CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Colorectal cancer - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b10230b6-3fa9-4e21-ab9c-e5cd40ae3206","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Colorectal_cancer","wgTitle":"Colorectal cancer","wgCurRevisionId":1258536150,"wgRevisionId":1258536150,"wgArticleId": 206979,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Colorectal_cancer","wgRelevantArticleId":206979,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ba","autonym": "башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym": "ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw", "autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min", "autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir": "rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"} ,{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag", "gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi", "tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q188874","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false, "echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png/800px-Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png/640px-Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Colorectal cancer - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Colorectal_cancer rootpage-Colorectal_cancer stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Colorectal+cancer" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Colorectal+cancer" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Colorectal cancer</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Colorectal_cancer" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Colorectal+cancer" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For cancer of the anus, see <a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">Anal cancer</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Intestinal cancer" redirects here. For cancer of the small intestine, see <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine_cancer" title="Small intestine cancer">Small intestine cancer</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> (parts of the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014PtTx-5">[5]</a> Signs and symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Lower gastrointestinal bleeding">blood in the stool</a>, a change in <a href="/wiki/Bowel_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel movements">bowel movements</a>, weight loss, abdominal pain and fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Most colorectal cancers are due to lifestyle factors and genetic disorders.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pre-3">[3]</a> Risk factors include diet, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, smoking, and lack of <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">[2]</a> Dietary factors that increase the risk include <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Processed_meat" title="Processed meat">processed meat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Theodoratou2017-4">[4]</a> Another risk factor is <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">[2]</a> Some of the inherited genetic disorders that can cause colorectal cancer include <a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">familial adenomatous polyposis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_non-polyposis_colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer">hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer</a>; however, these represent less than 5% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pre-3">[3]</a> It typically starts as a <a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">benign tumor</a>, often in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_polyp" title="Colorectal polyp">polyp</a>, which over time becomes <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">cancerous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Colorectal cancer</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Colon cancer</li><li>rectal cancer</li><li>bowel cancer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png/220px-Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png/330px-Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png/440px-Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Location and appearance of two example colorectal tumors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_in_stool" title="Blood in stool">Blood in stool</a></li><li>change in bowel movements</li><li>unintentional <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a></li><li>fatigue<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Lifestyle factors and genetic disorders<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pre-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Diet</li><li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a></li><li>smoking</li><li>lack of <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">alcohol use</a><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Theodoratou2017-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue biopsy">Tissue biopsy</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">sigmoidoscopy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cancer_screening" title="Cancer screening">Screening</a> from age of 45 to 75</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_therapy" title="Targeted therapy">targeted therapy</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014PtTx-5">[5]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">Five-year survival rate</a> 65% (US)<a href="#cite_note-SEER2014-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">9.4 million (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">551,000 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-Bray2018-8">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Colorectal cancer may be diagnosed by <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">obtaining a sample</a> of the colon during a <a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">sigmoidoscopy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a> This is then followed by <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> to determine whether the disease has spread.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014PtTx-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_screening" title="Cancer screening">Screening</a> is effective for preventing and decreasing deaths from colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF2016-10">[10]</a> Screening, by one of a number of methods, is recommended starting from the age of 45 to 75. It was recommended starting at age 50 but it was changed to 45 due to increasing amount of colon cancers.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF2016-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> During colonoscopy, small polyps may be removed if found.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">[2]</a> If a large polyp or tumor is found, a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> may be performed to check if it is cancerous. <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs">non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> decrease the risk of pain during polyp excision.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Their general use is not recommended for this purpose, however, due to side effects.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Treatments used for colorectal cancer may include some combination of surgery, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Targeted_therapy" title="Targeted therapy">targeted therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014PtTx-5">[5]</a> Cancers that are confined within the wall of the colon may be curable with surgery, while <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">cancer that has spread widely</a> is usually not curable, with management being directed towards improving <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> and symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014PtTx-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">five-year survival rate</a> in the United States was around 65% in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-SEER2014-6">[6]</a> The individual likelihood of survival depends on how advanced the cancer is, whether or not all the cancer can be removed with surgery, and the person's overall health.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">[1]</a> Globally, colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer, making up about 10% of all cases.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Epi-14">[14]</a> In 2018, there were 1.09 million new cases and 551,000 deaths from the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Bray2018-8">[8]</a> It is more common in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>, where more than 65% of cases are found.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">[2]</a> It is less common in women than men.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Signs_and_symptoms">1 Signs and symptoms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Cause">2 Cause</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Inflammatory_bowel_disease">2.1 Inflammatory bowel disease</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Genetics">2.2 Genetics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Pathogenesis">3 Pathogenesis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Field_defects">3.1 Field defects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Epigenetics">3.2 Epigenetics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Genomics_and_epigenomics">3.3 Genomics and epigenomics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Diagnosis">4 Diagnosis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Medical_imaging">4.1 Medical imaging</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Histopathology">4.2 Histopathology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Staging">4.3 Staging</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Prevention">5 Prevention</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Lifestyle">5.1 Lifestyle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Medication_and_supplements">5.2 Medication and supplements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Screening">5.3 Screening</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Recommendations">5.3.1 Recommendations</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Treatment">6 Treatment</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Surgery">6.1 Surgery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Chemotherapy">6.2 Chemotherapy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Radiation_therapy">6.3 Radiation therapy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Immunotherapy">6.4 Immunotherapy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Palliative_care">6.5 Palliative care</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Psychosocial_Intervention">6.6 Psychosocial Intervention</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Depression_and_Anxiety">6.6.1 Depression and Anxiety</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Post-Treatment_Distress">6.6.2 Post-Treatment Distress</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Stigma">6.6.3 Stigma</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Methods_of_Intervention">6.6.4 Methods of Intervention</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Follow-up">6.7 Follow-up</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Exercise">6.8 Exercise</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Prognosis">7 Prognosis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Recurrence_rates">7.1 Recurrence rates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Survival_rates">7.2 Survival rates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Epidemiology">8 Epidemiology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#United_States">8.1 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#United_Kingdom">8.2 United Kingdom</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Australia">8.3 Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Papua_New_Guinea">8.4 Papua New Guinea</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Early-onset_colorectal_cancer_(EOCC)">9 Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCC)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Incidence_by_age">9.1 Incidence by age</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Risk_factors">9.2 Risk factors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Preventative_screening">9.3 Preventative screening</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#History">10 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Society_and_culture">11 Society and culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Research">12 Research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer depend on the location of the <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel">bowel</a>, and whether it has spread elsewhere in the body (<a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a>). The classic warning signs include: worsening <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, blood in the <a href="/wiki/Stool_test" title="Stool test">stool</a>, decrease in stool caliber (thickness), loss of appetite, loss of weight, and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> in someone over 50 years old.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Around 50% of people who have colorectal cancer do not report any symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rectal_bleeding" title="Rectal bleeding">Rectal bleeding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> are high-risk symptoms in people over the age of 50.<a href="#cite_note-Sym11-17">[17]</a> Weight loss and changes in a person's bowel habit are typically only concerning if they are associated with rectal bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-Sym11-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21624112-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> 75–95% of colorectal cancer cases occur in people with little or no genetic risk.<a href="#cite_note-Cause11-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> Risk factors include older age, male sex,<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> high intake of fat, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Processed_meat" title="Processed meat">processed meats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, and a lack of <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">physical exercise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cause11-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-WCRF2011-21">[21]</a> The Rectal Cancer Survival Calculator developed by the <a href="/wiki/MD_Anderson_Cancer_Center" title="MD Anderson Cancer Center">MD Anderson Cancer Center</a> additionally considers race to be a risk factor; however, there are equity issues concerning whether this might lead to inequity in clinical decision making.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Approximately 10% of cases are linked to insufficient activity.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The risk from alcohol appears to increase at greater than one drink per day.<a href="#cite_note-Fedirko2011-25">[25]</a> Drinking five glasses of water a day is linked to a decrease in the risk of colorectal cancer and <a href="/wiki/Adenomatous" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenomatous">adenomatous</a> polyps.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_gallolyticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptococcus gallolyticus">Streptococcus gallolyticus</a> is associated with colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-BoleijvanGelder2011-27">[27]</a> Some strains of Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex are consumed by millions of people daily and thus may be safe.<a href="#cite_note-JansMeile2015-28">[28]</a> 25 to 80% of people with Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus bacteremia have concomitant colorectal tumors.<a href="#cite_note-AbdulamirHafidh2011-29">[29]</a> Seroprevalence of Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus is considered as a candidate practical marker for the early prediction of an underlying bowel lesion at high risk population.<a href="#cite_note-AbdulamirHafidh2011-29">[29]</a> It has been suggested that the presence of antibodies to Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus antigens or the antigens themselves in the bloodstream may act as markers for the carcinogenesis in the colon.<a href="#cite_note-AbdulamirHafidh2011-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Pathogenic Escherichia coli">Pathogenic Escherichia coli</a> may increase the risk of colorectal cancer by producing the <a href="/wiki/Genotoxicity" title="Genotoxicity">genotoxic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colibactin" title="Colibactin">colibactin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32317778-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflammatory_bowel_disease">Inflammatory bowel disease</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inflammatory bowel disease" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> People with <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>) are at increased risk of colon cancer.<a href="#cite_note-IBD11-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26004415-32">[32]</a> The risk increases the longer a person has the disease, and the worse the severity of inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-IBD09-33">[33]</a> In these high risk groups, both prevention with <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> and regular <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopies" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonoscopies">colonoscopies</a> are recommended.<a href="#cite_note-Bye-2017-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endoscopic">Endoscopic</a> surveillance in this high-risk population may reduce the development of colorectal cancer through early diagnosis and may also reduce the chances of dying from colon cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Bye-2017-34">[34]</a> People with inflammatory bowel disease account for less than 2% of colon cancer cases yearly.<a href="#cite_note-IBD09-33">[33]</a> In those with Crohn's disease, 2% get colorectal cancer after 10 years, 8% after 20 years, and 18% after 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-IBD09-33">[33]</a> In people who have ulcerative colitis, approximately 16% develop either a <a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">cancer precursor</a> or cancer of the colon over 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-IBD09-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genetics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Those with a family history in two or more <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree of relationship">first-degree relatives</a> (such as a parent or sibling) have a two to threefold greater risk of disease, and this group accounts for about 20% of all cases. A number of genetic syndromes are also associated with higher rates of colorectal cancer. The most common of these is <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer" title="Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer">hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer</a> (HNPCC, or Lynch syndrome) which is present in about 3% of people with colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> Other syndromes that are strongly associated with colorectal cancer include <a href="/wiki/Gardner_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardner syndrome">Gardner syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">familial adenomatous polyposis</a> (FAP).<a href="#cite_note-pmid20141232-35">[35]</a> For people with these syndromes, cancer almost always occurs and makes up 1% of the cancer cases.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19822006-36">[36]</a> A total <a href="/wiki/Proctocolectomy" title="Proctocolectomy">proctocolectomy</a> may be recommended for people with FAP as a preventive measure due to the high risk of malignancy. Colectomy, removal of the colon, may not suffice as a preventive measure because of the high risk of rectal cancer if the rectum remains.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The most common polyposis syndrome affecting the colon is <a href="/wiki/Serrated_polyposis_syndrome" title="Serrated polyposis syndrome">serrated polyposis syndrome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mankaney-38">[38]</a> which is associated with a 25-40% risk of CRC.<a href="#cite_note-Fan-39">[39]</a> Mutations in the pair of genes (<a href="/wiki/DNA_polymerase_epsilon" title="DNA polymerase epsilon">POLE</a> and <a href="/wiki/POLD1" title="POLD1">POLD1</a>) have been associated with familial colon cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Bourdais2017-40">[40]</a> Most deaths due to colon cancer are associated with metastatic disease. A gene that appears to contribute to the potential for metastatic disease, metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1), has been isolated.<a href="#cite_note-Stein2009-41">[41]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Transcriptional" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcriptional">transcriptional</a> factor that influences the expression of <a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_growth_factor" title="Hepatocyte growth factor">hepatocyte growth factor</a>. This gene is associated with the proliferation, invasion, and scattering of colon cancer cells in <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell culture</a>, and tumor growth and metastasis in mice. MACC1 may be a potential target for cancer intervention, but this possibility needs to be confirmed with clinical studies.<a href="#cite_note-Stein2013-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetic">Epigenetic</a> factors, such as abnormal <a href="/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">DNA methylation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tumor_suppressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor suppressor">tumor suppressor</a> promoters, play a role in the development of colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> have a 6% higher risk rate of getting <a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">adenomas</a> and then colon cancer due to mutations in the <a href="/wiki/APC_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="APC gene">APC gene</a> being more common.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pathogenesis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Colorectal cancer is a disease originating from the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial cells</a> lining the colon or rectum of the <a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, most frequently as a result of genetic mutations in the <a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnt signaling pathway</a> that increases signaling activity.<a href="#cite_note-Tabibzadeh-2020-45">[45]</a> The Wnt signaling pathway normally plays an important role for normal function of these cells including maintaining this lining. Mutations can be <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary disease">inherited</a> or <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">acquired</a>, and most probably occur in the <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_crypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal crypt">intestinal crypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The most commonly mutated gene in all colorectal cancer is the <a href="/wiki/Adenomatous_polyposis_coli" title="Adenomatous polyposis coli">APC</a> gene, which produces the APC protein.<a href="#cite_note-Tabibzadeh-2020-45">[45]</a> The APC protein prevents the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-catenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-catenin">β-catenin</a> protein. Without APC, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-catenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-catenin">β-catenin</a> accumulates to high levels and translocates (moves) into the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>, binds to DNA, and activates the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> of proto-<a href="/wiki/Oncogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncogenes">oncogenes</a>. These genes are normally important for stem cell renewal and differentiation, but when inappropriately expressed at high levels, they can cause cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Tabibzadeh-2020-45">[45]</a> While APC is mutated in most colon cancers, some cancers have increased β-catenin because of mutations in β-catenin (CTNNB1) that block its own breakdown, or have mutations in other genes with function similar to APC such as <a href="/wiki/AXIN1" title="AXIN1">AXIN1</a>, <a href="/wiki/AXIN2" title="AXIN2">AXIN2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TCF7L2" title="TCF7L2">TCF7L2</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Naked_cuticle_1" title="Naked cuticle 1">NKD1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-markowitz-49">[49]</a> Beyond the defects in the <a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnt signaling pathway</a>, other mutations must occur for the cell to become cancerous. The <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a> protein, produced by the TP53 gene, normally monitors <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a> and induces their <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">programmed death</a> if they have Wnt pathway defects. Eventually, a <a href="/wiki/Cell_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell line">cell line</a> acquires a mutation in the TP53 gene and transforms the tissue from a <a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">benign epithelial tumor</a> into an invasive <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">epithelial cell cancer</a>. Sometimes the gene encoding p53 is not mutated, but another protective protein named <a href="/wiki/BAX_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="BAX (gene)">BAX</a> is mutated instead.<a href="#cite_note-markowitz-49">[49]</a> Other proteins responsible for programmed cell death that are commonly deactivated in colorectal cancers are <a href="/wiki/TGF-%CE%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF-β">TGF-β</a> and DCC (<a href="/wiki/Deleted_in_Colorectal_Cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deleted in Colorectal Cancer">Deleted in Colorectal Cancer</a>). TGF-β has a deactivating mutation in at least half of colorectal cancers. Sometimes TGF-β is not deactivated, but a downstream protein named <a href="/wiki/SMAD_(protein)" title="SMAD (protein)">SMAD</a> is deactivated.<a href="#cite_note-markowitz-49">[49]</a> DCC commonly has a deleted segment of a chromosome in colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Approximately 70% of all <a href="/wiki/Human_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gene">human genes</a> are expressed in colorectal cancer, with just over 1% of having increased expression in colorectal cancer compared to other forms of cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Uh2017-51">[51]</a> Some genes are <a href="/wiki/Oncogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncogenes">oncogenes</a>: they are overexpressed in colorectal cancer. For example, genes encoding the proteins <a href="/wiki/KRAS" title="KRAS">KRAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-Raf" title="C-Raf">RAF</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PI3K" class="mw-redirect" title="PI3K">PI3K</a>, which normally stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">cell to divide</a> in response to growth factors, can acquire mutations that result in over-activation of cell proliferation. The chronological order of mutations is sometimes important. If a previous APC mutation occurred, a primary KRAS mutation often progresses to cancer rather than a self-limiting <a href="/wiki/Hyperplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperplastic">hyperplastic</a> or borderline lesion.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/PTEN_(gene)" title="PTEN (gene)">PTEN</a>, a tumor suppressor, normally inhibits PI3K, but can sometimes become mutated and deactivated.<a href="#cite_note-markowitz-49">[49]</a> Comprehensive, <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>-scale analysis has revealed that colorectal carcinomas can be categorized into hypermutated and non-hypermutated tumor types.<a href="#cite_note-Muzny-2012-53">[53]</a> In addition to the oncogenic and inactivating mutations described for the genes above, non-hypermutated samples also contain mutated <a href="/wiki/CTNNB1" class="mw-redirect" title="CTNNB1">CTNNB1</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAM123B" title="FAM123B">FAM123B</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOX9" title="SOX9">SOX9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia_mutated" class="mw-redirect" title="Ataxia telangiectasia mutated">ATM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ARID1A" title="ARID1A">ARID1A</a>. Progressing through a distinct set of genetic events, hypermutated tumors display mutated forms of <a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A">ACVR2A</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGFBR2" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFBR2">TGFBR2</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSH3" title="MSH3">MSH3</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSH6" title="MSH6">MSH6</a>, SLC9A9, <a href="/wiki/TCF7L2" title="TCF7L2">TCF7L2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BRAF_(gene)" title="BRAF (gene)">BRAF</a>. The common theme among these genes, across both tumor types, is their involvement in Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways, which results in increased activity of <a href="/wiki/MYC" title="MYC">MYC</a>, a central player in colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Muzny-2012-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA_mismatch_repair" title="DNA mismatch repair">Mismatch repair</a> (MMR) deficient tumours are characterized by a relatively high amount of poly-nucleotide <a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">tandem repeats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> This is caused by a deficiency in MMR proteins – which are typically caused by <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> silencing and or inherited mutations (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer" title="Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer">Lynch syndrome</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ryan-2017-55">[55]</a> 15 to 18 percent of colorectal cancer tumours have MMR deficiencies, with 3 percent developing due to Lynch syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The role of the mismatch repair system is to protect the integrity of the genetic material within cells (i.e., error detecting and correcting).<a href="#cite_note-Ryan-2017-55">[55]</a> Consequently, a deficiency in MMR proteins may lead to an inability to detect and repair genetic damage, allowing for further cancer-causing mutations to occur and colorectal cancer to progress.<a href="#cite_note-Ryan-2017-55">[55]</a> The polyp to cancer progression sequence is the classical model of colorectal cancer <a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">pathogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grady-2015-57">[57]</a> In this adenoma-carcinoma sequence,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> normal epithelial cells progress to <a href="/wiki/Dysplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysplastic">dysplastic</a> cells such as <a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">adenomas</a>, and then to carcinoma, by a process of progressive genetic mutation.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Central to the polyp to CRC sequence are gene mutations, epigenetic alterations, and local inflammatory changes.<a href="#cite_note-Grady-2015-57">[57]</a> The polyp to CRC sequence can be used as an underlying framework to illustrate how specific molecular changes lead to various cancer subtypes.<a href="#cite_note-Grady-2015-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_defects">Field defects</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Field defects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg/220px-Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="2560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 337px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg/220px-Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="337" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg/330px-Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg/440px-Image_of_resected_colon_segment_with_cancer_%26_4_nearby_polyps_plus_schematic_of_field_defects_with_sub-clones.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Longitudinally opened freshly resected colon segment showing a cancer and four polyps. Plus a schematic diagram indicating a likely field defect (a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer) in this colon segment. The diagram indicates sub-clones and sub-sub-clones that were precursors to the tumors.</figcaption></figure> The term "field cancerization" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or "field" of epithelium that has been preconditioned (by what were largely unknown processes at the time) to predispose it towards development of cancer.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Since then, the terms "field cancerization", "field carcinogenesis", "field defect", and "<a href="/wiki/Immersed_Boundary_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersed Boundary Method">field effect</a>" have been used to describe pre-malignant or pre-neoplastic tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Field defects are important in progression to colon cancer.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> However, as pointed out by Rubin, "The vast majority of studies in cancer research has been done on well-defined tumors in vivo, or on discrete neoplastic foci in vitro. Yet there is evidence that more than 80% of the somatic mutations found in mutator phenotype human colorectal tumors occur before the onset of terminal clonal expansion."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Similarly, Vogelstein et al.<a href="#cite_note-Vogelstein-66">[66]</a> pointed out that more than half of somatic mutations identified in tumors occurred in a pre-neoplastic phase (in a field defect), during growth of apparently normal cells. Likewise, epigenetic alterations present in tumors may have occurred in pre-neoplastic field defects.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-2013-67">[67]</a> An expanded view of field effect has been termed "etiologic field effect", which encompasses not only molecular and pathologic changes in pre-neoplastic cells but also influences of exogenous environmental factors and molecular changes in the local <a href="/wiki/Tumor_microenvironment" title="Tumor microenvironment">microenvironment</a> on neoplastic evolution from tumor initiation to death.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Epigenetics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetic</a> alterations are much more frequent in colon cancer than genetic (mutational) alterations. As described by Vogelstein et al.,<a href="#cite_note-Vogelstein-66">[66]</a> an average cancer of the colon has only 1 or 2 oncogene mutations and 1 to 5 tumor suppressor mutations (together designated "driver mutations"), with about 60 further "passenger" mutations. The oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are well studied and are described above under <a href="#Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In addition to epigenetic alteration of expression of miRNAs, other common types of epigenetic alterations in cancers that change gene expression levels include direct hypermethylation or hypomethylation of CpG islands of protein-encoding genes and alterations in histones and chromosomal architecture that influence gene expression.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> As an example, 147 hypermethylations and 27 hypomethylations of protein coding genes were frequently associated with colorectal cancers. Of the hypermethylated genes, 10 were hypermethylated in 100% of colon cancers, and many others were hypermethylated in more than 50% of colon cancers.<a href="#cite_note-Sch-72">[72]</a> In addition, 11 hypermethylations and 96 hypomethylations of miRNAs were also associated with colorectal cancers.<a href="#cite_note-Sch-72">[72]</a> Abnormal (aberrant) <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a> occurs as a normal consequence of normal aging and the risk of colorectal cancer increases as a person gets older.<a href="#cite_note-Epigenetics-73">[73]</a> The source and trigger of this age-related methylation is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Epigenetics-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Approximately half of the genes that show age-related methylation changes are the same genes that have been identified to be involved in the development of colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Epigenetics-73">[73]</a> These findings may suggest a reason for age being associated with the increased risk of developing colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Epigenetics-73">[73]</a> Epigenetic reductions of DNA repair enzyme expression may likely lead to the genomic and epigenomic instability characteristic of cancer.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-2013-67">[67]</a> As summarized in the articles <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">Carcinogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasm</a>, for sporadic cancers in general, a deficiency in DNA repair is occasionally due to a mutation in a DNA repair gene, but is much more frequently due to epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence expression of DNA repair genes.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Epigenetic alterations involved in the development of colorectal cancer may affect a person's response to chemotherapy.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genomics_and_epigenomics">Genomics and epigenomics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genomics and epigenomics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) classification of colorectal cancer was first introduced in 2015. CMS classification so far has been considered the most robust classification system available for CRC that has a clear biological interpretability and the basis for future clinical stratification and subtype-based targeted interventions.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> A novel Epigenome-based Classification (EpiC) of colorectal cancer was proposed in 2021 introducing 4 enhancer subtypes in people with CRC. Chromatin states using 6 histone marks are characterized to identify EpiC subtypes. A combinatorial therapeutic approach based on the previously introduced consensus molecular subtypes (CMSs) and EpiCs could significantly enhance current treatment strategies.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diagnosis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColonCaWithMetsMark.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ColonCaWithMetsMark.png/220px-ColonCaWithMetsMark.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1045"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 239px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ColonCaWithMetsMark.png/220px-ColonCaWithMetsMark.png" data-width="220" data-height="239" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ColonCaWithMetsMark.png/330px-ColonCaWithMetsMark.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ColonCaWithMetsMark.png/440px-ColonCaWithMetsMark.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Colon cancer with extensive metastases to the liver</figcaption></figure> Colorectal cancer diagnosis is performed by sampling of areas of the colon suspicious for possible tumor development, typically during colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, depending on the location of the lesion.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_imaging">Medical imaging</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Medical imaging" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A colorectal cancer is sometimes initially discovered on <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colorectal_Cancer-81">[81]</a> Presence of <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastases</a> is determined by a <a href="/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray computed tomography">CT scan</a> of the chest, abdomen and pelvis.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> Other potential imaging tests such as <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> and <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> may be used in certain cases.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> MRI is particularly useful to determine local stage of the tumor and to plan the optimal surgical approach.<a href="#cite_note-Colorectal_Cancer-81">[81]</a> MRI is also performed after completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy to identify patients who achieve complete response. Patients with complete response on both MRI and endoscopy may not require surgical resection and can avoid unnecessary surgical morbidity and complications.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Patients selected for non-surgical treatment of rectal cancer should have periodic MRI scans, receive physical examinations, and undergo endoscopy procedures to detect any tumor re-growth which can occur in a minority of these patients. When local recurrence occurs, periodic follow up can detect it when it is still small and curable with salvage surgery. In addition, MRI tumor regression grades can be assigned after chemoradiotherapy which correlate with patients' long-term survival outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histopathology">Histopathology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Histopathology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relative_incidence_of_colorectal_cancers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Relative_incidence_of_colorectal_cancers.svg/220px-Relative_incidence_of_colorectal_cancers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="566"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 79px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Relative_incidence_of_colorectal_cancers.svg/220px-Relative_incidence_of_colorectal_cancers.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Relative_incidence_of_colorectal_cancers.svg/330px-Relative_incidence_of_colorectal_cancers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Relative_incidence_of_colorectal_cancers.svg/440px-Relative_incidence_of_colorectal_cancers.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Relative incidence of various histopathological types of colorectal cancer. The vast majority of colorectal cancers are <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_colorectal_carcinoma_with_dirty_necrosis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Micrograph_of_colorectal_carcinoma_with_dirty_necrosis.jpg/220px-Micrograph_of_colorectal_carcinoma_with_dirty_necrosis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="659"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Micrograph_of_colorectal_carcinoma_with_dirty_necrosis.jpg/220px-Micrograph_of_colorectal_carcinoma_with_dirty_necrosis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Micrograph_of_colorectal_carcinoma_with_dirty_necrosis.jpg/330px-Micrograph_of_colorectal_carcinoma_with_dirty_necrosis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Micrograph_of_colorectal_carcinoma_with_dirty_necrosis.jpg/440px-Micrograph_of_colorectal_carcinoma_with_dirty_necrosis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Micrograph of colorectal adenocarcinoma, showing "dirty necrosis".</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Histopathology_of_colorectal_adenocarcinoma" title="Histopathology of colorectal adenocarcinoma">Histopathology of colorectal adenocarcinoma</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathologic</a> characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a> are reported from the analysis of tissue taken from a biopsy or surgery. A pathology report contains a description of the microscopical characteristics of the tumor tissue, including both tumor cells and how the tumor invades into healthy tissues and finally if the tumor appears to be completely removed. The most common form of colon cancer is <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a>, constituting between 95%<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and 98%<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> of all cases of colorectal cancer. Other, rarer types include <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>, adenosquamous and <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">squamous cell carcinoma</a>. Some subtypes are more aggressive.