dying_Gaul_%28Head%29.jpg/330px-Dying_Gaul_%28Head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dying_Gaul_%28Head%29.jpg/440px-Dying_Gaul_%28Head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5733" data-file-height="3966" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dying_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dying Gaul">The Dying Gaul</a></i>, a Roman statue with a torc in the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a> in Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>torc</b>, also spelled <b>torq</b> or <b>torque</b>, is a large rigid or stiff <a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">neck ring</a> in metal, made either as a single piece or from strands twisted together. The great majority are open at the front, although some have hook and ring closures and a few have <a href="/wiki/Mortice_and_tenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortice and tenon">mortice and tenon</a> locking catches to close them. Many seem designed for near-permanent wear and would have been difficult to remove. </p><p>Torcs have been found in <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a>, and other cultures of the <a href="/wiki/European_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="European Iron Age">European Iron Age</a> from around the 8th century BC to the 3rd century AD. For Iron Age Celts, the gold torc seems to have been a key object. It identified the wearer, apparently usually female until the 3rd century BC, thereafter male, as a person of high rank, and many of the finest works of ancient <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> are torcs. Celtic torcs disappeared in the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, but during the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> torc-style metal necklaces, mainly in silver, came back into fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar neck-rings are also part of the jewellery styles of various other cultures and periods. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_definition">Terminology and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Torc_from_the_Stirling_Hoard_(9476773541).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gold_Torc_from_the_Stirling_Hoard_%289476773541%29.jpg/220px-Gold_Torc_from_the_Stirling_Hoard_%289476773541%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gold_Torc_from_the_Stirling_Hoard_%289476773541%29.jpg/330px-Gold_Torc_from_the_Stirling_Hoard_%289476773541%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gold_Torc_from_the_Stirling_Hoard_%289476773541%29.jpg/440px-Gold_Torc_from_the_Stirling_Hoard_%289476773541%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1373" /></a><figcaption>Unusually complex gold spiral ribbon torc from the <a href="/wiki/Stirling_torcs" title="Stirling torcs">Stirling Hoard</a>, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p>The word comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/torquis" class="extiw" title="wikt:torquis">torquis</a></i> (or <i>torques</i>), from <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/torqueo" class="extiw" title="wikt:torqueo">torqueo</a></i>, "to twist", because of the twisted shape many of the rings have. Typically, neck-rings that open at the front when worn are called "torcs" and those that open at the back "collars". Smaller <a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">bracelets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arm_ring" title="Arm ring">armlets</a> worn around the wrist or on the upper arm sometimes share very similar forms. Torcs were made from single or multiple intertwined <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> rods, or "ropes" of twisted wire. Most of those that have been found are made from gold or bronze, less often silver, iron or other metals (gold, bronze and silver survive better than other metals when buried for long periods). </p><p>Elaborate examples, sometimes hollow, used a variety of techniques but complex decoration was usually begun by <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a> and then worked by further techniques. The <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Hoard" title="Ipswich Hoard">Ipswich Hoard</a> includes unfinished torcs that give clear evidence of the stages of work.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flat-ended terminals are called "buffers", and in types like the "fused-buffer" shape, where what resemble two terminals are actually a single piece, the element is called a "muff".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronze_Age_Europe_and_Asia">Bronze Age Europe and Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bronze Age Europe and Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several types of rigid gold and sometimes bronze necklaces and collars of the later <a href="/wiki/European_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="European Bronze Age">European Bronze Age</a>, from around 1200 BC, many of which are classed as "torcs". They are mostly twisted in various conformations, including the "twisted ribbon" type, where a thin strip of gold is twisted into a spiral. Other examples twist a bar with a square or X section, or just use round wire, with both types in the three 12th– or 11th-century BC specimens found at Tiers Cross, Pembrokeshire, Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Hoard" title="Milton Keynes Hoard">Milton Keynes Hoard</a> contained two large examples of thicker rounded forms, as also used for bracelets.<sup id="cite_ref-tar2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tar2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambourne_Hoard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lambourne_Hoard.jpg/220px-Lambourne_Hoard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lambourne_Hoard.jpg/330px-Lambourne_Hoard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lambourne_Hoard.jpg/440px-Lambourne_Hoard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Two uncleaned Bronze Age twisted bar torcs with flared cylinder terminals, as often found folded up, with bracelets, England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arm_less_man_edit_3_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arm_less_man_edit_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Arm_less_man_edit_3_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arm_less_man_edit_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Arm_less_man_edit_3_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arm_less_man_edit_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Arm_less_man_edit_3_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Shami_statue" title="Shami statue">Shami statue</a>", depicting a <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> nobleman, shows him wearing a torc.