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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploitation_of_the_island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Exploitation of the island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploitation_of_the_island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_India_Company_(1658–1815)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_India_Company_(1658–1815)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 East India Company (1658–1815) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_India_Company_(1658–1815)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_rule_(1815–1821)_and_Napoleon's_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_rule_(1815–1821)_and_Napoleon's_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 British rule (1815–1821) and Napoleon's exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_rule_(1815–1821)_and_Napoleon's_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_East_India_Company_(1821–1834)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_East_India_Company_(1821–1834)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 British East India Company (1821–1834) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_East_India_Company_(1821–1834)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown_colony_(1834–1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown_colony_(1834–1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Crown colony (1834–1981) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crown_colony_(1834–1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1981_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1981 to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Population </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Population subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Human rights </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human rights subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_safeguarding_inquiry_2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_safeguarding_inquiry_2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Child safeguarding inquiry 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_safeguarding_inquiry_2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-sex_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Same-sex marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reburial_of_excavated_human_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reburial_of_excavated_human_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Reburial of excavated human remains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reburial_of_excavated_human_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Economic statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking_and_currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking_and_currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Banking and currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking_and_currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_of_the_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_the_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Effects of the pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_the_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Media and communications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_and_communications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media and communications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Telecommunications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_and_Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_and_Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Television and Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_and_Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Local newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_ground_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_ground_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Satellite ground stations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_ground_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture and society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scouting_and_Girl_Guiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scouting_and_Girl_Guiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Scouting and Girl Guiding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scouting_and_Girl_Guiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_creature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_creature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable creature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_creature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namesake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namesake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Namesake </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namesake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Saint Helena</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" > 124 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Helena" title="Sint Helena – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sint Helena" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena_(Insel)" title="St. Helena (Insel) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="St. Helena (Insel)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B4%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%85%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%93_%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%B4%E1%89%B5" title="ሴይንት ህሊና ደሴት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሴይንት ህሊና ደሴት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancte_Elene_%C4%AAeg" title="Sancte Elene Īeg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sancte Elene Īeg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سانت هيلينا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سانت هيلينا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Santa_Helena" title="Isla Santa Helena – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isla Santa Helena" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islla_Santa_Lena" title="Islla Santa Lena – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islla Santa Lena" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_Yelena_adas%C4%B1" title="Müqəddəs Yelena adası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs Yelena adası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="সেন্ট হেলেনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেন্ট হেলেনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Востраў Святой Алены – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Востраў Святой Алены" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Востраў Сьвятая Гэлена – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Востраў Сьвятая Гэлена" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Света Елена (остров) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Света Елена (остров)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena" title="St. Helena – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="St. Helena" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_Helena" title="Sveta Helena – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sveta Helena" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_(enezenn)" title="Saint Helena (enezenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Saint Helena (enezenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Helena" title="Santa Helena – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Santa Helena" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D3%91_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%97" title="Сӑваплӑ Елена утравӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сӑваплӑ Елена утравӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_Island_(pulo_sa_Santaylena)" title="Saint Helena Island (pulo sa Santaylena) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Saint Helena Island (pulo sa Santaylena)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%A1_Helena_(ostrov)" title="Svatá Helena (ostrov) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatá Helena (ostrov)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Elena" title="Sant'Elena – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sant'Elena" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Helena" title="Sankt Helena – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sankt Helena" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena" title="St. Helena – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="St. Helena" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A8_%DE%80%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%A7" title="ސަންތި ހެލީނާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސަންތި ހެލީނާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Νήσος Αγίας Ελένης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νήσος Αγίας Ελένης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Santa_Elena" title="Isla Santa Elena – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla Santa Elena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_Heleno" title="Sankta Heleno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankta Heleno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Helena" title="Santa Helena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Santa Helena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86" title="سنت هلن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت هلن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_(%C3%AEle)" title="Sainte-Hélène (île) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sainte-Hélène (île)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Helena_(eil%C3%A2n)" title="Sint-Helena (eilân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sint-Helena (eilân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_H%C3%A9ilin" title="San Héilin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="San Héilin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellan_Helena_Noo" title="Ellan Helena Noo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ellan Helena Noo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent_Helena" title="Sent Helena – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Sent Helena" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Helena" title="Santa Helena – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Santa Helena" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8%ED%97%AC%EB%A0%88%EB%82%98" title="세인트헬레나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세인트헬레나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Halena" title="Saint Halena – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Saint Halena" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Սուրբ Հեղինեի կղզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ Հեղինեի կղզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सेंट हेलेना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेंट हेलेना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_Helena_(otok)" title="Sveta Helena (otok) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveta Helena (otok)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant-Helena" title="Sant-Helena – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sant-Helena" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="সান্টা হেলেনা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সান্টা হেলেনা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Helena" title="Sant Helena – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sant Helena" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B3_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Сыгъдæг Еленæйы сакъадах – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сыгъдæг Еленæйы сакъадах" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankti_Helena" title="Sankti Helena – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sankti Helena" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Elena_(isola)" title="Sant'Elena (isola) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sant'Elena (isola)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%94" title="סנט הלנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנט הלנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_H%C3%A9l%C3%A9na" title="Santa Héléna – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Santa Héléna" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="წმინდა ელენეს კუნძული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წმინდა ელენეს კუნძული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Әулие Елена аралы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әулие Елена аралы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_Helena" title="Sen Helena – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sen Helena" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Ntagatifu" title="Helena Ntagatifu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Helena Ntagatifu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Ыйык Елена аралы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ыйык Елена аралы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Sanctae_Helenae" title="Insula Sanctae Helenae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insula Sanctae Helenae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93t%C4%81s_Hel%C4%93nas_Sala" title="Svētās Helēnas Sala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētās Helēnas Sala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Elenos_sala" title="Šv. Elenos sala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šv. Elenos sala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Ellena" title="Sant'Ellena – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sant'Ellena" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Helena_(eilandj)" title="Sint-Helena (eilandj) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sint-Helena (eilandj)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Elena_(isola)" title="Sant'Elena (isola) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sant'Elena (isola)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_Ilona_(ter%C3%BClet)" title="Szent Ilona (terület) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent Ilona (terület)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Света Елена (остров) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Света Елена (остров)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8" title="സൈന്റ് ഹെലേന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൈന്റ് ഹെലേന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सेंट हेलेना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेंट हेलेना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%94_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჯეგე ელენეშ კოკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეგე ელენეშ კოკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سانت هيلينا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سانت هيلينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гэгээн Елена – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэгээн Елена" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Helena_(eiland)" title="Sint-Helena (eiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sint-Helena (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%98%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8A" title="セントヘレナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セントヘレナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Аьрдачу Еленин гӀайре – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аьрдачу Еленин гӀайре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena" title="St. Helena – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="St. Helena" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena" title="St. Helena – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="St. Helena" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne" title="Sainte Hélène – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sainte Hélène" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Elena_(illa)" title="Santa Elena (illa) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Santa Elena (illa)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddas_Yelena_oroli" title="Muqaddas Yelena oroli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muqaddas Yelena oroli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੇਂਟ ਹਲੀਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੇਂਟ ਹਲੀਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سینٹ ہلینا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سینٹ ہلینا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%BC_%D9%87%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سينټ هېلېنا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سينټ هېلېنا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspa_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Heleny" title="Wyspa Świętej Heleny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspa Świętej Heleny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Helena_(ilha)" title="Santa Helena (ilha) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Santa Helena (ilha)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena" title="St. Helena – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="St. Helena" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Sf%C3%A2nta_Elena" title="Insula Sfânta Elena – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insula Sfânta Elena" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Остров Святой Елены – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остров Святой Елены" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunt_Helena" title="Saunt