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a> may be used in uncertain cases.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staging">Staging</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Staging" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer_staging" title="Colon cancer staging">Colon cancer staging</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">Staging</a> of the cancer is based on both radiological and pathological findings. As with most other forms of cancer, tumor staging is based on the <a href="/wiki/TNM_staging_system" title="TNM staging system">TNM system</a> which considers how much the initial tumor has spread and the presence of metastases in lymph nodes and more distant organs.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> The AJCC 8th edition was published in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prevention" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> It has been estimated that about half of colorectal cancer cases are due to lifestyle factors, and about a quarter of all cases are preventable.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Increasing surveillance, engaging in physical activity, consuming a diet high in fiber, quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption decrease the risk.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lifestyle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Lifestyle risk factors with strong evidence include lack of exercise, cigarette smoking, alcohol, and obesity.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Overview-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHOcancerprevention-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The risk of colon cancer can be reduced by maintaining a normal body weight through a combination of sufficient exercise and eating a <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Current research consistently links eating more red meat and processed meat to a higher risk of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Starting in the 1970s, dietary recommendations to prevent colorectal cancer often included increasing the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grains</a>, fruits and vegetables, and reducing the intake of <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Processed_meat" title="Processed meat">processed meats</a>. This was based on animal studies and retrospective observational studies. However, large scale prospective studies have failed to demonstrate a significant protective effect, and due to the multiple causes of cancer and the complexity of studying correlations between diet and health, it is uncertain whether any specific dietary interventions will have significant protective effects.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Willett-98">[98]</a>: 432–433 <a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_2.6-99">[99]</a>: 125–126 In 2018 the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> stated that "There is no reliable evidence that a diet started in adulthood that is low in fat and meat and high in fiber, fruits, and vegetables reduces the risk of CRC by a clinically important degree."<a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Overview-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Evidence-100">[100]</a> Consuming alcoholic drinks and consuming processed meat both increase the risk of colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-w151-101">[101]</a> The 2014 World Health Organization cancer report noted that it has been hypothesized that dietary fiber might help prevent colorectal cancer, but that most studies at the time had not yet studied the correlation.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_2.6-99">[99]</a> A 2019 review, however, found evidence of benefit from dietary fiber and whole grains.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Cancer_Research_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Cancer Research Fund">World Cancer Research Fund</a> listed the benefit of fiber for prevention of colorectal cancer as "probable" as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Song2018-103">[103]</a> A 2022 <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_review" title="Umbrella review">umbrella review</a> says there is "convincing evidence" for that association.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Higher physical activity is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-WCRF2011-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">Physical exercise</a> is associated with a modest reduction in colon but not rectal cancer risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19207713-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> High levels of physical activity reduce the risk of colon cancer by about 21%.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2016-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitting" title="Sitting">Sitting</a> regularly for prolonged periods is associated with higher mortality from colon cancer. Regular exercise does not negate the risk but does lower it.<a href="#cite_note-Biswas-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medication_and_supplements">Medication and supplements</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medication and supplements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">celecoxib</a> appear to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer in those at high risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20594533-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Aspirin is recommended in those who are 50 to 60 years old, do not have an increased risk of bleeding, and are at risk for cardiovascular disease to prevent colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> It is not recommended in those at average risk.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> There is tentative evidence for <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> supplementation, but it is not sufficient to make a recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18254022-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> intake and blood levels are associated with a lower risk of colon cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21876081-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21672549-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screening">Screening</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Screening" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As more than 80% of colorectal cancers arise from <a href="/wiki/Adenomatous_polyps" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenomatous polyps">adenomatous polyps</a>, screening for this cancer is effective for both early detection and for prevention.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdcprevent-117">[117]</a> Diagnosis of cases of colorectal cancer through screening tends to occur 2–3 years before diagnosis of cases with symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> Any polyps that are detected can be removed, usually by <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">sigmoidoscopy</a>, and thus prevent them from turning into cancer. Screening has the potential to reduce colorectal cancer deaths by 60%.<a href="#cite_note-Screen11-118">[118]</a> The three main screening tests are colonoscopy, <a href="/wiki/Fecal_occult_blood" title="Fecal occult blood">fecal occult blood</a> testing, and <a href="/wiki/Flexible_sigmoidoscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible sigmoidoscopy">flexible sigmoidoscopy</a>. Of the three, only sigmoidoscopy cannot screen the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)#Right_and_Left_Colon" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">right side of the colon</a> where 42% of cancers are found.<a href="#cite_note-Siegel2012Intro-119">[119]</a> Flexible sigmoidoscopy, however, has the best evidence for decreasing the risk of death from any cause.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) of the stool is typically recommended every two years and can be either <a href="/wiki/Stool_guaiac_test" title="Stool guaiac test">guaiac-based</a> or <a href="/wiki/Immunochemistry" title="Immunochemistry">immunochemical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> If abnormal FOBT results are found, participants are typically referred for a follow-up colonoscopy examination. When done once every 1–2 years, FOBT screening reduces colorectal cancer deaths by 16% and among those participating in screening, colorectal cancer deaths can be reduced up to 23%, although it has not been proven to reduce all-cause mortality.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Immunochemical tests are accurate and do not require dietary or medication changes before testing.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> However, research in the UK has found that for these immunochemical tests, the threshold for further investigation is set at a point that may miss more than half of bowel cancer cases. The research suggests that the <a href="/wiki/NHS_England" title="NHS England">NHS England's</a> Bowel Cancer Screening Programme could make better use of the test's ability to provide the exact concentration of blood in faeces (rather than only whether it is above or below a cutoff level).<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li-2021-124">[124]</a> Other options include <a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">virtual colonoscopy</a> and stool DNA screening testing (FIT-DNA). Virtual colonoscopy via a <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> appears as good as standard colonoscopy for detecting cancers and large adenomas but is expensive, associated with radiation exposure, and cannot remove any detected abnormal growths as standard colonoscopy can.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> Stool DNA screening test looks for <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarkers</a> associated with colorectal cancer and precancerous lesions, including altered <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin_A" title="Hemoglobin A">blood hemoglobin</a>. A positive result should be followed by <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a>. FIT-DNA has more false positives than FIT and thus results in more adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF2016-10">[10]</a> Further study is required as of 2016 to determine whether a three-year screening interval is correct.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF2016-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recommendations">Recommendations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Recommendations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the United States, screening is typically recommended between ages 50 and 75 years.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF2016-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Qa2019-125">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> recommends starting at the age of 45.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> For those between 76 and 85 years old, the decision to screen should be individualized.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF2016-10">[10]</a> For those at high risk, screenings usually begin at around 40.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-USPTF2008-127">[127]</a> Several screening methods are recommended including stool-based tests every 2 years, <a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">sigmoidoscopy</a> every 10 years with <a href="/wiki/Fecal_immunochemical_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal immunochemical testing">fecal immunochemical testing</a> every two years, and <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a> every 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-Qa2019-125">[125]</a> It is unclear which of these two methods is better.<a href="#cite_note-Bren2014-128">[128]</a> Colonoscopy may find more cancers in the first part of the colon, but is associated with greater cost and more complications.<a href="#cite_note-Bren2014-128">[128]</a> For people with average risk who have had a high-quality colonoscopy with normal results, the <a href="/wiki/American_Gastroenterological_Association" title="American Gastroenterological Association">American Gastroenterological Association</a> does not recommend any type of screening in the 10 years following the colonoscopy.<a href="#cite_note-AGAfive-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-coloscreen-130">[130]</a> For people over 75 or those with a life expectancy of less than 10 years, screening is not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> It takes about 10 years after screening for one out of a 1000 people to benefit.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The USPSTF list seven potential strategies for screening, with the most important thing being that at least one of these strategies is appropriately used.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF2016-10">[10]</a> In Canada, among those 50 to 75 years old at normal risk, fecal immunochemical testing or FOBT is recommended every two years or sigmoidoscopy every 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-CMAJ2016-133">[133]</a> Colonoscopy is less preferred.<a href="#cite_note-CMAJ2016-133">[133]</a> Some countries have national colorectal screening programs which offer FOBT screening for all adults within a certain age group, typically starting between ages 50 and 60. Examples of countries with organised screening include the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Australia,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> the Netherlands,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Hong Kong, and Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The UK Bowel Cancer Screening Programme aims to find warning signs in people aged 60 to 74, by recommending a faecal immunochemical test (FIT) every two years. FIT measures blood in faeces, and people with levels above a certain threshold may have bowel tissue examined for signs of cancer. Growths having cancerous potential are removed.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li-2021-124">[124]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Treatment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The treatment of colorectal cancer can be aimed at cure or palliation. The decision on which aim to adopt depends on various factors, including the person's health and preferences, as well as the stage of the tumor.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21943995-139">[139]</a> Assessment in multidisciplinary teams is a critical part of determining whether the patient is suitable for surgery or not.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> When colorectal cancer is caught early, surgery can be curative. However, when it is detected at later stages (for which <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastases</a> are present), this is less likely and treatment is often directed at palliation, to relieve symptoms caused by the tumour and keep the person as comfortable as possible.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Surgery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_a_local_resection_of_an_early_stage_bowel_cancer_CRUK_068.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Diagram_showing_a_local_resection_of_an_early_stage_bowel_cancer_CRUK_068.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_a_local_resection_of_an_early_stage_bowel_cancer_CRUK_068.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Diagram_showing_a_local_resection_of_an_early_stage_bowel_cancer_CRUK_068.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_a_local_resection_of_an_early_stage_bowel_cancer_CRUK_068.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Diagram_showing_a_local_resection_of_an_early_stage_bowel_cancer_CRUK_068.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_a_local_resection_of_an_early_stage_bowel_cancer_CRUK_068.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Diagram_showing_a_local_resection_of_an_early_stage_bowel_cancer_CRUK_068.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_a_local_resection_of_an_early_stage_bowel_cancer_CRUK_068.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A diagram of a local resection of early stage colon cancer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_the_area_removed_for_a_rectal_cancer_CRUK_286.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diagram_showing_the_area_removed_for_a_rectal_cancer_CRUK_286.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_the_area_removed_for_a_rectal_cancer_CRUK_286.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 243px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diagram_showing_the_area_removed_for_a_rectal_cancer_CRUK_286.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_the_area_removed_for_a_rectal_cancer_CRUK_286.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="243" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diagram_showing_the_area_removed_for_a_rectal_cancer_CRUK_286.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_the_area_removed_for_a_rectal_cancer_CRUK_286.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diagram_showing_the_area_removed_for_a_rectal_cancer_CRUK_286.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_the_area_removed_for_a_rectal_cancer_CRUK_286.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A diagram of local surgery for rectal cancer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edges_and_margins_in_intestinal_tumor.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Edges_and_margins_in_intestinal_tumor.png/220px-Edges_and_margins_in_intestinal_tumor.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1116"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Edges_and_margins_in_intestinal_tumor.png/220px-Edges_and_margins_in_intestinal_tumor.png" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Edges_and_margins_in_intestinal_tumor.png/330px-Edges_and_margins_in_intestinal_tumor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Edges_and_margins_in_intestinal_tumor.png/440px-Edges_and_margins_in_intestinal_tumor.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Margins of a colonic resection.</figcaption></figure> At an early stage, colorectal cancer may be removed during a colonoscopy using one of several techniques, including <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_mucosal_resection" title="Endoscopic mucosal resection">endoscopic mucosal resection</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_submucosal_dissection" title="Endoscopic submucosal dissection">endoscopic submucosal dissection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014PtTx-5">[5]</a> Endoscopic resection is possible if there is low possibility of lymph node metastasis and the size and location of the tumor make en bloc resection possible.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> For people with localized cancer, the preferred treatment is complete surgical removal with adequate <a href="/wiki/Resection_margin" title="Resection margin">margins</a>, with the attempt of achieving a cure. The procedure of choice is a partial <a href="/wiki/Colectomy" title="Colectomy">colectomy</a> (or proctocolectomy for rectal lesions) where the affected part of the colon or rectum is removed along with parts of its <a href="/wiki/Mesocolon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesocolon">mesocolon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_arteries" title="Mesenteric arteries">blood supply</a> to facilitate removal of draining <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a>. This can be done either by an open <a href="/wiki/Laparotomy" title="Laparotomy">laparotomy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laparoscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Laparoscopic">laparoscopically</a>, depending on factors related to the individual person and lesion factors.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> The colon may then be reconnected or a person may have a <a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">colostomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014PtTx-5">[5]</a> If there are only a few metastases in the liver or lungs, these may also be removed. <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</a> may be used before surgery to shrink the cancer before attempting to remove it. The two most common sites of recurrence of colorectal cancer are the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_carcinomatosis" title="Peritoneal carcinomatosis">peritoneal carcinomatosis</a> <a href="/wiki/Cytoreductive_surgery" title="Cytoreductive surgery">cytoreductive surgery</a>, sometimes in combination with <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermic_intraperitoneal_chemotherapy" title="Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy">HIPEC</a> can be used in an attempt to remove the cancer.<a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-2012-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chemotherapy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In both cancer of the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> may be used in addition to surgery in certain cases. The decision to add chemotherapy in management of colon and rectal cancer depends on the stage of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Colorectal_Colon_Cancer-143">[143]</a> In Stage I colon cancer, no chemotherapy is offered, and surgery is the definitive treatment. The role of chemotherapy in Stage II colon cancer is debatable, and is usually not offered unless risk factors such as T4 tumor, undifferentiated tumor, vascular and perineural invasion or inadequate lymph node sampling is identified.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> It is also known that the people who carry abnormalities of the mismatch repair genes do not benefit from chemotherapy. For Stage III and Stage IV colon cancer, chemotherapy is an integral part of treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> If cancer has spread to the <a href="/wiki/Lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph nodes">lymph nodes</a> or distant organs, which is the case with Stage III and Stage IV colon cancer respectively, adding chemotherapy agents <a href="/wiki/Fluorouracil" title="Fluorouracil">fluorouracil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capecitabine" title="Capecitabine">capecitabine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oxaliplatin" title="Oxaliplatin">oxaliplatin</a> increases life expectancy. If the lymph nodes do not contain cancer, the benefits of chemotherapy are controversial. If the cancer is widely metastatic or unresectable, treatment is then <a href="/wiki/Palliative" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliative">palliative</a>. Typically in this setting, a number of different chemotherapy medications may be used.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> Chemotherapy drugs for this condition may include <a href="/wiki/Capecitabine" title="Capecitabine">capecitabine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorouracil" title="Fluorouracil">fluorouracil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irinotecan" title="Irinotecan">irinotecan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxaliplatin" title="Oxaliplatin">oxaliplatin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tegafur-Uracil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegafur-Uracil">UFT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The drugs capecitabine and fluorouracil are interchangeable, with capecitabine being an oral medication and fluorouracil being an intravenous medicine. Some specific <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy_regimen" title="Chemotherapy regimen">regimens</a> used for CRC are <a href="/wiki/CAPOX" title="CAPOX">CAPOX</a>, <a href="/wiki/FOLFOX" title="FOLFOX">FOLFOX</a>, <a href="/wiki/FOLFOXIRI" title="FOLFOXIRI">FOLFOXIRI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FOLFIRI" title="FOLFIRI">FOLFIRI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fakih-146">[146]</a> Antiangiogenic drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Bevacizumab" title="Bevacizumab">bevacizumab</a> are often added in first line therapy.<a href="#cite_note-l758-147">[147]</a> Another class of drugs used in the second line setting are <a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">epidermal growth factor receptor</a> inhibitors, of which the three FDA approved ones are <a href="/wiki/Aflibercept" title="Aflibercept">aflibercept</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetuximab" title="Cetuximab">cetuximab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panitumumab" title="Panitumumab">panitumumab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shaib2013-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The primary difference in the approach to low stage rectal cancer is the incorporation of radiation therapy. Often, it is used in conjunction with chemotherapy in a <a href="/wiki/Neoadjuvant" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoadjuvant">neoadjuvant</a> fashion to enable surgical resection, so that ultimately a <a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">colostomy</a> is not required. However, it may not be possible in low lying tumors, in which case, a permanent colostomy may be required. Stage IV rectal cancer is treated similar to Stage IV colon cancer. Stage IV colorectal cancer due to <a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_carcinomatosis" title="Peritoneal carcinomatosis">peritoneal carcinomatosis</a> can be treated using <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermic_intraperitoneal_chemotherapy" title="Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy">HIPEC</a> combined with cytoreductive surgery, in some people.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Also, T4 colorectal cancer can be treated with HIPEC to avoid future relapses.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation_therapy">Radiation therapy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Radiation therapy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While a combination of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> and chemotherapy may be useful for <a href="/wiki/Rectal_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal cancer">rectal cancer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> for some people requiring treatment, chemoradiotherapy can increase acute treatment-related toxicity, and has not been shown to improve survival rates compared to radiotherapy alone, although it is associated with less local recurrence.<a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-2012-142">[142]</a> For squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal, chemoradiation therapy (CRT) with 5-FU and mitomycin C is preferred over radiation alone, offering improved survival outcomes but with increased risks of <a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">acute hematological toxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-djae195-154">[154]</a> The use of radiotherapy in colon cancer is not routine due to the sensitivity of the bowels to radiation.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Radiation therapy's side effects (and occurrence rates) include acute (27%) and late (17%) <a href="/wiki/Skin_condition" title="Skin condition">dermatological toxicities</a>, acute (14%) and late (27%) <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">gastrointestinal toxicities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-djae195-154">[154]</a> and late <a href="/wiki/Radiation_enteropathy" title="Radiation enteropathy">pelvic radiation disease</a> (1-10%), e.g., <a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_lumbar_plexopathy" title="Radiation-induced lumbar plexopathy">irreversible lumbosacral plexopathy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CCR-19-2744-156">[156]</a> As with chemotherapy, radiotherapy can be used as a neoadjuvant for clinical stages T3 and T4 for rectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Neoadjuvant_radiotherapy_for_rectal-157">[157]</a> This results in downsizing or downstaging of the tumour, preparing it for surgical resection, and also decreases local recurrence rates.<a href="#cite_note-Neoadjuvant_radiotherapy_for_rectal-157">[157]</a> For locally advanced rectal cancer, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has become the standard treatment.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Additionally, when surgery is not possible radiation therapy has been suggested to be an effective treatment against CRC pulmonary metastases, which are developed by 10-15% of people with CRC.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Immunotherapy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</a> with immune checkpoint inhibitors has been found to be useful for a type of colorectal cancer with <a href="/wiki/Mismatch_repair_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Mismatch repair deficiency">mismatch repair deficiency</a> and microsatellite instability.<a href="#cite_note-Bo2017-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nic2017-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borras2023-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pembrolizumab" title="Pembrolizumab">Pembrolizumab</a> is approved for advanced CRC tumours that are MMR deficient and have failed usual treatments.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Most people who do improve, however, still worsen after months or years.<a href="#cite_note-Nic2017-161">[161]</a> On the other hand, in a prospective phase 2 study published in June 2022 in The New England Journal of Medicine, 12 patients with Deficient Mismatch Repair (dMMR) stage II or III rectal adenocarcinoma were administered single-agent <a href="/wiki/Dostarlimab" title="Dostarlimab">dostarlimab</a>, an anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibody, every three weeks for six months. After a median follow-up of 12 months (range, 6 to 25 months), all 12 patients had a complete clinical response with no evidence of tumor on MRI, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose–positron-emission tomography, endoscopic evaluation, digital rectal examination, or biopsy. Moreover, no patient in the trial needed chemoradiotherapy or surgery, and no patient reported adverse events of grade 3 or higher. However, although the results of this study are promising, the study is small and has uncertainties about long-term outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-dostarlimab_2022-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palliative_care">Palliative care</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Palliative care" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a> can be used at the same time as the cancer treatment and is recommended for any person who has advanced colon cancer or who has significant symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Involvement of palliative care may be beneficial to improve the quality of life for both the person and his or her family, by improving symptoms, anxiety and preventing admissions to the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In people with incurable colorectal cancer, palliative care can consist of procedures that relieve symptoms or complications from the cancer but do not attempt to cure the underlying cancer, thereby improving <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>. Surgical options may include non-curative surgical removal of some of the cancer tissue, bypassing part of the intestines, or stent placement. These procedures can be considered to improve symptoms and reduce complications such as bleeding from the tumor, abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Non-operative methods of symptomatic treatment include radiation therapy to decrease tumor size as well as pain medications.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychosocial_Intervention">Psychosocial Intervention</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Psychosocial Intervention" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In addition to medical intervention, a variety of psychosocial interventions have been implemented to address psychosocial concerns in the context of colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Son-2018-170">[170]</a> Depression and anxiety are highly prevalent in patients diagnosed with CRC, therefore psychosocial interventions can be helpful for alleviating psychological distress.<a href="#cite_note-Peng-2019-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-172">[172]</a> Many patients continue to experience symptoms of anxiety and depression following treatment, regardless of treatment outcome.<a href="#cite_note-Peng-2019-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Societal stigmas associated with colorectal cancer present further psychosocial challenges for CRC patients and their families.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-2013-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Phelan-2013a-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depression_and_Anxiety">Depression and Anxiety</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Depression and Anxiety" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Colorectal cancer patients have a 51% higher risk of experiencing depression than individuals without the disease.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-172">[172]</a> Additionally, CRC patients are at high risk of experiencing severe anxiety, low self-esteem, poor self-concept, and social anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-Peng-2019-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Treatment_Distress">Post-Treatment Distress</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Post-Treatment Distress" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Regardless of treatment outcome, many CRC patients experience ongoing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and distress.<a href="#cite_note-Peng-2019-171">[171]</a> Survivorship of CRC can involve significant lifestyle adjustments.<a href="#cite_note-Phelan-2013a-175">[175]</a> Postoperative afflictions may include stomas, bowel issues, incontinence, odor, and changes to sexual functioning.<a href="#cite_note-Phelan-2013a-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-176">[176]</a> These changes can result in distorted body image, social anxiety, depression, and distress—all of which contribute to a poorer quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-Phelan-2013a-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-auto-178">[178]</a> Transitioning into palliative care and contending with mortality can be a deeply distressing experience for a CRC patient and their loved ones. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stigma">Stigma</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Stigma" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Colorectal cancer is highly stigmatized and can elicit feelings of disgust from patients, healthcare professionals, family, intimate partners, and the general public.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-2013-174">[174]</a> Patients with stomas are especially vulnerable to stigmatization due to unavoidable odors, gas, and unpleasant noises from stoma bags.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-2013-174">[174]</a> Additionally, associated CRC risk factors like poor diet, alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity prompt negative assumptions of blame and personal responsibility onto CRC patients.<a href="#cite_note-Phelan-2013a-175">[175]</a> Judgement from others along with internalized self-blame and embarrassment can negatively affect self-esteem, sociability, and quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-Phelan-2013a-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methods_of_Intervention">Methods of Intervention</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Methods of Intervention" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Face-to-face interventions such as clinician-patient talk therapy, body-mind-spirit practices, and support group sessions have been identified as most effective in reducing anxiety and depression in CRC patients.<a href="#cite_note-Son-2018-170">[170]</a> Additionally, journaling exercises and over-the-phone talk therapy sessions have been implemented.<a href="#cite_note-Son-2018-170">[170]</a> Though deemed less effective, these non-face-to-face interventions are economically inclusive and have been found to reduce both depression and anxiety in CRC patients.<a href="#cite_note-Son-2018-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Follow-up">Follow-up</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Follow-up" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Comprehensive_Cancer_Network" title="National Comprehensive Cancer Network">National Comprehensive Cancer Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncology" title="American Society of Clinical Oncology">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a> provide guidelines for the follow-up of colon cancer.<a href="#cite_note-NCCNguidelines-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16260687-180">[180]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a> are recommended every 3 to 6 months for 2 years, then every 6 months for 5 years. <a href="/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen" title="Carcinoembryonic antigen">Carcinoembryonic antigen</a> blood level measurements follow the same timing, but are only advised for people with T2 or greater lesions who are candidates for intervention. A <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">CT-scan</a> of the chest, abdomen and pelvis can be considered annually for the first 3 years for people who are at high risk of recurrence (for example, those who had poorly differentiated tumors or venous or lymphatic invasion) and are candidates for curative surgery (with the aim to cure). A <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a> can be done after 1 year, except if it could not be done during the initial staging because of an obstructing mass, in which case it should be performed after 3 to 6 months. If a villous polyp, a polyp >1 centimeter or high-grade dysplasia is found, it can be repeated after 3 years, then every 5 years. For other abnormalities, the colonoscopy can be repeated after 1 year.<a href="#cite_note-Colorectal_Colon_Cancer-143">[143]</a> Routine <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">ultrasound scanning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chest_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest X-ray">chest X-rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">complete blood count</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">liver function tests</a> are not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-NCCNguidelines-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16260687-180">[180]</a> For people who have undergone curative surgery or adjuvant therapy (or both) to treat non-metastatic colorectal cancer, intense surveillance and close follow-up have not been shown to provide additional survival benefits.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exercise">Exercise</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Exercise" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Exercise may be recommended in the future as secondary therapy to cancer survivors. In epidemiological studies, exercise may decrease colorectal cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality. Results for the specific amounts of exercise needed to observe a benefit were conflicting. These differences may reflect differences in tumour biology and the expression of biomarkers. People with tumors that lacked <a href="/wiki/CTNNB1" class="mw-redirect" title="CTNNB1">CTNNB1</a> expression (β-catenin), involved in <a href="/wiki/Wnt_signalling_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Wnt signalling pathway">Wnt signalling pathway</a>, required more than 18 <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic equivalent">Metabolic equivalent</a> (MET) hours per week, a measure of exercise, to observe a reduction in colorectal cancer mortality. The mechanism of how exercise benefits survival may be involved in immune surveillance and inflammation pathways. In clinical studies, a pro-inflammatory response was found in people with stage II-III colorectal cancer who underwent 2 weeks of moderate exercise after completing their primary therapy. Oxidative balance may be another possible mechanism for benefits observed. A significant decrease in 8-oxo-dG was found in the urine of people who underwent 2 weeks of moderate exercise after primary therapy. Other possible mechanisms may involve metabolic hormone and sex-steroid hormones, although these pathways may be involved in other types of cancers.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ballard-Barbash2012-183">[183]</a> Another potential biomarker may be <a href="/wiki/P27_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="P27 (gene)">p27</a>. Survivors with tumors that expressed p27 and performed greater and equal to 18 MET hours per week were found to have reduced colorectal cancer mortality survival compared to those with less than 18 MET hours per week. Survivors without p27 expression who exercised were shown to have worse outcomes. The constitutive activation of <a href="/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway" title="PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway">PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway</a> may explain the loss of p27 and excess energy balance may up-regulate p27 to stop cancer cells from dividing.<a href="#cite_note-Ballard-Barbash2012-183">[183]</a> Physical activity provides benefits to people with non-advanced colorectal cancer. Improvements in aerobic fitness, cancer-related fatigue and health-related quality of life have been reported in the short term.<a href="#cite_note-Physical_activity_interventions_for-184">[184]</a> However, these improvements were not observed at the level of disease-related mental health, such as anxiety and depression.<a href="#cite_note-Physical_activity_interventions_for-184">[184]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Prognosis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Fewer than 600 genes are linked to outcomes in colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Uh2017-51">[51]</a> These include both unfavorable genes, where high expression is related to poor outcome, for example the <a href="/wiki/HSPA1A" title="HSPA1A">heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 (HSPA1A)</a>, and favorable genes where high expression is associated with better survival, for example the <a href="/wiki/RBM3" title="RBM3">putative RNA-binding protein 3 (RBM3)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Uh2017-51">[51]</a> The prognosis is also correlated with a poor fidelity of the pre-mRNA splicing apparatus, and thus a high number of deviating alternative splicing.<a href="#cite_note-Stromme-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recurrence_rates">Recurrence rates</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Recurrence rates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cancer_recurrence#Rectal_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer recurrence">Cancer recurrence § Rectal cancer</a></div> The average five-year recurrence rate in people with colon cancer where surgery is successful is 5% for <a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">stage</a> I cancers, 12% in stage II and 33% in stage III. However, depending on the number of risk factors it ranges from 9–22% in stage II and 17–44% in stage III.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The average five-year recurrence rate in people with rectal cancer where surgery is successful is 9% for stage 0 <a href="/wiki/Neoadjuvant_therapy" title="Neoadjuvant therapy">(after pre-treatment)</a> cancers, 8% for stage I cancers, 18% in stage II and 34% in stage III. Depending on the number of risk factors (0-2) the risk for distant metastasis in rectal cancer ranges from 4-11% in stage 0, 6-12% in stage I, 11-28% in stage II and 15-43% in stage III.<a href="#cite_note-:0-187">[187]</a> The recurrence rates have decreased over the past decades as a result of improvements in the colorectal cancer management.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The risk of recurrence after five years of surveillance remain very low.