</figcaption></figure> <p>The terminals are not emphasized as in typical Iron Age torcs, though many can be closed by hooking the simple terminals together. Many of these "torcs" are too small to be worn round the neck of an adult, and were either worn as bracelets or armlets, or by children or statues. Archaeologists find dating many torcs difficult, with some believing torcs were retained for periods of centuries as heirlooms, and others believing there were two periods of production. Differing ratios of silver in the gold of other objects—typically up to 15% in the Bronze Age but up to 20% in the Iron Age—can help decide the question.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several flared gold torcs with a C-shaped section in the huge <a href="/wiki/Mooghaun_North_Hoard" title="Mooghaun North Hoard">Mooghaun North Hoard</a> of Late Bronze Age gold from 800 to 700 BC found in <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a> in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In parts of Asia, torcs appear in <a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian art</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a>, and include "classicizing" decoration drawing on styles from the east. Torcs are also found in <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a> art. Torcs are found in the <a href="/wiki/Tovsta_Mohyla" title="Tovsta Mohyla">Tolstaya burial</a> and the Karagodeuashk kurgan (<a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> area), both dating to the 4th century BC. A torc is part of the <a href="/wiki/Pereshchepina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pereshchepina">Pereshchepina</a> hoard dating to the 7th century AD. Thin torcs, often with animal head terminals, are found in the art of the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, with some other elements derived from Scythian art.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celtic_torcs">Celtic torcs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Celtic torcs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_torque_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gold_torque_2.jpg/290px-Gold_torque_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gold_torque_2.jpg/435px-Gold_torque_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gold_torque_2.jpg/580px-Gold_torque_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2191" data-file-height="1829" /></a><figcaption>Gold Celtic torc with three "balusters" and decoration including animals, found in <a href="/wiki/Glauberg" title="Glauberg">Glauberg</a>, Germany, 400 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Depictions of the gods and goddesses of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a> sometimes show them wearing or carrying torcs, as in images of the god <a href="/wiki/Cernunnos" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a> wearing one torc around his neck, with torcs hanging from his antlers or held in his hand, as on the <a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_cauldron" title="Gundestrup cauldron">Gundestrup cauldron</a>. This may represent the deity as the source of power and riches, as the torc was a sign of nobility and high social status.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The famous Roman copy of the original Greek sculpture <i><a href="/wiki/Dying_Gaul" title="Dying Gaul">The Dying Gaul</a></i> depicts a wounded Gaulish warrior naked except for a torc, which is how <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> described the <i><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">gaesatae</a></i>, Celtic warriors from modern northern Italy or the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, fighting at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Telamon" title="Battle of Telamon">Battle of Telamon</a> in 225 BC, although other Celts there were clothed.<sup id="cite_ref-Green,_77_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green,_77-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest known depictions of a torc can be found on the <a href="/wiki/Warrior_of_Hirschlanden" title="Warrior of Hirschlanden">Warrior of Hirschlanden</a> (6th century BC), and a high proportion of the few Celtic statues of human figures, mostly male, show them wearing torcs. </p><p>Other possible functions that have been proposed for torcs include use as rattles in rituals or otherwise, as some have stones or metal pieces inside them, and representations of figures thought to be deities carrying torcs in their hand may depict this. Some are too heavy to wear for long, and may have been made to place on cult statues. Very few of these remain but they may well have been in wood and not survived. Torcs were clearly valuable, and often found broken in pieces, so being a <a href="/wiki/Store_of_value" title="Store of value">store of value</a> may have been an important part of their use. It has been noted that the Iberian gold examples seem to be made at fixed weights that are multiples of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">shekel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With bracelets, torcs are "the most important category of Celtic gold", though armlets and anklets were also worn; in contrast finger-rings were less common among the early Celts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest Celtic torcs are mostly found buried with women, for example, the gold torc from the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_period" class="mw-redirect" title="La Tène period">La Tène period</a> <a href="/wiki/Chariot_burial" title="Chariot burial">chariot burial</a> of a princess, found in the <a href="/wiki/Waldalgesheim_chariot_burial" title="Waldalgesheim chariot burial">Waldalgesheim chariot burial</a> in Germany, and others found in female graves at <a href="/wiki/Vix_Grave" title="Vix Grave">Vix</a> in France (illustrated) and <a href="/wiki/Reinheim" title="Reinheim">Reinheim</a>. Another La Tène example was found as part of a hoard or ritual deposit buried near <a href="/wiki/Erstfeld" title="Erstfeld">Erstfeld</a> in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought by some authors that the torc was mostly an ornament for women until the late 3rd century BC, when it became an attribute of warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is evidence for male wear in the early period; in a rich double burial of the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallstatt period">Hallstatt period</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hochmichele" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochmichele">Hochmichele</a>, the man wears an iron torc and the female a necklace with beads.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A heavy torc in silver over an iron core with bull's head terminals, weighing over 6 kilos, from Trichtingen, Germany, probably dates to the 2nd century BC (illustrated).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg/290px-Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg/435px-Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg/580px-Snettisham_HoardDSCF6580.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3807" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Torc_from_Snettisham" title="Great Torc from Snettisham">Snettisham Torc</a> contains a kilogram of gold. It was found in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, England.