Helena – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saunt Helena" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishulli_Sh%C3%ABn_Elena" title="Ishulli Shën Elena – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ishulli Shën Elena" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A4t%C3%A1_Helena_(ostrov_v_Atlantiku)" title="Svätá Helena (ostrov v Atlantiku) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svätá Helena (ostrov v Atlantiku)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_Helena_(otok)" title="Sveta Helena (otok) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveta Helena (otok)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="سانت ھێلانە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سانت ھێلانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Света Јелена (острво) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Света Јелена (острво)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_Helena" title="Sveta Helena – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sveta Helena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_Helena" title="Sankta Helena – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sankta Helena" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Elena,_Ascension,_at_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Santa Elena, Ascension, at Tristan da Cunha – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Santa Elena, Ascension, at Tristan da Cunha" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="செயிண்ட் எலனா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செயிண்ட் எலனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Изге Елена утравы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Изге Елена утравы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B5%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%82%81%E1%82%84%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%82%84%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="သဵင်ႉႁႄးလႄးၼႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သဵင်ႉႁႄးလႄးၼႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="เซนต์เฮเลนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซนต์เฮเลนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saint Helena" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Острів Святої Єлени – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Острів Святої Єлени" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سینٹ ہلینا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سینٹ ہلینا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saynt_X%C3%A9l%C3%A9na_Arili" title="Saynt Xéléna Arili – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Saynt Xéléna Arili" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_%C5%81ena_(%C3%ACzo%C5%82a)" title="Santa Łena (ìzoła) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Santa Łena (ìzoła)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Saint Helena" 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Helena&params=15_58_S_5_42_W_type:isle_region:SH-HL">15°58′S 5°42′W / 15.967°S 5.700°W / -15.967; -5.700</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British overseas territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the tropical island in the South Atlantic. For the British Overseas Territory encompassing it, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Helena (disambiguation)">Saint Helena (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in United Kingdom</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Saint Helena</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Constituent part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Saint Helena"><img alt="Flag of Saint Helena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/140px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/210px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/280px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Helena" title="Flag of Saint Helena">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Saint Helena"><img alt="Official seal of Saint Helena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg/55px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg/83px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg/110px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="1576" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena" title="Coat of arms of Saint Helena">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname">"Loyal and Unshakable"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="U.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/U.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga/U.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/U.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=cy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cy" label="Cymraeg ‪(cy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=dag&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="dag" label="dagbanli ‪(dag)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=ga&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ga" label="Gaeilge ‪(ga)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=gd&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gd" label="Gàidhlig ‪(gd)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=mi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mi" label="Māori ‪(mi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=my&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="my" label="မြန်မာဘာသာ ‪(my)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=nrm&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nrf" label="Nouormand ‪(nrm)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Unofficial anthem: "<a href="/wiki/My_Saint_Helena_Island" title="My Saint Helena Island">My Saint Helena Island</a>"</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographic_map_of_Saint_Helena-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Saint Helena"><img alt="Topographic map of Saint Helena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Topographic_map_of_Saint_Helena-en.svg/290px-Topographic_map_of_Saint_Helena-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Topographic_map_of_Saint_Helena-en.svg/435px-Topographic_map_of_Saint_Helena-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Topographic_map_of_Saint_Helena-en.svg/580px-Topographic_map_of_Saint_Helena-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="650" /></a><div class="ib-pol-div-caption">Map of Saint Helena</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Helena_on_the_Globe_(in_the_United_Kingdom).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic Ocean"><img alt="Location of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Saint_Helena_on_the_Globe_%28in_the_United_Kingdom%29.svg/290px-Saint_Helena_on_the_Globe_%28in_the_United_Kingdom%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Saint_Helena_on_the_Globe_%28in_the_United_Kingdom%29.svg/435px-Saint_Helena_on_the_Globe_%28in_the_United_Kingdom%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Saint_Helena_on_the_Globe_%28in_the_United_Kingdom%29.svg/580px-Saint_Helena_on_the_Globe_%28in_the_United_Kingdom%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="797" /></a><div class="ib-pol-div-caption">Location of Saint Helena in the southern <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Colonial charter</th><td class="infobox-data">1656</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 April 1834<a href="#cite_note-crown_colony-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha#Constitution" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Current constitution</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 2009</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Helena&params=15_56_S_05_43_W_type:city">15°56′S 05°43′W / 15.933°S 5.717°W / -15.933; -5.717</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Half_Tree_Hollow" title="Half Tree Hollow">Half Tree Hollow</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Helena&params=15_56_0_S_5_43_12_W_type:city">15°56′0″S 5°43′12″W / 15.93333°S 5.72000°W / -15.93333; -5.72000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Saint Helenian</li><li>Helenian</li><li>Saint (informally)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Helena" title="Politics of Saint Helena">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolved</a> parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependency</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena" title="Governor of Saint Helena">Governor</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Phillips" title="Nigel Phillips">Nigel Phillips</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Saint_Helena" title="Chief Minister of Saint Helena">Chief Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Thomas_(politician)" title="Julie Thomas (politician)">Julie Thomas</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Saint_Helena" title="Legislative Council of Saint Helena">Legislative Council</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Europe,_North_America_and_Overseas_Territories" title="Minister of State for Europe, North America and Overseas Territories">Minister</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Doughty" title="Stephen Doughty">Stephen Doughty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Helena" title="Geography of Saint Helena">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">121.8 km2 (47.0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">820 m (2,690 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Saint Helena">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,439<a href="#cite_note-statistics112021-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">36.5/km2 (94.5/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_pound" title="Saint Helena pound">Saint Helena pound</a> (£) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SHP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC±00:00">UTC±00:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Saint Helena">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Saint_Helena_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Telephone numbers in Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha">+290</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SH" title="ISO 3166-2:SH">SH-HL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.sh" title=".sh">.sh</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Saint Helena (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsɛnt (h)ɪˈliːnə, ˌsɪnt-, sənt-/</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌseɪnt-/</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>) is one of the three constituent parts of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> a remote <a href="/wiki/British_overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British overseas territory">British overseas territory</a>. Saint Helena is a volcanic and tropical island, located in the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a>, some 1,874 km (1,165 miles) west of mainland Africa, with <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> being the closest nations, geographically. The island is located around 1,950 km (1,210 mi) west of the coast of southwestern <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and 4,000 km (2,500 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 km (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,439 per the 2021 census.<a href="#cite_note-statistics112021-2">[2]</a> It was named after <a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">Helena, mother of Constantine I</a>. It is one of the most remote major islands in the world and was uninhabited when <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Discoveries">discovered by the Portuguese</a> enroute to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> in 1502. For about four centuries, the island was an important stopover for ships from Europe to Asia and back, while sailing around the African continent, until the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. Saint Helena is the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s second-oldest overseas territory after <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. Until the opening of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">its airport</a> in 2017, the primary method of reaching Saint Helena was a 6-day journey by sea on the <a href="/wiki/RMS_St_Helena_(1989)" title="RMS St Helena (1989)">RMS St Helena</a>. Saint Helena is known for being the site of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s second exile, following his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">final defeat</a> in 1815. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Helena" title="History of Saint Helena">History of Saint Helena</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joao_da_Nova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Joao_da_Nova.jpg/220px-Joao_da_Nova.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Joao_da_Nova.jpg/330px-Joao_da_Nova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Joao_da_Nova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Nova" title="João da Nova">João da Nova</a>, a Galician navigator serving the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, was the first person to sight Saint Helena.</figcaption></figure> According to long-established tradition, the island was sighted on 21 May 1502 by the four ships of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Nova,_1501)" title="3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)">3rd Portuguese Armada</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Nova" title="João da Nova">João da Nova</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galician</a> navigator in the service of Portugal, during his return voyage to Lisbon, who named it Santa Helena after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helena of Constantinople">Saint Helena of Constantinople</a>. This tradition was reviewed by a 2022 paper<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> which concluded that the Portuguese chronicles<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> published at least fifty years after the sighting are the sole primary source for the discovery. Although contradictory in describing other events, these chronicles almost unanimously claim that João da Nova found Saint Helena sometime in 1502, although none of them gives a precise date.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> However, there are several reasons to doubt that da Nova made this discovery: <ol><li>Given that da Nova returned either on 11 September<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> or on 13 September 1502<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> it is usually assumed that the <a href="/wiki/Cantino_planisphere" title="Cantino planisphere">Cantino planisphere</a>, completed by the following November,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> includes his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> (shown as an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>, with one of six islands marked as "ilha achada e chamada Ascenssam"), yet this map fails to show Saint Helena.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>When a section of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Gama,_1502)" title="4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)">Fourth Armada</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(c._1470)" title="Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)">Estêvão da Gama</a> sighted and landed at Saint Helena the following year on 30 July 1503, its <a href="/wiki/Captain%27s_clerk" title="Captain's clerk">scrivener</a> <a href="/wiki/Thom%C3%A9_Lopes" title="Thomé Lopes">Thomé Lopes</a> regarded it as an unknown island, yet named Ascension as one of five reference points for the new island's location. On 12 July 1503, nearly three weeks before reaching Saint Helena, Lopes described how Estêvão da Gama's ships met up with a section of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Albuquerque,_1503)" title="5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)">Fifth Armada</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> off the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>. The latter had left Lisbon about six months after João da Nova's return, so Albuquerque and his captains should all have known whether João da Nova had indeed found St Helena. An anonymous Flemish traveler on one of da Gama's ships reported that bread and victuals were running short by the time they reached the Cape, so from da Gama's perspective there was a pressing need that he be told that water and meat could be found at Saint Helena.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> But nothing seems to have been said about the island, and Lopes regarded the island as unknown. This again implies that da Nova found Ascension but not St Helena.</li></ol> The 2022 paper also reviews cartographic evidence that Saint Helena and Ascension were known to the Spanish in 1500, before either João da Nova or Estêvão da Gama sailed for India. The suggestion that da Nova discovered Tristan da Cunha and named it Saint Helena is discounted.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> A 2015 paper notes that 21 May is the feast day of St Helena in the Eastern Orthodox and most <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches, but the Roman Catholic one is in August, and the day and the month were first quoted in 1596 by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten" title="Jan Huyghen van Linschoten">Jan Huyghen van Linschoten</a>, who was probably mistaken, because the island was discovered several decades before the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and the start of Linschoten's Protestant faith.