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival_rates">Survival rates</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Survival rates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Europe the <a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">five-year survival rate</a> for colorectal cancer is less than 60%. In the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a> about a third of people who get the disease die from it.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> Survival is directly related to detection and the type of cancer involved, but overall is poor for symptomatic cancers, as they are typically quite advanced. Survival rates for early stage detection are about five times that of late stage cancers. People with a tumor that has not breached the <a href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscularis mucosa">muscularis mucosa</a> (TNM stage Tis, N0, M0) have a five-year survival rate of 100%, while those with invasive cancer of T1 (within the submucosal layer) or T2 (within the muscular layer) have an average five-year survival rate of approximately 90%. Those with a more invasive tumor yet without node involvement (T3-4, N0, M0) have an average five-year survival rate of approximately 70%. People with positive regional lymph nodes (any T, N1-3, M0) have an average five-year survival rate of approximately 40%, while those with distant metastases (any T, any N, M1) have a poor prognosis and the five year survival ranges from <5 percent to 31 percent.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20332485-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-agabegi2nd-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Survival_rate" title="Survival rate">Five-year overall survival (OS)</a> in rectal cancer after modern <a href="/wiki/Neoadjuvant_therapy" title="Neoadjuvant therapy">preoperative treatment</a> and surgery was 90% for stage 0, 86% for stage I, 78% for stage II, and 67% for stage III according to a nationwide, population-based study.<a href="#cite_note-:0-187">[187]</a> Whilst the impact of colorectal cancer on those who survive varies greatly there will often be a need to adapt to both physical and psychological outcomes of the illness and its treatment.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> For example, it is common for people to experience incontinence,<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> sexual dysfunction,<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> problems with stoma care<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> and fear of cancer recurrence<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> after primary treatment has concluded. A qualitative systematic review published in 2021 highlighted that there are three main factors influencing adaptation to living with and beyond colorectal cancer: support mechanisms, severity of late effects of treatment and psychosocial adjustment. Therefore, it is essential that people are offered appropriate support to help them better adapt to life following treatment.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Epidemiology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colon_and_rectum_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Colon_and_rectum_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/290px-Colon_and_rectum_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Colon_and_rectum_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/290px-Colon_and_rectum_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Colon_and_rectum_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/435px-Colon_and_rectum_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Colon_and_rectum_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/580px-Colon_and_rectum_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Colon and rectum cancer deaths per million persons in 2012 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> 3–17</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 18–21</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 22–27</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 28–36</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 37–54</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 55–77</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 78–162</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 163–244</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 245–329</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 330–533</div></div></figcaption></figure> Globally more than 1 million people get colorectal cancer every year<a href="#cite_note-Lancet10-20">[20]</a> resulting in about 715,000 deaths as of 2010 up from 490,000 in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit">[update]</a>, it is the second most common cause of cancer in women (9.2% of diagnoses) and the third most common in men (10.0%)<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Epi-14">[14]</a>: 16 with it being the fourth most common cause of cancer death after <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">stomach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-202">[202]</a> It is more common in developed than developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20952724-203">[203]</a> Global incidence varies 10-fold, with highest rates in Australia, New Zealand, Europe and the US and lowest rates in Africa and South-Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-GLOBOCAN-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2022, the incidence of colorectal cancer in the United States was anticipated to be about 151,000 adults, including over 106,000 new cases of colon cancer (some 54,000 men and 52,000 women) and about 45,000 new cases of rectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-asco-205">[205]</a> Since the 1980s, the incidence of colorectal cancer decreased, dropping by about 2% annually from 2014 to 2018 in adults aged 50 and older, due mainly to improved screening.<a href="#cite_note-asco-205">[205]</a> However, incidence of colorectal cancer has increased in individuals aged 25 to 50. In early 2023, the American Cancer Society (ACS) reported that 20% of diagnoses (of colon cancer) in 2019 were in patients under age 55, which is about double the rate in 1995, and rates of advanced disease increased by about 3% annually in people younger than 50. It predicted that, in 2023, an estimated 19,550 diagnoses and 3,750 deaths would be in people younger than 50.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Colorectal cancer also disproportionately affects the Black community, where the rates are the highest of any racial/ethnic group in the US. African Americans are about 20% more likely to get colorectal cancer and about 40% more likely to die from it than most other groups. Black Americans often experience greater obstacles to cancer prevention, detection, treatment, and survival, including systemic racial disparities that are complex and go beyond the obvious connection to cancer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the UK about 41,000 people a year get colon cancer making it the fourth most common type.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One in 19 men and one in 28 women in Australia will develop colorectal cancer before the age of 75; one in 10 men and one in 15 women will develop it by 85 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papua_New_Guinea">Papua New Guinea</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Papua New Guinea" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and other Pacific Island States including the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, colorectal cancer is a very rare cancer compared to lung, stomach, liver or breast cancer. It is estimated that 8 in 100,000 people are likely to develop colorectal cancer every year, while 24 in 100,000 women are likely to develop breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Early-onset_colorectal_cancer_(EOCC)">Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCC)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> A diagnosis of colorectal cancer in patients under 50 years of age is referred to as early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCC).<a href="#cite_note-auto-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Puzzono-2021a-210">[210]</a> Instances of EOCC have increased over the last decade, specifically in patient populations aged 20 to 40 years old throughout North America, Europe, Australia, and China.<a href="#cite_note-Puzzono-2021a-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vuik-2019-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidence_by_age">Incidence by age</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Incidence by age" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The incidence of colorectal cancer in younger populations has increased over the last decade.<a href="#cite_note-auto-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Puzzono-2021a-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vuik-2019-211">[211]</a> While advancements in diagnostic procedure may have some impact, reduced likelihood of screening among these populations suggests detection bias is not a major contributor to this trend. It is more likely that cohort effects are contributing.<a href="#cite_note-Vuik-2019-211">[211]</a> The population experiencing the greatest rise in EOCC cases are men and women aged 20 to 29 years old, with incidence increasing by 7.9% per year between 2004 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Vuik-2019-211">[211]</a> Similarly, though less severe, men and women aged 30 to 39 experienced an increase in cases at a rate of 3.4% per year during that same time period. Despite these increases, the mortality rate for colorectal cancer has remained the same.<a href="#cite_note-Vuik-2019-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Risk factors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Risk factors associated with EOCC are akin to those of all colorectal cancer cases.<a href="#cite_note-Puzzono-2021a-210">[210]</a> Observed cohort-effects are likely the product of generational shifts in lifestyle and environmental factors.<a href="#cite_note-auto-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Puzzono-2021a-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preventative_screening">Preventative screening</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Preventative screening" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2018, the American Cancer Society modified their previous screening guideline for colorectal cancer from age 50 down to age 45 following the recognition of increasing cases of EOCC.<a href="#cite_note-Vuik-2019-211">[211]</a> Individuals under the age of 60 have been identified as most susceptible to non-participation in colorectal cancer screening.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Rectal cancer has been diagnosed in an Ancient Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a> who had lived in the <a href="/wiki/Dakhleh_Oasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhleh Oasis">Dakhleh Oasis</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic period">Ptolemaic period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Society and culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_diagnosed_with_colorectal_cancer" title="List of people diagnosed with colorectal cancer">List of people diagnosed with colorectal cancer</a></div> In the United States, March is <a href="/wiki/National_Colon_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Colon Cancer Awareness Month">colorectal cancer awareness month</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Screen11-118">[118]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: all sources > 5 years. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Preliminary <a href="/wiki/In-vitro" class="mw-redirect" title="In-vitro">in-vitro</a> evidence suggests <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria" title="Lactic acid bacteria">lactic acid bacteria</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lactobacilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacilli">lactobacilli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Streptococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptococci">streptococci</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lactococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactococci">lactococci</a>) may be protective against the development and progression of colorectal cancer through several mechanisms such as <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> activity, <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunomodulation</a>, promoting <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">programmed cell death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytostasis" title="Cytostasis">antiproliferative effects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epigenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetic">epigenetic</a> modification of cancer cells.<a href="#cite_note-Zhong2014-214">[214]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cancer_Genome_Atlas" title="The Cancer Genome Atlas">The Cancer Genome Atlas</a><a href="#cite_note-Muzny-2012-53">[53]</a></li> <li>The Colorectal Cancer Atlas integrating genomic and proteomic data pertaining to colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines have been developed.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenoma-carcinoma_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenoma-carcinoma sequence">Adenoma-carcinoma sequence</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NCI2014Pt-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014Pt_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014Pt_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014Pt_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014Pt_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/Patient">"General Information About Colon Cancer"</a>. NCI. May 12, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704182634/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/Patient">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCI&rft.atitle=General+Information+About+Colon+Cancer&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Fpdq%2Ftreatment%2Fcolon%2FPatient&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCR2014_5.5-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_5.5_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_5.5_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_5.5_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_5.5_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_5.5_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_5.5_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_5.5_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_5.5_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_5.5_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_5.5_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_5.5_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_5.5_2-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosman2014" class="citation book cs1">Bosman FT (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014">"Chapter 5.5: Colorectal Cancer"</a>. In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). World Cancer Report. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 392–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-832-0443-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-832-0443-5"><bdi>978-92-832-0443-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5.5%3A+Colorectal+Cancer&rft.btitle=World+Cancer+Report&rft.pages=392-402&rft.pub=the+International+Agency+for+Research+on+Cancer%2C+World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-92-832-0443-5&rft.aulast=Bosman&rft.aufirst=FT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.iarc.fr%2FNon-Series-Publications%2FWorld-Cancer-Reports%2FWorld-Cancer-Report-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCI2014Pre-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014Pre_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014Pre_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014Pre_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/colorectal/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages">"Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)"</a>. National Cancer Institute. February 27, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705111841/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/colorectal/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Colorectal+Cancer+Prevention+%28PDQ%C2%AE%29&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Fpdq%2Fprevention%2Fcolorectal%2FHealthProfessional%2Fpage1%2FAllPages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theodoratou2017-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theodoratou2017_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theodoratou2017_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodoratouTimofeevaLiMeng2017" class="citation journal cs1">Theodoratou E, Timofeeva M, Li X, Meng X, Ioannidis JP (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6143166">"Nature, Nurture, and Cancer Risks: Genetic and Nutritional Contributions to Cancer"</a>. Annual Review of Nutrition (Review). 37: 293–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-nutr-071715-051004">10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6143166">6143166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28826375">28826375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Nature%2C+Nurture%2C+and+Cancer+Risks%3A+Genetic+and+Nutritional+Contributions+to+Cancer&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=293-320&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6143166%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28826375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-nutr-071715-051004&rft.aulast=Theodoratou&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Timofeeva%2C+M&rft.au=Li%2C+X&rft.au=Meng%2C+X&rft.au=Ioannidis%2C+JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6143166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCI2014PtTx-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014PtTx_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014PtTx_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014PtTx_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014PtTx_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014PtTx_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014PtTx_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014PtTx_5-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/Patient/page1/AllPages">"Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)"</a>. NCI. May 12, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705111552/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/Patient/page1/AllPages">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCI&rft.atitle=Colon+Cancer+Treatment+%28PDQ%C2%AE%29&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Fpdq%2Ftreatment%2Fcolon%2FPatient%2Fpage1%2FAllPages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEER2014-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEER2014_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER2014_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html">"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum Cancer"</a>. NCI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140624140833/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCI&rft.atitle=SEER+Stat+Fact+Sheets%3A+Colon+and+Rectum+Cancer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseer.cancer.gov%2Fstatfacts%2Fhtml%2Fcolorect.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBD2015Pre-7"><a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015Pre_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosBarberBellBertozzi-Villa2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055577">"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"</a>. Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931678-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055577">5055577</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733282">27733282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+and+national+incidence%2C+prevalence%2C+and+years+lived+with+disability+for+310+diseases+and+injuries%2C+1990%E2%80%932015%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2015&rft.volume=388&rft.issue=10053&rft.pages=1545-1602&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055577%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27733282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931678-6&rft.aulast=Vos&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Barber%2C+RM&rft.au=Bell%2C+B&rft.au=Bertozzi-Villa%2C+A&rft.au=Biryukov%2C+S&rft.au=Bolliger%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bray2018-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bray2018_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bray2018_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrayFerlaySoerjomataramSiegel2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcaac.21492">"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries"</a>. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (6): 394–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcaac.21492">10.3322/caac.21492</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30207593">30207593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52188256">52188256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CA%3A+A+Cancer+Journal+for+Clinicians&rft.atitle=Global+cancer+statistics+2018%3A+GLOBOCAN+estimates+of+incidence+and+mortality+worldwide+for+36+cancers+in+185+countries&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=394-424&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52188256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30207593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3322%2Fcaac.21492&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Ferlay%2C+J&rft.au=Soerjomataram%2C+I&rft.au=Siegel%2C+RL&rft.au=Torre%2C+LA&rft.au=Jemal%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3322%252Fcaac.21492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html">"Colorectal Cancer Signs and Symptoms | Signs of Colorectal Cancer"</a>. www.cancer.org. Retrieved February 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cancer.org&rft.atitle=Colorectal+Cancer+Signs+and+Symptoms+%7C+Signs+of+Colorectal+Cancer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Fcolon-rectal-cancer%2Fdetection-diagnosis-staging%2Fsigns-and-symptoms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USPSTF2016-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USPSTF2016_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USPSTF2016_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USPSTF2016_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USPSTF2016_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USPSTF2016_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USPSTF2016_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USPSTF2016_10-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBibbins-DomingoGrossmanCurryDavidson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW, García FA, et al. (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.5989">"Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"</a>. JAMA. 315 (23): 2564–2575. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.5989">10.1001/jama.2016.5989</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304597">27304597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Screening+for+Colorectal+Cancer%3A+US+Preventive+Services+Task+Force+Recommendation+Statement&rft.volume=315&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=2564-2575&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2016.5989&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27304597&rft.aulast=Bibbins-Domingo&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Grossman%2C+DC&rft.au=Curry%2C+SJ&rft.au=Davidson%2C+KW&rft.au=Epling%2C+JW&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+FA&rft.au=Gillman%2C+MW&rft.au=Harper%2C+DM&rft.au=Kemper%2C+AR&rft.au=Krist%2C+AH&rft.au=Kurth%2C+AE&rft.au=Landefeld%2C+CS&rft.au=Mangione%2C+CM&rft.au=Owens%2C+DK&rft.au=Phillips%2C+WR&rft.au=Phipps%2C+MG&rft.au=Pignone%2C+MP&rft.au=Siu%2C+AL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjama.2016.5989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedacare.org/news-and-events/company-news/first-colonoscopies-now-recommended-at-age-45/">"First Colonoscopies Now Recommended at Age 45"</a>. ThedaCare. Retrieved December 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThedaCare&rft.atitle=First+Colonoscopies+Now+Recommended+at+Age+45&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedacare.org%2Fnews-and-events%2Fcompany-news%2Ffirst-colonoscopies-now-recommended-at-age-45%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoratCuzick2013" class="citation journal cs1">Thorat MA, Cuzick J (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/10490">"Role of aspirin in cancer prevention"</a>. Current Oncology Reports. 15 (6): 533–540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11912-013-0351-3">10.1007/s11912-013-0351-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24114189">24114189</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40187047">40187047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Oncology+Reports&rft.atitle=Role+of+aspirin+in+cancer+prevention&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=533-540&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40187047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24114189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11912-013-0351-3&rft.aulast=Thorat&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Cuzick%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqmro.qmul.ac.uk%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F10490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0701/p109.html">"Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: recommendation statement"</a>. American Family Physician. 76 (1): 109–113. July 2007. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17668849">17668849</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192923/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0701/p109.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Routine+aspirin+or+nonsteroidal+anti-inflammatory+drugs+for+the+primary+prevention+of+colorectal+cancer%3A+recommendation+statement&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-113&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17668849&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Fafp%2F2007%2F0701%2Fp109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCR2014Epi-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014Epi_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014Epi_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormanFerlay2014" class="citation book cs1">Forman D, Ferlay J (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014">"Chapter 1.1: The global and regional burden of cancer"</a>. In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). World Cancer Report. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 16–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-832-0443-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-832-0443-5"><bdi>978-92-832-0443-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1.1%3A+The+global+and+regional+burden+of+cancer&rft.btitle=World+Cancer+Report&rft.pages=16-53&rft.pub=the+International+Agency+for+Research+on+Cancer%2C+World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-92-832-0443-5&rft.aulast=Forman&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Ferlay%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.iarc.fr%2FNon-Series-Publications%2FWorld-Cancer-Reports%2FWorld-Cancer-Report-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpersKallooKaplowitzOwyang2008" class="citation book cs1">Alpers DH, Kalloo AN, Kaplowitz N, Owyang C, Powell DW (2008). Yamada T (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo7QcUjz0PYC&pg=PA381">Principles of clinical gastroenterology</a>. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6910-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6910-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-6910-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928133221/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo7QcUjz0PYC&pg=PA381">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+clinical+gastroenterology&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6910-3&rft.aulast=Alpers&rft.aufirst=DH&rft.au=Kalloo%2C+AN&rft.au=Kaplowitz%2C+N&rft.au=Owyang%2C+C&rft.au=Powell%2C+DW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZo7QcUjz0PYC%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuulHornungAndersenLaurberg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Juul JS, Hornung N, Andersen B, Laurberg S, Olesen F, Vedsted P (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6133998">"The value of using the faecal immunochemical test in general practice on patients presenting with non-alarm symptoms of colorectal cancer"</a>. British Journal of Cancer. 119 (4): 471–479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41416-018-0178-7">10.1038/s41416-018-0178-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6133998">6133998</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30065255">30065255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=The+value+of+using+the+faecal+immunochemical+test+in+general+practice+on+patients+presenting+with+non-alarm+symptoms+of+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=471-479&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6133998%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30065255&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41416-018-0178-7&rft.aulast=Juul&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Hornung%2C+N&rft.au=Andersen%2C+B&rft.au=Laurberg%2C+S&rft.au=Olesen%2C+F&rft.au=Vedsted%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6133998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sym11-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sym11_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sym11_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstinGriffinNealRose2011" class="citation journal cs1">Astin M, Griffin T, Neal RD, Rose P, Hamilton W (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080228">"The diagnostic value of symptoms for colorectal cancer in primary care: a systematic review"</a>. The British Journal of General Practice. 61 (586): e231–e243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3399%2Fbjgp11X572427">10.3399/bjgp11X572427</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080228">3080228</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21619747">21619747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+General+Practice&rft.atitle=The+diagnostic+value+of+symptoms+for+colorectal+cancer+in+primary+care%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=586&rft.pages=e231-e243&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3080228%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21619747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3399%2Fbjgp11X572427&rft.aulast=Astin&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Griffin%2C+T&rft.au=Neal%2C+RD&rft.au=Rose%2C+P&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3080228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21624112-18"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21624112_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelsteinMacaskillChanKatelaris2011" class="citation journal cs1">Adelstein BA, Macaskill P, Chan SF, Katelaris PH, Irwig L (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120795">"Most bowel cancer symptoms do not indicate colorectal cancer and polyps: a systematic review"</a>. BMC Gastroenterology. 11: 65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-230X-11-65">10.1186/1471-230X-11-65</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120795">3120795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21624112">21624112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Most+bowel+cancer+symptoms+do+not+indicate+colorectal+cancer+and+polyps%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3120795%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21624112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-230X-11-65&rft.aulast=Adelstein&rft.aufirst=BA&rft.au=Macaskill%2C+P&rft.au=Chan%2C+SF&rft.au=Katelaris%2C+PH&rft.au=Irwig%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3120795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cause11-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cause11_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cause11_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonCollins2011" class="citation journal cs1">Watson AJ, Collins PD (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/48949/1/Colon_Cancer_Falk_2010_PDC.docx">"Colon cancer: a civilization disorder"</a>. Digestive Diseases. 29 (2): 222–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000323926">10.1159/000323926</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21734388">21734388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7640363">7640363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digestive+Diseases&rft.atitle=Colon+cancer%3A+a+civilization+disorder&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222-228&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7640363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21734388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000323926&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Collins%2C+PD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fueaeprints.uea.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F48949%2F1%2FColon_Cancer_Falk_2010_PDC.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancet10-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet10_20-19">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamAtkinLenzLynch2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham D, Atkin W, Lenz HJ, Lynch HT, Minsky B, Nordlinger B, et al. (March 2010). "Colorectal cancer". Lancet. 375 (9719): 1030–1047. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2810%2960353-4">10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60353-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20304247">20304247</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25299272">25299272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=375&rft.issue=9719&rft.pages=1030-1047&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25299272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20304247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2810%2960353-4&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Atkin%2C+W&rft.au=Lenz%2C+HJ&rft.au=Lynch%2C+HT&rft.au=Minsky%2C+B&rft.au=Nordlinger%2C+B&rft.au=Starling%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCRF2011-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WCRF2011_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCRF2011_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Colorectal-Cancer-2011-Report.pdf">"Colorectal Cancer 2011 Report: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer"</a> (PDF). World Cancer Research Fund & American Institute for Cancer Research. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909084341/http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Colorectal-Cancer-2011-Report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colorectal+Cancer+2011+Report%3A+Food%2C+Nutrition%2C+Physical+Activity%2C+and+the+Prevention+of+Colorectal+Cancer&rft.pub=World+Cancer+Research+Fund+%26+American+Institute+for+Cancer+Research&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcrf.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FColorectal-Cancer-2011-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyasEisensteinJones2020" class="citation journal cs1">Vyas DA, Eisenstein LG, Jones DS (August 27, 2020). Malina D (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMms2004740">"Hidden in Plain Sight — Reconsidering the Use of Race Correction in Clinical Algorithms"</a>. New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (9): 874–882. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMms2004740">10.1056/NEJMms2004740</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32853499">32853499</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221359557">221359557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Hidden+in+Plain+Sight+%E2%80%94+Reconsidering+the+Use+of+Race+Correction+in+Clinical+Algorithms&rft.volume=383&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=874-882&rft.date=2020-08-27&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221359557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32853499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMms2004740&rft.aulast=Vyas&rft.aufirst=Darshali+A.&rft.au=Eisenstein%2C+Leo+G.&rft.au=Jones%2C+David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJMms2004740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowlesHuYouSkibber2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bowles TL, Hu CY, You NY, Skibber JM, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Chang GJ (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/00003453-201305000-00003">"An Individualized Conditional Survival Calculator for Patients with Rectal Cancer"</a>. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 56 (5): 551–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FDCR.0b013e31827bd287">10.1097/DCR.0b013e31827bd287</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-3706">0012-3706</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3673550">3673550</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23575393">23575393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diseases+of+the+Colon+%26+Rectum&rft.atitle=An+Individualized+Conditional+Survival+Calculator+for+Patients+with+Rectal+Cancer&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=551-559&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3673550%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0012-3706&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23575393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FDCR.0b013e31827bd287&rft.aulast=Bowles&rft.aufirst=Tawnya+L.&rft.au=Hu%2C+Chung-Yuan&rft.au=You%2C+Nancy+Y.&rft.au=Skibber%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Rodriguez-Bigas%2C+Miguel+A.&rft.au=Chang%2C+George+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00003453-201305000-00003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeShiromaLobeloPuska2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3645500">"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy"</a>. Lancet. 380 (9838): 219–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961031-9">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3645500">3645500</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22818936">22818936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Effect+of+physical+inactivity+on+major+non-communicable+diseases+worldwide%3A+an+analysis+of+burden+of+disease+and+life+expectancy&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9838&rft.pages=219-229&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3645500%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22818936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961031-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=IM&rft.au=Shiroma%2C+EJ&rft.au=Lobelo%2C+F&rft.au=Puska%2C+P&rft.au=Blair%2C+SN&rft.au=Katzmarzyk%2C+PT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3645500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fedirko2011-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Fedirko2011_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedirkoTramacereBagnardiRota2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fedirko V, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, Rota M, Scotti L, Islami F, et al. (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdq653">"Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies"</a>. Annals of Oncology. 22 (9): 1958–1972. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdq653">10.1093/annonc/mdq653</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21307158">21307158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Oncology&rft.atitle=Alcohol+drinking+and+colorectal+cancer+risk%3A+an+overall+and+dose-response+meta-analysis+of+published+studies&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1958-1972&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdq653&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21307158&rft.aulast=Fedirko&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Tramacere%2C+I&rft.au=Bagnardi%2C+V&rft.au=Rota%2C+M&rft.au=Scotti%2C+L&rft.au=Islami%2C+F&rft.au=Negri%2C+E&rft.au=Straif%2C+K&rft.au=Romieu%2C+I&rft.au=La+Vecchia%2C+C&rft.au=Boffetta%2C+P&rft.au=Jenab%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fannonc%252Fmdq653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValtin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Valtin H (November 2002). ""Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 x 8"?". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 283 (5): R993–1004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpregu.00365.2002">10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376390">12376390</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2256436">2256436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Regulatory%2C+Integrative+and+Comparative+Physiology&rft.atitle=%22Drink+at+least+eight+glasses+of+water+a+day.%22+Really%3F+Is+there+scientific+evidence+for+%228+x+8%22%3F&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=R993-1004&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2256436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12376390&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpregu.00365.2002&rft.aulast=Valtin&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoleijvanGelder2011-27"><a href="#cite_ref-BoleijvanGelder2011_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoleijvan_GelderSwinkelsTjalsma2011" class="citation journal cs1">Boleij A, van Gelder MM, Swinkels DW, Tjalsma H (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcir609">"Clinical Importance of Streptococcus gallolyticus infection among colorectal cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 53 (9): 870–878. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcir609">10.1093/cid/cir609</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21960713">21960713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Clinical+Importance+of+Streptococcus+gallolyticus+infection+among+colorectal+cancer+patients%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=870-878&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcir609&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21960713&rft.aulast=Boleij&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=van+Gelder%2C+MM&rft.au=Swinkels%2C+DW&rft.au=Tjalsma%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fcid%252Fcir609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JansMeile2015-28"><a href="#cite_ref-JansMeile2015_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansMeileLacroixStevens2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jans C, Meile L, Lacroix C, Stevens MJ (July 2015). "Genomics, evolution, and molecular epidemiology of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC)". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 33: 419–436. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015InfGE..33..419J">2015InfGE..33..419J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.meegid.2014.09.017">10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25233845">25233845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection%2C+Genetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Genomics%2C+evolution%2C+and+molecular+epidemiology+of+the+Streptococcus+bovis%2FStreptococcus+equinus+complex+%28SBSEC%29&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=419-436&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25233845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.meegid.2014.09.017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015InfGE..33..419J&rft.aulast=Jans&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Meile%2C+L&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+C&rft.au=Stevens%2C+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbdulamirHafidh2011-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AbdulamirHafidh2011_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AbdulamirHafidh2011_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AbdulamirHafidh2011_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdulamirHafidhAbu_Bakar2011" class="citation journal cs1">Abdulamir AS, Hafidh RR, Abu Bakar F (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032743">"The association of Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus with colorectal tumors: the nature and the underlying mechanisms of its etiological role"</a>. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 30 (1): 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1756-9966-30-11">10.1186/1756-9966-30-11</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032743">3032743</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21247505">21247505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+%26+Clinical+Cancer+Research&rft.atitle=The+association+of+Streptococcus+bovis%2Fgallolyticus+with+colorectal+tumors%3A+the+nature+and+the+underlying+mechanisms+of+its+etiological+role&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3032743%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21247505&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1756-9966-30-11&rft.aulast=Abdulamir&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Hafidh%2C+RR&rft.au=Abu+Bakar%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3032743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/" title="creativecommons:by/2.0/"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="80" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-9966-30-11">text</a> by Ahmed S Abdulamir, Rand R Hafidh, and Fatimah Abu Bakar available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/2.0/">CC BY 2.0</a> license. </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32317778-30"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid32317778_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur2020" class="citation journal cs1">Arthur JC (June 2020). "Microbiota and colorectal cancer: colibactin makes its mark". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 17 (6): 317–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41575-020-0303-y">10.1038/s41575-020-0303-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32317778">32317778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216033220">216033220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Gastroenterology+%26+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Microbiota+and+colorectal+cancer%3A+colibactin+makes+its+mark&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=317-318&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216033220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32317778&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41575-020-0303-y&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBD11-31"><a href="#cite_ref-IBD11_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJawadDirekzeLeedham2011" class="citation book cs1">Jawad N, Direkze N, Leedham SJ (2011). "Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colon Cancer". Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Cancers. Recent Results in Cancer Research. Vol. 185. pp. 99–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-03503-6_6">10.1007/978-3-642-03503-6_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-03502-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-03502-9"><bdi>978-3-642-03502-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21822822">21822822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inflammatory+Bowel+Disease+and+Colon+Cancer&rft.btitle=Inflammation+and+Gastrointestinal+Cancers&rft.series=Recent+Results+in+Cancer+Research&rft.pages=99-115&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21822822&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-03503-6_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-03502-9&rft.aulast=Jawad&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Direkze%2C+N&rft.au=Leedham%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26004415-32"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26004415_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuLiShenZhang2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hu T, Li LF, Shen J, Zhang L, Cho CH (2015). "Chronic inflammation and colorectal cancer: the role of vascular endothelial growth factor". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 21 (21): 2960–2967. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1381612821666150514104244">10.2174/1381612821666150514104244</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26004415">26004415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Pharmaceutical+Design&rft.atitle=Chronic+inflammation+and+colorectal+cancer%3A+the+role+of+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2960-2967&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1381612821666150514104244&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26004415&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Li%2C+LF&rft.au=Shen%2C+J&rft.au=Zhang%2C+L&rft.au=Cho%2C+CH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBD09-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBD09_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBD09_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBD09_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBD09_33-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriantafillidisNasioulasKosmidis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Triantafillidis JK, Nasioulas G, Kosmidis PA (July 2009). "Colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, risk factors, mechanisms of carcinogenesis and prevention strategies". Anticancer Research. 29 (7): 2727–2737. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19596953">19596953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anticancer+Research&rft.atitle=Colorectal+cancer+and+inflammatory+bowel+disease%3A+epidemiology%2C+risk+factors%2C+mechanisms+of+carcinogenesis+and+prevention+strategies&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2727-2737&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19596953&rft.aulast=Triantafillidis&rft.aufirst=JK&rft.au=Nasioulas%2C+G&rft.au=Kosmidis%2C+PA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bye-2017-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bye-2017_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bye-2017_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByeNguyenParkerJairath2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bye WA, Nguyen TM, Parker CE, Jairath V, East JE (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6483622">"Strategies for detecting colon cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (9): CD000279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd000279.pub4">10.1002/14651858.cd000279.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6483622">6483622</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28922695">28922695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Strategies+for+detecting+colon+cancer+in+patients+with+inflammatory+bowel+disease&rft.volume=2017&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=CD000279&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6483622%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28922695&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd000279.pub4&rft.aulast=Bye&rft.aufirst=WA&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+TM&rft.au=Parker%2C+CE&rft.au=Jairath%2C+V&rft.au=East%2C+JE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6483622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20141232-35"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20141232_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuhnKhachemoune2010" class="citation journal cs1">Juhn E, Khachemoune A (2010). "Gardner syndrome: skin manifestations, differential diagnosis and management". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 11 (2): 117–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F11311180-000000000-00000">10.2165/11311180-000000000-00000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20141232">20141232</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36836169">36836169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Gardner+syndrome%3A+skin+manifestations%2C+differential+diagnosis+and+management&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-122&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36836169%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20141232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F11311180-000000000-00000&rft.aulast=Juhn&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Khachemoune%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19822006-36"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19822006_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalfBercovichRozen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Half E, Bercovich D, Rozen P (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772987">"Familial adenomatous polyposis"</a>. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 4: 22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1750-1172-4-22">10.1186/1750-1172-4-22</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772987">2772987</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19822006">19822006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orphanet+Journal+of+Rare+Diseases&rft.atitle=Familial+adenomatous+polyposis&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2772987%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19822006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1750-1172-4-22&rft.aulast=Half&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Bercovich%2C+D&rft.au=Rozen%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2772987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMösleinPistoriusSaegerSchackert2003" class="citation journal cs1">Möslein G, Pistorius S, Saeger HD, Schackert HK (March 2003). "Preventive surgery for colon cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome". Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. 388 (1): 9–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00423-003-0364-8">10.1007/s00423-003-0364-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12690475">12690475</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21385340">21385340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Langenbeck%27s+Archives+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Preventive+surgery+for+colon+cancer+in+familial+adenomatous+polyposis+and+hereditary+nonpolyposis+colorectal+cancer+syndrome&rft.volume=388&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-16&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21385340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12690475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00423-003-0364-8&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6slein&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Pistorius%2C+S&rft.au=Saeger%2C+HD&rft.au=Schackert%2C+HK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mankaney-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Mankaney_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankaneyRouphaelBurke2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mankaney G, Rouphael C, Burke CA (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cgh.2019.09.006">"Serrated Polyposis Syndrome"</a>. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 18 (4): 777–779. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cgh.2019.09.006">10.1016/j.cgh.2019.09.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31520728">31520728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Gastroenterology+and+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Serrated+Polyposis+Syndrome&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=777-779&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cgh.2019.09.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31520728&rft.aulast=Mankaney&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Rouphael%2C+C&rft.au=Burke%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cgh.2019.09.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fan-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Fan_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanYounisBookhoutCrockett2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fan C, Younis A, Bookhout CE, Crockett SD (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6284520">"Management of Serrated Polyps of the Colon"</a>. Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology. 16 (1): 182–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11938-018-0176-0">10.1007/s11938-018-0176-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6284520">6284520</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29445907">29445907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Treatment+Options+in+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Management+of+Serrated+Polyps+of+the+Colon&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=182-202&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6284520%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29445907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11938-018-0176-0&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Younis%2C+A&rft.au=Bookhout%2C+CE&rft.au=Crockett%2C+SD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6284520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourdais2017-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Bourdais2017_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourdaisRousseauPujalsBoussion2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bourdais R, Rousseau B, Pujals A, Boussion H, Joly C, Guillemin A, et al. (May 2017). "Polymerase proofreading domain mutations: New opportunities for immunotherapy in hypermutated colorectal cancer beyond MMR deficiency". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 113: 242–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.critrevonc.2017.03.027">10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.03.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28427513">28427513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Oncology%2FHematology&rft.atitle=Polymerase+proofreading+domain+mutations%3A+New+opportunities+for+immunotherapy+in+hypermutated+colorectal+cancer+beyond+MMR+deficiency&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=242-248&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.critrevonc.2017.03.027&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28427513&rft.aulast=Bourdais&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Rousseau%2C+B&rft.au=Pujals%2C+A&rft.au=Boussion%2C+H&rft.au=Joly%2C+C&rft.au=Guillemin%2C+A&rft.au=Baumgaertner%2C+I&rft.au=Neuzillet%2C+C&rft.au=Tournigand%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein2009-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein2009_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinWaltherArltSchwabe2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stein U, Walther W, Arlt F, Schwabe H, Smith J, Fichtner I, et al. (January 2009). "MACC1, a newly identified key regulator of HGF-MET signaling, predicts colon cancer metastasis". Nature Medicine. 15 (1): 59–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm.1889">10.1038/nm.1889</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19098908">19098908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8854895">8854895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Medicine&rft.atitle=MACC1%2C+a+newly+identified+key+regulator+of+HGF-MET+signaling%2C+predicts+colon+cancer+metastasis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-67&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8854895%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19098908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnm.1889&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Walther%2C+W&rft.au=Arlt%2C+F&rft.au=Schwabe%2C+H&rft.au=Smith%2C+J&rft.au=Fichtner%2C+I&rft.au=Birchmeier%2C+W&rft.au=Schlag%2C+PM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein2013-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein2013_42-0">^</a> Stein U (2013) MACC1 – a novel target for solid cancers. Expert Opin Ther Targets </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuebelChenCopeGlöckner2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schuebel KE, Chen W, Cope L, Glöckner SC, Suzuki H, Yi JM, et al. (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1988850">"Comparing the DNA hypermethylome with gene mutations in human colorectal cancer"</a>. PLOS Genetics. 3 (9): 1709–1723. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0030157">10.1371/journal.pgen.0030157</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1988850">1988850</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17892325">17892325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Comparing+the+DNA+hypermethylome+with+gene+mutations+in+human+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1709-1723&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1988850%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17892325&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0030157&rft.aulast=Schuebel&rft.aufirst=KE&rft.au=Chen%2C+W&rft.au=Cope%2C+L&rft.au=Gl%C3%B6ckner%2C+SC&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+H&rft.au=Yi%2C+JM&rft.au=Chan%2C+TA&rft.au=Van+Neste%2C+L&rft.au=Van+Criekinge%2C+W&rft.au=van+den+Bosch%2C+S&rft.au=van+Engeland%2C+M&rft.au=Ting%2C+AH&rft.au=Jair%2C+K&rft.au=Yu%2C+W&rft.au=Toyota%2C+M&rft.au=Imai%2C+K&rft.au=Ahuja%2C+N&rft.au=Herman%2C+JG&rft.au=Baylin%2C+SB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1988850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/qa/what-is-the-relationship-between-ashkenazi-jews-and-colorectal-cancer">"What is the relationship between Ashkenazi Jews and colorectal cancer?"</a>. WebMD. Retrieved October 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=What+is+the+relationship+between+Ashkenazi+Jews+and+colorectal+cancer%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fcolorectal-cancer%2Fqa%2Fwhat-is-the-relationship-between-ashkenazi-jews-and-colorectal-cancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabibzadeh-2020-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabibzadeh-2020_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabibzadeh-2020_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabibzadeh-2020_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabibzadehTameshkelMoradiSoltani2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tabibzadeh A, Tameshkel FS, Moradi Y, Soltani S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Ashrafi GH, et al. (October 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7599243">"Signal transduction pathway mutations in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 18713. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..1018713T">2020NatSR..1018713T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-73770-1">10.1038/s41598-020-73770-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7599243">7599243</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33127962">33127962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Signal+transduction+pathway+mutations+in+gastrointestinal+%28GI%29+cancers%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18713&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7599243%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..1018713T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33127962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-73770-1&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Tabibzadeh&rft.aufirst=Alireza&rft.au=Tameshkel%2C+Fahimeh+Safarnezhad&rft.au=Moradi%2C+Yousef&rft.au=Soltani%2C+Saber&rft.au=Moradi-Lakeh%2C+Maziar&rft.au=Ashrafi%2C+G.+Hossein&rft.au=Motamed%2C+Nima&rft.au=Zamani%2C+Farhad&rft.au=Motevalian%2C+Seyed+Abbas&rft.au=Panahi%2C+Mahshid&rft.au=Esghaei%2C+Maryam&rft.au=Ajdarkosh%2C+Hossein&rft.au=Mousavi-Jarrahi%2C+Alireza&rft.au=Niya%2C+Mohammad+Hadi+Karbalaie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7599243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIonovPeinadoMalkhosyanShibata1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Shibata D, Perucho M (June 1993). "Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis". Nature. 363 (6429): 558–561. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.363..558I">1993Natur.363..558I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F363558a0">10.1038/363558a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8505985">8505985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4254940">4254940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Ubiquitous+somatic+mutations+in+simple+repeated+sequences+reveal+a+new+mechanism+for+colonic+carcinogenesis&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=6429&rft.pages=558-561&rft.date=1993-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F363558a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4254940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8505985&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Natur.363..558I&rft.aulast=Ionov&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Peinado%2C+MA&rft.au=Malkhosyan%2C+S&rft.au=Shibata%2C+D&rft.au=Perucho%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarthiKrishnanMadhavan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Chakravarthi S, Krishnan B, Madhavan M (1999). "Apoptosis and expression of p53 in colorectal neoplasms". Indian J. Med. Res. 86 (7): 95–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+J.+Med.+Res.&rft.atitle=Apoptosis+and+expression+of+p53+in+colorectal+neoplasms&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=95-102&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Chakravarthi&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Krishnan%2C+B&rft.au=Madhavan%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_KhalekGallicanoMishra2010" class="citation journal cs1">Abdul Khalek FJ, Gallicano GI, Mishra L (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047031">"Colon cancer stem cells"</a>. Gastrointestinal Cancer Research (Suppl 1): S16–S23. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047031">3047031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21472043">21472043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastrointestinal+Cancer+Research&rft.atitle=Colon+cancer+stem+cells&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S16-S23&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3047031%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21472043&rft.aulast=Abdul+Khalek&rft.aufirst=FJ&rft.au=Gallicano%2C+GI&rft.au=Mishra%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3047031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-markowitz-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-markowitz_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-markowitz_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-markowitz_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-markowitz_49-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkowitzBertagnolli2009" class="citation journal cs1">Markowitz SD, Bertagnolli MM (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2843693">"Molecular origins of cancer: Molecular basis of colorectal cancer"</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (25): 2449–2460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra0804588">10.1056/NEJMra0804588</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2843693">2843693</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20018966">20018966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Molecular+origins+of+cancer%3A+Molecular+basis+of+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=2449-2460&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2843693%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20018966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra0804588&rft.aulast=Markowitz&rft.aufirst=SD&rft.au=Bertagnolli%2C+MM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2843693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehlenFearon2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mehlen P, Fearon ER (August 2004). "Role of the dependence receptor DCC in colorectal cancer pathogenesis". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 22 (16): 3420–3428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2004.02.019">10.1200/JCO.2004.02.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15310786">15310786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Role+of+the+dependence+receptor+DCC+in+colorectal+cancer+pathogenesis&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=3420-3428&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2004.02.019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15310786&rft.aulast=Mehlen&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Fearon%2C+ER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uh2017-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uh2017_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uh2017_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uh2017_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlenZhangLeeSjöstedt2017" class="citation journal cs1">Uhlen M, Zhang C, Lee S, Sjöstedt E, Fagerberg L, Bidkhori G, et al. (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aan2507">"A pathology atlas of the human cancer transcriptome"</a>. Science. 357 (6352): eaan2507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aan2507">10.1126/science.aan2507</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28818916">28818916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+pathology+atlas+of+the+human+cancer+transcriptome&rft.volume=357&rft.issue=6352&rft.pages=eaan2507&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aan2507&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28818916&rft.aulast=Uhlen&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Zhang%2C+C&rft.au=Lee%2C+S&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6stedt%2C+E&rft.au=Fagerberg%2C+L&rft.au=Bidkhori%2C+G&rft.au=Benfeitas%2C+R&rft.au=Arif%2C+M&rft.au=Liu%2C+Z&rft.au=Edfors%2C+F&rft.au=Sanli%2C+K&rft.au=von+Feilitzen%2C+K&rft.au=Oksvold%2C+P&rft.au=Lundberg%2C+E&rft.au=Hober%2C+S&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+P&rft.au=Mattsson%2C+J&rft.au=Schwenk%2C+JM&rft.au=Brunnstr%C3%B6m%2C+H&rft.au=Glimelius%2C+B&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6blom%2C+T&rft.au=Edqvist%2C+PH&rft.au=Djureinovic%2C+D&rft.au=Micke%2C+P&rft.au=Lindskog%2C+C&rft.au=Mardinoglu%2C+A&rft.au=Ponten%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aan2507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelsteinKinzler2004" class="citation journal cs1">Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (August 2004). "Cancer genes and the pathways they control". Nature Medicine. 10 (8): 789–799. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1087">10.1038/nm1087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15286780">15286780</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205383514">205383514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Medicine&rft.atitle=Cancer+genes+and+the+pathways+they+control&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=789-799&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205383514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15286780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnm1087&rft.aulast=Vogelstein&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Kinzler%2C+KW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muzny-2012-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muzny-2012_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzny-2012_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzny-2012_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuznyBainbridgeChangDinh2012" class="citation journal cs1">Muzny DM, Bainbridge MN, Chang K, Dinh HH, Drummond JA, Fowler G, et al. (Cancer Genome Atlas Network) (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3401966">"Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer"</a>. Nature. 487 (7407): 330–337. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.487..330T">2012Natur.487..330T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11252">10.1038/nature11252</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3401966">3401966</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22810696">22810696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+molecular+characterization+of+human+colon+and+rectal+cancer&rft.volume=487&rft.issue=7407&rft.pages=330-337&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3401966%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22810696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature11252&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.487..330T&rft.aulast=Muzny&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Bainbridge%2C+MN&rft.au=Chang%2C+K&rft.au=Dinh%2C+HH&rft.au=Drummond%2C+JA&rft.au=Fowler%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3401966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatalicaVranicXiuSwensen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gatalica Z, Vranic S, Xiu J, Swensen J, Reddy S (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4901118">"High microsatellite instability (MSI-H) colorectal carcinoma: a brief review of predictive biomarkers in the era of personalized medicine"</a>. Familial Cancer. 15 (3): 405–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10689-016-9884-6">10.1007/s10689-016-9884-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4901118">4901118</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26875156">26875156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Familial+Cancer&rft.atitle=High+microsatellite+instability+%28MSI-H%29+colorectal+carcinoma%3A+a+brief+review+of+predictive+biomarkers+in+the+era+of+personalized+medicine&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-412&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4901118%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26875156&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10689-016-9884-6&rft.aulast=Gatalica&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Vranic%2C+S&rft.au=Xiu%2C+J&rft.au=Swensen%2C+J&rft.au=Reddy%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4901118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryan-2017-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan-2017_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan-2017_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan-2017_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanSheahanCreavinMohan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan E, Sheahan K, Creavin B, Mohan HM, Winter DC (August 2017). "The current value of determining the mismatch repair status of colorectal cancer: A rationale for routine testing". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 116: 38–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.critrevonc.2017.05.006">10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28693799">28693799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Oncology%2FHematology&rft.atitle=The+current+value+of+determining+the+mismatch+repair+status+of+colorectal+cancer%3A+A+rationale+for+routine+testing&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=38-57&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.critrevonc.2017.05.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28693799&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Sheahan%2C+K&rft.au=Creavin%2C+B&rft.au=Mohan%2C+HM&rft.au=Winter%2C+DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHissongCroweYantissChen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hissong E, Crowe EP, Yantiss RK, Chen YT (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41379-018-0094-7">"Assessing colorectal cancer mismatch repair status in the modern era: a survey of current practices and re-evaluation of the role of microsatellite instability testing"</a>. Modern Pathology. 31 (11): 1756–1766. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41379-018-0094-7">10.1038/s41379-018-0094-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29955148">29955148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Pathology&rft.atitle=Assessing+colorectal+cancer+mismatch+repair+status+in+the+modern+era%3A+a+survey+of+current+practices+and+re-evaluation+of+the+role+of+microsatellite+instability+testing&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1756-1766&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41379-018-0094-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29955148&rft.aulast=Hissong&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Crowe%2C+EP&rft.au=Yantiss%2C+RK&rft.au=Chen%2C+YT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41379-018-0094-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grady-2015-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grady-2015_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady-2015_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grady-2015_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradyMarkowitz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Grady WM, Markowitz SD (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4779895">"The molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and its potential application to colorectal cancer screening"</a>. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 60 (3): 762–772. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10620-014-3444-4">10.1007/s10620-014-3444-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4779895">4779895</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25492499">25492499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digestive+Diseases+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+molecular+pathogenesis+of+colorectal+cancer+and+its+potential+application+to+colorectal+cancer+screening&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=762-772&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4779895%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25492499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10620-014-3444-4&rft.aulast=Grady&rft.aufirst=WM&rft.au=Markowitz%2C+SD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4779895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslieCareyPrattSteele2002" class="citation journal cs1">Leslie A, Carey FA, Pratt NR, Steele RJ (July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2168.2002.02120.x">"The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence"</a>. The British Journal of Surgery. 89 (7): 845–860. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2168.2002.02120.x">10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02120.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1323">0007-1323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12081733">12081733</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36456541">36456541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=The+colorectal+adenoma-carcinoma+sequence&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=845-860&rft.date=2002-07&rft.issn=0007-1323&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36456541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12081733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2168.2002.02120.x&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Carey%2C+F.+A.&rft.au=Pratt%2C+N.+R.&rft.au=Steele%2C+R.+J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1365-2168.2002.02120.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyenGoelChung2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen LH, Goel A, Chung DC (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6981255">"Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis"</a>. Gastroenterology. 158 (2): 291–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2019.08.059">10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.059</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-5085">0016-5085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6981255">6981255</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31622622">31622622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Pathways+of+Colorectal+Carcinogenesis&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-302&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6981255%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0016-5085&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31622622&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2019.08.059&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Long+H.&rft.au=Goel%2C+Ajay&rft.au=Chung%2C+Daniel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6981255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlaughterSouthwickSmejkal1953" class="citation journal cs1">Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W (September 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%28195309%296%3A5%3C963%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820060515%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q">"Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin"</a>. Cancer. 6 (5): 963–968. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%28195309%296%3A5%3C963%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820060515%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q">10.1002/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13094644">13094644</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6736946">6736946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.atitle=Field+cancerization+in+oral+stratified+squamous+epithelium%3B+clinical+implications+of+multicentric+origin&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=963-968&rft.date=1953-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6736946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13094644&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-0142%28195309%296%3A5%3C963%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820060515%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q&rft.aulast=Slaughter&rft.aufirst=DP&rft.au=Southwick%2C+HW&rft.au=Smejkal%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F1097-0142%2528195309%25296%253A5%253C963%253A%253AAID-CNCR2820060515%253E3.0.CO%253B2-Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovannucciOgino2005" class="citation journal cs1">Giovannucci E, Ogino S (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdji305">"DNA methylation, field effects, and colorectal cancer"</a>. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 97 (18): 1317–1319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdji305">10.1093/jnci/dji305</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16174847">16174847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=DNA+methylation%2C+field+effects%2C+and+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=1317-1319&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdji305&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16174847&rft.aulast=Giovannucci&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Ogino%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjnci%252Fdji305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinBernsteinPayneDvorak2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Dvorak K, Garewal H (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744582">"Field defects in progression to gastrointestinal tract cancers"</a>. Cancer Letters. 260 (1–2): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.canlet.2007.11.027">10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744582">2744582</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18164807">18164807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Letters&rft.atitle=Field+defects+in+progression+to+gastrointestinal+tract+cancers&rft.volume=260&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2744582%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18164807&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.canlet.2007.11.027&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+H&rft.au=Payne%2C+CM&rft.au=Dvorak%2C+K&rft.au=Garewal%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2744582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyenLoustaunauFacistaRamsey2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, et al. (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149991">"Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer"</a>. Journal of Visualized Experiments (41): 1931. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3791%2F1931">10.3791/1931</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149991">3149991</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20689513">20689513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Visualized+Experiments&rft.atitle=Deficient+Pms2%2C+ERCC1%2C+Ku86%2C+CcOI+in+field+defects+during+progression+to+colon+cancer&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=1931&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3149991%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20689513&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3791%2F1931&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Loustaunau%2C+C&rft.au=Facista%2C+A&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+L&rft.au=Hassounah%2C+N&rft.au=Taylor%2C+H&rft.au=Krouse%2C+R&rft.au=Payne%2C+CM&rft.au=Tsikitis%2C+VL&rft.au=Goldschmid%2C+S&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+B&rft.au=Perini%2C+RF&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3149991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149991/">28 minute video</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin H (March 2011). "Fields and field cancerization: the preneoplastic origins of cancer: asymptomatic hyperplastic fields are precursors of neoplasia, and their progression to tumors can be tracked by saturation density in culture". BioEssays. 33 (3): 224–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.201000067">10.1002/bies.201000067</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21254148">21254148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44981539">44981539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=Fields+and+field+cancerization%3A+the+preneoplastic+origins+of+cancer%3A+asymptomatic+hyperplastic+fields+are+precursors+of+neoplasia%2C+and+their+progression+to+tumors+can+be+tracked+by+saturation+density+in+culture&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=224-231&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44981539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21254148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.201000067&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsaoYatabeSalovaaraJärvinen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tsao JL, Yatabe Y, Salovaara R, Järvinen HJ, Mecklin JP, Aaltonen LA, et al. (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC15581">"Genetic reconstruction of individual colorectal tumor histories"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (3): 1236–1241. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.1236T">2000PNAS...97.1236T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.3.1236">10.1073/pnas.97.3.1236</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC15581">15581</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10655514">10655514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Genetic+reconstruction+of+individual+colorectal+tumor+histories&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1236-1241&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC15581%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10655514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.97.3.1236&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PNAS...97.1236T&rft.aulast=Tsao&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Yatabe%2C+Y&rft.au=Salovaara%2C+R&rft.au=J%C3%A4rvinen%2C+HJ&rft.au=Mecklin%2C+JP&rft.au=Aaltonen%2C+LA&rft.au=Tavar%C3%A9%2C+S&rft.au=Shibata%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC15581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogelstein-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vogelstein_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vogelstein_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelsteinPapadopoulosVelculescuZhou2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA, Kinzler KW (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749880">"Cancer genome landscapes"</a>. Science. 339 (6127): 1546–1558. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339.1546V">2013Sci...339.1546V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1235122">10.1126/science.1235122</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749880">3749880</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23539594">23539594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Cancer+genome+landscapes&rft.volume=339&rft.issue=6127&rft.pages=1546-1558&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3749880%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23539594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1235122&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...339.1546V&rft.aulast=Vogelstein&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Papadopoulos%2C+N&rft.au=Velculescu%2C+VE&rft.au=Zhou%2C+S&rft.au=Diaz%2C+LA&rft.au=Kinzler%2C+KW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3749880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein-2013-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein-2013_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein-2013_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinNfonsamPrasadBernstein2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bernstein C, Nfonsam V, Prasad AR, Bernstein H (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648662">"Epigenetic field defects in progression to cancer"</a>. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 5 (3): 43–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4251%2Fwjgo.v5.i3.43">10.4251/wjgo.v5.i3.43</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648662">3648662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23671730">23671730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastrointestinal+Oncology&rft.atitle=Epigenetic+field+defects+in+progression+to+cancer&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=43-49&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3648662%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23671730&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4251%2Fwjgo.v5.i3.43&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Nfonsam%2C+V&rft.au=Prasad%2C+AR&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3648662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochheadChanNishiharaFuchs2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Fuchs CS, Beck AH, Giovannucci E, et al. (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265316">"Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression"</a>. Modern Pathology. 28 (1): 14–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmodpathol.2014.81">10.1038/modpathol.2014.81</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265316">4265316</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24925058">24925058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Pathology&rft.atitle=Etiologic+field+effect%3A+reappraisal+of+the+field+effect+concept+in+cancer+predisposition+and+progression&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-29&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4265316%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24925058&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fmodpathol.2014.81&rft.aulast=Lochhead&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Chan%2C+AT&rft.au=Nishihara%2C+R&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+CS&rft.au=Beck%2C+AH&rft.au=Giovannucci%2C+E&rft.au=Ogino%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4265316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbur2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilbur B, ed. (2009). The World of the Cell (7th ed.). San Francisco, C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Cell&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+C&rft.edition=7th&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/O/Oncogenes.html">Kimball's Biology Pages.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231184143/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/O/Oncogenes.html">Archived</a> December 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Oncogenes" Free full text </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanwalGupta2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kanwal R, Gupta S (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3590802">"Epigenetic modifications in cancer"</a>. Clinical Genetics. 81 (4): 303–311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2011.01809.x">10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01809.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3590802">3590802</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22082348">22082348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Epigenetic+modifications+in+cancer&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=303-311&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3590802%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22082348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2011.01809.x&rft.aulast=Kanwal&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Gupta%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3590802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sch-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sch_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sch_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnekenburgerDiederich2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schnekenburger M, Diederich M (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277709">"Epigenetics Offer New Horizons for Colorectal Cancer Prevention"</a>. Current Colorectal Cancer Reports. 8 (1): 66–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11888-011-0116-z">10.1007/s11888-011-0116-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277709">3277709</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22389639">22389639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Colorectal+Cancer+Reports&rft.atitle=Epigenetics+Offer+New+Horizons+for+Colorectal+Cancer+Prevention&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-81&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3277709%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22389639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11888-011-0116-z&rft.aulast=Schnekenburger&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Diederich%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3277709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epigenetics-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epigenetics_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epigenetics_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epigenetics_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epigenetics_73-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaoGrady2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lao VV, Grady WM (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3391545">"Epigenetics and colorectal cancer"</a>. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 8 (12): 686–700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrgastro.2011.173">10.1038/nrgastro.2011.173</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3391545">3391545</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22009203">22009203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Gastroenterology+%26+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Epigenetics+and+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=686-700&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3391545%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22009203&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrgastro.2011.173&rft.aulast=Lao&rft.aufirst=VV&rft.au=Grady%2C+WM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3391545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlutsteinNejmanGreenfieldCedar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Klutstein M, Nejman D, Greenfield R, Cedar H (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-15-3278">"DNA Methylation in Cancer and Aging"</a>. Cancer Research. 76 (12): 3446–3450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-15-3278">10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-3278</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27256564">27256564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research&rft.atitle=DNA+Methylation+in+Cancer+and+Aging&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3446-3450&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-15-3278&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27256564&rft.aulast=Klutstein&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Nejman%2C+D&rft.au=Greenfield%2C+R&rft.au=Cedar%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1158%252F0008-5472.CAN-15-3278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacintoEsteller2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jacinto FV, Esteller M (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmutage%2Fgem009">"Mutator pathways unleashed by epigenetic silencing in human cancer"</a>. Mutagenesis. 22 (4): 247–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmutage%2Fgem009">10.1093/mutage/gem009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17412712">17412712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutagenesis&rft.atitle=Mutator+pathways+unleashed+by+epigenetic+silencing+in+human+cancer&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=247-253&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmutage%2Fgem009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17412712&rft.aulast=Jacinto&rft.aufirst=FV&rft.au=Esteller%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmutage%252Fgem009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahtzPfeifer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lahtz C, Pfeifer GP (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030973">"Epigenetic changes of DNA repair genes in cancer"</a>. Journal of Molecular Cell Biology. 3 (1): 51–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmcb%2Fmjq053">10.1093/jmcb/mjq053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030973">3030973</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21278452">21278452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Epigenetic+changes+of+DNA+repair+genes+in+cancer&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-58&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3030973%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21278452&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjmcb%2Fmjq053&rft.aulast=Lahtz&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Pfeifer%2C+GP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3030973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/colorectal-cancer/">"Colorectal Cancer"</a>. The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved July 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lecturio+Medical+Concept+Library&rft.atitle=Colorectal+Cancer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecturio.com%2Fconcepts%2Fcolorectal-cancer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppedèLopomoSpisniMigliore2014" class="citation journal cs1">Coppedè F, Lopomo A, Spisni R, Migliore L (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3921546">"Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of colorectal cancer"</a>. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (4): 943–956. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v20.i4.943">10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.943</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3921546">3921546</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24574767">24574767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Genetic+and+epigenetic+biomarkers+for+diagnosis%2C+prognosis+and+treatment+of+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=943-956&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3921546%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24574767&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.v20.i4.943&rft.aulast=Copped%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Lopomo%2C+A&rft.au=Spisni%2C+R&rft.au=Migliore%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3921546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuinneyDienstmannWangde_Reyniès2015" class="citation journal cs1">Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, de Reyniès A, Schlicker A, Soneson C, et al. (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636487">"The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer"</a>. Nature Medicine. 21 (11): 1350–1356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm.3967">10.1038/nm.3967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636487">4636487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26457759">26457759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+consensus+molecular+subtypes+of+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1350-1356&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4636487%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26457759&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnm.3967&rft.aulast=Guinney&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Dienstmann%2C+R&rft.au=Wang%2C+X&rft.au=de+Reyni%C3%A8s%2C+A&rft.au=Schlicker%2C+A&rft.au=Soneson%2C+C&rft.au=Marisa%2C+L&rft.au=Roepman%2C+P&rft.au=Nyamundanda%2C+G&rft.au=Angelino%2C+P&rft.au=Bot%2C+BM&rft.au=Morris%2C+JS&rft.au=Simon%2C+IM&rft.au=Gerster%2C+S&rft.au=Fessler%2C+E&rft.au=De+Sousa%2C+E&rft.au=Melo%2C+F&rft.au=Missiaglia%2C+E&rft.au=Ramay%2C+H&rft.au=Barras%2C+D&rft.au=Homicsko%2C+K&rft.au=Maru%2C+D&rft.au=Manyam%2C+GC&rft.au=Broom%2C+B&rft.au=Boige%2C+V&rft.au=Perez-Villamil%2C+B&rft.au=Laderas%2C+T&rft.au=Salazar%2C+R&rft.au=Gray%2C+JW&rft.au=Hanahan%2C+D&rft.au=Tabernero%2C+J&rft.au=Bernards%2C+R&rft.au=Friend%2C+SH&rft.au=Laurent-Puig%2C+P&rft.au=Medema%2C+JP&rft.au=Sadanandam%2C+A&rft.au=Wessels%2C+L&rft.au=Delorenzi%2C+M&rft.au=Kopetz%2C+S&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+L&rft.au=Tejpar%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4636487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOroujiRamanSinghSorokin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Orouji E, Raman AT, Singh AK, Sorokin A, Arslan E, Ghosh AK, et al. (May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8745382">"Chromatin state dynamics confers specific therapeutic strategies in enhancer subtypes of colorectal cancer"</a>. Gut. 71 (5): 938–949. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2020-322835">10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322835</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8745382">8745382</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34059508">34059508</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235269540">235269540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gut&rft.atitle=Chromatin+state+dynamics+confers+specific+therapeutic+strategies+in+enhancer+subtypes+of+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=938-949&rft.date=2021-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8745382%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235269540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34059508&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2020-322835&rft.aulast=Orouji&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Raman%2C+AT&rft.au=Singh%2C+AK&rft.au=Sorokin%2C+A&rft.au=Arslan%2C+E&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+AK&rft.au=Schulz%2C+J&rft.au=Terranova%2C+C&rft.au=Jiang%2C+S&rft.au=Tang%2C+M&rft.au=Maitituoheti%2C+M&rft.au=Callahan%2C+SC&rft.au=Barrodia%2C+P&rft.au=Tomczak%2C+K&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Y&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Z&rft.au=Davis%2C+JS&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+S&rft.au=Lee%2C+HM&rft.au=Reyes-Uribe%2C+L&rft.au=Chang%2C+K&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y&rft.au=Chen%2C+H&rft.au=Azhdarinia%2C+A&rft.au=Morris%2C+J&rft.au=Vilar%2C+E&rft.au=Carmon%2C+KS&rft.au=Kopetz%2C+SE&rft.au=Rai%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8745382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colorectal_Cancer-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colorectal_Cancer_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colorectal_Cancer_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/colorectal-cancer/">"Colorectal Cancer"</a>. The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved July 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lecturio+Medical+Concept+Library&rft.atitle=Colorectal+Cancer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecturio.com%2Fconcepts%2Fcolorectal-cancer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwiwiKaurErnstRauch2023" class="citation journal cs1">Awiwi MO, Kaur H, Ernst R, Rauch GM, Morani AC, Stanietzky N, et al. (2023). "Restaging MRI of Rectal Adenocarcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Imaging Findings and Potential Pitfalls". Radiographics. 43 (4): e220135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2Frg.220135">10.1148/rg.220135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36927125">36927125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257583845">257583845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiographics&rft.atitle=Restaging+MRI+of+Rectal+Adenocarcinoma+after+Neoadjuvant+Chemoradiotherapy%3A+Imaging+Findings+and+Potential+Pitfalls.&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e220135&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257583845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36927125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1148%2Frg.220135&rft.aulast=Awiwi&rft.aufirst=MO&rft.au=Kaur%2C+H&rft.au=Ernst%2C+R&rft.au=Rauch%2C+GM&rft.au=Morani%2C+AC&rft.au=Stanietzky%2C+N&rft.au=Palmquist%2C+SM&rft.au=Salem%2C+UI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwiwiKaurErnstRauch2023" class="citation journal cs1">Awiwi MO, Kaur H, Ernst R, Rauch GM, Morani AC, Stanietzky N, et al. (April 2023). "Restaging MRI of Rectal Adenocarcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Imaging Findings and Potential Pitfalls". Radiographics. 43 (4): e220135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2Frg.220135">10.1148/rg.220135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36927125">36927125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257583845">257583845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiographics&rft.atitle=Restaging+MRI+of+Rectal+Adenocarcinoma+after+Neoadjuvant+Chemoradiotherapy%3A+Imaging+Findings+and+Potential+Pitfalls.&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e220135&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257583845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36927125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1148%2Frg.220135&rft.aulast=Awiwi&rft.aufirst=MO&rft.au=Kaur%2C+H&rft.au=Ernst%2C+R&rft.au=Rauch%2C+GM&rft.au=Morani%2C+AC&rft.au=Stanietzky%2C+N&rft.au=Palmquist%2C+SM&rft.au=Salem%2C+UI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangO'ConnellLeonardiMaggard2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kang H, O'Connell JB, Leonardi MJ, Maggard MA, McGory ML, Ko CY (February 2007). "Rare tumors of the colon and rectum: a national review". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 22 (2): 183–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00384-006-0145-2">10.1007/s00384-006-0145-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16845516">16845516</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34693873">34693873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Colorectal+Disease&rft.atitle=Rare+tumors+of+the+colon+and+rectum%3A+a+national+review&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-189&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34693873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16845516&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00384-006-0145-2&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=O%27Connell%2C+JB&rft.au=Leonardi%2C+MJ&rft.au=Maggard%2C+MA&rft.au=McGory%2C+ML&rft.au=Ko%2C+CY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/tools/solidtumor/Colon_STM.pdf">"Colon, Rectosigmoid, and Rectum Equivalent Terms and Definitions C180-C189, C199, C209, (Excludes lymphoma and leukemia M9590 – M9992 and Kaposi sarcoma M9140) – Colon Solid Tumor Rules 2018. July 2019 Update"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116094025/https://seer.cancer.gov/tools/solidtumor/Colon_STM.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Colon%2C+Rectosigmoid%2C+and+Rectum+Equivalent+Terms+and+Definitions+C180-C189%2C+C199%2C+C209%2C+%28Excludes+lymphoma+and+leukemia+M9590+%E2%80%93+M9992+and+Kaposi+sarcoma+M9140%29+%E2%80%93+Colon+Solid+Tumor+Rules+2018.+July+2019+Update&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseer.cancer.gov%2Ftools%2Fsolidtumor%2FColon_STM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/colorectal-cancer/types">"Colorectal cancer types"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Treatment_Centers_of_America" title="Cancer Treatment Centers of America">Cancer Treatment Centers of America</a>. October 4, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Treatment+Centers+of+America&rft.atitle=Colorectal+cancer+types&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancercenter.com%2Fcancer-types%2Fcolorectal-cancer%2Ftypes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_ComoMahendrarajLauChamberlain2015" class="citation journal cs1">Di Como JA, Mahendraraj K, Lau CS, Chamberlain RS (October 2015). "Adenosquamous carcinoma of the colon and rectum: a population based clinical outcomes study involving 578 patients from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database (1973–2010)". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 221 (4): 56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jamcollsurg.2015.08.044">10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.08.044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Surgeons&rft.atitle=Adenosquamous+carcinoma+of+the+colon+and+rectum%3A+a+population+based+clinical+outcomes+study+involving+578+patients+from+the+Surveillance+Epidemiology+and+End+Result+%28SEER%29+database+%281973%E2%80%932010%29&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jamcollsurg.2015.08.044&rft.aulast=Di+Como&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Mahendraraj%2C+K&rft.au=Lau%2C+CS&rft.au=Chamberlain%2C+RS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitesideMunglani1998" class="citation journal cs1">Whiteside G, Munglani R (September 1998). "TUNEL, Hoechst and immunohistochemistry triple-labelling: an improved method for detection of apoptosis in tissue sections--an update". Brain Research. Brain Research Protocols. 3 (1): 52–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1385-299x%2898%2900020-8">10.1016/s1385-299x(98)00020-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9767106">9767106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research.+Brain+Research+Protocols&rft.atitle=TUNEL%2C+Hoechst+and+immunohistochemistry+triple-labelling%3A+an+improved+method+for+detection+of+apoptosis+in+tissue+sections--an+update&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-53&rft.date=1998-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1385-299x%2898%2900020-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9767106&rft.aulast=Whiteside&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Munglani%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/colontumorstaging8ed.html">"TNM staging of colorectal carcinoma (AJCC 8th edition)"</a>. www.pathologyoutlines.com. Retrieved February 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pathologyoutlines.com&rft.atitle=TNM+staging+of+colorectal+carcinoma+%28AJCC+8th+edition%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathologyoutlines.com%2Ftopic%2Fcolontumorstaging8ed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinBoydWalker2011" class="citation journal cs1">Parkin DM, Boyd L, Walker LC (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252065">"16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010"</a>. British Journal of Cancer. 105 (S2): S77–S81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjc.2011.489">10.1038/bjc.2011.489</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252065">3252065</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22158327">22158327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=16.+The+fraction+of+cancer+attributable+to+lifestyle+and+environmental+factors+in+the+UK+in+2010&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=S2&rft.pages=S77-S81&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3252065%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22158327&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fbjc.2011.489&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Boyd%2C+L&rft.au=Walker%2C+LC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3252065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearke2006" class="citation book cs1">Searke D (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfN8Y1_lbDYC&pg=PA809">Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention</a> (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 809. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974797-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974797-9"><bdi>978-0-19-974797-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928202401/https://books.google.com/books?id=qfN8Y1_lbDYC&pg=PA809">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancer+Epidemiology+and+Prevention&rft.pages=809&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974797-9&rft.aulast=Searke&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqfN8Y1_lbDYC%26pg%3DPA809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennert2007" class="citation book cs1">Rennert G (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTQ_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA179">Cancer Prevention</a>. Springer. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-37696-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-37696-5"><bdi>978-3-540-37696-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003213802/https://books.google.com/books?id=FTQ_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA179">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancer+Prevention&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-37696-5&rft.aulast=Rennert&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTQ_AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCI2018Overview-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Overview_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Overview_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-prevention-pdq#link/_150_toc">"Colorectal Cancer Prevention Overview"</a>. National Cancer Institute. March 1, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Colorectal+Cancer+Prevention+Overview&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Ftypes%2Fcolorectal%2Fhp%2Fcolorectal-prevention-pdq%23link%2F_150_toc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOcancerprevention-94"><a href="#cite_ref-WHOcancerprevention_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/cancer/prevention/en/">"Cancer prevention"</a>. World Health Organization. Retrieved October 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cancer+prevention&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fcancer%2Fprevention%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaplinRodriguezSegura-SampedroOchogavía-Seguí2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chaplin A, Rodriguez RM, Segura-Sampedro JJ, Ochogavía-Seguí A, Romaguera D, Barceló-Coblijn G (October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9655590">"Insights behind the Relationship between Colorectal Cancer and Obesity: Is Visceral Adipose Tissue the Missing Link?"</a>. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (21): 13128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms232113128">10.3390/ijms232113128</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9655590">9655590</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36361914">36361914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Insights+behind+the+Relationship+between+Colorectal+Cancer+and+Obesity%3A+Is+Visceral+Adipose+Tissue+the+Missing+Link%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=13128&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9655590%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36361914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms232113128&rft.aulast=Chaplin&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+RM&rft.au=Segura-Sampedro%2C+JJ&rft.au=Ochogav%C3%ADa-Segu%C3%AD%2C+A&rft.au=Romaguera%2C+D&rft.au=Barcel%C3%B3-Coblijn%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9655590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauby-SecretanScocciantiLoomisGrosse2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6754861">"Body Fatness and Cancer--Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group"</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (8): 794–798. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejmsr1606602">10.1056/nejmsr1606602</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6754861">6754861</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27557308">27557308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Body+Fatness+and+Cancer--Viewpoint+of+the+IARC+Working+Group&rft.volume=375&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=794-798&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6754861%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27557308&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2Fnejmsr1606602&rft.aulast=Lauby-Secretan&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Scoccianti%2C+C&rft.au=Loomis%2C+D&rft.au=Grosse%2C+Y&rft.au=Bianchini%2C+F&rft.au=Straif%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6754861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention">"Colorectal Cancer – Risk Factors and Prevention"</a>. June 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colorectal+Cancer+%E2%80%93+Risk+Factors+and+Prevention&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.net%2Fcancer-types%2Fcolorectal-cancer%2Frisk-factors-and-prevention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCR2014Willett-98"><a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014Willett_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett2014" class="citation book cs1">Willett WC (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014">"Diet, nutrition, and cancer: where next for public health?"</a>. In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). World Cancer Report. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 432–435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-832-0443-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-832-0443-5"><bdi>978-92-832-0443-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diet%2C+nutrition%2C+and+cancer%3A+where+next+for+public+health%3F&rft.btitle=World+Cancer+Report&rft.pages=432-435&rft.pub=the+International+Agency+for+Research+on+Cancer%2C+World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-92-832-0443-5&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=WC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.iarc.fr%2FNon-Series-Publications%2FWorld-Cancer-Reports%2FWorld-Cancer-Report-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCR2014_2.6-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2.6_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2.6_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillettKeyRomieu2014" class="citation book cs1">Willett WC, Key T, Romieu I (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014">"Chapter 2.6: Diet, obesity, and physical activity"</a>. In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). World Cancer Report. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 124–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-832-0443-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-832-0443-5"><bdi>978-92-832-0443-5</bdi></a>. <q>Several large prospective cohort studies of dietary fibre and colon cancer risk have not supported an association, although an inverse relation was seen in the large European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study and a recent meta-analysis. The variation in findings from prospective studies needs to be better understood; dietary fibre is complex and heterogeneous, and the relation with colorectal cancer could differ by dietary source. (p. 127)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2.6%3A+Diet%2C+obesity%2C+and+physical+activity&rft.btitle=World+Cancer+Report&rft.pages=124-133&rft.pub=the+International+Agency+for+Research+on+Cancer%2C+World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-92-832-0443-5&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=WC&rft.au=Key%2C+T&rft.au=Romieu%2C+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.iarc.fr%2FNon-Series-Publications%2FWorld-Cancer-Reports%2FWorld-Cancer-Report-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCI2018Evidence-100"><a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Evidence_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-prevention-pdq#section/_29">"Colorectal Cancer Prevention Description of Evidence"</a>. National Cancer Institute. March 1, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Colorectal+Cancer+Prevention+Description+of+Evidence&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Ftypes%2Fcolorectal%2Fhp%2Fcolorectal-prevention-pdq%23section%2F_29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-w151-101"><a href="#cite_ref-w151_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuanChen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tuan J, Chen YX (December 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5040877">"Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk and Interactions with Microbiota: Fiber, Red or Processed Meat and Alcoholic Drinks"</a>. Gastrointestinal Tumors. 3 (1). S. Karger AG: 17–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000442831">10.1159/000442831</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-3774">2296-3774</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5040877">5040877</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27722153">27722153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastrointestinal+Tumors&rft.atitle=Dietary+and+Lifestyle+Factors+Associated+with+Colorectal+Cancer+Risk+and+Interactions+with+Microbiota%3A+Fiber%2C+Red+or+Processed+Meat+and+Alcoholic+Drinks&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-24&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5040877%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2296-3774&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27722153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000442831&rft.aulast=Tuan&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Chen%2C+Ying-Xuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5040877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsMannCummingsWinter2019" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J, Winter N, Mete E, Te Morenga L (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2818%2931809-9">"Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses"</a>. Lancet. 393 (10170): 434–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2818%2931809-9">10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30638909">30638909</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58632705">58632705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Carbohydrate+quality+and+human+health%3A+a+series+of+systematic+reviews+and+meta-analyses&rft.volume=393&rft.issue=10170&rft.pages=434-445&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58632705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30638909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2818%2931809-9&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Mann%2C+J&rft.au=Cummings%2C+J&rft.au=Winter%2C+N&rft.au=Mete%2C+E&rft.au=Te+Morenga%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252818%252931809-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Song2018-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Song2018_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSongChan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Song M, Chan AT (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314893">"Environmental Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer Prevention"</a>. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 17 (2): 275–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cgh.2018.07.012">10.1016/j.cgh.2018.07.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314893">6314893</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30031175">30031175</a>. <q>Despite the longstanding hypothesis that a high-fiber diet may protect against colorectal cancer... epidemiologic studies associating dietary fiber intake with subsequent risk of colorectal cancer have yielded inconsistent results... Nonetheless, based on existing evidence, the most recent expert report from the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research in 2017 concludes that there is probable evidence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Gastroenterology+and+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Environmental+Factors%2C+Gut+Microbiota%2C+and+Colorectal+Cancer+Prevention&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=275-289&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6314893%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30031175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cgh.2018.07.012&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Chan%2C+AT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6314893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabbariPourmoradianEini-ZinabMosharkesh2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jabbari M, Pourmoradian S, Eini-Zinab H, Mosharkesh E, Hosseini Balam F, Yaghmaei Y, et al. (November 2022). "Levels of evidence for the association between different food groups/items consumption and the risk of various cancer sites: an umbrella review". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 73 (7): 861–874. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09637486.2022.2103523">10.1080/09637486.2022.2103523</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35920747">35920747</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251280745">251280745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Sciences+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Levels+of+evidence+for+the+association+between+different+food+groups%2Fitems+consumption+and+the+risk+of+various+cancer+sites%3A+an+umbrella+review&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=861-874&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251280745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35920747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09637486.2022.2103523&rft.aulast=Jabbari&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Pourmoradian%2C+S&rft.au=Eini-Zinab%2C+H&rft.au=Mosharkesh%2C+E&rft.au=Hosseini+Balam%2C+F&rft.au=Yaghmaei%2C+Y&rft.au=Yadegari%2C+A&rft.au=Amini%2C+B&rft.au=Arman+Moghadam%2C+D&rft.au=Barati%2C+M&rft.au=Hekmatdoost%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-CuetoVerbeke2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez-Cueto FJ, Verbeke W (April 2012). "Consumer implications of the WCRF's permanent update on colorectal cancer". Meat Science. 90 (4): 977–978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.meatsci.2011.11.032">10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.11.032</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22196090">22196090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meat+Science&rft.atitle=Consumer+implications+of+the+WCRF%27s+permanent+update+on+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=977-978&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.meatsci.2011.11.032&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22196090&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Cueto&rft.aufirst=FJ&rft.au=Verbeke%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19207713-106"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19207713_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrissAtkinsonBatterhamGeorge2009" class="citation journal cs1">Harriss DJ, Atkinson G, Batterham A, George K, Cable NT, Reilly T, et al. (September 2009). "Lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer risk (2): a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations with leisure-time physical activity". Colorectal Disease. 11 (7): 689–701. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-1318.2009.01767.x">10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01767.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19207713">19207713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8026021">8026021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colorectal+Disease&rft.atitle=Lifestyle+factors+and+colorectal+cancer+risk+%282%29%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+associations+with+leisure-time+physical+activity&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=689-701&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8026021%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19207713&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1463-1318.2009.01767.x&rft.aulast=Harriss&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+G&rft.au=Batterham%2C+A&rft.au=George%2C+K&rft.au=Cable%2C+NT&rft.au=Reilly%2C+T&rft.au=Haboubi%2C+N&rft.au=Renehan%2C+AG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobsahmAagnesHjartåkerLangseth2013" class="citation journal cs1">Robsahm TE, Aagnes B, Hjartåker A, Langseth H, Bray FI, Larsen IK (November 2013). "Body mass index, physical activity, and colorectal cancer by anatomical subsites: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies". European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 22 (6): 492–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FCEJ.0b013e328360f434">10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328360f434</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23591454">23591454</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24764995">24764995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Cancer+Prevention&rft.atitle=Body+mass+index%2C+physical+activity%2C+and+colorectal+cancer+by+anatomical+subsites%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+cohort+studies&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=492-505&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24764995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23591454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FCEJ.0b013e328360f434&rft.aulast=Robsahm&rft.aufirst=TE&rft.au=Aagnes%2C+B&rft.au=Hjart%C3%A5ker%2C+A&rft.au=Langseth%2C+H&rft.au=Bray%2C+FI&rft.au=Larsen%2C+IK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMJ2016-108"><a href="#cite_ref-BMJ2016_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyuBachmanAlexanderMumford2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, et al. (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4979358">"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"</a>. BMJ. 354: i3857. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.i3857">10.1136/bmj.i3857</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4979358">4979358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27510511">27510511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Physical+activity+and+risk+of+breast+cancer%2C+colon+cancer%2C+diabetes%2C+ischemic+heart+disease%2C+and+ischemic+stroke+events%3A+systematic+review+and+dose-response+meta-analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2013&rft.volume=354&rft.pages=i3857&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4979358%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27510511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.i3857&rft.aulast=Kyu&rft.aufirst=HH&rft.au=Bachman%2C+VF&rft.au=Alexander%2C+LT&rft.au=Mumford%2C+JE&rft.au=Afshin%2C+A&rft.au=Estep%2C+K&rft.au=Veerman%2C+JL&rft.au=Delwiche%2C+K&rft.au=Iannarone%2C+ML&rft.au=Moyer%2C+ML&rft.au=Cercy%2C+K&rft.au=Vos%2C+T&rft.au=Murray%2C+CJ&rft.au=Forouzanfar%2C+MH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4979358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biswas-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Biswas_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswasOhFaulknerBajaj2015" class="citation journal cs1">Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS, et al. (January 2015). "Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 162 (2): 123–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2FM14-1651">10.7326/M14-1651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25599350">25599350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7256176">7256176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Sedentary+time+and+its+association+with+risk+for+disease+incidence%2C+mortality%2C+and+hospitalization+in+adults%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-132&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7256176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25599350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2FM14-1651&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Oh%2C+PI&rft.au=Faulkner%2C+GE&rft.au=Bajaj%2C+RR&rft.au=Silver%2C+MA&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+MS&rft.au=Alter%2C+DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20594533-110"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20594533_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperSquiresCarrollPapaioannou2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper K, Squires H, Carroll C, Papaioannou D, Booth A, Logan RF, et al. (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3310%2Fhta14320">"Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation"</a>. Health Technology Assessment. 