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many finds of torcs, especially in groups and in association with other valuables but not associated with a burial, are clearly deliberate deposits whose function is unclear. They may have been ritual deposits or hidden for safekeeping in times of warfare. Some may represent the work-in-progress of a workshop.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the early period, torcs are especially prominent in the Celtic cultures reaching to a coast of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>, from modern Spain to Ireland, and on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. </p><p>Some very elaborately worked torcs with relief decoration in a late form of <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_style" class="mw-redirect" title="La Tène style">La Tène style</a> have been found in Britain and Ireland, dating from roughly the 3rd to 1st centuries BC. There may be a connection with an older tradition in the British Isles of elaborate gold neckwear in the form of <a href="/wiki/Gold_lunula" title="Gold lunula">gold lunulas</a>, which seem centred on Ireland in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, and later flat or curved wide collars; gold twisted ribbon torcs are found from both periods, but also imported styles such as the fused-buffer.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most elaborate late Insular torcs are thick and often hollow, some with terminals forming a ring or loop. The most famous English example is the 1st-century BC multi-stranded <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a> <a href="/wiki/Snettisham_Torc" class="mw-redirect" title="Snettisham Torc">Snettisham Torc</a> found in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> in England (illustrated),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the single hollow torc in the <a href="/wiki/Broighter_Gold" title="Broighter Gold">Broighter Gold</a> hoard, with relief decoration all round the hoop, is the finest example of this type from Ireland, also 1st century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirling Hoard">Stirling Hoard</a>, a rare find in Scotland of four gold torcs, two of them twisted ribbons, dating from the 3rd to 1st century BC, was discovered in September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torques_de_Burela._Museo_Provincial_de_Lugo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Torques_de_Burela._Museo_Provincial_de_Lugo.jpg/220px-Torques_de_Burela._Museo_Provincial_de_Lugo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Torques_de_Burela._Museo_Provincial_de_Lugo.jpg/330px-Torques_de_Burela._Museo_Provincial_de_Lugo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Torques_de_Burela._Museo_Provincial_de_Lugo.jpg/440px-Torques_de_Burela._Museo_Provincial_de_Lugo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption>Torc from <a href="/wiki/Burela" title="Burela">Burela</a>, Galicia, with double moulding <i>scotiae</i> terminals, and hoop decoration. At 1.812 kg (3.99 lb) the heaviest Iberian torc.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman <a href="/wiki/Titus_Manlius_Torquatus_(347_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Manlius Torquatus (347 BC)">Titus Manlius</a> in 361 BC challenged a Gaul to single combat, killed him, and then took his torc. Because he always wore it, he received the nickname <i>Torquatus</i> (the one who wears a torc),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was adopted by his family. After this, Romans adopted the torc as a decoration for distinguished soldiers and elite units during <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican</a> times. A few Roman torcs have been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> records that after a battle in 386 BC (long before his lifetime) the Romans recovered 183 torcs from the Celtic dead, and similar booty is mentioned by other authors.<sup id="cite_ref-Green,_77_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green,_77-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not clear whether the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> "Warrior of Vacheres", a sculpture of a soldier in Roman military dress, wears a torc as part of his Roman uniform or as a reflection of his Celtic background. <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> says that the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Augustus">Emperor Augustus</a> was presented by <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> with a gold torc weighing 100 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Weight" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman pounds</a> (nearly 33 kilograms or 73 pounds),<sup id="cite_ref-Green,_77_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green,_77-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> far too heavy to wear. A torc from the 1st century BC <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Hoard" title="Winchester Hoard">Winchester Hoard</a>, is broadly in Celtic style but uses the Roman technique of laced gold wire, suggesting it may have been a "diplomatic gift" from a Roman to a British tribal king.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A very late example of a torc used as ceremonial item in early Medieval Wales can be found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a>. The author wrote that there still existed a certain royal torc that had once been worn by Prince <a href="/wiki/Cynog_ap_Brychan" title="Cynog ap Brychan">Cynog ap Brychan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brycheiniog" title="Brycheiniog">Brycheiniog</a> (fl. 492 AD) and was known as Saint Kynauc's Collar. Gerald encountered and described this relic first-hand while travelling through <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> in 1188. Of it he says, "it is most like to gold in weight, nature, and colour; it is in four pieces wrought round, joined together artificially, and clefted as it were in the middle, with a dog's head, the teeth standing outward; it is esteemed by the inhabitants so powerful a relic, that no man dares swear falsely when it is laid before him."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is of course possible that this torc long pre-dated the reign of Prince Cynog and was a much earlier relic that had been recycled during the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">British Dark Ages</a> to be used as a symbol of royal authority. It is now lost. </p><p>There are mentions in medieval compilations of <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a>; for example in the <a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a> (11th century) <a href="/wiki/Elatha" title="Elatha">Elatha</a> wore 5 golden torcs when meeting <a href="/wiki/Eriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Eriu">Eriu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lady_Gregory_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lady_Gregory-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romano-British_beaded_torcs">Romano-British beaded torcs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Romano-British beaded torcs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DUR-B8DF64_Iron_Age_Torc_(FindID_587247).