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> An alternative discovery date of 3 May is suggested as being historically more credible; it is the Catholic feast day of the finding of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> by Saint Helena in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and cited by Odoardo Duarte Lopes<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Herbert,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Herbert, 1st Baronet">Sir Thomas Herbert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> When Linschoten arrived at the island on 12 May 1589, he reported seeing carvings made by visiting seamen on a fig tree that were dated as early as 1510.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The Portuguese probably planted saplings rather than mature trees, and for these to be sufficiently large by 1510 to carry carvings suggests the plants were shipped to the island and planted there some years earlier, possibly within a few years of discovery. A third discovery story, told by 16th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Correia" title="Gaspar Correia">Gaspar Correia</a>, holds that the island was found by Portuguese nobleman and warrior Dom <a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Noronha" title="Garcia de Noronha">Garcia de Noronha</a>, who sighted the island on his way to India in late 1511 or early 1512. His pilots entered the island onto their charts, and this event likely led to the island being used as a regular stopover for rest and replenishment for ships en route from India to Europe, from that date until well into the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> An analysis has been published of the Portuguese ships arriving at Saint Helena in the period 1502–1613.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploitation_of_the_island">Exploitation of the island</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exploitation of the island">edit</a>]</div> The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees, and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. The long tradition that João da Nova built a chapel from one of his wrecked <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carracks</a> has been shown to be based on a misreading of the records.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> They formed no permanent settlement, but the island was an important rendezvous point and source of food for ships travelling by the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Route" title="Cape Route">Cape Route</a> from Asia to Europe, and frequently sick mariners were left on the island to recover before taking passage on the next ship to call at the island.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Visits by British explorers followed and, once Saint Helena's location was more widely known, British ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home.<a href="#cite_note-E._A._B._494-33">[33]</a> In developing their Far East trade, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, killings of their livestock, and destruction of their <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> by Dutch pirates.<a href="#cite_note-E._A._B._494-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> formally claimed Saint Helena in 1633, although no evidence indicates they ever occupied it. The Dutch lost interest in the island after establishing <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">their colony</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-E._A._B._494-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_India_Company_(1658–1815)">East India Company (1658–1815)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: East India Company (1658–1815)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thornton,_St_Helena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Thornton%2C_St_Helena.jpg/370px-Thornton%2C_St_Helena.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Thornton%2C_St_Helena.jpg/555px-Thornton%2C_St_Helena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Thornton%2C_St_Helena.jpg/740px-Thornton%2C_St_Helena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>A View of the Town and Island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean belonging to the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a>, engraving, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1790</figcaption></figure> In 1657, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> granted the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (EIC) a charter to govern Saint Helena. The following year, the company decided to fortify the island and settle it with planters.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> A theory, which had its origins in the early 20th century, that the early settlers included many who had lost their homes in the 1666 <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a>, was shown to be a myth in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britain's earliest colonies outside Europe, North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built: Jamestown had been founded, "in the narrow valley between steep cliffs".<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-36">[36]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a> of the Stuart monarchy in the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> took place in 1660, the EIC received a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>, giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town was called <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a>, in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a>, later <a href="/wiki/King_James_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King James II">King James II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-E._A._B._494-33">[33]</a> Between January and May 1673, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> seized the island, but British reinforcements restored EIC control. The island was fortified with about 230 gun turrets.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-36">[36]</a> The British government sent some settlers and gave them land that they could farm,<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-36">[36]</a> but the company found it hard to attract enough settlers, despite advertisements in London and free tracts of land. By 1670, the population was only 66, including slaves.<a href="#cite_note-A_BRIEF_HISTORY-37">[37]</a> Also unrest and rebellion occurred among the inhabitants. Ecological problems, such as deforestation, soil erosion, vermin, and drought, led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, but that was not acted upon. The company continued to subsidise the community because of the island's strategic location. A census in 1723 recorded 1,110 inhabitants, including 610 slaves.<a href="#cite_note-A_BRIEF_HISTORY-37">[37]</a> In the peak era, about 1,000 ships per year stopped there, leaving the governor to try to police the numerous visitors and to limit the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">arrack</a>, a distilled alcoholic drink made from potatoes. There were two mutinies, perhaps fueled by alcohol. Because Jamestown was "too raucous with its taverns and brothels", St Paul's Cathedral was built outside the town.<a href="#cite_note-theculturetrip.com-38">[38]</a> Eighteenth-century governors tried to tackle the island's problems by planting trees, improving fortifications, eliminating corruption, building a hospital, tackling the neglect of crops and livestock, controlling the consumption of alcohol, and introducing legal reforms. The island enjoyed a lengthy period of prosperity from about 1770. Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> visited the island in 1775 on the final leg of his second circumnavigation of the world. <a href="/wiki/Saint_James%27_Church,_Jamestown" title="Saint James' Church, Jamestown">St. James' Church</a> was built in Jamestown in 1774, and <a href="/wiki/Plantation_House,_Saint_Helena" title="Plantation House, Saint Helena">Plantation House</a> in 1791–1792; the latter has since been the official residence of the governor. <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> visited Saint Helena on leaving the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in 1676, and set up an astronomical <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> with a 7.3-metre-long (24 ft) <a href="/wiki/Aerial_telescope" title="Aerial telescope">aerial telescope</a>, intending to study the stars of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The site of this telescope is near <a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthew,_Hutt%27s_Gate" title="Saint Matthew, Hutt's Gate">Saint Mathew's Church</a> at Hutt's Gate in the <a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Saint_Helena" title="Longwood, Saint Helena">Longwood</a> district. The 680-metre-high (2,230 ft) hill there is called Halley's Mount. Throughout that period, Saint Helena was an important <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_of_call_of_the_British_East_India_Company" title="List of ports of call of the British East India Company">port of call of the EIC</a>. <a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiamen</a> would stop there on the return leg of their voyages to British India and China. At Saint Helena, ships could replenish supplies of water and provisions and, during wartime, form convoys that would sail under the protection of vessels of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>’s ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" title="HMS Endeavour">HMS Endeavour</a> anchored and resupplied off the coast of Saint Helena in May 1771 on its return from the European discovery of the east coast of Australia and the rediscovery of New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The British brought an estimated 25,000 slaves from west Africa to the island, in addition to the 3,000,000 they transported to the New World.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792, but the horrific conditions of slavery on St Helena were not abolished until 27 May 1839, when the 'Ordinance For the Abolition of Slavery in the Island of St Helena' was enacted.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Rupert's Valley was the embarkation area for slaves; in 2008, when the road to the airport was being built, over 9,000 skeletal remains of slaves were uncovered in a mass burial area. They were reburied en masse in 2022 without ceremony of any kind.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Governor Robert Patton (1802–1807) recommended that the company import workers from China to supplement the rural workforce. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendants became integrated into the population. In 1810, Chinese labourers began arriving, and by 1818, there were 650 in St Helena.<a href="#cite_note-A_BRIEF_HISTORY-37">[37]</a> An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island. Many of the labourers were allowed to stay, though the need for their services had reduced by 1836. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_rule_(1815–1821)_and_Napoleon's_exile">British rule (1815–1821) and Napoleon's exile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British rule (1815–1821) and Napoleon's exile">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg/220px-Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg/330px-Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg/440px-Napoleon_sainthelene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène by François-Joseph Sandmann</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longwood_House_(16311222817).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Longwood_House_%2816311222817%29.jpg/220px-Longwood_House_%2816311222817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Longwood_House_%2816311222817%29.jpg/330px-Longwood_House_%2816311222817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Longwood_House_%2816311222817%29.jpg/440px-Longwood_House_%2816311222817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Longwood House in September 2014</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Napoleon#Exile_on_Saint_Helena" title="Napoleon">Napoleon § Exile on Saint Helena</a></div> In 1815, the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of exile for <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, his second <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a> (on 22 June 1815) and his final surrender, to Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lewis_Maitland" title="Frederick Lewis Maitland">Frederick Maitland</a>, on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bellerophon_(1786)" title="HMS Bellerophon (1786)">HMS Bellerophon</a> (15 July 1815).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> He was taken to the island in October 1815. Napoleon stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Briars,_Saint_Helena" title="Briars, Saint Helena">Briars pavilion</a>, on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Balcombe" title="Betsy Balcombe">Balcombe family</a>'s home, until his permanent residence at <a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a> was completed in December 1815. He died there on 5 May 1821.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_East_India_Company_(1821–1834)">British East India Company (1821–1834)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British East India Company (1821–1834)">edit</a>]</div> Following Napoleon's death, the soldiers and other temporary residents linked to his presence on the island were withdrawn and the EIC resumed full control of Saint Helena. Between 1815 and 1830, the EIC made the <a href="/wiki/Packet_boat" title="Packet boat">packet</a> <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Helena_(1814_ship)" title="St Helena (1814 ship)">St Helena</a> available to the government of the island, which made multiple trips per year between the island and the Cape, carrying passengers both ways and supplies of wine and provisions back to the island. Napoleon praised Saint Helena's coffee during his exile on the island, and the product enjoyed a brief popularity in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in the years after his death.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The importation of slaves to Saint Helena was banned in 1792. In 1818, the governor freed children born of slaves on the island.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-36">[36]</a> The phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves took place in 1827, some six years before the British parliament passed legislation to abolish slavery in the colonies.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Between 1791 and 1833, Saint Helena became the site of a series of experiments in conservation, reforestation, and attempts to boost rainfall artificially.<a href="#cite_note-Grove-47">[47]</a> This environmental intervention was closely linked to the conceptualisation of the processes of environmental change and helped establish the roots of environmentalism.<a href="#cite_note-Grove-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crown_colony_(1834–1981)">Crown colony (1834–1981)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crown colony (1834–1981)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Saint_Helena" title="Special:EditPage/Saint Helena">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Saint+Helena%22">"Saint Helena"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Saint+Helena%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Saint+Helena%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Saint+Helena%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Saint+Helena%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Saint+Helena%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena passed from the EIC to the British Crown, and it became a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crown_colony-1">[1]</a> Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered a long-term population decline; those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better opportunities elsewhere. The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steamships not reliant on <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a>, as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a> shipping lanes to a route via the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> (which, prior to the building of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, involved a short overland section).<a href="#cite_note-E._A._B._494-33">[33]</a> In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849, over 15,000 freed slaves, known as "Liberated Africans", were landed there.<a href="#cite_note-E._A._B._494-33">[33]</a> In 1858, French emperor Napoleon III purchased, in the name of the French government, <a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a> and the lands around it, the last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821; his remains had been returned to France in 1840.)<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-36">[36]</a> It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. A 2020 report states that the island's prosperity ended after 1869 when "the Suez Canal shifted trade routes north". A 2019 report explained that "ships no longer needed a stopping point on a longer journey to Europe".