14 (32): 1–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3310%2Fhta14320">10.3310/hta14320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20594533">20594533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Technology+Assessment&rft.atitle=Chemoprevention+of+colorectal+cancer%3A+systematic+review+and+economic+evaluation&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=1-206&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3310%2Fhta14320&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20594533&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Squires%2C+H&rft.au=Carroll%2C+C&rft.au=Papaioannou%2C+D&rft.au=Booth%2C+A&rft.au=Logan%2C+RF&rft.au=Maguire%2C+C&rft.au=Hind%2C+D&rft.au=Tappenden%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3310%252Fhta14320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmilssonHolmeBretthauerCook2017" class="citation journal cs1">Emilsson L, Holme Ø, Bretthauer M, Cook NR, Buring JE, Løberg M, et al. (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fapt.13857">"Systematic review with meta-analysis: the comparative effectiveness of aspirin vs. screening for colorectal cancer prevention"</a>. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 45 (2): 193–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fapt.13857">10.1111/apt.13857</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27859394">27859394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alimentary+Pharmacology+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+with+meta-analysis%3A+the+comparative+effectiveness+of+aspirin+vs.+screening+for+colorectal+cancer+prevention&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-204&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fapt.13857&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27859394&rft.aulast=Emilsson&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Holme%2C+%C3%98&rft.au=Bretthauer%2C+M&rft.au=Cook%2C+NR&rft.au=Buring%2C+JE&rft.au=L%C3%B8berg%2C+M&rft.au=Adami%2C+HO&rft.au=Sesso%2C+HD&rft.au=Gaziano%2C+MJ&rft.au=Kalager%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fapt.13857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBibbins-Domingo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bibbins-Domingo K (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2FM16-0577">"Aspirin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"</a>. Annals of Internal Medicine. 164 (12): 836–845. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2FM16-0577">10.7326/M16-0577</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27064677">27064677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Aspirin+Use+for+the+Primary+Prevention+of+Cardiovascular+Disease+and+Colorectal+Cancer%3A+U.S.+Preventive+Services+Task+Force+Recommendation+Statement&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=836-845&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2FM16-0577&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27064677&rft.aulast=Bibbins-Domingo&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7326%252FM16-0577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" class="citation web cs1">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/pocketgd1011/gcp10s2.htm">"Aspirin or Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for the Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer"</a>. United States Department of Health & Human Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105033942/http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/pocketgd1011/gcp10s2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2016. <q>2010/2011</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aspirin+or+Nonsteroidal+Anti-inflammatory+Drugs+for+the+Primary+Prevention+of+Colorectal+Cancer&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Health+%26+Human+Services&rft.au=Agency+for+Healthcare+Research+and+Quality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahrq.gov%2Fclinic%2Fpocketgd1011%2Fgcp10s2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18254022-114"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18254022_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingartenZalmanoviciYaphe2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weingarten MA, Zalmanovici A, Yaphe J (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8719254">"Dietary calcium supplementation for preventing colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (1): CD003548. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD003548.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD003548.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8719254">8719254</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18254022">18254022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Dietary+calcium+supplementation+for+preventing+colorectal+cancer+and+adenomatous+polyps&rft.volume=2010&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD003548&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8719254%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18254022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD003548.pub4&rft.aulast=Weingarten&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Zalmanovici%2C+A&rft.au=Yaphe%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8719254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21876081-115"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21876081_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaZhangWangYang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ma Y, Zhang P, Wang F, Yang J, Liu Z, Qin H (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2011.35.7566">"Association between vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review of prospective studies"</a>. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 29 (28): 3775–3782. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2011.35.7566">10.1200/JCO.2011.35.7566</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21876081">21876081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Association+between+vitamin+D+and+risk+of+colorectal+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review+of+prospective+studies&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=3775-3782&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2011.35.7566&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21876081&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Zhang%2C+P&rft.au=Wang%2C+F&rft.au=Yang%2C+J&rft.au=Liu%2C+Z&rft.au=Qin%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1200%252FJCO.2011.35.7566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21672549-116"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21672549_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYinGrandiRaumHaug2011" class="citation journal cs1">Yin L, Grandi N, Raum E, Haug U, Arndt V, Brenner H (2011). "Meta-analysis: Serum vitamin D and colorectal adenoma risk". Preventive Medicine. 53 (1–2): 10–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ypmed.2011.05.013">10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.05.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21672549">21672549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preventive+Medicine&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis%3A+Serum+vitamin+D+and+colorectal+adenoma+risk&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=10-16&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ypmed.2011.05.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21672549&rft.aulast=Yin&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Grandi%2C+N&rft.au=Raum%2C+E&rft.au=Haug%2C+U&rft.au=Arndt%2C+V&rft.au=Brenner%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdcprevent-117"><a href="#cite_ref-cdcprevent_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/basic_info/prevention.htm">"What Can I Do to Reduce My Risk of Colorectal Cancer?"</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 2, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226154956/http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/basic_info/prevention.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=What+Can+I+Do+to+Reduce+My+Risk+of+Colorectal+Cancer%3F&rft.date=2014-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcancer%2Fcolorectal%2Fbasic_info%2Fprevention.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Screen11-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Screen11_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Screen11_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeEfron2011" class="citation journal cs1">He J, Efron JE (2011). "Screening for colorectal cancer". Advances in Surgery. 45: 31–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yasu.2011.03.006">10.1016/j.yasu.2011.03.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2328%2F11906">2328/11906</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21954677">21954677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Surgery&rft.atitle=Screening+for+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=31-44&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2328%2F11906&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21954677&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yasu.2011.03.006&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Efron%2C+JE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegel2012Intro-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Siegel2012Intro_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegelWardJemal2012" class="citation journal cs1">Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F1055-9965.EPI-11-1020">"Trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates in the United States by tumor location and stage, 1992-2008"</a>. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 21 (3): 411–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F1055-9965.EPI-11-1020">10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-1020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22219318">22219318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Epidemiology%2C+Biomarkers+%26+Prevention&rft.atitle=Trends+in+colorectal+cancer+incidence+rates+in+the+United+States+by+tumor+location+and+stage%2C+1992-2008&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411-416&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F1055-9965.EPI-11-1020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22219318&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Ward%2C+EM&rft.au=Jemal%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1158%252F1055-9965.EPI-11-1020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartzEberthJoseyStrayer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Swartz AW, Eberth JM, Josey MJ, Strayer SM (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5823607">"Reanalysis of All-Cause Mortality in the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 2016 Evidence Report on Colorectal Cancer Screening"</a>. Annals of Internal Medicine. 167 (8): 602–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2FM17-0859">10.7326/M17-0859</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5823607">5823607</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28828493">28828493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Reanalysis+of+All-Cause+Mortality+in+the+U.S.+Preventive+Services+Task+Force+2016+Evidence+Report+on+Colorectal+Cancer+Screening&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=602-603&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5823607%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28828493&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2FM17-0859&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=AW&rft.au=Eberth%2C+JM&rft.au=Josey%2C+MJ&rft.au=Strayer%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5823607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitsonGlasziouWatsonTowler2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hewitson P, Glasziou P, Watson E, Towler B, Irwig L (June 2008). "Cochrane systematic review of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal occult blood test (hemoccult): an update". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 103 (6): 1541–1549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.2008.01875.x">10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01875.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18479499">18479499</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26338156">26338156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Cochrane+systematic+review+of+colorectal+cancer+screening+using+the+fecal+occult+blood+test+%28hemoccult%29%3A+an+update&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1541-1549&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26338156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18479499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.2008.01875.x&rft.aulast=Hewitson&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Glasziou%2C+P&rft.au=Watson%2C+E&rft.au=Towler%2C+B&rft.au=Irwig%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeLilesBentLevin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lee JK, Liles EG, Bent S, Levin TR, Corley DA (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4189821">"Accuracy of fecal immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Annals of Internal Medicine. 160 (3): 171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2FM13-1484">10.7326/M13-1484</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4189821">4189821</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24658694">24658694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Accuracy+of+fecal+immunochemical+tests+for+colorectal+cancer%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=171&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4189821%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24658694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2FM13-1484&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=JK&rft.au=Liles%2C+EG&rft.au=Bent%2C+S&rft.au=Levin%2C+TR&rft.au=Corley%2C+DA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4189821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/new-pathways-could-improve-bowel-screening-programme/">"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening"</a>. NIHR Evidence. September 13, 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3310%2Falert_47581">10.3310/alert_47581</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239113610">239113610</a>. Retrieved August 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIHR+Evidence&rft.atitle=New+pathways+could+improve+bowel+cancer+screening&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3310%2Falert_47581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239113610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevidence.nihr.ac.uk%2Falert%2Fnew-pathways-could-improve-bowel-screening-programme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-2021-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2021_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2021_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiSharplesBentonBlyuss2021" class="citation journal cs1">Li SJ, Sharples LD, Benton SC, Blyuss O, Mathews C, Sasieni P, et al. (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8366184">"Faecal immunochemical testing in bowel cancer screening: Estimating outcomes for different diagnostic policies"</a>. Journal of Medical Screening. 28 (3): 277–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0969141320980501">10.1177/0969141320980501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8366184">8366184</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33342370">33342370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Screening&rft.atitle=Faecal+immunochemical+testing+in+bowel+cancer+screening%3A+Estimating+outcomes+for+different+diagnostic+policies&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=277-285&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8366184%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33342370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0969141320980501&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Sharples%2C+LD&rft.au=Benton%2C+SC&rft.au=Blyuss%2C+O&rft.au=Mathews%2C+C&rft.au=Sasieni%2C+P&rft.au=Duffy%2C+SW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8366184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qa2019-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Qa2019_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qa2019_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQaseemCrandallMustafaHicks2019" class="citation journal cs1">Qaseem A, Crandall CJ, Mustafa RA, Hicks LA, Wilt TJ, Forciea MA, et al. (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8152103">"Screening for Colorectal Cancer in Asymptomatic Average-Risk Adults: A Guidance Statement From the American College of Physicians"</a>. Annals of Internal Medicine. 171 (9): 643–654. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2FM19-0642">10.7326/M19-0642</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8152103">8152103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31683290">31683290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Screening+for+Colorectal+Cancer+in+Asymptomatic+Average-Risk+Adults%3A+A+Guidance+Statement+From+the+American+College+of+Physicians&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=643-654&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8152103%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31683290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2FM19-0642&rft.aulast=Qaseem&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Crandall%2C+CJ&rft.au=Mustafa%2C+RA&rft.au=Hicks%2C+LA&rft.au=Wilt%2C+TJ&rft.au=Forciea%2C+MA&rft.au=Fitterman%2C+N&rft.au=Horwitch%2C+CA&rft.au=Kansagara%2C+D&rft.au=Maroto%2C+M&rft.au=McLean%2C+RM&rft.au=Roa%2C+J&rft.au=Tufte%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8152103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfFonthamChurchFlowers2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wolf AM, Fontham ET, Church TR, Flowers CR, Guerra CE, LaMonte SJ, et al. (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcaac.21457">"Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society"</a>. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (4): 250–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcaac.21457">10.3322/caac.21457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29846947">29846947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CA%3A+A+Cancer+Journal+for+Clinicians&rft.atitle=Colorectal+cancer+screening+for+average-risk+adults%3A+2018+guideline+update+from+the+American+Cancer+Society&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=250-281&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3322%2Fcaac.21457&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29846947&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Fontham%2C+ET&rft.au=Church%2C+TR&rft.au=Flowers%2C+CR&rft.au=Guerra%2C+CE&rft.au=LaMonte%2C+SJ&rft.au=Etzioni%2C+R&rft.au=McKenna%2C+MT&rft.au=Oeffinger%2C+KC&rft.au=Shih%2C+YT&rft.au=Walter%2C+LC&rft.au=Andrews%2C+KS&rft.au=Brawley%2C+OW&rft.au=Brooks%2C+D&rft.au=Fedewa%2C+SA&rft.au=Manassaram-Baptiste%2C+D&rft.au=Siegel%2C+RL&rft.au=Wender%2C+RC&rft.au=Smith%2C+RA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3322%252Fcaac.21457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USPTF2008-127"><a href="#cite_ref-USPTF2008_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207110937/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspscolo.htm">"Screening for Colorectal Cancer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Preventive_Services_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Preventive Services Task Force">U.S. Preventive Services Task Force</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspscolo.htm">the original</a> on February 7, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Preventive+Services+Task+Force&rft.atitle=Screening+for+Colorectal+Cancer&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org%2Fuspstf%2Fuspscolo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bren2014-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bren2014_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bren2014_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennerStockHoffmeister2014" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3980789">"Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies"</a>. BMJ. 348 (apr09 1): g2467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.g2467">10.1136/bmj.g2467</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3980789">3980789</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24922745">24922745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Effect+of+screening+sigmoidoscopy+and+screening+colonoscopy+on+colorectal+cancer+incidence+and+mortality%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+randomised+controlled+trials+and+observational+studies&rft.volume=348&rft.issue=apr09+1&rft.pages=g2467&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3980789%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24922745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.g2467&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Stock%2C+C&rft.au=Hoffmeister%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3980789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGAfive-129"><a href="#cite_ref-AGAfive_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809143636/http://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_AGA.pdf">"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"</a> (PDF). Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation. <a href="/wiki/American_Gastroenterological_Association" title="American Gastroenterological Association">American Gastroenterological Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_AGA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choosing+Wisely%3A+An+Initiative+of+the+ABIM+Foundation&rft.atitle=Five+Things+Physicians+and+Patients+Should+Question&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchoosingwisely.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F04%2F5things_12_factsheet_AGA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coloscreen-130"><a href="#cite_ref-coloscreen_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinawerFletcherRexBond2003" class="citation journal cs1">Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D, Bond J, Burt R, Ferrucci J, et al. (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fgast.2003.50044">"Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: clinical guidelines and rationale-Update based on new evidence"</a>. Gastroenterology. 124 (2): 544–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fgast.2003.50044">10.1053/gast.2003.50044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12557158">12557158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29354772">29354772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Colorectal+cancer+screening+and+surveillance%3A+clinical+guidelines+and+rationale-Update+based+on+new+evidence&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=544-560&rft.date=2003-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29354772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12557158&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fgast.2003.50044&rft.aulast=Winawer&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+R&rft.au=Rex%2C+D&rft.au=Bond%2C+J&rft.au=Burt%2C+R&rft.au=Ferrucci%2C+J&rft.au=Ganiats%2C+T&rft.au=Levin%2C+T&rft.au=Woolf%2C+S&rft.au=Johnson%2C+D&rft.au=Kirk%2C+L&rft.au=Litin%2C+S&rft.au=Simmang%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1053%252Fgast.2003.50044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQaseemDenbergHopkinsHumphrey2012" class="citation journal cs1">Qaseem A, Denberg TD, Hopkins RH, Humphrey LL, Levine J, Sweet DE, et al. (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00010">"Screening for colorectal cancer: a guidance statement from the American College of Physicians"</a>. Annals of Internal Medicine. 156 (5): 378–386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00010">10.7326/0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22393133">22393133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Screening+for+colorectal+cancer%3A+a+guidance+statement+from+the+American+College+of+Physicians&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=378-386&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22393133&rft.aulast=Qaseem&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Denberg%2C+TD&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+RH&rft.au=Humphrey%2C+LL&rft.au=Levine%2C+J&rft.au=Sweet%2C+DE&rft.au=Shekelle%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7326%252F0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangBoscardinStijacic-CenzerLee2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tang V, Boscardin WJ, Stijacic-Cenzer I, Lee SJ (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4399600">"Time to benefit for colorectal cancer screening: survival meta-analysis of flexible sigmoidoscopy trials"</a>. BMJ. 350: h1662. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.h1662">10.1136/bmj.h1662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4399600">4399600</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25881903">25881903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Time+to+benefit+for+colorectal+cancer+screening%3A+survival+meta-analysis+of+flexible+sigmoidoscopy+trials&rft.volume=350&rft.pages=h1662&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4399600%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25881903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.h1662&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Boscardin%2C+WJ&rft.au=Stijacic-Cenzer%2C+I&rft.au=Lee%2C+SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4399600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMAJ2016-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMAJ2016_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMAJ2016_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacchusDunfieldGorberHolmes2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bacchus CM, Dunfield L, Gorber SC, Holmes NM, Birtwhistle R, Dickinson JA, et al. (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786388">"Recommendations on screening for colorectal cancer in primary care"</a>. CMAJ. 188 (5): 340–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.151125">10.1503/cmaj.151125</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786388">4786388</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26903355">26903355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ&rft.atitle=Recommendations+on+screening+for+colorectal+cancer+in+primary+care&rft.volume=188&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=340-348&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4786388%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26903355&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.151125&rft.aulast=Bacchus&rft.aufirst=CM&rft.au=Dunfield%2C+L&rft.au=Gorber%2C+SC&rft.au=Holmes%2C+NM&rft.au=Birtwhistle%2C+R&rft.au=Dickinson%2C+JA&rft.au=Lewin%2C+G&rft.au=Singh%2C+H&rft.au=Klarenbach%2C+S&rft.au=Mai%2C+V&rft.au=Tonelli%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4786388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/bowel/">"NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme"</a>. cancerscreening.nhs.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023758/http://www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/bowel/">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cancerscreening.nhs.uk&rft.atitle=NHS+Bowel+Cancer+Screening+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerscreening.nhs.uk%2Fbowel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224130423/https://www.bowelcanceraustralia.org/bca/">"Home – Bowel Cancer Australia"</a>. bowelcanceraustralia.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bowelcanceraustralia.org/bca/">the original</a> on December 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bowelcanceraustralia.org&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Bowel+Cancer+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bowelcanceraustralia.org%2Fbca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rivm.nl/Onderwerpen/B/Bevolkingsonderzoek_darmkanker">"Bevolkingsonderzoek darmkanker"</a>. rivm.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217020915/http://www.rivm.nl/Onderwerpen/B/Bevolkingsonderzoek_darmkanker/">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rivm.nl&rft.atitle=Bevolkingsonderzoek+darmkanker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rivm.nl%2FOnderwerpen%2FB%2FBevolkingsonderzoek_darmkanker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTepusYau2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tepus M, Yau TO (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7445682">"Non-Invasive Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Overview"</a>. Gastrointestinal Tumors. 7 (3): 62–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000507701">10.1159/000507701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7445682">7445682</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903904">32903904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastrointestinal+Tumors&rft.atitle=Non-Invasive+Colorectal+Cancer+Screening%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=62-73&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7445682%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32903904&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000507701&rft.aulast=Tepus&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Yau%2C+TO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7445682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/new-pathways-could-improve-bowel-screening-programme/">"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening"</a>. NIHR Evidence. September 13, 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3310%2Falert_47581">10.3310/alert_47581</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239113610">239113610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIHR+Evidence&rft.atitle=New+pathways+could+improve+bowel+cancer+screening&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3310%2Falert_47581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239113610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevidence.nihr.ac.uk%2Falert%2Fnew-pathways-could-improve-bowel-screening-programme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21943995-139"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21943995_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinAtanackovicBokemeyer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Stein A, Atanackovic D, Bokemeyer C (September 2011). "Current standards and new trends in the primary treatment of colorectal cancer". European Journal of Cancer. 47 (Suppl 3): S312–S314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0959-8049%2811%2970183-6">10.1016/S0959-8049(11)70183-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21943995">21943995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Current+standards+and+new+trends+in+the+primary+treatment+of+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=S312-S314&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0959-8049%2811%2970183-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21943995&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Atanackovic%2C+D&rft.au=Bokemeyer%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChioreanNandakumarFadeluTemin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chiorean EG, Nandakumar G, Fadelu T, Temin S, Alarcon-Rozas AE, Bejarano S, et al. (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124947">"Treatment of Patients With Late-Stage Colorectal Cancer: ASCO Resource-Stratified Guideline"</a>. JCO Global Oncology. 6 (6): 414–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJGO.19.00367">10.1200/JGO.19.00367</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124947">7124947</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32150483">32150483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JCO+Global+Oncology&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+Patients+With+Late-Stage+Colorectal+Cancer%3A+ASCO+Resource-Stratified+Guideline&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=414-438&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7124947%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32150483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJGO.19.00367&rft.aulast=Chiorean&rft.aufirst=EG&rft.au=Nandakumar%2C+G&rft.au=Fadelu%2C+T&rft.au=Temin%2C+S&rft.au=Alarcon-Rozas%2C+AE&rft.au=Bejarano%2C+S&rft.au=Croitoru%2C+AE&rft.au=Grover%2C+S&rft.au=Lohar%2C+PV&rft.au=Odhiambo%2C+A&rft.au=Park%2C+SH&rft.au=Garcia%2C+ER&rft.au=Teh%2C+C&rft.au=Rose%2C+A&rft.au=Zaki%2C+B&rft.au=Chamberlin%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7124947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamashitaOkaTanakaNagata2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yamashita K, Oka S, Tanaka S, Nagata S, Kuwai T, Furudoi A, et al. (March 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-018-3203-7">"Long-term prognosis after treatment for T1 carcinoma of laterally spreading tumors: a multicenter retrospective study"</a>. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 34 (3): 481–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00384-018-3203-7">10.1007/s00384-018-3203-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1262">1432-1262</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30607579">30607579</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57427824">57427824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Colorectal+Disease&rft.atitle=Long-term+prognosis+after+treatment+for+T1+carcinoma+of+laterally+spreading+tumors%3A+a+multicenter+retrospective+study&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=481-490&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.issn=1432-1262&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57427824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30607579&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00384-018-3203-7&rft.aulast=Yamashita&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Oka%2C+Shiro&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Shinji&rft.au=Nagata%2C+Shinji&rft.au=Kuwai%2C+Toshio&rft.au=Furudoi%2C+Akira&rft.au=Tamura%2C+Tadamasa&rft.au=Kunihiro%2C+Masaki&rft.au=Okanobu%2C+Hideharu&rft.au=Nakadoi%2C+Koichi&rft.au=Kanao%2C+Hiroyuki&rft.au=Higashiyama%2C+Makoto&rft.au=Arihiro%2C+Koji&rft.au=Kuraoka%2C+Kazuya&rft.au=Shimamoto%2C+Fumio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs00384-018-3203-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCarthy-2012-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy-2012_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy-2012_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyPearsonFultonHewitt2012" class="citation journal cs1">McCarthy K, Pearson K, Fulton R, Hewitt J, et al. (Cochrane Colorectal Cancer Group) (December 2012). "Pre-operative chemoradiation for non-metastatic locally advanced rectal cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12: CD008368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD008368.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD008368.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23235660">23235660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Pre-operative+chemoradiation+for+non-metastatic+locally+advanced+rectal+cancer&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=CD008368&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD008368.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23235660&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Pearson%2C+K&rft.au=Fulton%2C+R&rft.au=Hewitt%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colorectal_Colon_Cancer-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colorectal_Colon_Cancer_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colorectal_Colon_Cancer_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14501-colorectal-colon-cancer">"Colorectal (Colon) Cancer"</a>. Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved July 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Clinic&rft.atitle=Colorectal+%28Colon%29+Cancer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fhealth%2Fdiseases%2F14501-colorectal-colon-cancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöckelmanEngelmannKaprioHansen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Böckelman C, Engelmann BE, Kaprio T, Hansen TF, Glimelius B (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F0284186x.2014.975839">"Risk of recurrence in patients with colon cancer stage II and III: a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent literature"</a>. Acta Oncologica. 54 (1): 5–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F0284186x.2014.975839">10.3109/0284186x.2014.975839</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25430983">25430983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Oncologica&rft.atitle=Risk+of+recurrence+in+patients+with+colon+cancer+stage+II+and+III%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+recent+literature&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-16&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F0284186x.2014.975839&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25430983&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6ckelman&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Engelmann%2C+BE&rft.au=Kaprio%2C+T&rft.au=Hansen%2C+TF&rft.au=Glimelius%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3109%252F0284186x.2014.975839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Chemotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer". Prescrire International. 19 (109): 219–224. October 2010. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21180382">21180382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prescrire+International&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+of+metastatic+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=219-224&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21180382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fakih-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Fakih_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="10.1200/JCO.2014.59.7633" class="citation journal cs1">Fakih MG (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2014.59.7633">"Metastatic colorectal cancer: current state and future directions"</a>. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 33 (16): 1809–1824. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2014.59.7633">10.1200/JCO.2014.59.7633</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25918280">25918280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Metastatic+colorectal+cancer%3A+current+state+and+future+directions&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=1809-1824&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2014.59.7633&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25918280&rft.aulast=Fakih&rft.aufirst=MG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1200%252FJCO.2014.59.7633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-l758-147"><a href="#cite_ref-l758_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendell2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bendell J (March 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666834">"Antiangiogenic Agents in First-Line and Second-Line Therapy for Advanced Colorectal Cancer"</a>. Gastrointestinal Cancer Research. 1 (4 Suppl 2). International Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology: S22-8. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666834">2666834</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19365574">19365574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastrointestinal+Cancer+Research&rft.atitle=Antiangiogenic+Agents+in+First-Line+and+Second-Line+Therapy+for+Advanced+Colorectal+Cancer&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4+Suppl+2&rft.pages=S22-8&rft.date=2024-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2666834%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19365574&rft.aulast=Bendell&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2666834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaib2013-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Shaib2013_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaibMahajanEl-Rayes2013" class="citation journal cs1">Shaib W, Mahajan R, El-Rayes B (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712296">"Markers of resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer"</a>. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 4 (3): 308–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3978%2Fj.issn.2078-6891.2013.029">10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712296">3712296</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23997942">23997942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gastrointestinal+Oncology&rft.atitle=Markers+of+resistance+to+anti-EGFR+therapy+in+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=308-318&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3712296%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23997942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3978%2Fj.issn.2078-6891.2013.029&rft.aulast=Shaib&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Mahajan%2C+R&rft.au=El-Rayes%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3712296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYau2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yau TO (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6788378">"Precision treatment in colorectal cancer: Now and the future"</a>. JGH Open. 3 (5): 361–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgh3.12153">10.1002/jgh3.12153</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6788378">6788378</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31633039">31633039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JGH+Open&rft.atitle=Precision+treatment+in+colorectal+cancer%3A+Now+and+the+future&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=361-369&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6788378%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31633039&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjgh3.12153&rft.aulast=Yau&rft.aufirst=TO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6788378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugarbakerVan_der_Speeten2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sugarbaker PH, Van der Speeten K (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4754302">"Surgical technology and pharmacology of hyperthermic perioperative chemotherapy"</a>. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 7 (1): 29–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3978%2Fj.issn.2078-6891.2015.105">10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4754302">4754302</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26941982">26941982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gastrointestinal+Oncology&rft.atitle=Surgical+technology+and+pharmacology+of+hyperthermic+perioperative+chemotherapy&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-44&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4754302%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26941982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3978%2Fj.issn.2078-6891.2015.105&rft.aulast=Sugarbaker&rft.aufirst=PH&rft.au=Van+der+Speeten%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4754302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegura-SampedroMorales-Soriano2020" class="citation journal cs1">Segura-Sampedro JJ, Morales-Soriano R (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17235%2Freed.2020.6755%2F2019">"Prophylactic HIPEC with oxaliplatin might be of benefit in T4 and perforated colon cancer: another possible interpretation of the COLOPEC results"</a>. Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas. 112 (8): 666. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17235%2Freed.2020.6755%2F2019">10.17235/reed.2020.6755/2019</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13003%2F12309">20.500.13003/12309</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32686435">32686435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Espanola+de+Enfermedades+Digestivas&rft.atitle=Prophylactic+HIPEC+with+oxaliplatin+might+be+of+benefit+in+T4+and+perforated+colon+cancer%3A+another+possible+interpretation+of+the+COLOPEC+results&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=666&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.13003%2F12309&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32686435&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17235%2Freed.2020.6755%2F2019&rft.aulast=Segura-Sampedro&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Morales-Soriano%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17235%252Freed.2020.6755%252F2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsquivelSticcaSugarbakerLevine2007" class="citation journal cs1">Esquivel J, Sticca R, Sugarbaker P, Levine E, Yan TD, Alexander R, et al. (January 2007). "Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the management of peritoneal surface malignancies of colonic origin: a consensus statement. Society of Surgical Oncology". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 14 (1): 128–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1245%2Fs10434-006-9185-7">10.1245/s10434-006-9185-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17072675">17072675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21282326">21282326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Cytoreductive+surgery+and+hyperthermic+intraperitoneal+chemotherapy+in+the+management+of+peritoneal+surface+malignancies+of+colonic+origin%3A+a+consensus+statement.+Society+of+Surgical+Oncology&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=128-133&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21282326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17072675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1245%2Fs10434-006-9185-7&rft.aulast=Esquivel&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Sticca%2C+R&rft.au=Sugarbaker%2C+P&rft.au=Levine%2C+E&rft.au=Yan%2C+TD&rft.au=Alexander%2C+R&rft.au=Baratti%2C+D&rft.au=Bartlett%2C+D&rft.au=Barone%2C+R&rft.au=Barrios%2C+P&rft.au=Bieligk%2C+S&rft.au=Bretcha-Boix%2C+P&rft.au=Chang%2C+CK&rft.au=Chu%2C+F&rft.au=Chu%2C+Q&rft.au=Daniel%2C+S&rft.au=de+Bree%2C+E&rft.au=Deraco%2C+M&rft.au=Dominguez-Parra%2C+L&rft.au=Elias%2C+D&rft.au=Flynn%2C+R&rft.au=Foster%2C+J&rft.au=Garofalo%2C+A&rft.au=Gilly%2C+FN&rft.au=Glehen%2C+O&rft.au=Gomez-Portilla%2C+A&rft.au=Gonzalez-Bayon%2C+L&rft.au=Gonzalez-Moreno%2C+S&rft.au=Goodman%2C+M&rft.au=Gushchin%2C+V&rft.au=Hanna%2C+N&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+J&rft.au=Harrison%2C+L&rft.au=Hoefer%2C+R&rft.au=Kane%2C+J&rft.au=Kecmanovic%2C+D&rft.au=Kelley%2C+S&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+J&rft.au=Lamont%2C+J&rft.au=Lange%2C+J&rft.au=Li%2C+B&rft.au=Loggie%2C+B&rft.au=Mahteme%2C+H&rft.au=Mann%2C+G&rft.au=Martin%2C+R&rft.au=Misih%2C+RA&rft.au=Moran%2C+B&rft.au=Morris%2C+D&rft.au=Onate-Ocana%2C+L&rft.au=Petrelli%2C+N&rft.au=Philippe%2C+G&rft.au=Pingpank%2C+J&rft.au=Pitroff%2C+A&rft.au=Piso%2C+P&rft.au=Quinones%2C+M&rft.au=Riley%2C+L&rft.au=Rutstein%2C+L&rft.au=Saha%2C+S&rft.au=Alrawi%2C+S&rft.au=Sardi%2C+A&rft.au=Schneebaum%2C+S&rft.au=Shen%2C+P&rft.au=Shibata%2C+D&rft.au=Spellman%2C+J&rft.au=Stojadinovic%2C+A&rft.au=Stewart%2C+J&rft.au=Torres-Melero%2C+J&rft.au=Tuttle%2C+T&rft.au=Verwaal%2C+V&rft.au=Villar%2C+J&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+N&rft.au=Younan%2C+R&rft.au=Zeh%2C+H&rft.au=Zoetmulder%2C+F&rft.au=Sebbag%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArjona-SánchezEspinosa-RedondoGutiérrez-CalvoSegura-Sampedro2023" class="citation journal cs1">Arjona-Sánchez A, Espinosa-Redondo E, Gutiérrez-Calvo A, Segura-Sampedro JJ, Pérez-Viejo E, Concepción-Martín V, et al. (April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10134040">"Efficacy and Safety of Intraoperative Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial"</a>. JAMA Surgery. 158 (7): 683–691. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamasurg.2023.0662">10.1001/jamasurg.2023.0662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10134040">10134040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37099280">37099280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Surgery&rft.atitle=Efficacy+and+Safety+of+Intraoperative+Hyperthermic+Intraperitoneal+Chemotherapy+for+Locally+Advanced+Colon+Cancer%3A+A+Phase+3+Randomized+Clinical+Trial&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=683-691&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10134040%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37099280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamasurg.2023.0662&rft.aulast=Arjona-S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Espinosa-Redondo%2C+E&rft.au=Guti%C3%A9rrez-Calvo%2C+A&rft.au=Segura-Sampedro%2C+JJ&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Viejo%2C+E&rft.au=Concepci%C3%B3n-Mart%C3%ADn%2C+V&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+S&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Fadrique%2C+A&rft.au=Prieto-Nieto%2C+I&rft.au=Barrios-Sanchez%2C+P&rft.au=Torres-Melero%2C+J&rft.au=Ram%C3%ADrez+Faraco%2C+M&rft.au=Prada-Villaverde%2C+A&rft.au=Carrasco-Campos%2C+J&rft.au=Artiles-Armas%2C+M&rft.au=Villarejo-Campos%2C+P&rft.au=Ortega-P%C3%A9rez%2C+G&rft.au=Boldo-Roda%2C+E&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Hidalgo%2C+JM&rft.au=Casado-Adam%2C+A&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Ortiz%2C+L&rft.au=Aranda%2C+E&rft.au=Cano-Osuna%2C+MT&rft.au=D%C3%ADaz-L%C3%B3pez%2C+C&rft.au=Romero-Ruiz%2C+A&rft.au=Brice%C3%B1o-Delgado%2C+J&rft.au=Rufi%C3%A1n-Pe%C3%B1a%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10134040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-djae195-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-djae195_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-djae195_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroesterParikhSouthwellEster2024" class="citation journal cs1">Troester A, Parikh R, Southwell B, Ester E, Sultan S, Greeno E, et al. (August 20, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jnci/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jnci/djae195/7737475">"Treatment of stage I-III squamous cell anal cancer: a comparative effectiveness systematic review"</a>. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjae195">10.1093/jnci/djae195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8874">0027-8874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JNCI%3A+Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+stage+I-III+squamous+cell+anal+cancer%3A+a+comparative+effectiveness+systematic+review&rft.date=2024-08-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjae195&rft.issn=0027-8874&rft.aulast=Troester&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Parikh%2C+Romil&rft.au=Southwell%2C+Bronwyn&rft.au=Ester%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Sultan%2C+Shahnaz&rft.au=Greeno%2C+Edward&rft.au=Arsoniadis%2C+Elliot&rft.au=Church%2C+Timothy+R&rft.au=Wilt%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Butler%2C+Mary&rft.au=Goffredo%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjnci%2Fadvance-article%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjae195%2F7737475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVitaLawrenceRosenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NF90HzUFPjgC&pg=PA1258">DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology</a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1258–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7207-5"><bdi>978-0-7817-7207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DeVita%2C+Hellman%2C+and+Rosenberg%27s+Cancer%3A+Principles+%26+Practice+of+Oncology&rft.pages=1258-&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7207-5&rft.aulast=DeVita&rft.aufirst=VT&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+TS&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNF90HzUFPjgC%26pg%3DPA1258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCR-19-2744-156"><a href="#cite_ref-CCR-19-2744_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuhTanksleyChinoWillett2020" class="citation journal cs1">Huh JW, Tanksley J, Chino J, Willett CG, Dewhirst MW (July 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aacrjournals.org/clincancerres/article/26/13/3079/82622/Long-term-Consequences-of-Pelvic-Irradiation">"Long-term Consequences of Pelvic Irradiation: Toxicities, Challenges, and Therapeutic Opportunities with Pharmacologic Mitigators"</a>. Clinical Cancer Research. 26 (13): 3079–3090. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-19-2744">10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2744</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1078-0432">1078-0432</a>. Retrieved October 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Cancer+Research&rft.atitle=Long-term+Consequences+of+Pelvic+Irradiation%3A+Toxicities%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Therapeutic+Opportunities+with+Pharmacologic+Mitigators&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=3079-3090&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-19-2744&rft.issn=1078-0432&rft.aulast=Huh&rft.aufirst=Jung+Wook&rft.au=Tanksley%2C+Jarred&rft.au=Chino%2C+Junzo&rft.au=Willett%2C+Christopher+G.&rft.au=Dewhirst%2C+Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faacrjournals.org%2Fclincancerres%2Farticle%2F26%2F13%2F3079%2F82622%2FLong-term-Consequences-of-Pelvic-Irradiation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neoadjuvant_radiotherapy_for_rectal-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neoadjuvant_radiotherapy_for_rectal_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neoadjuvant_radiotherapy_for_rectal_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeneySehgalSheehanHogan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Feeney G, Sehgal R, Sheehan M, Hogan A, Regan M, Joyce M, et al. (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6737323">"Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer management"</a>. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 25 (33): 4850–4869. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v25.i33.4850">10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4850</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6737323">6737323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31543678">31543678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Neoadjuvant+radiotherapy+for+rectal+cancer+management&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=4850-4869&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6737323%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31543678&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.v25.i33.4850&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Sehgal%2C+R&rft.au=Sheehan%2C+M&rft.au=Hogan%2C+A&rft.au=Regan%2C+M&rft.au=Joyce%2C+M&rft.au=Kerin%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6737323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiWangMaTan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Li Y, Wang J, Ma X, Tan L, Yan Y, Xue C, et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971740">"A Review of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer"</a>. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 12 (8): 1022–1031. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7150%2Fijbs.15438">10.7150/ijbs.15438</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971740">4971740</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27489505">27489505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Neoadjuvant+Chemoradiotherapy+for+Locally+Advanced+Rectal+Cancer&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1022-1031&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4971740%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27489505&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7150%2Fijbs.15438&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Wang%2C+J&rft.au=Ma%2C+X&rft.au=Tan%2C+L&rft.au=Yan%2C+Y&rft.au=Xue%2C+C&rft.au=Hui%2C+B&rft.au=Liu%2C+R&rft.au=Ma%2C+H&rft.au=Ren%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4971740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaoWangTianWilson-Smith2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cao C, Wang D, Tian DH, Wilson-Smith A, Huang J, Rimner A (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6988072">"A systematic review and meta-analysis of stereotactic body radiation therapy for colorectal pulmonary metastases"</a>. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 11 (12): 5187–5198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21037%2Fjtd.2019.12.12">10.21037/jtd.2019.12.12</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6988072">6988072</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32030236">32030236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thoracic+Disease&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+stereotactic+body+radiation+therapy+for+colorectal+pulmonary+metastases&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=5187-5198&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6988072%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32030236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21037%2Fjtd.2019.12.12&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Wang%2C+D&rft.au=Tian%2C+DH&rft.au=Wilson-Smith%2C+A&rft.au=Huang%2C+J&rft.au=Rimner%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6988072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bo2017-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Bo2017_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolandMa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Boland PM, Ma WW (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5447960">"Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer"</a>. Cancers. 9 (5): 50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcancers9050050">10.3390/cancers9050050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5447960">5447960</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28492495">28492495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancers&rft.atitle=Immunotherapy+for+Colorectal+Cancer&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5447960%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28492495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fcancers9050050&rft.aulast=Boland&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Ma%2C+WW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5447960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nic2017-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nic2017_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nic2017_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynTengMokSoo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, Soo RA (December 2017). "De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting". The Lancet. Oncology. 18 (12): e731–e741. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1470-2045%2817%2930607-1">10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29208439">29208439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Oncology&rft.atitle=De-novo+and+acquired+resistance+to+immune+checkpoint+targeting&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e731-e741&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1470-2045%2817%2930607-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29208439&rft.aulast=Syn&rft.aufirst=NL&rft.au=Teng%2C+MW&rft.au=Mok%2C+TS&rft.au=Soo%2C+RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borras2023-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Borras2023_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrasDMVerbandtS2023" class="citation journal cs1">Borras, DM, Verbandt, S, Ausserhofer, M, et al. (November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10652011">"Single cell dynamics of tumor specificity vs bystander activity in CD8+ T cells define the diverse immune landscapes in colorectal cancer"</a>. Cell Discovery. 9 (114): 114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41421-023-00605-4">10.1038/s41421-023-00605-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10652011">10652011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37968259">37968259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Discovery&rft.atitle=Single+cell+dynamics+of+tumor+specificity+vs+bystander+activity+in+CD8%2B+T+cells+define+the+diverse+immune+landscapes+in+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=114&rft.pages=114&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10652011%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37968259&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41421-023-00605-4&rft.au=Borras&rft.au=DM&rft.au=Verbandt&rft.au=S&rft.au=Ausserhofer&rft.au=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10652011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ApprovedDrugs/ucm560040.htm">"FDA grants accelerated approval to pembrolizumab for first tissue/site agnostic indication"</a>. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=FDA+grants+accelerated+approval+to+pembrolizumab+for+first+tissue%2Fsite+agnostic+indication&rft.date=2019-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FDrugs%2FInformationOnDrugs%2FApprovedDrugs%2Fucm560040.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dostarlimab_2022-164"><a href="#cite_ref-dostarlimab_2022_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCercekLumishSinopoliWeiss2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cercek A, Lumish M, Sinopoli J, Weiss J, Shia J, Lamendola-Essel M, et al. (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9492301">"PD-1 Blockade in Mismatch Repair–Deficient, Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer"</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. 386 (25): 2363–2376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa2201445">10.1056/NEJMoa2201445</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9492301">9492301</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35660797">35660797</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249395846">249395846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=PD-1+Blockade+in+Mismatch+Repair%E2%80%93Deficient%2C+Locally+Advanced+Rectal+Cancer&rft.volume=386&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=2363-2376&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9492301%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249395846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35660797&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa2201445&rft.aulast=Cercek&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Lumish%2C+M&rft.au=Sinopoli%2C+J&rft.au=Weiss%2C+J&rft.au=Shia%2C+J&rft.au=Lamendola-Essel%2C+M&rft.au=El+Dika%2C+IH&rft.au=Segal%2C+N&rft.au=Shcherba%2C+M&rft.au=Sugarman%2C+R&rft.au=Stadler%2C+Z&rft.au=Yaeger%2C+R&rft.au=Smith%2C+JJ&rft.au=Rousseau%2C+B&rft.au=Argiles%2C+G&rft.au=Patel%2C+M&rft.au=Desai%2C+A&rft.au=Saltz%2C+LB&rft.au=Widmar%2C+M&rft.au=Iyer%2C+K&rft.au=Zhang%2C+J&rft.au=Gianino%2C+N&rft.au=Crane%2C+C&rft.au=Romesser%2C+PB&rft.au=Pappou%2C+EP&rft.au=Paty%2C+P&rft.au=Garcia-Aguilar%2C+J&rft.au=Gonen%2C+M&rft.au=Gollub%2C+M&rft.au=Weiser%2C+MR&rft.au=Schalper%2C+KA&rft.au=Diaz%2C+LA+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9492301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/palliativecare/index">"Palliative or Supportive Care"</a>. American Cancer Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821054618/http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/palliativecare/index">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palliative+or+Supportive+Care&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Ftreatment%2Ftreatmentsandsideeffects%2Fpalliativecare%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821114944/http://www.asco.org/quality-guidelines/asco-provisional-clinical-opinion-integration-palliative-care-standard-oncology">"ASCO Provisional Clinical Opinion: The Integration of Palliative Care into Standard Oncology Care"</a>. ASCO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asco.org/quality-guidelines/asco-provisional-clinical-opinion-integration-palliative-care-standard-oncology">the original</a> on August 21, 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASCO+Provisional+Clinical+Opinion%3A+The+Integration+of+Palliative+Care+into+Standard+Oncology+Care&rft.pub=ASCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asco.org%2Fquality-guidelines%2Fasco-provisional-clinical-opinion-integration-palliative-care-standard-oncology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginsonEvans2010" class="citation journal cs1">Higginson IJ, Evans CJ (September–October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPPO.0b013e3181f684e5">"What is the evidence that palliative care teams improve outcomes for cancer patients and their families?"</a>. Cancer Journal. 16 (5): 423–435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPPO.0b013e3181f684e5">10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f684e5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20890138">20890138</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39881122">39881122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Journal&rft.atitle=What+is+the+evidence+that+palliative+care+teams+improve+outcomes+for+cancer+patients+and+their+families%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=423-435&rft.date=2010-09%2F2010-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39881122%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20890138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPPO.0b013e3181f684e5&rft.aulast=Higginson&rft.aufirst=IJ&rft.au=Evans%2C+CJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FPPO.0b013e3181f684e5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserbergKaufman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wasserberg N, Kaufman HS (December 2007). "Palliation of colorectal cancer". Surgical Oncology. 16 (4): 299–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.suronc.2007.08.008">10.1016/j.suronc.2007.08.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17913495">17913495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Palliation+of+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=299-310&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.suronc.2007.08.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17913495&rft.aulast=Wasserberg&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+HS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmersiStamosKo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Amersi F, Stamos MJ, Ko CY (July 2004). "Palliative care for colorectal cancer". Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America. 13 (3): 467–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soc.2004.03.002">10.1016/j.soc.2004.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15236729">15236729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Oncology+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Palliative+care+for+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=467-477&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.soc.2004.03.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15236729&rft.aulast=Amersi&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Stamos%2C+MJ&rft.au=Ko%2C+CY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Son-2018-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Son-2018_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Son-2018_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Son-2018_170-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Son-2018_170-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonSonKimLee2018" class="citation journal cs1">Son H, Son YJ, Kim H, Lee Y (June 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5994008">"Effect of psychosocial interventions on the quality of life of patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 16 (1): 119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12955-018-0943-6">10.1186/s12955-018-0943-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-7525">1477-7525</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5994008">5994008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29884182">29884182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+and+Quality+of+Life+Outcomes&rft.atitle=Effect+of+psychosocial+interventions+on+the+quality+of+life+of+patients+with+colorectal+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5994008%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1477-7525&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29884182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12955-018-0943-6&rft.aulast=Son&rft.aufirst=Heesook&rft.au=Son%2C+Youn-Jung&rft.au=Kim%2C+Hyerang&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yoonju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5994008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peng-2019-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peng-2019_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peng-2019_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peng-2019_171-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peng-2019_171-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPengHuangKao2019" class="citation journal cs1">Peng YN, Huang ML, Kao CH (January 31, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6388369">"Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Literature Review"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (3): 411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph16030411">10.3390/ijerph16030411</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1660-4601">1660-4601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6388369">6388369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30709020">30709020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+Depression+and+Anxiety+in+Colorectal+Cancer+Patients%3A+A+Literature+Review&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6388369%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1660-4601&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30709020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph16030411&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Yu-Ning&rft.au=Huang%2C+Mei-Li&rft.au=Kao%2C+Chia-Hung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6388369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengOveisiMcTaggart-CowanLoree2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng V, Oveisi N, McTaggart-Cowan H, Loree JM, Murphy RA, De Vera MA (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689519">"Colorectal Cancer and Onset of Anxiety and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"</a>. Current Oncology. 29 (11): 8751–8766. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcurroncol29110689">10.3390/curroncol29110689</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1718-7729">1718-7729</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689519">9689519</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36421342">36421342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Oncology&rft.atitle=Colorectal+Cancer+and+Onset+of+Anxiety+and+Depression%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=8751-8766&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9689519%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1718-7729&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36421342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fcurroncol29110689&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rft.au=Oveisi%2C+Niki&rft.au=McTaggart-Cowan%2C+Helen&rft.au=Loree%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Rachel+A.&rft.au=De+Vera%2C+Mary+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9689519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosherWingerGivenHelft2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mosher CE, Winger JG, Given BA, Helft PR, O'Neil BH (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894828">"Mental health outcomes during colorectal cancer survivorship: a review of the literature: Mental health in colorectal cancer survivorship"</a>. Psycho-Oncology. 25 (11): 1261–1270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpon.3954">10.1002/pon.3954</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894828">4894828</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26315692">26315692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psycho-Oncology&rft.atitle=Mental+health+outcomes+during+colorectal+cancer+survivorship%3A+a+review+of+the+literature%3A+Mental+health+in+colorectal+cancer+survivorship&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1261-1270&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4894828%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26315692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpon.3954&rft.aulast=Mosher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+E.&rft.au=Winger%2C+Joseph+G.&rft.au=Given%2C+Barbara+A.&rft.au=Helft%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=O%27Neil%2C+Bert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4894828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-2013-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds-2013_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds-2013_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds-2013_174-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsConsedinePizarroBissett2013" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds LM, Consedine NS, Pizarro DA, Bissett IP (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/00002820-201304000-00006">"Disgust and Behavioral Avoidance in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Treatment: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda"</a>. Cancer Nursing. 36 (2): 122–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FNCC.0b013e31826a4b1b">10.1097/NCC.0b013e31826a4b1b</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-220X">0162-220X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23047793">23047793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Nursing&rft.atitle=Disgust+and+Behavioral+Avoidance+in+Colorectal+Cancer+Screening+and+Treatment%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Research+Agenda&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=122-130&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0162-220X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23047793&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FNCC.0b013e31826a4b1b&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Lisa+M.&rft.au=Consedine%2C+Nathan+S.&rft.au=Pizarro%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Bissett%2C+Ian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00002820-201304000-00006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phelan-2013a-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phelan-2013a_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phelan-2013a_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phelan-2013a_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phelan-2013a_175-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phelan-2013a_175-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phelan-2013a_175-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelanGriffinJacksonZafar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Phelan SM, Griffin JM, Jackson GL, Zafar SY, Hellerstedt W, Stahre M, et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6000725">"Stigma, perceived blame, self-blame, and depressive symptoms in men with colorectal cancer"</a>. Psycho-Oncology. 22 (1): 65–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpon.2048">10.1002/pon.2048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-9249">1057-9249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6000725">6000725</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21954081">21954081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psycho-Oncology&rft.atitle=Stigma%2C+perceived+blame%2C+self-blame%2C+and+depressive+symptoms+in+men+with+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-73&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6000725%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1057-9249&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21954081&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpon.2048&rft.aulast=Phelan&rft.aufirst=Sean+M.&rft.au=Griffin%2C+Joan+M.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+George+L.&rft.au=Zafar%2C+S.+Yousuf&rft.au=Hellerstedt%2C+Wendy&rft.au=Stahre%2C+Mandy&rft.au=Nelson%2C+David&rft.au=Zullig%2C+Leah+L.&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Diana+J.&rft.au=van+Ryn%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6000725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoonChi_SallyHong-Gu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hoon LS, Chi Sally CW, Hong-Gu H (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2013.05.001">"Effect of psychosocial interventions on outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer: A review of the literature"</a>. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 17 (6): 883–891. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejon.2013.05.001">10.1016/j.ejon.2013.05.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3889">1462-3889</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23759360">23759360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Oncology+Nursing&rft.atitle=Effect+of+psychosocial+interventions+on+outcomes+of+patients+with+colorectal+cancer%3A+A+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=883-891&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1462-3889&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23759360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejon.2013.05.001&rft.aulast=Hoon&rft.aufirst=Lim+Siew&rft.au=Chi+Sally%2C+Chan+Wai&rft.au=Hong-Gu%2C+He&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejon.2013.05.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMengWangDong2021" class="citation journal cs1">Meng X, Wang X, Dong Z (October 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06185-x">"Impact of non-pharmacological interventions on quality of life, anxiety, and depression scores in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"</a>. Supportive Care in Cancer. 29 (10): 5635–5652. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00520-021-06185-x">10.1007/s00520-021-06185-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1433-7339">1433-7339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33786669">33786669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supportive+Care+in+Cancer&rft.atitle=Impact+of+non-pharmacological+interventions+on+quality+of+life%2C+anxiety%2C+and+depression+scores+in+patients+with+colorectal+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+randomized+controlled+trials&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=5635-5652&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft.issn=1433-7339&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33786669&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00520-021-06185-x&rft.aulast=Meng&rft.aufirst=Xinyu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xiaodong&rft.au=Dong%2C+Zaiquan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs00520-021-06185-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_178-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_178-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuaJiangSunXu2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hua H, Jiang Q, Sun P, Xu X (May 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10196487">"Risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Frontiers in Oncology. 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffonc.2023.1132306">10.3389/fonc.2023.1132306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2234-943X">2234-943X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10196487">10196487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37213277">37213277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Oncology&rft.atitle=Risk+factors+for+early-onset+colorectal+cancer%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2023-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10196487%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2234-943X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37213277&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffonc.2023.1132306&rft.aulast=Hua&rft.aufirst=Hongmei&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Qiuping&rft.au=Sun%2C+Pan&rft.au=Xu%2C+Xing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10196487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCCNguidelines-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCCNguidelines_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCCNguidelines_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/colon.pdf">"National Comprehensive Cancer Network"</a> (PDF). nccn.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325235446/http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/colon.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nccn.org&rft.atitle=National+Comprehensive+Cancer+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nccn.org%2Fprofessionals%2Fphysician_gls%2FPDF%2Fcolon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16260687-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16260687_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16260687_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeschBensonSomerfieldFlynn2005" class="citation journal cs1">Desch CE, Benson AB, Somerfield MR, Flynn PJ, Krause C, Loprinzi CL, et al. (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2005.04.0063">"Colorectal cancer surveillance: 2005 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline"</a>. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 23 (33): 8512–8519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2005.04.0063">10.1200/JCO.2005.04.0063</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16260687">16260687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Colorectal+cancer+surveillance%3A+2005+update+of+an+American+Society+of+Clinical+Oncology+practice+guideline&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=8512-8519&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2005.04.0063&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16260687&rft.aulast=Desch&rft.aufirst=CE&rft.au=Benson%2C+AB&rft.au=Somerfield%2C+MR&rft.au=Flynn%2C+PJ&rft.au=Krause%2C+C&rft.au=Loprinzi%2C+CL&rft.au=Minsky%2C+BD&rft.au=Pfister%2C+DG&rft.au=Virgo%2C+KS&rft.au=Petrelli%2C+NJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1200%252FJCO.2005.04.0063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferyHickeyHider2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jeffery M, Hickey BE, Hider PN (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6726414">"Follow-up strategies for patients treated for non-metastatic colorectal cancer"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (9): CD002200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD002200.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD002200.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6726414">6726414</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31483854">31483854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Follow-up+strategies+for+patients+treated+for+non-metastatic+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=2019&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=CD002200&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6726414%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31483854&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002200.pub4&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Hickey%2C+BE&rft.au=Hider%2C+PN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6726414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetofDewhirstJones2013" class="citation journal cs1">Betof AS, Dewhirst MW, Jones LW (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3638811">"Effects and potential mechanisms of exercise training on cancer progression: a translational perspective"</a>. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 30 (Suppl): S75–S87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbi.2012.05.001">10.1016/j.bbi.2012.05.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3638811">3638811</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22610066">22610066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain%2C+Behavior%2C+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=Effects+and+potential+mechanisms+of+exercise+training+on+cancer+progression%3A+a+translational+perspective&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=Suppl&rft.pages=S75-S87&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3638811%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22610066&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbi.2012.05.001&rft.aulast=Betof&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Dewhirst%2C+MW&rft.au=Jones%2C+LW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3638811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ballard-Barbash2012-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ballard-Barbash2012_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ballard-Barbash2012_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallard-BarbashFriedenreichCourneyaSiddiqi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ballard-Barbash R, Friedenreich CM, Courneya KS, Siddiqi SM, McTiernan A, Alfano CM (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465697">"Physical activity, biomarkers, and disease outcomes in cancer survivors: a systematic review"</a>. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 104 (11): 815–840. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjs207">10.1093/jnci/djs207</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465697">3465697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22570317">22570317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Physical+activity%2C+biomarkers%2C+and+disease+outcomes+in+cancer+survivors%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=815-840&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3465697%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22570317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjs207&rft.aulast=Ballard-Barbash&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Friedenreich%2C+CM&rft.au=Courneya%2C+KS&rft.au=Siddiqi%2C+SM&rft.au=McTiernan%2C+A&rft.au=Alfano%2C+CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3465697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Physical_activity_interventions_for-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Physical_activity_interventions_for_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Physical_activity_interventions_for_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGettiganCardwellCantwellTully2020" class="citation journal cs1">McGettigan M, Cardwell CR, Cantwell MM, Tully MA (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7196359">"Physical activity interventions for disease-related physical and mental health during and following treatment in people with non-advanced colorectal cancer"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (5): CD012864. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd012864.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd012864.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7196359">7196359</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32361988">32361988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Physical+activity+interventions+for+disease-related+physical+and+mental+health+during+and+following+treatment+in+people+with+non-advanced+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=2020&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=CD012864&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7196359%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32361988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd012864.pub2&rft.aulast=McGettigan&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Cardwell%2C+CR&rft.au=Cantwell%2C+MM&rft.au=Tully%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7196359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stromme-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Stromme_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrømmeJohannessenSkotheim2023" class="citation journal cs1">Strømme JM, Johannessen B, Skotheim RI (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FCCI.22.00159">"Deviating alternative splicing as a molecular subtype of microsatellite stable colorectal cancer"</a>. JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics. 7 (7): e2200159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FCCI.22.00159">10.1200/CCI.22.00159</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F108838">10852/108838</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36821799">36821799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JCO+Clinical+Cancer+Informatics&rft.atitle=Deviating+alternative+splicing+as+a+molecular+subtype+of+microsatellite+stable+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e2200159&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F108838&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36821799&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FCCI.22.00159&rft.aulast=Str%C3%B8mme&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Johannessen%2C+B&rft.au=Skotheim%2C+RI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1200%252FCCI.22.00159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstermanGlimelius2018" class="citation journal cs1">Osterman E, Glimelius B (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-357138">"Recurrence Risk After Up-to-Date Colon Cancer Staging, Surgery, and Pathology: Analysis of the Entire Swedish Population"</a>. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 61 (9): 1016–1025. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fdcr.0000000000001158">10.1097/dcr.0000000000001158</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30086050">30086050</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51934598">51934598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diseases+of+the+Colon+and+Rectum&rft.atitle=Recurrence+Risk+After+Up-to-Date+Colon+Cancer+Staging%2C+Surgery%2C+and+Pathology%3A+Analysis+of+the+Entire+Swedish+Population&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1016-1025&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51934598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30086050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fdcr.0000000000001158&rft.aulast=Osterman&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Glimelius%2C+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Auu%3Adiva-357138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoroudianOstermanGlimelius2024" class="citation journal cs1">Doroudian S, Osterman E, Glimelius B (June 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11300512">"Risk Factors for Recurrence After Surgery for Rectal Cancer in a Modern, Nationwide Population-Based Cohort"</a>. Annals of Surgical Oncology. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1245%2Fs10434-024-15552-x">10.1245/s10434-024-15552-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1068-9265">1068-9265</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11300512">11300512</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38853216">38853216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Risk+Factors+for+Recurrence+After+Surgery+for+Rectal+Cancer+in+a+Modern%2C+Nationwide+Population-Based+Cohort&rft.date=2024-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11300512%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1068-9265&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38853216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1245%2Fs10434-024-15552-x&rft.aulast=Doroudian&rft.aufirst=Sepehr&rft.au=Osterman%2C+Erik&rft.au=Glimelius%2C+Bengt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11300512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorsIversenErichsenGotschalck2024" class="citation journal cs1">Nors J, Iversen LH, Erichsen R, Gotschalck KA, Andersen CL (January 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2812113">"Incidence of Recurrence and Time to Recurrence in Stage I to III Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study"</a>. JAMA Oncology. 10 (1): 54–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamaoncol.2023.5098">10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.5098</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2374-2437">2374-2437</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10654928">10654928</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37971197">37971197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Oncology&rft.atitle=Incidence+of+Recurrence+and+Time+to+Recurrence+in+Stage+I+to+III+Colorectal+Cancer%3A+A+Nationwide+Danish+Cohort+Study&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-62&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10654928%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2374-2437&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37971197&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamaoncol.2023.5098&rft.aulast=Nors&rft.aufirst=Jesper&rft.au=Iversen%2C+Lene+Hjerrild&rft.au=Erichsen%2C+Rune&rft.au=Gotschalck%2C+K%C3%A5re+Andersson&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Claus+Lindbjerg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamanetwork.com%2Fjournals%2Fjamaoncology%2Ffullarticle%2F2812113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorsGotschalckErichsenAndersen2024" class="citation journal cs1">Nors J, Gotschalck KA, Erichsen R, Andersen CL (June 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.34871">"Incidence of late recurrence and second primary cancers 5-10 years after non-metastatic colorectal cancer"</a>. International Journal of Cancer. 154 (11): 1890–1899. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.34871">10.1002/ijc.34871</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38323453">38323453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Incidence+of+late+recurrence+and+second+primary+cancers+5-10+years+after+non-metastatic+colorectal+cancer.&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1890-1899&rft.date=2024-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fijc.34871&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38323453&rft.aulast=Nors&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Gotschalck%2C+KA&rft.au=Erichsen%2C+R&rft.au=Andersen%2C+CL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fijc.34871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20332485-190"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20332485_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZacharakisXynosLazarisSmaro2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zacharakis M, Xynos ID, Lazaris A, Smaro T, Kosmas C, Dokou A, et al. (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20332485">"Predictors of survival in stage IV metastatic colorectal cancer"</a>. Anticancer Research. 30 (2): 653–660. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20332485">20332485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anticancer+Research&rft.atitle=Predictors+of+survival+in+stage+IV+metastatic+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=653-660&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20332485&rft.aulast=Zacharakis&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Xynos%2C+ID&rft.au=Lazaris%2C+A&rft.au=Smaro%2C+T&rft.au=Kosmas%2C+C&rft.au=Dokou%2C+A&rft.au=Felekouras%2C+E&rft.au=Antoniou%2C+E&rft.au=Polyzos%2C+A&rft.au=Sarantonis%2C+J&rft.au=Syrios%2C+J&rft.au=Zografos%2C+G&rft.au=Papalambros%2C+A&rft.au=Tsavaris%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F20332485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agabegi2nd-191"><a href="#cite_ref-agabegi2nd_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgabegiAgabegi2008" class="citation book cs1">Agabegi ED, Agabegi SS (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stepuptomedicine0000agab">Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series)</a>. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7153-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7153-5"><bdi>978-0-7817-7153-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Step-Up+to+Medicine+%28Step-Up+Series%29&rft.place=Hagerstwon%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7153-5&rft.aulast=Agabegi&rft.aufirst=ED&rft.au=Agabegi%2C+SS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstepuptomedicine0000agab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hong Y (June 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9942716">"Clinical study of colorectal cancer operation: Survival analysis"</a>. Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology 2020. 16 (1): 3–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14216%2Fkjco.20002">10.14216/kjco.20002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9942716">9942716</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36945303">36945303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology+2020&rft.atitle=Clinical+study+of+colorectal+cancer+operation%3A+Survival+analysis&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-8&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9942716%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36945303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14216%2Fkjco.20002&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9942716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://training.seer.cancer.gov/colorectal/intro/survival.html">"Five-Year Survival Rates"</a>. National Cancer Institute. Retrieved May 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Five-Year+Survival+Rates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraining.seer.cancer.gov%2Fcolorectal%2Fintro%2Fsurvival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuBecerraFlemingAquina2019" class="citation journal cs1">Xu Z, Becerra AZ, Fleming FJ, Aquina CT, Dolan JG, Monson JR, et al. (October 2019). "Treatments for Stage IV Colon Cancer and Overall Survival". The Journal of Surgical Research. 242: 47–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jss.2019.04.034">10.1016/j.jss.2019.04.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31071604">31071604</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149443256">149443256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Surgical+Research&rft.atitle=Treatments+for+Stage+IV+Colon+Cancer+and+Overall+Survival&rft.volume=242&rft.pages=47-54&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149443256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31071604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jss.2019.04.034&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Becerra%2C+AZ&rft.au=Fleming%2C+FJ&rft.au=Aquina%2C+CT&rft.au=Dolan%2C+JG&rft.au=Monson%2C+JR&rft.au=Temple%2C+LK&rft.au=Jusko%2C+TA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDragesetLindstrømUnderlid2016" class="citation journal cs1">Drageset S, Lindstrøm TC, Underlid K (April 2016). ""I just have to move on": Women's coping experiences and reflections following their first year after primary breast cancer surgery". European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 21: 205–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejon.2015.10.005">10.1016/j.ejon.2015.10.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26521054">26521054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Oncology+Nursing&rft.atitle=%22I+just+have+to+move+on%22%3A+Women%27s+coping+experiences+and+reflections+following+their+first+year+after+primary+breast+cancer+surgery&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=205-211&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejon.2015.10.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26521054&rft.aulast=Drageset&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Lindstr%C3%B8m%2C+TC&rft.au=Underlid%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestivoZorcoloD'AliaCocco2016" class="citation journal cs1">Restivo A, Zorcolo L, D'Alia G, Cocco F, Cossu A, Scintu F, et al. (February 2016). "Risk of complications and long-term functional alterations after local excision of rectal tumors with transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM)". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 31 (2): 257–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00384-015-2371-y">10.1007/s00384-015-2371-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26298182">26298182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29087556">29087556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Colorectal+Disease&rft.atitle=Risk+of+complications+and+long-term+functional+alterations+after+local+excision+of+rectal+tumors+with+transanal+endoscopic+microsurgery+%28TEM%29&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-266&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29087556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26298182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00384-015-2371-y&rft.aulast=Restivo&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Zorcolo%2C+L&rft.au=D%27Alia%2C+G&rft.au=Cocco%2C+F&rft.au=Cossu%2C+A&rft.au=Scintu%2C+F&rft.au=Casula%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregendahlEmmertsenLindegaardLaurberg2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bregendahl S, Emmertsen KJ, Lindegaard JC, Laurberg S (January 2015). "Urinary and sexual dysfunction in women after resection with and without preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: a population-based cross-sectional study". Colorectal Disease. 17 (1): 26–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcodi.12758">10.1111/codi.12758</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25156386">25156386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42069306">42069306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colorectal+Disease&rft.atitle=Urinary+and+sexual+dysfunction+in+women+after+resection+with+and+without+preoperative+radiotherapy+for+rectal+cancer%3A+a+population-based+cross-sectional+study&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-37&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42069306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25156386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcodi.12758&rft.aulast=Bregendahl&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Emmertsen%2C+KJ&rft.au=Lindegaard%2C+JC&rft.au=Laurberg%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirezMcMullenGrantAltschuler2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ramirez M, McMullen C, Grant M, Altschuler A, Hornbrook MC, Krouse RS (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836795">"Figuring out sex in a reconfigured body: experiences of female colorectal cancer survivors with ostomies"</a>. Women & Health. 49 (8): 608–624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03630240903496093">10.1080/03630240903496093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836795">2836795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20183104">20183104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+%26+Health&rft.atitle=Figuring+out+sex+in+a+reconfigured+body%3A+experiences+of+female+colorectal+cancer+survivors+with+ostomies&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=608-624&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2836795%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20183104&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03630240903496093&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=McMullen%2C+C&rft.au=Grant%2C+M&rft.au=Altschuler%2C+A&rft.au=Hornbrook%2C+MC&rft.au=Krouse%2C+RS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2836795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteeleHaighKnowlesMackean2007" class="citation journal cs1">Steele N, Haigh R, Knowles G, Mackean M (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600007">"Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) testing in colorectal cancer follow up: what do patients think?"</a>. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 83 (983): 612–614. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fpgmj.2007.059634">10.1136/pgmj.2007.059634</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600007">2600007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17823231">17823231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Carcinoembryonic+antigen+%28CEA%29+testing+in+colorectal+cancer+follow+up%3A+what+do+patients+think%3F&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=983&rft.pages=612-614&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2600007%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17823231&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fpgmj.2007.059634&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Haigh%2C+R&rft.au=Knowles%2C+G&rft.au=Mackean%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2600007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeechanByrnesCampbellCarthy2021" class="citation journal cs1">McGeechan GJ, Byrnes K, Campbell M, Carthy N, Eberhardt J, Paton W, et al. (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.tees.ac.uk/en/publications/a39a931d-36f0-4052-910b-3047b12a96c0">"A systematic review and qualitative synthesis of the experience of living with colorectal cancer as a chronic illness"</a>. Psychology & Health. 37 (3): 350–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08870446.2020.1867137">10.1080/08870446.2020.1867137</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499649">33499649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231771176">231771176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+%26+Health&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+and+qualitative+synthesis+of+the+experience+of+living+with+colorectal+cancer+as+a+chronic+illness&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=350-374&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231771176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33499649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08870446.2020.1867137&rft.aulast=McGeechan&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft.au=Byrnes%2C+K&rft.au=Campbell%2C+M&rft.au=Carthy%2C+N&rft.au=Eberhardt%2C+J&rft.au=Paton%2C+W&rft.au=Swainston%2C+K&rft.au=Giles%2C+EL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.tees.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fa39a931d-36f0-4052-910b-3047b12a96c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLozanoNaghaviForemanLim2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cobiss.si/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=cobib&rid=1537267652&fmt=11">"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"</a>. Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–2128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961728-0">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30050819">10536/DRO/DU:30050819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10790329">10790329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23245604">23245604</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1541253">1541253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Global+and+regional+mortality+from+235+causes+of+death+for+20+age+groups+in+1990+and+2010%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2010&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9859&rft.pages=2095-2128&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30050819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1541253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961728-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23245604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10790329%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.aulast=Lozano&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Naghavi%2C+M&rft.au=Foreman%2C+K&rft.au=Lim%2C+S&rft.au=Shibuya%2C+K&rft.au=Aboyans%2C+V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobiss.si%2Fscripts%2Fcobiss%3Fcommand%3DDISPLAY%26base%3Dcobib%26rid%3D1537267652%26fmt%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-202"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/">"Cancer"</a>. World Health Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229092321/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cancer&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2010-02&rft.au=WHO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs297%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20952724-203"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20952724_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerikaSaifKatzSyrigos2010" class="citation journal cs1">Merika E, Saif MW, Katz A, Syrigos K, Syrigos C, Morse M (2010). "Review. Colon cancer vaccines: an update". In Vivo. 24 (5): 607–628. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20952724">20952724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+Vivo&rft.atitle=Review.+Colon+cancer+vaccines%3A+an+update&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=607-628&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20952724&rft.aulast=Merika&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Saif%2C+MW&rft.au=Katz%2C+A&rft.au=Syrigos%2C+K&rft.au=Syrigos%2C+C&rft.au=Morse%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GLOBOCAN-204"><a href="#cite_ref-GLOBOCAN_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerlayShinBrayForman2010" class="citation web cs1">Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017124937/http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheet.asp">"Colorectal Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2008 – Summary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheet.asp">the original</a> on October 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colorectal+Cancer+Incidence%2C+Mortality+and+Prevalence+Worldwide+in+2008+%E2%80%93+Summary&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ferlay&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Shin%2C+HR&rft.au=Bray%2C+F&rft.au=Forman%2C+D&rft.au=Mathers%2C+C&rft.au=Parkin%2C+DM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobocan.iarc.fr%2Ffactsheet.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110508055140/http://globocan.iarc.fr/">"GLOBOCAN 2008 v2.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10"</a>. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globocan.iarc.fr">the original</a> on May 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLOBOCAN+2008+v2.0%2C+Cancer+Incidence+and+Mortality+Worldwide%3A+IARC+CancerBase+No.+10&rft.place=Lyon%2C+France&rft.pub=International+Agency+for+Research+on+Cancer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobocan.iarc.fr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-asco-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asco_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-asco_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/colorectal-cancer/statistics">"Colorectal cancer: Statistics"</a>. Cancer.net, American Society of Clinical Oncology. February 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colorectal+cancer%3A+Statistics&rft.pub=Cancer.net%2C+American+Society+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.net%2Fcancer-types%2Fcolorectal-cancer%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatella" class="citation web cs1">Katella K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/colorectal-cancer-in-young-people">"Colorectal Cancer: What Millennials and Gen Zers Need to Know"</a>. YaleMedicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YaleMedicine&rft.atitle=Colorectal+Cancer%3A+What+Millennials+and+Gen+Zers+Need+to+Know&rft.aulast=Katella&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalemedicine.org%2Fnews%2Fcolorectal-cancer-in-young-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/about-bowel-cancer">"Bowel cancer | About bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK"</a>. www.cancerresearchuk.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309175647/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/about-bowel-cancer">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cancerresearchuk.org&rft.atitle=Bowel+cancer+%7C+About+bowel+cancer+%7C+Cancer+Research+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fabout-cancer%2Fbowel-cancer%2Fabout-bowel-cancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cancer in Australia: an Overview, 2014. Cancer series No 90. Cat. No. CAN 88. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74249-677-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74249-677-1"><bdi>978-1-74249-677-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancer+in+Australia%3A+an+Overview%2C+2014.+Cancer+series+No+90.+Cat.+No.+CAN+88.&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Institute+of+Health+and+Welfare&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-74249-677-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cancer in Papua New Guinea: an Overview, 2016. Cancer series No. 176. Cat. No. CAN 88. Papua New Guinea Department of Health. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancer+in+Papua+New+Guinea%3A+an+Overview%2C+2016.+Cancer+series+No.+176.+Cat.+No.+CAN+88.&rft.pub=Papua+New+Guinea+Department+of+Health&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puzzono-2021a-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Puzzono-2021a_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puzzono-2021a_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puzzono-2021a_210-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puzzono-2021a_210-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puzzono-2021a_210-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuzzonoMannucciGrannòZuppardo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Puzzono M, Mannucci A, Grannò S, Zuppardo RA, Galli A, Danese S, et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8657307">"The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review"</a>. Cancers. 13 (23): 5933. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcancers13235933">10.3390/cancers13235933</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2072-6694">2072-6694</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8657307">8657307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34885046">34885046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancers&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Diet+and+Lifestyle+in+Early-Onset+Colorectal+Cancer%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=5933&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8657307%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2072-6694&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34885046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fcancers13235933&rft.aulast=Puzzono&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Mannucci%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Grann%C3%B2%2C+Simone&rft.au=Zuppardo%2C+Raffaella+Alessia&rft.au=Galli%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Danese%2C+Silvio&rft.au=Cavestro%2C+Giulia+Martina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8657307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vuik-2019-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vuik-2019_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vuik-2019_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vuik-2019_211-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vuik-2019_211-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vuik-2019_211-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vuik-2019_211-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuikNieuwenburgBardouLansdorp-Vogelaar2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vuik FE, Nieuwenburg SA, Bardou M, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Bento MJ, et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6839794">"Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults in Europe over the last 25 years"</a>. Gut. 68 (10): 1820–1826. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2018-317592">10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317592</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-5749">0017-5749</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6839794">6839794</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31097539">31097539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gut&rft.atitle=Increasing+incidence+of+colorectal+cancer+in+young+adults+in+Europe+over+the+last+25+years&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1820-1826&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6839794%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0017-5749&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31097539&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2018-317592&rft.aulast=Vuik&rft.aufirst=Fanny+ER&rft.au=Nieuwenburg%2C+Stella+AV&rft.au=Bardou%2C+Marc&rft.au=Lansdorp-Vogelaar%2C+Iris&rft.au=Dinis-Ribeiro%2C+M%C3%A1rio&rft.au=Bento%2C+Maria+J&rft.au=Zadnik%2C+Vesna&rft.au=Pellis%C3%A9%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Esteban%2C+Laura&rft.au=Kaminski%2C+Michal+F&rft.au=Suchanek%2C+Stepan&rft.au=Ngo%2C+Ond%C5%99ej&rft.au=M%C3%A1jek%2C+Ond%C5%99ej&rft.au=Leja%2C+Marcis&rft.au=Kuipers%2C+Ernst+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6839794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnanue-ArzaSolís-IbinagagoitiaDíaz-SeoaneMosquera-Metcalfe2020" class="citation journal cs1">Unanue-Arza S, Solís-Ibinagagoitia M, Díaz-Seoane M, Mosquera-Metcalfe I, Idigoras I, Bilbao I, et al. (December 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8071594">"Inequalities and risk factors related to non-participation in colorectal cancer screening programmes: a systematic review"</a>. The European Journal of Public Health. 31 (2): 346–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Feurpub%2Fckaa203">10.1093/eurpub/ckaa203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1101-1262">1101-1262</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8071594">8071594</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33313657">33313657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Inequalities+and+risk+factors+related+to+non-participation+in+colorectal+cancer+screening+programmes%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=346-355&rft.date=2020-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8071594%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1101-1262&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33313657&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Feurpub%2Fckaa203&rft.aulast=Unanue-Arza&rft.aufirst=Saloa&rft.au=Sol%C3%ADs-Ibinagagoitia%2C+Maite&rft.au=D%C3%ADaz-Seoane%2C+Marta&rft.au=Mosquera-Metcalfe%2C+Isabel&rft.au=Idigoras%2C+Isabel&rft.au=Bilbao%2C+Isabel&rft.au=Portillo%2C+Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8071594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehemtulla2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rehemtulla A (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003131">"Dinosaurs and ancient civilizations: reflections on the treatment of cancer"</a>. Neoplasia. 12 (12): 957–968. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1593%2Fneo.101588">10.1593/neo.101588</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003131">3003131</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21170260">21170260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neoplasia&rft.atitle=Dinosaurs+and+ancient+civilizations%3A+reflections+on+the+treatment+of+cancer&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=957-968&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3003131%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21170260&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1593%2Fneo.101588&rft.aulast=Rehemtulla&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3003131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhong2014-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhong2014_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhongZhangCovasa2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhong L, Zhang X, Covasa M (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4069315">"Emerging roles of lactic acid bacteria in protection against colorectal cancer"</a>. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (24): 7878–7886. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v20.i24.7878">10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7878</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4069315">4069315</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24976724">24976724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Emerging+roles+of+lactic+acid+bacteria+in+protection+against+colorectal+cancer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=7878-7886&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4069315%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24976724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.v20.i24.7878&rft.aulast=Zhong&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Zhang%2C+X&rft.au=Covasa%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4069315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colonatlas.org">"Colorectal Cancer Atlas"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113221047/http://www.colonatlas.org/">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colorectal+Cancer+Atlas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolonatlas.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorectal+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Colorectal_cancer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Colorectal cancer">Colorectal cancer</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer">WHO fact sheet on colorectal cancer</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="8" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&oldid=1258536150">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&oldid=1258536150</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 07:10 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorektale_kanker" title="Kolorektale kanker – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kolorektale kanker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="سرطان القولون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطان القولون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncanu_colorrectal" title="Cáncanu colorrectal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cáncanu colorrectal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorektal_x%C9%99r%C3%A7%C9%99ng" title="Kolorektal xərçəng – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kolorektal xərçəng" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="یوغون باغیرساق سرطانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوغون باغیرساق سرطانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মলাশয়ের ক্যান্সার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মলাশয়ের ক্যান্সার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Da-tn%CC%82g-g%C3%A2m" title="Tōa-tn̂g-gâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōa-tn̂g-gâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Рак тоўстай кішкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рак тоўстай кішкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Рак тоўстай кішкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рак тоўстай кішкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рак на дебелото черво – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рак на дебелото черво" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_debelog_crijeva" title="Rak debelog crijeva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rak debelog crijeva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncer_colorectal" title="Càncer colorectal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càncer colorectal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorekt%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_karcinom" title="Kolorektální karcinom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolorektální karcinom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canser_colorectaidd" title="Canser colorectaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canser colorectaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyktarmskr%C3%A6ft" title="Tyktarmskræft – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyktarmskræft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorektales_Karzinom" title="Kolorektales Karzinom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kolorektales Karzinom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AE%DE%80%DE%AE%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ގޮހޮރުގެ ކެންސަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގޮހޮރުގެ ކެންސަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mesoolev%C3%A4hk" title="Jämesoolevähk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jämesoolevähk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Καρκίνος του παχέος εντέρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρκίνος του παχέος εντέρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer_colorrectal" title="Cáncer colorrectal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cáncer colorrectal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojlorektuma_kancero" title="Kojlorektuma kancero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kojlorektuma kancero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolon_eta_ondesteko_minbizi" title="Kolon eta ondesteko minbizi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolon eta ondesteko minbizi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سرطان روده بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرطان روده بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_colorectal" title="Cancer colorectal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cancer colorectal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancro_colorrectal" title="Cancro colorrectal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cancro colorrectal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%94" title="대장암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대장암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon_daji_mai_launi" title="Ciwon daji mai launi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ciwon daji mai launi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Կոլոռեկտալ քաղցկեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոլոռեկտալ քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="बृहदांत्र कैन्सर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बृहदांत्र कैन्सर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_debelog_crijeva" title="Rak debelog crijeva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rak debelog crijeva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker_usus_besar" title="Kanker usus besar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanker usus besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_del_colon-retto" title="Carcinoma del colon-retto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carcinoma del colon-retto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A1" title="סרטן המעי הגס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרטן המעי הגס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_colorectalis" title="Cancer colorectalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cancer colorectalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarnu_v%C4%93zis" title="Zarnu vēzis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zarnu vēzis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storosios_%C5%BEarnos_v%C4%97%C5%BEys" title="Storosios žarnos vėžys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Storosios žarnos vėžys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastagb%C3%A9lr%C3%A1k" title="Vastagbélrák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vastagbélrák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рак на дебелото црево – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рак на дебелото црево" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="मोठ्या आतड्याचा कर्करोग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोठ्या आतड्याचा कर्करोग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="سرطان القولون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سرطان القولون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barah_usus" title="Barah usus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barah usus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmkanker" title="Darmkanker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Darmkanker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="कोलोरेक्टर क्यान्सर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोलोरेक्टर क्यान्सर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="कोलोरेक्टल क्यान्सर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोलोरेक्टल क्यान्सर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C" title="大腸癌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大腸癌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarmkreft" title="Tarmkreft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tarmkreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0-%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F" title="ବୃହଦନ୍ତ୍ର-ମଳାଶୟ କର୍କଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୃହଦନ୍ତ୍ର-ମଳାଶୟ କର୍କଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕੋਲਨ ਕੈਂਸਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਲਨ ਕੈਂਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_jelita_grubego" title="Rak jelita grubego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rak jelita grubego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ncer_colorretal" title="Câncer colorretal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câncer colorretal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_de_colon" title="Cancer de colon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cancer de colon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Колоректальный рак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колоректальный рак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanceri_kolorektal" title="Kanceri kolorektal – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanceri kolorektal" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Colorectal cancer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorekt%C3%A1lny_karcin%C3%B3m" title="Kolorektálny karcinóm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kolorektálny karcinóm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_debelega_%C4%8Drevesa_in_danke" title="Rak debelega črevesa in danke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rak debelega črevesa in danke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_debelog_creva" title="Rak debelog creva – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rak debelog creva" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_debelog_creva" title="Rak debelog creva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rak debelog creva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paksusuolen_sy%C3%B6p%C3%A4" title="Paksusuolen syöpä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paksusuolen syöpä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorektalcancer" title="Kolorektalcancer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolorektalcancer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="பெருங்குடல் மலகுடலுக்குரிய புற்று நோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெருங்குடல் மலகுடலுக்குரிய புற்று நோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="కొలోరెక్టల్ క్యాన్సర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొలోరెక్టల్ క్యాన్సర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="มะเร็งลำไส้ใหญ่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะเร็งลำไส้ใหญ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%B1n_ba%C4%9F%C4%B1rsak_kanseri" title="Kalın bağırsak kanseri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalın bağırsak kanseri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Колоректальний рак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колоректальний рак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قولونی سرطان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قولونی سرطان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_th%C6%B0_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_tr%E1%BB%B1c_tr%C3%A0ng" title="Ung thư đại trực tràng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ung thư đại trực tràng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%B4%E8%82%A0%E7%99%8C" title="结直肠癌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="结直肠癌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="קישקע קענסער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קישקע קענסער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C" title="結腸癌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="結腸癌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C" title="大腸癌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大腸癌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 07:10 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorectal_cancer&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xl5gk","wgBackendResponseTime":278,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.746","walltime":"3.075","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15396,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":696640,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7064,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":949303,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2643.608 1 -total"," 63.90% 1689.356 1 Template:Reflist"," 43.06% 1138.344 165 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.70% 256.308 36 Template:Cite_web"," 6.04% 159.585 11 Template:Navbox"," 4.97% 131.317 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"," 4.14% 109.440 2 Template:Short_description"," 3.93% 103.980 1 Template:Infobox"," 3.41% 90.114 6 Template:Hlist"," 3.12% 82.525 1 Template:Medical_condition_classification_and_resources"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.697","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8578960,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","19.5"],["?","220","13.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.4"],["parse_vauthors_veditors \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2081\u003E","40","2.4"],["[others]","460","28.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qn7zs","timestamp":"20241122140626","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Colorectal cancer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colorectal_cancer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q188874","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q188874","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-07T16:18:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T07:10:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/12\/Blausen_0246_ColorectalCancer.png","headline":"cancer of the colon or rectum"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>