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/DUR-B8DF64_Iron_Age_Torc_%28FindID_587247%29.jpg/220px-DUR-B8DF64_Iron_Age_Torc_%28FindID_587247%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/DUR-B8DF64_Iron_Age_Torc_%28FindID_587247%29.jpg/330px-DUR-B8DF64_Iron_Age_Torc_%28FindID_587247%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/DUR-B8DF64_Iron_Age_Torc_%28FindID_587247%29.jpg/440px-DUR-B8DF64_Iron_Age_Torc_%28FindID_587247%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Section of a beaded torc found in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, AD 75–200</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a>, from about 75 AD for a century or more, a different type called the "beaded torc" appears in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>, mainly in the northern "frontier" region, in two types, A with separate "beads" and B made in one piece. These are in copper alloy rather than precious metal, and evidently more widely spread in society than the elite Iron Age Celtic examples.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shapes_and_decoration">Shapes and decoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shapes and decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prosnes_tombe_B82_300_avant_JC_3836.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Prosnes_tombe_B82_300_avant_JC_3836.JPG/220px-Prosnes_tombe_B82_300_avant_JC_3836.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Prosnes_tombe_B82_300_avant_JC_3836.JPG/330px-Prosnes_tombe_B82_300_avant_JC_3836.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Prosnes_tombe_B82_300_avant_JC_3836.JPG/440px-Prosnes_tombe_B82_300_avant_JC_3836.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2457" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>French fused-buffer type with "muff", c. 350 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque_or_stri%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torque_or_stri%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Torque_or_stri%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torque_or_stri%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Torque_or_stri%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torque_or_stri%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Torque_or_stri%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2803" data-file-height="2075" /></a><figcaption>Sleek Bronze Age torc in striated gold, northern France, c. 1200–1000 BC, 794 grams</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Achaemenid torcs are thin single round bars with matching animal heads as the terminals, facing each other at the front. Some Early Celtic forms depart from the normal style of torc by lacking a break at the throat, and instead are heavily decorated at the continuous front, with animal elements and short rows of "<a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">balusters</a>", rounded projections coming to a blunt point; these are seen both on the sculpted torc worn by the stone "<a href="/wiki/Glauberg" title="Glauberg">Glauberg</a> Warrior" and a gold torc (illustrated) found in the same <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a>. </p><p>Later Celtic torcs nearly all return to having a break at the throat and strong emphasis on the two terminals. The Vix torc has two very finely made winged horses standing on fancy platforms projecting sideways just before the terminals, which are flattened balls under lions' feet. Like other elite Celtic pieces in the "orientalizing" style, the decoration shows Greek influence but not a classical style, and the piece may have been made by Greeks in the Celtic taste, or a "Graeco-Etruscan workshop", or by Celts with foreign training.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spiral ribbon torcs, usually with minimal terminals, continue a Bronze Age type and are found in the <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirling Hoard">Stirling Hoard</a> from Scotland, and elsewhere:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Although over 110 identifiable British [includes Ireland] ribbon torcs are known, the dating of these simple, flexible ornaments is elusive", perhaps indicating "a long-lived preference for ribbon torcs, which continued for over 1,000 years".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terminals were often slightly flared plain round cylinders which were folded back to hook round each other to fasten the torc at the throat. Other Celtic torcs may use various ways of forming the hoop: plain or patterned round bars, two or more bars twisted together, thin round rods (or thick wire) wound round a core, or woven gold wire. A rarer type twists a single bar with an X profile. </p><p>Except in British looped terminals, the terminals of Iron Age torcs are usually formed separately. The "buffer" form of terminal was the most popular in finds from modern France and Germany, with some "fused buffer" types opening at the rear or sides. In both buffer types and those with projecting fringes of ornament, decoration in low <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> often continues back round the hoop as far as the midpoint of the side view. In Iberian torcs thin gold bars are often wound round a core of base metal, with the rear section a single round section with a decorated surface. </p><p>The c. 150 torcs found in the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Celts" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian Celts">Iberian Celts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> favoured terminals ending in balls coming to a point or small buffer ("pears"), or a shape with a double moulding called <i>scotiae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pointed ball is also found in northern Italy, where the hoops often end by being turned back upon themselves so that the terminals face out to the sides, perhaps enabling closure by hooking round. Both of these mostly used plain round bars or thin rods wound round a core. In the terminals of British torcs loops or rings are common, and the main hoop may be two or more round bars twisted together, or several strands each made up of twisted wire. Decoration of the terminals in the finest examples is complex but all abstract. In these two types the hoop itself normally has no extra decoration, though the large torc in the Irish <a href="/wiki/Broighter_Gold" title="Broighter Gold">Broighter Gold</a> hoard is decorated all round the hoop, the only Irish example decorated in this way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torc,_Kansas_City_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Torc, found in Hungary, c. 1500 BC, bronze"><img alt="Torc, found in Hungary, c. 1500 BC, bronze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Torc%2C_Kansas_City_Museum_of_Art.jpg/120px-Torc%2C_Kansas_City_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Torc%2C_Kansas_City_Museum_of_Art.jpg/180px-Torc%2C_Kansas_City_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Torc%2C_Kansas_City_Museum_of_Art.jpg/240px-Torc%2C_Kansas_City_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Torc, found