<a href="#cite_note-theculturetrip.com-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-36">[36]</a> The number of ships calling at the island fell from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-E._A._B._494-33">[33]</a> On 11 April 1898, American <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Slocum" title="Joshua Slocum">Joshua Slocum</a>, on his solo round-the-world voyage, arrived at Jamestown. He departed on 20 April 1898 for the final leg of his circumnavigation, having been extended hospitality by the governor, <a href="/wiki/R._A._Sterndale" class="mw-redirect" title="R. A. Sterndale">R. A. Sterndale</a>. He presented two lectures on his voyage and was invited to Longwood by the French consular agent.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Review_of_reviews_and_world%27s_work_(1890)_(14761208986).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Review_of_reviews_and_world%27s_work_%281890%29_%2814761208986%29.jpg/300px-Review_of_reviews_and_world%27s_work_%281890%29_%2814761208986%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Review_of_reviews_and_world%27s_work_%281890%29_%2814761208986%29.jpg/450px-Review_of_reviews_and_world%27s_work_%281890%29_%2814761208986%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Review_of_reviews_and_world%27s_work_%281890%29_%2814761208986%29.jpg/600px-Review_of_reviews_and_world%27s_work_%281890%29_%2814761208986%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>Boer prisoners of war, 1900</figcaption></figure> By the end of 1899, St Helena was connected to London by undersea cable; this allowed for telegraph communication. In 1900 and 1901, over 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> prisoners were held on the island, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Boer War">Second Anglo-Boer War</a>. A 2019 report stated, "no traces remain of the two POW camps", but added, "the Boer Cemetery is a poignant spot".<a href="#cite_note-theculturetrip.com-38">[38]</a> Among the notables were <a href="/wiki/Piet_Cronj%C3%A9" title="Piet Cronjé">Piet Cronjé</a> and his wife after their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Battle of Paardeberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The resulting population reached an all-time high of 9,850 in 1901. By 1911, however, that had declined to 3,520 people. In 1906, the British government withdrew the garrison; the island's economy suffered when spending by the soldiers stopped.<a href="#cite_note-A_BRIEF_HISTORY-37">[37]</a> A local industry manufacturing fibre from <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_flax" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand flax">New Zealand flax</a> was successfully re-established in 1907 and generated considerable income during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Ascension Island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922, and Tristan da Cunha followed in 1938. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the United States built <a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">Wideawake Airport</a> on Ascension in 1942, but no military use was made of Saint Helena except maintenance of its defences.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Attendance at school became mandatory in 1942, for ages 5 to 15 in 1941, and the government took over control of the education system. The first secondary school opened in 1946. The American construction of Wideawake Airfield generated numerous jobs for St Helena; the sale of flax for rope also generated revenue for the island.<a href="#cite_note-A_BRIEF_HISTORY-37">[37]</a> However, the industry declined after 1951 because of transport costs and competition from synthetic fibres. The decision in 1965 by the British <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">Post Office</a> to use synthetic fibres for its mailbags was a further blow, contributing to the closure of the island's flax mills in 1965. From 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Union-Castle_Line" title="Union-Castle Line">Union-Castle</a> shipping line gradually reduced its service calls to the island. Curnow Shipping, based in <a href="/wiki/Avonmouth" title="Avonmouth">Avonmouth</a>, replaced the Union-Castle Line mailship service in 1977, using the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail_Ship" title="Royal Mail Ship">RMS</a> St Helena, which was introduced in 1989. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981_to_present">1981 to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1981 to present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1984,_Jamestown,_St_Helena_Island._New_Governor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1984%2C_Jamestown%2C_St_Helena_Island._New_Governor.jpg/290px-1984%2C_Jamestown%2C_St_Helena_Island._New_Governor.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1984%2C_Jamestown%2C_St_Helena_Island._New_Governor.jpg/435px-1984%2C_Jamestown%2C_St_Helena_Island._New_Governor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1984%2C_Jamestown%2C_St_Helena_Island._New_Governor.jpg/580px-1984%2C_Jamestown%2C_St_Helena_Island._New_Governor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4085" data-file-height="2613" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_Eustace_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Eustace Baker">Francis Eustace Baker</a>, wearing full dress tropical uniform, is sworn in as Governor of Saint Helena in 1984.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1981" title="British Nationality Act 1981">British Nationality Act 1981</a> reclassified Saint Helena and the other <a href="/wiki/Crown_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown colonies">crown colonies</a> as <a href="/wiki/British_Dependent_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dependent Territory">British Dependent Territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A_BRIEF_HISTORY-37">[37]</a> For the next 20 years, many could find only low-paid work with the island government, and the only available employment outside Saint Helena was on the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>. The Development and Economic Planning Department (which still operates) was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of Saint Helena. The Commission on Citizenship was established in 1992, restoring the islanders' rights including the right of abode. In 2002, the right to British citizenship was restored.<a href="#cite_note-A_BRIEF_HISTORY-37">[37]</a> In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew</a> launched the replacement <a href="/wiki/RMS_St_Helena_(1989)" title="RMS St Helena (1989)">RMS St Helena</a> to serve the island; the vessel was specially built for the <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>–<a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> route and featured a mixed cargo/passenger layout. The Saint Helena Constitution took effect in 1989, and provided that the island would be governed by a governor, a commander-in-chief, and an elected executive and legislative council. In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_Act_2002" title="British Overseas Territories Act 2002">British Overseas Territories Act 2002</a> granted full British citizenship to the islanders and renamed the dependent territories (including Saint Helena) the British Overseas Territories. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/The_St_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha_Constitution_Order_2009" title="The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009">The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009</a> gave all three equal status; the British Overseas Territory was renamed <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In 2021, a ministerial system was introduced in Saint Helena after UK's approval of a constitutional amendment.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In January 2024, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a> visited the island. "Prince Edward is the first royal trip to the island since <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Princess Anne</a>, the Princess Royal visited in 2002. Other royal guests include <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">Princess Margaret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">The Queen Mother</a>."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> While there, he visited Jonathan, a 191-year old tortoise, confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> to be the oldest living land animal.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> He toured the island, met residents, ceremonially opened the island's <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">airport</a>, and gave an address in the island's capital, Jamestown.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationStHelena.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/LocationStHelena.PNG/220px-LocationStHelena.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/LocationStHelena.PNG/330px-LocationStHelena.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/LocationStHelena.PNG/440px-LocationStHelena.PNG 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Positions (north to south) of <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>, Saint Helena, and <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> in the South <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Helena_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Saint_Helena_Island.jpg/220px-Saint_Helena_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Saint_Helena_Island.jpg/330px-Saint_Helena_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Saint_Helena_Island.jpg/440px-Saint_Helena_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Saint Helena seen from space (photo is oriented with north-west towards the top)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Helena" title="Geography of Saint Helena">Geography of Saint Helena</a></div> Situated in the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest major landmass, Saint Helena is remote. The nearest port on the continent is <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes" title="Moçâmedes">Moçâmedes</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>; connections to Cape Town, South Africa are used for most shipping needs via the regular cargo ship that serves the island, the MS Helena. The island is on the same ridge as two other islands in the southern Atlantic, also British territories: <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>, about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) due north-west in more equatorial waters, and <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>, which is outside the tropics 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south. The island, in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>, has the same <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> as <a href="/wiki/Land%27s_End" title="Land's End">Land's End</a> (west <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England), and western <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. For sharing several trading patterns[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>], and climate effect traits, the island is grouped under <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>/Africa in most projects, committees and papers of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. The island is 122 km2 (47 sq mi) in area, and is composed largely of rugged terrain of volcanic origin (the last volcanic eruptions occurred about 7 million years ago).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Coastal areas are scattered with vegetation on volcanic rock and are warmer and drier than the centre. The highest point of the island is <a href="/wiki/Diana%27s_Peak" title="Diana's Peak">Diana's Peak</a> at 818 m (2,684 ft). In 1996 it became the island's first <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a>. Much of the island is covered by <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_flax" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand flax">New Zealand flax</a>, a legacy of former industry, but there are some original trees augmented by plantations, including those of the Millennium Forest project, which was established in 2002 to replant, particularly with indigenous <a href="/wiki/Commidendrum" title="Commidendrum">gumwood</a>, part of the lost Great Wood and is now managed by the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_National_Trust" title="Saint Helena National Trust">Saint Helena National Trust</a>. When the island was discovered, it was covered with unique indigenous vegetation, including a remarkable <a href="/wiki/Melanodendron" title="Melanodendron">cabbage tree</a> species. The island's interior must have been a dense tropical forest but the coastal areas were probably also quite green. The modern landscape is very different, with widespread bare rock in the lower areas, although inland it is green, mainly due to introduced vegetation. There are no native land mammals, but cattle, cats, dogs, donkeys, goats, mice, rabbits, rats and sheep have been introduced. The dramatic change in landscape must be attributed to these introductions. As a result, the string tree (<a href="/wiki/Acalypha_rubrinervis" title="Acalypha rubrinervis">Acalypha rubrinervis</a>) and the Saint Helena olive (<a href="/wiki/Nesiota_elliptica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesiota elliptica">Nesiota elliptica</a>) are now extinct, and many of the other endemic plants are threatened with extinction. Some 22 named rocks and islets are offshore: Castle Rock, Speery Island, the Needle, Lower Black Rock, Upper Black Rock (South), Bird Island (Southwest), Black Rock, Thompson's Valley Island, Peaked Island, Egg Island, Lady's Chair, Lighter Rock (West), Long Ledge (Northwest), Shore Island, George Island, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (East), the Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, the Chimney, White Bird Island and Frightus Rock (Southeast) – all within one kilometre (0.62 mi) of the shore. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_birds" title="List of national birds">national bird</a> of Saint Helena is the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_plover" title="Saint Helena plover">Saint Helena plover</a>, known locally as the wirebird, on account of its wire-like legs. It appears on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena" title="Coat of arms of Saint Helena">coat of arms of Saint Helena</a> and on the flag.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena#Climate" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown, Saint Helena § Climate</a></div> The climate of Saint Helena is tropical, marine and mild, tempered by the <a href="/wiki/Benguela_Current" title="Benguela Current">Benguela Current</a> and trade winds that blow almost continuously.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-SHNMS-62">[62]</a> The climate varies noticeably across the island. Temperatures in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a>, on the north leeward shore, are in the range 21–28 °C (70–82 °F) in the summer (January to April) and 17–24 °C (63–75 °F) during the remainder of the year. The temperatures in the central areas are, on average, 5–6 °C (9.0–10.8 °F) lower.<a href="#cite_note-SHNMS-62">[62]</a> Jamestown also has a very low annual rainfall, while 750–1,000 mm (30–39 in) falls per year on the higher ground and the south coast, where it is also noticeably cloudier.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather recording stations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Saint_Helena" title="Longwood, Saint Helena">Longwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Hill,_Saint_Helena" title="Blue Hill, Saint Helena">Blue Hill</a> districts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Districts_of_St_Helena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Districts_of_St_Helena.svg/350px-Districts_of_St_Helena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Districts_of_St_Helena.svg/525px-Districts_of_St_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Districts_of_St_Helena.svg/700px-Districts_of_St_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Saint Helena</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Parishes_of_Saint_Helena" title="Category:Parishes of Saint Helena">Category:Parishes of Saint Helena</a></div> Saint Helena is divided into eight districts,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> with the majority housing a community centre. The districts also serve as statistical divisions. The island is a single electoral area and elects 12 representatives to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Saint_Helena" title="Legislative Council of Saint Helena">Legislative Council</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> of 15. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">District </th> <th rowspan="2">Seat </th> <th colspan="2">Area<a href="#cite_note-census2016tables-66">[66]</a> </th> <th colspan="4">Population </th> <th rowspan="2">Pop./km2 2016 </th></tr> <tr> <th>km2 </th> <th>sq mi </th> <th>1998</th> <th>2008<a href="#cite_note-census2008-67">[67]</a></th> <th>2016<a href="#cite_note-census2016-68">[68]</a> </th> <th>2021<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alarm_Forest,_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Alarm Forest, Saint Helena">Alarm Forest</a> </td> <td>The Briars</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>289</td> <td>276</td> <td>383 </td> <td>394</td> <td>70.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hill,_Saint_Helena" title="Blue Hill, Saint Helena">Blue Hill</a> </td> <td>Blue Hill Village</td> <td>36.8</td> <td>14.2</td> <td>177</td> <td>153</td> <td>158 </td> <td>174</td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Half_Tree_Hollow" title="Half Tree Hollow">Half Tree Hollow</a> </td> <td>Half Tree Hollow</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>1,140</td> <td>901</td> <td>984 </td> <td>1,034</td> <td>633.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a> </td> <td>Jamestown</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>884</td> <td>716</td> <td>629 </td> <td>625</td> <td>161.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Levelwood,_Saint_Helena" title="Levelwood, Saint Helena">Levelwood</a> </td> <td>Levelwood</td> <td>14.8</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>376</td> <td>316</td> <td>369 </td> <td>342</td> <td>25.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Saint_Helena" title="Longwood, Saint Helena">Longwood</a> </td> <td>Longwood</td> <td>33.4</td> <td>12.9</td> <td>960</td> <td>715</td> <td>790 </td> <td>765</td> <td>23.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bay,_Saint_Helena" title="Sandy Bay, Saint Helena">Sandy Bay</a> </td> <td>Sandy Bay</td> <td>16.1</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>254</td> <td>205</td> <td>193 </td> <td>177</td> <td>12.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s,_Saint_Helena" title="Saint Paul's, Saint Helena">Saint Paul's</a> </td> <td>Saint Paul's Village</td> <td>11.4</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>908</td> <td>795</td> <td>843 </td> <td>928</td> <td>74.0 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ddd;" class="sortbottom"> <td align="left">Total</td> <td></td> <td>123.3</td> <td>47.6</td> <td>5,157</td> <td>4,257</td> <td>4,349 </td> <td>4,439</td> <td>35.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> The difference between the total population of the Administrative Districts and that recorded in the 2016 Census arises because the census included 183 people on board the RMS St. Helena and 13 people who were on yachts in the harbour.<a href="#cite_note-census2016-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Saint Helena">Demographics of Saint Helena</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-Helena-Jamestown-from-above.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/St-Helena-Jamestown-from-above.jpg/310px-St-Helena-Jamestown-from-above.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/St-Helena-Jamestown-from-above.jpg/465px-St-Helena-Jamestown-from-above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/St-Helena-Jamestown-from-above.jpg/620px-St-Helena-Jamestown-from-above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a>, from above</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-Helena-Jamestown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/St-Helena-Jamestown.jpg/310px-St-Helena-Jamestown.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/St-Helena-Jamestown.jpg/465px-St-Helena-Jamestown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/St-Helena-Jamestown.jpg/620px-St-Helena-Jamestown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a>, the capital of Saint Helena</figcaption></figure> Saint Helena was first settled by the English in 1659. As of January 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit">[update]</a>, the island had a population of 4,897 inhabitants,<a href="#cite_note-Statistics2018-70">[70]</a> mainly descended from people from Britain, <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> ("planters") and soldiers, and slaves who were brought there from the beginning of settlement, initially from Africa (the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a> and west coast of Africa are mentioned in early records), then <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792. In 1840, Saint Helena became a provisioning station for the British <a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-61">[61]</a> preventing the transportation of slaves to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (mainly), and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island. These were all African, and about 500 stayed while the rest were sent on to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, and eventually to <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>. Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810, reaching a peak of 618 in 1818, after which numbers were reduced. Only a few older men remained after the British Crown took over the government of the island from the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1834. The majority were sent back to China, although records in the Cape suggest that they never got any farther than Cape Town. There were also a few Indian <a href="/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">lascars</a> who worked under the harbour master. The citizens of Saint Helena hold <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_citizen" title="British Overseas Territories citizen">British Overseas Territories citizenship</a>. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_Act_2002" title="British Overseas Territories Act 2002">British Overseas Territories Act 2002</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British nationality law</a>. During periods of unemployment, there has been a long pattern of emigration from the island since the post-Napoleonic period. The majority of "Saints" emigrated to the United Kingdom, South Africa and in the early years, Australia. The population had been steadily declining since the late 1980s and dropped from 5,157 at the 1998 census to 4,257 in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-census2008-67">[67]</a> However, as of the 2021 census, the population has risen to 4,439<a href="#cite_note-statistics112021-2">[2]</a> a drop of 95 people from 2016. In the past emigration was characterised by young unaccompanied persons leaving to work on long-term contracts on Ascension and the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, but since "Saints" were re-awarded British citizenship in 2002, emigration to Britain by a wider range of wage-earners has accelerated due to the prospect of higher wages and better progression prospects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 2018 <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, had a concentration of people originating from Saint Helena, and therefore it got the nickname "Swindolena".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_Saint_Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_Saint_Helena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Exterior_of_Saint_Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_Saint_Helena.jpg/220px-Exterior_of_Saint_Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_Saint_Helena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Exterior_of_Saint_Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_Saint_Helena.jpg/330px-Exterior_of_Saint_Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_Saint_Helena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Exterior_of_Saint_Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_Saint_Helena.jpg/440px-Exterior_of_Saint_Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_Saint_Helena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Cathedral_(Saint_Helena)" title="Saint Paul's Cathedral (Saint Helena)">St Paul's Anglican Cathedral</a>, located to the south of Jamestown</figcaption></figure> Most residents are <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> and are members of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_St_Helena" title="Diocese of St Helena">Diocese of St Helena</a>, which has its own bishop and includes <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>. The 150th anniversary of the diocese was celebrated in June 2009. Other Christian denominations on the island include the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (since 1852), the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> (since 1884), <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> (since 1845)<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and, in more recent times, the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a> (since 1949), the <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (of which one in 35 residents is a member, the highest ratio of any country).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Roman Catholics are pastorally served by the <a href="/wiki/Mission_sui_iuris_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Mission sui iuris of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Mission sui iuris of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>, whose office of ecclesiastical superior is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Prefecture_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands">Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 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a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Helena" title="Politics of Saint Helena">Politics of Saint Helena</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_Saint_Helena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shield_of_Saint_Helena.svg/140px-Shield_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shield_of_Saint_Helena.svg/210px-Shield_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shield_of_Saint_Helena.svg/280px-Shield_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="268" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">The Monarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Heir Apparent</a> <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Helena" title="Politics of Saint Helena">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena" title="Governor of Saint Helena">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Phillips" title="Nigel Phillips">Nigel Phillips</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Helena#Executive_Branch" title="Politics of Saint Helena">Executive Council</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Saint_Helena" title="Chief Minister of Saint Helena">Chief Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Julie_Thomas_(politician)" title="Julie Thomas (politician)">Julie Thomas</a> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Secretary_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief Secretary of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Chief Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attorney_General_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attorney General of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheriff_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheriff of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office#Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Responsible Minister (UK)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ahmad,_Baron_Ahmad_of_Wimbledon" title="Tariq Ahmad, Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon">The Lord Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_House_(Saint_Helena)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantation House (Saint Helena)">Plantation House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(Saint_Helena)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Castle (Saint Helena)">The Castle</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Saint_Helena" title="Legislative Council of Saint Helena">Legislative Council</a> <hr /> Speaker of Saint Helena Cyril Gunnell <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Saint_Helena_general_election" title="2013 Saint Helena general election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Helena_general_election" title="2017 Saint Helena general election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Saint_Helena_general_election" title="2021 Saint Helena general election">2021</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Magistrates and Juvenile Courts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_St_Helena" title="Supreme Court of St Helena">Supreme Court of St Helena</a></li> <li>St Helena Court of Appeal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Citizenship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belonger_status" title="Belonger status">Belonger status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_citizen" title="British Overseas Territories citizen">British Overseas Territories citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_passport_(Saint_Helena)" title="British passport (Saint Helena)">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_British_Overseas_Territories_citizens" title="Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories citizens">Visa requirements</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Helena" title="Flag of Saint Helena">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_pound" title="Saint Helena pound">Saint Helena Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Tree_Hollow" title="Half Tree Hollow">Half Tree Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s,_Saint_Helena" title="Saint Paul's, Saint Helena">Saint Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Saint_Helena" title="Longwood, Saint Helena">Longwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alarm_Forest" title="Alarm Forest">Alarm Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Saint_Helena" title="Trade unions in Saint Helena">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">Saint Helena Airport</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Saint_Helena" title="Template:Politics of Saint Helena"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Saint_Helena" title="Template talk:Politics of Saint Helena"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Saint_Helena" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Saint Helena"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Helena" title="Politics of Saint Helena">Politics of Saint Helena</a></div> Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a> and is exercised on his behalf by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena" title="Governor of Saint Helena">Governor of Saint Helena</a>. The Governor is appointed by the King on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>. Defence and foreign affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom. The Executive Council is presided over by the Governor and consists of three ex officio officers and five elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor. There is no elected Chief Minister, and the Governor acts as the head of government. In January 2013 it was proposed that the Executive Council would be led by a Chief Councillor who would be elected by the members of the Legislative Council and would nominate the other members of the Executive Council. These proposals were put to <a href="/wiki/2013_Saint_Helena_Chief_Councillor_referendum" title="2013 Saint Helena Chief Councillor referendum">a referendum on 23 March 2013</a>, when they were defeated by 158 votes to 42 on a 10% turnout.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/2021_Saint_Helena_governance_system_referendum" title="2021 Saint Helena governance system referendum">Another referendum in 2021</a>, however, saw the population approve the changes.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> of Saint Helena consists of the <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Saint_Helena" title="Legislative Council of Saint Helena">Legislative Council of Saint Helena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a> (represented by the Governor). The Legislative Council consists of 15 members, of whom 12 are directly elected members who each serve a four-year term; a Speaker and Deputy Speaker who are chosen by the elected members; and one ex officio member, the Attorney General. Members of the Council use the post-nominal letters "MLC" (Member of the Legislative Council) The island is policed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saint_Helena_Police_Service" title="Royal Saint Helena Police Service">Royal Saint Helena Police Service</a> (RSHPS). The RSHPS is also the primary law enforcement agency for <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>. Like many other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warrant_card" title="Warrant card">warranted personnel</a> of the RSHPS are known as 'constables', and the service also uses <a href="/wiki/Special_constable" title="Special constable">special constables</a>, in addition to employing non-warranted staff personnel. The RSHPS also uses a variety of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Police_Service#Ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helena Police Service">ranks</a> similar to other Commonwealth law enforcement agencies. Saint Helena has one police station, Coleman House, named after PC Leonard John Coleman who died in the line of duty on 2 December 1982.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The Island's only prison—HMP Jamestown—was built in 1827 and in 2018. One commentator has observed that notwithstanding the high unemployment resulting from the loss of full passports during 1981–2002, the Saint Helena population's loyalty to the British monarchy is probably not exceeded in any other part of the world.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a> is the only reigning monarch to have visited the island. This was in 1947 when the King, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a> (later The Queen Mother), Princess Elizabeth (later <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Margaret">Princess Margaret</a> were travelling to South Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a> arrived at Saint Helena in 1957, followed by his son, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew</a>, who visited as a member of the armed forces in 1984, and his daughter, the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Royal" title="Princess Royal">Princess Royal</a>, in 2002. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a> made an official visit to Saint Helena in late January 2024, where he was greeted by Jonathan the Tortoise, a 191 years-old Seychelles Giant Tortoise born during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, the government of Saint Helena funded the creation of the Saint Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012–2015.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Work is being done under this action plan, including publishing awareness-raising articles in local newspapers, providing support for members of the public with human rights queries, and extending several UN Conventions on human rights to St. Helena.<a href="#cite_note-humanrightssthelena-80">[80]</a> Legislation to set up an Equality and Human Rights Commission was passed by Legislative Council in July 2015. This commenced operation in October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-humanrightssthelena2-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_safeguarding_inquiry_2015">Child safeguarding inquiry 2015</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Child safeguarding inquiry 2015">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, there were reports of child abuse in Saint Helena. Britain's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> (FCO) was accused of lying to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> about child abuse in Saint Helena to cover up allegations.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sasha_Wass" title="Sasha Wass">Sasha Wass</a> QC and her team arrived on Saint Helena on 17 March 2015 to commence the Inquiry and departed on 1 April 2015.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Announcements were made in local newspapers in the week ending 13 March 2015. A government report was published on 10 December 2015. It found that the accusations were grossly exaggerated, and the lurid headlines in the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> had come from information from two social workers, whom the report described as incompetent.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-sex_marriage">Same-sex marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Same-sex marriage">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, a male St Helenian made an application to the Registrar to marry his male fiancé on St Helena.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The laws at the time had referred to marriages between men and women and it was not clear whether same-sex marriages were lawful. After consultation events, endorsement by the Social and Community Development Committee and Executive Council, the Marriage Ordinance was updated and agreed by Legislative Council in December 2017. Registrar Karen Yon oversaw the first same-sex wedding between the original 2017 applicants, Saint Helenian Lemarc Thomas and Swedish national Michael Wernstedt, in a ceremony at Plantation House on 31 December 2018.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reburial_of_excavated_human_remains">Reburial of excavated human remains</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reburial of excavated human remains">edit</a>]</div> In 2021, a wreath was placed by the Saint Helena's Equality & Human Rights Commission (EHRC) on the door of the Pipe Store in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The Pipe Store is a building where the remains of some 325 people, men, women, and children disinterred during <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">airport construction</a> were being stored pending reburial since 2008. The remains belonged to liberated Africans who had been rescued by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron</a> during the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> and brought to Saint Helena.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Wildlife of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Wildlife of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Saint_Helena" title="List of birds of Saint Helena">List of birds of Saint Helena</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Saint_Helena" title="List of mammals of Saint Helena">List of mammals of Saint Helena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Saint_Helena" title="Flora of Saint Helena">Flora of Saint Helena</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trochetiopsis_ebenus_in_Cambridge_University_Botanical_Gardens,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Trochetiopsis_ebenus_in_Cambridge_University_Botanical_Gardens%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Trochetiopsis_ebenus_in_Cambridge_University_Botanical_Gardens%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Trochetiopsis_ebenus_in_Cambridge_University_Botanical_Gardens%2C_2009.jpg/330px-Trochetiopsis_ebenus_in_Cambridge_University_Botanical_Gardens%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Trochetiopsis_ebenus_in_Cambridge_University_Botanical_Gardens%2C_2009.jpg/440px-Trochetiopsis_ebenus_in_Cambridge_University_Botanical_Gardens%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>St Helena ebony (<a href="/wiki/Trochetiopsis_ebenus" title="Trochetiopsis ebenus">Trochetiopsis ebenus</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Botanic_Garden" title="Cambridge University Botanic Garden">Cambridge University Botanic Garden</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charadrius_sanctaehelenae_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Charadrius_sanctaehelenae_%281%29.jpg/220px-Charadrius_sanctaehelenae_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Charadrius_sanctaehelenae_%281%29.jpg/330px-Charadrius_sanctaehelenae_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Charadrius_sanctaehelenae_%281%29.jpg/440px-Charadrius_sanctaehelenae_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>The St Helena plover or wirebird (<a href="/wiki/Charadrius_sanctaehelenae" class="mw-redirect" title="Charadrius sanctaehelenae">Charadrius sanctaehelenae</a>)</figcaption></figure> Saint Helena has long been known for its high proportion of <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> birds and vascular plants. The highland areas contain most of the 400 endemic species recognised to date. Much of the island has been identified by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> as being important for bird conservation, especially the endemic <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_plover" title="Saint Helena plover">Saint Helena plover</a> or wirebird, and for <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> breeding on the offshore islets and <a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">stacks</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/North-east_Saint_Helena_Important_Bird_Area" title="North-east Saint Helena Important Bird Area">north-east</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South-west_Saint_Helena_Important_Bird_Area" title="South-west Saint Helena Important Bird Area">south-west</a> <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bli-94">[94]</a> On the basis of these endemics and an exceptional range of habitats, Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom's tentative list for future <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Artist <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Weijburg" title="Rolf Weijburg">Rolf Weijburg</a> produced original etchings of Saint Helena, picturing various species of these endemic birds.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Saint Helena's biodiversity, however, also includes marine vertebrates, invertebrates (freshwater, terrestrial and marine), fungi (including lichen-forming species), non-vascular plants, seaweeds and other biological groups. To date, very little is known about these, although more than 200 lichen-forming fungi have been recorded, including nine endemics,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> suggesting that many significant discoveries remain to be made. Various flora and fauna on the island have become extinct. Due to deforestation, the last wild endemic St Helena olive tree, <a href="/wiki/Nesiota_elliptica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesiota elliptica">Nesiota elliptica</a>, died in 1994, and by December 2003, the last cultivated olive tree died.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The native <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_earwig" title="Saint Helena earwig">St. Helena earwig</a> was last seen in the wild in 1967. A large reforestation project has been under way since 2000 in the north-eastern corner of the island, known as the Millennium Forest, to recreate the Great Wood that existed before colonisation.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The island's shoreline is deep and is known to have abundant <a href="/wiki/Chaceon_quinquedens" title="Chaceon quinquedens">red crab</a>. In 1991, a crab-fishing vessel, Oman Sea One, which was engaged in potting of crabs, capsized and later sank off the coast of Saint Helena on its way from Ascension Island, losing four crew members. One crew member was rescued by <a href="/wiki/RMS_St_Helena_(1989)" title="RMS St Helena (1989)">RMS St Helena</a>. Since 2022, advances in the understanding of Saint Helena's spiders have been gained. Some studies published in 2023<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and 2024<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> described new genera and species. Perhaps most notable was the mole spider (Molearachne sanctaehelenae Sherwood, Henrard, Logunov & Fowler, 2024), the first known <a href="/wiki/Wolf_spider" title="Wolf spider">wolf spider</a> from outside of a cave environment known to have reduced <a href="/wiki/Anterior_median_eyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior median eyes">anterior median eyes</a>, and which builds unique 'mole hills' unlike any other spider.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Other species described include the Mount Vesey wolf spider (Hogna veseyensis), which has a range currently restricted to a single <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfall</a> and three which were named after local Saint Helenian scientists: the Liza pirate spider (Ero lizae), the Natasha pirate spider (Ero natashae)<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and the Daryl wolf spider (Dolocosa joshuai). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Helena" title="Economy of Saint Helena">Economy of Saint Helena</a></div> <dl><dd>Note: Some of the data in this section have been sourced from the Government of St Helena Sustainable Development Plan<a href="#cite_note-sdp-104">[104]</a></dd></dl> The island had a <a href="/wiki/Monocropping" title="Monocropping">monocrop</a> economy until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of <a href="/wiki/Flax_in_New_Zealand" title="Flax in New Zealand">New Zealand flax</a> for rope and string. A 2019 report states that "by the 1970s, a majority of Saints were working abroad and sending money home".<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-36">[36]</a> Saint Helena's economy is now developing, but is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government. The public sector dominates the economy, accounting for about 50% of gross domestic product. However, the start of regular air services has led to a rise in tourism, and the Government is encouraging investment on the island, as shown by their Investment Policy and Strategy and the investment <a href="/wiki/Prospectus_(finance)" title="Prospectus (finance)">prospectus</a> for potential investors.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 2019, Saint Helena achieved its first-ever "Investment Grade" credit rating, a credit rating of BBB− (stable), from global credit <a href="/wiki/Rating_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Rating agency">rating agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard & Poor">Standard & Poors</a> (S&P).<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 2019, the estimated average annual salary was only about 8,000 Saint Helena pounds (about US$10,000).<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-36">[36]</a> Saint Helena's Sustainable Economic Development Plan, 2018–28, was developed using more than six months of local and international consultation in 2017–2018. The document represented a 10-year plan to kick-start the economy after Saint Helena established air access and fibre connectivity and moved away from relying purely on tourism for growth, announcing a desire to "increase exports, and decrease imports". The SEDP stated that the island's comparative advantages are its natural resources and geography, its status as a British Overseas Territory, its currency, relatively inexpensive labour and property costs, and low crime. Targeted export growth sectors include tourism, fisheries, coffee, satellite ground stations, <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote workers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_nomad" title="Digital nomad">digital nomads</a>, academia, research and conferences, liquor, wines and beers, ship registry and sailing qualifications, traditional products, honey and honey bees, and its use as a film location. Growth sectors for import substitution include agriculture, timber, bricks, blocks, minerals and rocks, and bottled water.<a href="#cite_note-sdp-104">[104]</a> The tourist industry is heavily based on the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon#Exile_on_Saint_Helena" title="Napoleon">Napoleon's imprisonment</a> as well as nature activities such as scuba diving, swimming with <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale sharks</a>, whale watching, bird watching, marine tours, and hiking. There is also a golf course, and <a href="/wiki/Sportfishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportfishing">sportfishing</a> is possible. Several hotels, B&Bs, and self-catering apartments operate on the island. The arrival of tourists is linked to the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">Saint Helena Airport</a> (and in the past, the arrival and departure schedule of the now-retired <a href="/wiki/RMS_St_Helena_(1989)" title="RMS St Helena (1989)">RMS St Helena</a>).<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Saint Helena produces the most expensive coffee in the world.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> It also produces and exports <a href="/wiki/Tungi_Spirit" title="Tungi Spirit">Tungi Spirit</a>, made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, <a href="/wiki/Opuntia_ficus-indica" title="Opuntia ficus-indica">Opuntia ficus-indica</a> ("Tungi" is the local Saint Helenian name for the plant), and coffee liqueur, gin, and rum in its local distillery.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Due to the absence of parasites and disease in bees, beekeepers collect some of the purest honey in the world. Saint Helena has a small fishing industry, landing mostly tuna. The fishery is committed to one-by-one fishing[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and uses the motto "one pole, one line, one fish at a time". Some of Saint Helena's exported tuna has been served in restaurants in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>, Saint Helena is permitted to <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Saint_Helena" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Saint Helena">issue its own postage stamps</a>, an enterprise that provides an income. Saint Helena also issues domain names under the top-level domain .sh. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_statistics">Economic statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economic statistics">edit</a>]</div> Between 2009 and 2017, Saint Helena's <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> increased from 0.714 to 0.756; this placed Saint Helena in the 'high' category of human development, according to the classification used by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Compared to other countries around the globe, Saint Helena's HDI ranking rose from 93rd (out of 190 countries ranked) to 83rd in the world.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The average (median) annual wage on Saint Helena in 2018–19 was an estimated £8,410. The median male wage was higher than the median female wage. The gap between the two grew in 2013–14, but narrowed in 2017–18, as male wages fell on average, and the median female wage level grew. This is probably due to the completion of the construction of the airport, since workers employed on the project were predominantly male, and many of them either left Saint Helena or found alternative employment between 2016 and 2018. Nonetheless, both female and male median wage levels fell sharply in 2018–19.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The overall retail price index is measured quarterly on Saint Helena by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SHG_Statistics_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHG Statistics Office (page does not exist)">SHG Statistics Office</a>. The RPI was measured at 105.9 in the first quarter of 2020. This was unchanged from the index for the fourth quarter of 2019, and an increase from 104.1 in the first quarter of 2019. This means that retail prices rose, on average, by 1.7% over the year between the first quarter of 2019 and the first quarter of 2020. As most of the goods available in retail outlets on Saint Helena are imported from either South Africa or the United Kingdom, Saint Helena's prices are heavily influenced by price inflation in those two countries, the value of the Saint Helena pound compared to the South African rand, the cost of freight, and import taxes. In the UK, the annual price inflation rate (using the consumer price index) was 1.7% for February 2020, down from 1.8% in January 2020. In South Africa, the consumer price index was 4.6% for February, up from 4.5% in January 2020. In addition, since early 2019 the value of the South African Rand has steadily weakened, from around 17 Rand per pound to around 20 at the end of March 2020; this has a counter-effect to the South African inflation, and in some cases may even have made South African goods cheaper to buy. This will mitigate against some pressures which might cause prices to rise, such as increasing freight prices on the MV Helena.