in Hungary, c. 1500 BC, bronze</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Uttendorf_Halsreifen_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hallstatt culture gold torc or collar with fastening, c. 550 BC"><img alt="Hallstatt culture gold torc or collar with fastening, c. 550 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Uttendorf_Halsreifen_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Uttendorf_Halsreifen_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Uttendorf_Halsreifen_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Uttendorf_Halsreifen_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Uttendorf_Halsreifen_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Uttendorf_Halsreifen_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="1216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hallstatt culture gold torc or collar with fastening, c. 550 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxus_chariot_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model chariot from the Oxus Treasure, with both figures wearing torcs"><img alt="Model chariot from the Oxus Treasure, with both figures wearing torcs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Oxus_chariot_model.jpg/120px-Oxus_chariot_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Oxus_chariot_model.jpg/180px-Oxus_chariot_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Oxus_chariot_model.jpg/240px-Oxus_chariot_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="1856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model chariot from the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a>, with both figures wearing torcs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achaemenid torc from Persia, c. 350 BC, Susa, with ribbed hoop, animal head terminals, and stone inlays, from the Acropole Tomb"><img alt="Achaemenid torc from Persia, c. 350 BC, Susa, with ribbed hoop, animal head terminals, and stone inlays, from the Acropole Tomb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg/120px-Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg/180px-Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg/240px-Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> torc from Persia, c. 350 BC, <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, with ribbed hoop, animal head terminals, and stone inlays, from the <a href="/wiki/Acropole_Tomb" title="Acropole Tomb">Acropole Tomb</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_torque_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold Celtic torc found in Vix, France, 480 BC; see text."><img alt="Gold Celtic torc found in Vix, France, 480 BC; see text." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gold_torque_1.jpg/120px-Gold_torque_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gold_torque_1.jpg/180px-Gold_torque_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gold_torque_1.jpg/240px-Gold_torque_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold Celtic torc found in <a href="/wiki/Vix,_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or" title="Vix, Côte-d'Or">Vix</a>, France, 480 BC; see text.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leekfrith_Torcs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The four Leekfrith torcs, dating from c. 400–250 BC, which are the oldest gold torcs found in Great Britain"><img alt="The four Leekfrith torcs, dating from c. 400–250 BC, which are the oldest gold torcs found in Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leekfrith_Torcs.jpg/120px-Leekfrith_Torcs.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leekfrith_Torcs.jpg/180px-Leekfrith_Torcs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leekfrith_Torcs.jpg/240px-Leekfrith_Torcs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="3320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The four <a href="/wiki/Leekfrith_torcs" title="Leekfrith torcs">Leekfrith torcs</a>, dating from c. 400–250 BC, which are the oldest gold torcs found in Great Britain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque_de_Foxados.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Torques de Foxados: Gallaecian torc with double "scotia" terminals and 6-fold symmetric interlaced motive"><img alt="Torques de Foxados: Gallaecian torc with double "scotia" terminals and 6-fold symmetric interlaced motive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Torque_de_Foxados.JPG/120px-Torque_de_Foxados.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Torque_de_Foxados.JPG/180px-Torque_de_Foxados.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Torque_de_Foxados.JPG/240px-Torque_de_Foxados.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2822" data-file-height="2148" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Torques de Foxados</i>: <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaecian</a> torc with double "scotia" terminals and 6-fold symmetric interlaced motive</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell shaped torc terminal from A Guarda, Galicia. Museo do Castro de St. Tegra."><img alt="Bell shaped torc terminal from A Guarda, Galicia. Museo do Castro de St. Tegra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG/119px-Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG/179px-Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG/238px-Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bell shaped</i> torc terminal from A Guarda, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>. Museo do Castro de St. Tegra.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The twisted ribbon type, here from the Stirling Hoard, is found in both Bronze and Iron Ages."><img alt="The twisted ribbon type, here from the Stirling Hoard, is found in both Bronze and Iron Ages." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg/83px-Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg/124px-Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg/165px-Stirling_HoardDSCF6398.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2017" data-file-height="2924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The twisted ribbon type, here from the <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirling Hoard">Stirling Hoard</a>, is found in both Bronze and Iron Ages.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galician_celtic_torc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Gallaeci torc (Artabri type with "pear" terminals) Galicia, showing construction, and decoration of the hoop"><img alt="Northern Gallaeci torc (Artabri type with "pear" terminals) Galicia, showing construction, and decoration of the hoop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Galician_celtic_torc.jpg/102px-Galician_celtic_torc.