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Between January 2010 and March 2016, just before the first 40 people arrived by air in April 2016, the average number of arrivals per month by sea (excluding day visitors arriving on cruise ships) was 307, with an average of 245 arriving on the Royal Mail Ship (RMS) Saint Helena. Between October 2017 (when the first scheduled air service began) and September 2019, an average of 432 passengers arrived per month, with 314 of those passengers arriving by air. Since October 2017, a total of 3,337 people have arrived by air in the first 12-month period, and 4,188 in the second. The increase in the second year followed the introduction of a mid-week flight during the peak period of December 2018 to April 2019. Arrivals by air were higher in the second year, in every month apart from May and June.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking_and_currency">Banking and currency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Banking and currency">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Helena_halfpenny,_1821.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Saint_Helena_halfpenny%2C_1821.jpg/220px-Saint_Helena_halfpenny%2C_1821.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Saint_Helena_halfpenny%2C_1821.jpg/330px-Saint_Helena_halfpenny%2C_1821.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Saint_Helena_halfpenny%2C_1821.jpg/440px-Saint_Helena_halfpenny%2C_1821.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>East India Company copper <a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)">halfpenny</a> minted for St. Helena in 1821</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1673-1973_tercentenary_25_pence_copper-nickel_coin_of_St._Helena,_photo_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/1673-1973_tercentenary_25_pence_copper-nickel_coin_of_St._Helena%2C_photo_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg/220px-1673-1973_tercentenary_25_pence_copper-nickel_coin_of_St._Helena%2C_photo_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/1673-1973_tercentenary_25_pence_copper-nickel_coin_of_St._Helena%2C_photo_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg/330px-1673-1973_tercentenary_25_pence_copper-nickel_coin_of_St._Helena%2C_photo_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/1673-1973_tercentenary_25_pence_copper-nickel_coin_of_St._Helena%2C_photo_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg/440px-1673-1973_tercentenary_25_pence_copper-nickel_coin_of_St._Helena%2C_photo_by_Omar_Hoftun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5680" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>1673–1973 tercentenary 25-pence <a href="/wiki/Copper-nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper-nickel">copper-nickel</a> coin of St. Helena</figcaption></figure> In 1821, Saul Solomon (the uncle of <a href="/wiki/Saul_Solomon" title="Saul Solomon">Saul Solomon</a>) issued 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon, Dickson and Taylor—presumably London partners—that circulated alongside the East India Company's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836. The coin remains readily available to collectors. Saint Helena has had its own currency since 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_pound" title="Saint Helena pound">Saint Helena pound</a>, which is at parity with the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> and is also the currency of <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>. The government of Saint Helena produces its own coinage, banknotes since 1976 and circulating coins since 1984. Whereas circulating coins are struck with "Saint Helena • Ascension", the banknotes only say "Government of St. Helena". There are also commemorative coins struck for Saint Helena only. The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Saint Helena">Bank of Saint Helena</a> was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. It has branches in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a> on Saint Helena, and <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown, Ascension Island</a>. The bank took over the business of the Saint Helena government savings bank and Ascension Island Savings Bank.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> For more information on currency in the wider region, see <a href="/wiki/British_currency_in_the_South_Atlantic_and_the_Antarctic" class="mw-redirect" title="British currency in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic">British currency in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourist_map_of_Jamestown_Saint_Helena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tourist_map_of_Jamestown_Saint_Helena.jpg/350px-Tourist_map_of_Jamestown_Saint_Helena.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tourist_map_of_Jamestown_Saint_Helena.jpg/525px-Tourist_map_of_Jamestown_Saint_Helena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tourist_map_of_Jamestown_Saint_Helena.jpg/700px-Tourist_map_of_Jamestown_Saint_Helena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>A tourist map of Jamestown located at the top of <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder_(Saint_Helena)" title="Jacob's Ladder (Saint Helena)">Jacob's Ladder</a></figcaption></figure> Before the airport opened, the primary tourist groups were dedicated hikers and retirees, as the required voyage on the <a href="/wiki/RMS_St_Helena" title="RMS St Helena">RMS St Helena</a> took five days each way. That was unattractive to most tourists with regular jobs. The hikers seemed willing to use the extra days of leave to get to and from Saint Helena, and retirees would not be concerned with voyage times.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The decision to build the airport, in order to significantly boost tourism, was taken in 2011 by the governments of Saint Helena and the UK. Construction was completed by 2016. One reason for the delay was that the British decided to fill in a valley "with some 800 million pounds of dirt and rock" to create flat land for the runway.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-36">[36]</a> The first flight did not arrive until October 2017, because of "dangerous wind conditions" that made landing large aircraft unsafe. The solution was to use smaller aircraft for the five- or six-hour flight<a href="#cite_note-auto-117">[117]</a> from South Africa. The wind still causes problems: "only a special, stripped-down Embraer 190 jet with the best pilots in the world can stick the landing". The government's long-term goal is to get 30,000 visitors per year. Because of the few flights, and limited capacity of the aircraft, however, only 894 visitors arrived in the year the airport finally opened.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-36">[36]</a> Passenger service on the Royal Mail ship was then discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-118">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Airlink" title="Airlink">Airlink</a> flights, operating twice a week,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> increased the island's potential to attract a broader range of tourists.<a href="#cite_note-BuckleyStHelenaAirp-120">[120]</a> St Helena Tourism<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> updated its tourism marketing strategy in 2018. This outlined the targeted markets and Saint Helena's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It also outlined the unique selling points of the island, including nature (whale sharks and wirebirds), Saint culture (safer environment), walking and hiking, diving, arts and crafts, twin destination with South Africa, photography, running, history and heritage (Napoleon), stargazing, and food and drink.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The island's first luxury hotel, the Mantis in Jamestown, opened in 2017 in the converted "former officers barracks built in 1774" according to <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Traveler" title="Condé Nast Traveler">Condé Nast Traveler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-117">[117]</a> Most other types of accommodations were also available on the island.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> A 2019 report by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> recommended that tourists visit "Longwood House, where Napoleon was exiled after Waterloo ... Plantation House, the residence of the governor" and to try one of the whale shark snorkelling expeditions. The report spoke highly of Jamestown, with its "pastel-toned houses, sweltering palm trees and colonial relics—stark reminders of imperialist ideals".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Another 2019 report indicated that smartphones had become common, "with the 'Saint Memes' Facebook page and other social media exporting their sharp sense of humour". But, as the report concludes, the island "remains a place with an anchor in the past, where ... there are single-digit car licence plates and motorists on the hairpin roads unfailingly wave at each other".<a href="#cite_note-theculturetrip.com-38">[38]</a> Before the lockdowns and restriction necessitated by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 global pandemic</a>, Saint Helena was on track to meet its tourism targets of 12% growth a year, in order to achieve over 29,000 leisure visitors by the 25th anniversary of the air service.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> As of April 2020, research indicated that arrivals in Saint Helena were primarily non-Saint tourists (without a connection to the island), followed by returning Saints (who were visiting friends and relatives), followed by returning residents and then business arrivals. Non-Saint tourists tend to stay for a week, whilst Saints visiting friends and relatives tend to stay for about a month. Around 37% of tourists are British, 21% South African, 13% European other than British, German or French and 9% American or from the Caribbean. Most non-Saint tourists are over 40 years of age, with around 40% being 40 to 59 and around 40% being 60-plus. In 2018 tourism contributed approximately £4–5 million to the economy, and in 2019 this increased to around £5–6 million.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_of_the_pandemic">Effects of the pandemic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Effects of the pandemic">edit</a>]</div> One news report in August 2020 stated that the costs imposed by the pandemic led to the "collapse of the island's tourism sector, which was meant to drive its economic development".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-118">[118]</a> In 2021, the bicentennial anniversary of Napoleon's death was expected to boost tourism if the pandemic did not prevent visits for many months. As of September 2020, the government was preparing a "tourism recovery strategy",<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> to include an international publicity campaign and the development of further tourism infrastructure for the island".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-118">[118]</a> As of 30 October 2020, the Government website stated that "due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, travel to Saint Helena will only be permitted for limited purposes at this time".<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> An item posted on 4 March 2021 on the UK Government website stated that "all arrivals to St Helena are required to have had a negative COVID-19 test within 72 hours before travelling" and with a few exceptions, non-Saints were not allowed to visit. In addition, all arrivals were required to self-quarantine for 14 days after landing in Saint Helena.<a href="#cite_note-gov.uk-129">[129]</a> As of 8 August 2022, the Government website stated that "St Helena lifted its COVID-19 entry regulations. This means no quarantine, no testing and no mask-wearing requirements".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> Connect Saint Helena Ltd. operates electricity <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">generation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a>. As of 2023, 80% of electricity generated in St Helena comes from 6 <a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">diesel generators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> 12 <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> are installed on the Deadwood Plain in Longwood and were originally installed in the 1990s, expanded in 2009 and 2014. A 500kW <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">solar farm</a> is in operation as well as photovoltaic arrays on 4 public buildings. As a result of the fact that almost all energy must be imported (diesel/oil), electricity is expensive in St Helena, at £0.53/kWh as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> 42% of the utility's costs are due to oil purchases.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> A plan to expand the use of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable</a> solar and wind power was announced in 2016, but never came to fruition. Electricity production from wind has declined steadily from 2014-2024, due to unreliable equipment and <a href="/wiki/Grid_balancing" title="Grid balancing">grid balancing</a> challenges. In 2024, a new target of 80% renewable electricity production by 2027 was announced, by renewing and expanding wind and solar facilities as well as considering the potential of battery storage.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_on_Saint_Helena" title="Transport on Saint Helena">Transport on Saint Helena</a></div> Saint Helena is one of the most remote islands in the world. It has one commercial airport, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">Saint Helena Airport</a>; access to the island improved greatly since its opening in 2017. Sea freight is serviced through Saint Helena's single wharf in Ruperts. The island has a mostly paved road network extending to all inhabited areas of the island, although it is mostly single lane.<a href="#cite_note-z2015-9-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RMS_St_Helena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/RMS_St_Helena.jpg/220px-RMS_St_Helena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/RMS_St_Helena.jpg/330px-RMS_St_Helena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/RMS_St_Helena.jpg/440px-RMS_St_Helena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RMS_St_Helena_(1989)" title="RMS St Helena (1989)">RMS St Helena</a> in James Bay</figcaption></figure> The Saint Helena Government contracts international shipping companies to provide maritime freight services to the island. As of March 2024, MACS Maritime Carrier Shipping GmbH & Co provides regular freight services to the island, usually on a monthly basis. It sails from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> to Saint Helena and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>. Commercial shipping to Saint Helena's is handled at the island's sole <a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">wharf</a> at Ruperts Bay, originally built to assist the airport construction.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Until 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail_Ship" title="Royal Mail Ship">Royal Mail Ship</a> <a href="/wiki/RMS_St_Helena_(1989)" title="RMS St Helena (1989)">RMS St Helena</a> ran between Saint Helena and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> on a five-day voyage, then the only scheduled connection to the island. She berthed offshore in James Bay, Saint Helena about 30 times per year, and passengers and freight were transferred ashore by small boats.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Saint Helena receives around 600 yachting visitors a year.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Comair_Boeing_737-800_flight_to_Saint_Helena_Airport_(191).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/First_Comair_Boeing_737-800_flight_to_Saint_Helena_Airport_%28191%29.jpg/440px-First_Comair_Boeing_737-800_flight_to_Saint_Helena_Airport_%28191%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/First_Comair_Boeing_737-800_flight_to_Saint_Helena_Airport_%28191%29.jpg/660px-First_Comair_Boeing_737-800_flight_to_Saint_Helena_Airport_%28191%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/First_Comair_Boeing_737-800_flight_to_Saint_Helena_Airport_%28191%29.jpg/880px-First_Comair_Boeing_737-800_flight_to_Saint_Helena_Airport_%28191%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">Saint Helena Airport</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">Saint Helena Airport</a> (IATA: HLE) was opened for commercial traffic on 14 October 2017, the island's first and only airport. The South African airline <a href="/wiki/Airlink" title="Airlink">Airlink</a> operates weekly flights to <a href="/wiki/O._R._Tambo_International_Airport" title="O. R. Tambo International Airport">Johannesburg</a>, as well as charter flights to <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> and seasonal flights to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Airport" title="Cape Town International Airport">Cape Town</a>. The airport also operates <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medivac</a> flights and accommodates <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a>. Scheduled flights to and from Johannesburg operated by an <a href="/wiki/Embraer_E190" class="mw-redirect" title="Embraer E190">Embraer E190</a> usually include a fuel stop at <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay_Airport" title="Walvis Bay Airport">Walvis Bay</a>, with a flight time of around 4.5 to 6 hours. Air freight (including mail) is carried by scheduled air services.