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Galician_celtic_torc.jpg/153px-Galician_celtic_torc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Galician_celtic_torc.jpg/205px-Galician_celtic_torc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Northern <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a> torc (Artabri type with "pear" terminals) <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, showing construction, and decoration of the hoop</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_torque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Trichtingen silver torc with bull heads, perhaps 2nd century BC"><img alt="The Trichtingen silver torc with bull heads, perhaps 2nd century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Silver_torque.jpg/120px-Silver_torque.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Silver_torque.jpg/180px-Silver_torque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Silver_torque.jpg/240px-Silver_torque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichtingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trichtingen (page does not exist)">Trichtingen</a> silver torc with bull heads, perhaps 2nd century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snettisham_Hoard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Snettisham Hoard, perhaps the stock of a goldsmith, showing the variety of British forms, c. 75 BC"><img alt="The Snettisham Hoard, perhaps the stock of a goldsmith, showing the variety of British forms, c. 75 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Snettisham_Hoard.jpg/120px-Snettisham_Hoard.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Snettisham_Hoard.jpg/180px-Snettisham_Hoard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Snettisham_Hoard.jpg/240px-Snettisham_Hoard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Snettisham_Hoard" title="Snettisham Hoard">Snettisham Hoard</a>, perhaps the stock of a goldsmith, showing the variety of British forms, c. 75 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gallo-Roman "Warrior of Vacheres""><img alt="The Gallo-Roman "Warrior of Vacheres"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg/86px-Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg/128px-Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg/171px-Gaul_warrior_Vacheres_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> "Warrior of Vacheres"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipswich_Hoard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two East Anglian looped torcs from the Ipswich Hoard"><img alt="Two East Anglian looped torcs from the Ipswich Hoard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ipswich_Hoard.jpg/120px-Ipswich_Hoard.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ipswich_Hoard.jpg/180px-Ipswich_Hoard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ipswich_Hoard.jpg/240px-Ipswich_Hoard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglian</a> looped torcs from the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Hoard" title="Ipswich Hoard">Ipswich Hoard</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snettisham_HoardDSCF6579.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="East Anglian looped torcs from the Snettisham Hoard"><img alt="East Anglian looped torcs from the Snettisham Hoard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Snettisham_HoardDSCF6579.jpg/120px-Snettisham_HoardDSCF6579.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Snettisham_HoardDSCF6579.jpg/180px-Snettisham_HoardDSCF6579.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Snettisham_HoardDSCF6579.jpg/240px-Snettisham_HoardDSCF6579.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3029" data-file-height="2224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglian</a> looped torcs from the <a href="/wiki/Snettisham_Hoard" title="Snettisham Hoard">Snettisham Hoard</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordoba_Treasure_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Large silver torc from the Cordoba Treasure in the British Museum"><img alt="Large silver torc from the Cordoba Treasure in the British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cordoba_Treasure_%285%29.JPG/90px-Cordoba_Treasure_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cordoba_Treasure_%285%29.JPG/135px-Cordoba_Treasure_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cordoba_Treasure_%285%29.JPG/180px-Cordoba_Treasure_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large silver torc from the <a href="/wiki/Cordoba_Treasure" title="Cordoba Treasure">Cordoba Treasure</a> in the British Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lochar_Moss_Collar.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ornate Iron Age neck collar from Lochar Moss in Dumfrieshire, Scotland (British Museum)[35]"><img alt="Ornate Iron Age neck collar from Lochar Moss in Dumfrieshire, Scotland (British Museum)[35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lochar_Moss_Collar.JPG/120px-Lochar_Moss_Collar.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lochar_Moss_Collar.JPG/180px-Lochar_Moss_Collar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lochar_Moss_Collar.JPG/240px-Lochar_Moss_Collar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ornate Iron Age neck collar from <a href="/wiki/Lochar_Moss_Torc" title="Lochar Moss Torc">Lochar Moss</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dumfrieshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumfrieshire">Dumfrieshire</a>, Scotland (British Museum)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_torque_found_in_the_Marche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Celtic golden torque found in Marche in a gaulish necropolis, National Archaeological Museum, Ancona"><img alt="Celtic golden torque found in Marche in a gaulish necropolis, National Archaeological Museum, Ancona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Celtic_torque_found_in_the_Marche.jpg/120px-Celtic_torque_found_in_the_Marche.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Celtic_torque_found_in_the_Marche.jpg/180px-Celtic_torque_found_in_the_Marche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Celtic_torque_found_in_the_Marche.jpg/240px-Celtic_torque_found_in_the_Marche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Celtic golden torque found in <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> in a gaulish necropolis, National Archaeological Museum, <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torques,_2%C2%AA_Idade_do_Ferro,_Cultura_Castreja_do_Noroeste_Peninsular.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Torc, 2nd Iron Age, Castro Culture, Iberian Peninsula, National Archaeology Museum, Portugal"><img alt="Torc, 2nd Iron Age, Castro Culture, Iberian Peninsula, National Archaeology Museum, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Torques%2C_2%C2%AA_Idade_do_Ferro%2C_Cultura_Castreja_do_Noroeste_Peninsular.jpg/111px-Torques%2C_2%C2%AA_Idade_do_Ferro%2C_Cultura_Castreja_do_Noroeste_Peninsular.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Torques%2C_2%C2%AA_Idade_do_Ferro%2C_Cultura_Castreja_do_Noroeste_Peninsular.jpg/166px-Torques%2C_2%C2%AA_Idade_do_Ferro%2C_Cultura_Castreja_do_Noroeste_Peninsular.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Torques%2C_2%C2%AA_Idade_do_Ferro%2C_Cultura_Castreja_do_Noroeste_Peninsular.jpg/222px-Torques%2C_2%C2%AA_Idade_do_Ferro%2C_Cultura_Castreja_do_Noroeste_Peninsular.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Torc, 2nd Iron Age, Castro Culture, Iberian Peninsula, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeology_Museum_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeology Museum (Portugal)">National Archaeology Museum</a>, Portugal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%C3%A9sor_de_Tayac_-_Torque_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_60.17.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gallic Gold Torque,[36] Musée d'Aquitaine, Bordeaux"><img alt="Gallic Gold Torque,[36] Musée d'Aquitaine, Bordeaux" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tr%C3%A9sor_de_Tayac_-_Torque_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_60.17.2.jpg/120px-Tr%C3%A9sor_de_Tayac_-_Torque_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_60.17.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tr%C3%A9sor_de_Tayac_-_Torque_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_60.17.2.jpg/180px-Tr%C3%A9sor_de_Tayac_-_Torque_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_60.17.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tr%C3%A9sor_de_Tayac_-_Torque_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_60.17.2.jpg/240px-Tr%C3%A9sor_de_Tayac_-_Torque_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_60.17.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gallic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic people">Gallic</a> Gold Torque,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine" title="Musée d'Aquitaine">Musée d'Aquitaine</a>, Bordeaux</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Torcs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Torcs">Torcs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedgeford_Torc" title="Sedgeford Torc">Sedgeford Torc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leekfrith_torcs" title="Leekfrith torcs">Leekfrith torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_working_in_the_Bronze_Age_British_Isles" title="Gold working in the Bronze Age British Isles">Gold working in the Bronze Age British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_hoards_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bronze Age hoards in Britain">List of Bronze Age hoards in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iron_Age_hoards_in_Great_Britain" title="List of Iron Age hoards in Great Britain">List of Iron Age hoards in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilla_(money)" title="Manilla (money)">Manilla (money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabubu" title="Kalabubu">Kalabubu</a>, a torc of the <a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias people</a> made of coconut shell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangle" title="Bangle">Bangle</a>, a similar item but worn about the wrist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5">0-631-19807-5</a>, page 223, "Illyrian chiefs wore heavy bronze torques"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Cornish, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/v_hoards.htm">Elementary: Viking Hoards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014141731/http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/v_hoards.htm">Archived</a> 2007-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on the Centre for Distance Learning & Innovation Website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brailsford, 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=830688">Example in the British Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artfund.org/artwork/2837/three-bronze-age-torcs">Art Saved: Three Bronze Age Torcs</a>, on the Art Fund Website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tar2000-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tar2000_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301112414/http://www.ncmd.co.uk/docs/treasurereport2000.pdf">"Treasure Annual Report 2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a>. 2001. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>15, 133. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncmd.co.uk/docs/treasurereport2000.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treasure+Annual+Report+2000&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E15%2C+133&rft.pub=Department+for+Culture%2C+Media+and+Sport&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncmd.co.uk%2Fdocs%2Ftreasurereport2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cahill, 120−121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, 99; Treasures, no. 8. Nos. 4 and 6 are Bronze Age gold spiral ribbon torcs, and No. 10 is an elaborate flat collar. Taylor has full coverage of British gold Bronze Age material.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, 78−79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green,_77-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green,_77_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green,_77_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green,_77_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">González-Ruibal, "Torcs"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, 45, 74−77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/uj/ujk.html">Iron Age Western Europe from c. 800 B.C. − La Tène</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20021008145708/http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/uj/ujk.html">Archived</a> 2002-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives, on the Images from World History Website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, 45−48, 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laings, 69, 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, 45, 49, 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Key examples of all Irish types are in both Wallace and Treasures; see previous reference for older types, the Iron Age ones are: Treasures nos. 14, 15, 21 and Wallace chapter 4, nos. 3, 4 and 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laings, 110; Green, 48−49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treasures, no. 21; Wallace, 138−153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wade-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wade_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2009" class="citation news cs1">Wade, Mike (2009-11-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106120938/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article6901879.ece">"1m golden hoard rewrites history of ancient Scotland"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article6901879.ece">the original</a> on January 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=1m+golden+hoard+rewrites+history+of+ancient+Scotland&rft.date=2009-11-04&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fscotland%2Farticle6901879.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">González-Ruibal, "catalogue", fig. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i>, III, 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancienttouch.com/172.jpg">Roman Silver Torque with Two Roman Denarii Pendants (late 1st−3rd centuries AD)</a>, on Ancient Touch Website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberge,_Dalya2003" class="citation web cs1">Alberge, Dalya (8 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1156472.ece">"Golden hoard of Winchester gives up its secret"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Golden+hoard+of+Winchester+gives+up+its+secret&rft.date=2003-09-08&rft.au=Alberge%2C+Dalya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle1156472.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorc" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301112414/http://www.ncmd.co.uk/docs/treasurereport2000.pdf">"Treasure Annual Report 2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a>. 2001. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>18, 133. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncmd.co.uk/docs/treasurereport2000.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treasure+Annual+Report+2000&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E18%2C+133&rft.pub=Department+for+Culture%2C+Media+and+Sport&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncmd.co.uk%2Fdocs%2Ftreasurereport2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp;jsessionid=C38A36A0500F1F9C3F762D6E4846D204?t_id=Cambrensis_Tour&c_id=4">Vision of Britain: Gerald of Wales, The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales, Chapter 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lady_Gregory-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lady_Gregory_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLady_Gregory2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Lady_Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta, Lady Gregory">Lady Gregory</a> (2004) [1905]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14465/14465-h/14465-h.htm#L5">"The Reign of Bres"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Fighting_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods and Fighting Men">Gods and Fighting Men</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+Bres&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Fighting+Men&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Lady+Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F14465%2F14465-h%2F14465-h.htm%23L5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a></i>. Online translation at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/celtic/ctexts/lebor4.html#62">www.ancienttexts.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, Frazer, "Celtic Art in Roman Britain", 132-134, in <i>Rethinking Celtic Art</i>, ed. Duncan Garrow, 2008, Oxbow Books, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZj9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">google books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laings, 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/northern-ireland/golden-torc-on-display-at-museum-29430511.html">Example found in Northern Ireland in 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">González-Ruibal covers these in detail in the section "Torcs" and the "catalogue" following. The ancient territory of the <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a> extended further east along the coast than the modern province, and the linguistic make-up of the region remains controversial.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/b/brass_torc.aspx">British Museum Highlights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018160135/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/b/brass_torc.aspx">Archived</a> 2015-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr/en/gallic-treasure">"Gallic treasure from Tayac (Gironde): Gold torque and coins | le site officiel du musée d'Aquitaine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gallic+treasure+from+Tayac+%28Gironde%29%3A+Gold+torque+and+coins+%26%23124%3B+le+site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+d%27Aquitaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr%2Fen%2Fgallic-treasure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torc&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brailsford, J. W., "The Sedgeford Torc", <i><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Quarterly" title="British Museum Quarterly">The British Museum Quarterly</a></i>, Vol. 35, No. 1/4 (Spring, 1971), pp. 16–19, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4423067">JSTOR</a></li> <li>Cahill, Mary, "The Dooyork Hoard", <i>Irish Arts Review</i> (2002−), Vol. 19, No. 1 (Summer, 2002), pp. 118–121, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25502845">JSTOR</a></li> <li>González-Ruibal, Alfredo, "Artistic Expression and Material Culture in Celtic Gallaecia", <i>E-Keltoi</i>, Volume 6, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_3/gonzalez_ruibal_6_3.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022181306/http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_3/gonzalez_ruibal_6_3.html">Archived</a> 2012-10-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Green, Miranda, <i>Celtic Art, Reading the Messages</i>, 1996, The Everyman Art Library, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297833650" title="Special:BookSources/0297833650">0297833650</a></li> <li>Laing, Lloyd and Jenifer. <i>Art of the Celts</i>, Thames and Hudson, London 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20256-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20256-7">0-500-20256-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrieto_Molina1996" class="citation journal cs1">Prieto Molina, Susana (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CMPL/article/viewFile/CMPL9696130195A/29904">"Los torques castreños del noroeste de la península ibérica"</a>. <i>Complutum</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">195–</span>223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Complutum&rft.atitle=Los+torques+castre%C3%B1os+del+noroeste+de+la+pen%C3%ADnsula+ib%C3%A9rica&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Prieto+Molina&rft.aufirst=Susana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.ucm.es%2Findex.php%2FCMPL%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2FCMPL9696130195A%2F29904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Treasures": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/113771/rec/1">Treasures of early Irish art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.</a>, an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on torcs (cat. no. 4,6,8,10,14,15,21)</li> <li>Taylor, Joan J., <i>Bronze Age Goldwork of the British Isles</i>, 1980, Cambridge University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDI9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63">google books</a></li> <li>Wallace, Patrick F., O'Floinn, Raghnall eds. <i>Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities</i>, 2002, Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-2829-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-2829-6">0-7171-2829-6</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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