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The prospect of an airport on St Helena was debated for a long time. Eventually, in March 2005 the British government announced plans to construct the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">Saint Helena Airport</a>. This aimed to help the island become more self-sufficient, encouraging economic development through tourism while reducing dependence on British government aid.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In 2011, South African <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> company Basil Read was contracted to construct the airport, originally projected to open in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The first aircraft landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015. The airport's opening date was delayed due to uncertainty about the impact of high winds and <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In 2017, South African airline <a href="/wiki/Airlink" title="Airlink">Airlink</a> became the preferred bidder to provide a weekly air service between the island and <a href="/wiki/OR_Tambo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="OR Tambo International Airport">Johannesburg</a>. Due to the location of the airport site, at times serious wind shear makes it difficult to land from the north. It is safe to land from the other direction, but it is plagued by <a href="/wiki/Headwind_and_tailwind" title="Headwind and tailwind">tailwinds</a>, which increase landing ground speed and can limit aircraft loading.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Road">edit</a>]</div> Traffic in Saint Helena <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">drives on the left</a> and road signs are based on <a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Road signs in the United Kingdom">British standards</a>. There is an island-wide speed limit of 30 mph (~50 kmh); lower in some areas. There are many private vehicles on the island despite the steep and narrow roads, hairpin bends and limited parking in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Major roads into Jamestown include Side Path and Field Road, which have been upgraded and improved in the period 2022-2024. There are three roundabouts on the island. The road constructed for conveying materials from Ruperts Bay to the airport during construction was paved and opened for public traffic in 2019, a major addition to the island's road network.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> A minibus offers a basic bus service to carry people around Saint Helena, with most services designed to take people into Jamestown. <a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxis</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Car_hire" class="mw-redirect" title="Car hire">car hire</a> services are available.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_communications">Media and communications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Media and communications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Communications in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Communications in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> Telecommunications services in St Helena are provided by <a href="/wiki/Sure_(company)" title="Sure (company)">Sure South Atlantic</a>, providing <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landline</a>, mobile (<a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a>/<a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>), internet and television services. International connectivity is provided by the Google <a href="/wiki/Equiano_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Equiano (submarine communications cable)">Equiano submarine cable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[148]</a> There are three FM radio stations broadcasting in St Helena as of 2023 and two weekly newspapers are published. All of St Helena's international connectivity was by <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">satellite</a> until the activation of the Equiano <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine cable</a> in October 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:1-149">[149]</a> Telecom services in St Helena are comparatively expensive, for example, all TV channels are encrypted and a subscription costs amount to more than one tenth of an average worker's salary.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Sure South Atlantic holds a licensed monopoly on telecommunications on the island until 31 December 2025. As of 2023, new telecoms regulations were being drafted; there was a "possibility of issuing a license to a different provider after Sure's term expires".<a href="#cite_note-spectrum.ieee.org-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Telecommunications">edit</a>]</div> Saint Helena has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" title="List of country calling codes">international calling code</a> +290, which Tristan da Cunha has shared since 2006. Landline telephones are available to all households on the island. Until 2023, a satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dish</a> installed in 1989 was the only international connectivity to the island. Bandwidth was extremely limited and data caps were low. The Equiano submarine cable was activated in 2023, substantially improving communications on the island, offering hugely increased bandwidth and unlimited data plans for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-:2-153">[153]</a> Mobile phone service (2G/4G) commenced in September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-A_BRIEF_HISTORY-37">[37]</a> As of 2024, <a href="/wiki/ADSL2" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSL2">ADSL2</a> service is available to most households, with speeds ranging from 2 to 20 Mbit/s. It is envisioned that a fibre optic network will be installed to homes and businesses by Maestro Technologies, but plans have stalled as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_and_Radio">Television and Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Television and Radio">edit</a>]</div> Television services first arrived in 1995. The current digital broadcasting network uses <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> standards and retransmits international content from satellites.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> A local television channel was in operation from 2015 to 2017 by SAMS, consisting of a weekly <a href="/wiki/News_bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="News bulletin">news bulletin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SHBC20120329-156">[156]</a> Radio broadcasting began in 1967 with <a href="/wiki/Radio_Saint_Helena" title="Radio Saint Helena">Radio Saint Helena</a> (now defunct). Today, South Atlantic Media Services (SAMS), supported by the St Helena Government, broadcasts two FM stations: SAMS Radio 1, providing locally produced news, talk and music programming; SAMS also rebroadcasts the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sams.sh2-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_fm_community_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint fm community radio">Saint FM Community Radio</a> is the island's only independent broadcaster.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Occasional <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> operations also occur on the island. The <a href="/wiki/ITU_prefix" title="ITU prefix">ITU prefix</a> used is ZD7.<a href="#cite_note-sainthelenaisland-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_newspapers">Local newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Local newspapers">edit</a>]</div> The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available online.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The St Helena Independent<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> has been published since November 2005. The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Saint Helena Island Info is an online resource featuring the history of St. Helena from its discovery to the present day, plus photographs and information about life on St. Helena today.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_ground_stations">Satellite ground stations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Satellite ground stations">edit</a>]</div> In February 2018, the government of St Helena launched a project to attract <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low earth orbit</a> satellite operators to install <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">ground stations</a> on the island. Leasing backhaul capacity could contribute to operational costs on the submarine cable. OneWeb announced the construction of a satellite ground station on St. Helena in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Culture and society">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Public holidays in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Public holidays in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Education in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Education in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> The Education and Employment Directorate, formerly the Saint Helena Education Department, in 2000 had its head office in The Canister in Jamestown.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Education is free and compulsory between the ages of five and 16.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> At the beginning of the academic year 2009–10, 230 students were enrolled in primary school and 286 in secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The island has three <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary schools</a> for students of age four to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul's. <ul><li>St Paul's Primary School in St Paul's,<a href="#cite_note-StPaulsPS202001-17-171">[171]</a> formerly St Paul's Middle School, has both first and middle levels as it was formed by a 1 August 2000 merger.<a href="#cite_note-StPaulsMS20020114-172">[172]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit">[update]</a> it has 134 students and serves, in addition to St Paul's, Bluehill, Gordons Post, New Ground, Sandy Bay, and Upper Half Tree Hollow.<a href="#cite_note-StPaulsPS202001-17-171">[171]</a> In 2002, in addition to St Paul's it served a portion of Half Tree Hollow as well as the communities of Blue Hill, Guinea Grass, Hunt's Bank, New Ground, Sandy Bay, Thompson's Hill, and Vaughn's.<a href="#cite_note-StPaulsMS20020114-172">[172]</a></li> <li>Harford Primary School in Longwood, with Governor James Harford as its namesake,<a href="#cite_note-StPaulsPS202001-17-171">[171]</a> opened as a senior school in 1957 and became Hardford Middle School in September 1988.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> It merged with Longwood First School in 2008. It also serves Alarm Forest and Levelwood.<a href="#cite_note-StPaulsPS202001-17-171">[171]</a></li> <li>Pilling Primary School is in Jamestown.<a href="#cite_note-PillingPS2020010117-174">[174]</a> Occupying a former garrison, the school was established in 1941 and became Pilling Middle School in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Jamestown First School, located next door to Pilling Middle, merged into it in May 2005 as a result of declining enrolment. The merged school initially used both buildings, but as the enrolment continued its decline, the ex-Jamestown First Building, constructed in 1959, was no longer in use after 2007. In addition to Jamestown it serves Alarm Forest, Briars, Lower Half Tree Hollow, Rupert's, and Sea View. As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit">[update]</a> it had 126 students.<a href="#cite_note-PillingPS2020010117-174">[174]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew_School_(Saint_Helena)" title="Prince Andrew School (Saint Helena)">Prince Andrew School</a> provides <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> for students aged 11 to 18. It formerly had separate first schools catering to younger students (ages 3 to 7 as of 2002): <ul><li>Half Tree Hollow First School, originally a primary school, opened as such in 1949 with its current name and year configuration in place since 1988. In addition to Half Tree Hollow it served Cleugh's Plain, New Ground, and Sapper Way.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>Jamestown First School, originally Jamestown Junior School, opened as such in 1959 with its current name and year configuration in place since 1988.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li>Longwood First School, originally a primary school, opened in 1949 in a former mess hall for military officers that had been constructed in 1942; this building had an expansion in 1977, and there are four classrooms in a separate building that was built in 1958. Longwood became a "first school" in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li></ul> The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with <a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">special needs</a>, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance learning</a>. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> open since 1813<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a>) and a mobile library service which operates weekly in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_St_Helena-181">[181]</a> The English national curriculum is adapted for local use.<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_St_Helena-181">[181]</a> A range of qualifications are offered—from <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a>, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and <a href="/wiki/Vocationally_Recognised_Qualification" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocationally Recognised Qualification">Vocationally Recognised Qualifications</a> (VRQs):<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <dl><dd>GCSEs <ul><li>Design and Technology</li> <li>ICT</li> <li>Business Studies</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd>A/S & A2 and Level 3 Diploma <ul><li>Business Studies</li> <li>English</li> <li>English Literature</li> <li>Geography</li> <li>ICT</li> <li>Psychology</li> <li>Maths</li> <li>Accountancy</li></ul></dd> <dd></dd> <dd>VRQ <ul><li>Building and Construction</li> <li>Automotive Studies</li></ul></dd></dl> Saint Helena has no <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>. Scholarships are offered for students to study abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_St_Helena-181">[181]</a> St Helena Community College (SHCC) has some vocational and professional education programmes available.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Helena_Mens_Football_Team_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Saint_Helena_Mens_Football_Team_2019.jpg/200px-Saint_Helena_Mens_Football_Team_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Saint_Helena_Mens_Football_Team_2019.jpg/300px-Saint_Helena_Mens_Football_Team_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Saint_Helena_Mens_Football_Team_2019.jpg/400px-Saint_Helena_Mens_Football_Team_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>The football team before a game in <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, the St Helena Turf Club organised the island's first recorded sports events in 1818 with a series of horse races at Deadwood.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Saint Helena has <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Saint Helena at the Commonwealth Games">sent teams to a number</a> of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>. Saint Helena is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Island_Games_Association" title="International Island Games Association">International Island Games Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_national_cricket_team" title="Saint Helena national cricket team">Saint Helena cricket team</a> made its debut in <a href="/wiki/International_cricket" title="International cricket">international cricket</a> in Division Three of the <a href="/wiki/World_Cricket_League_Africa_Region" title="World Cricket League Africa Region">African region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Cricket_League" title="World Cricket League">World Cricket League</a> in 2012. The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_football_team" title="Saint Helena football team">Saint Helena football team</a> first tournament was the <a href="/wiki/2019_Inter_Games_Football_Tournament" title="2019 Inter Games Football Tournament">2019 Inter Games Football Tournament</a> after which it was ranked tenth out of ten. The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December and January. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder_(Saint_Helena)" title="Jacob's Ladder (Saint Helena)">Jacob's Ladder</a> every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scouting_and_Girl_Guiding">Scouting and Girl Guiding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Scouting and Girl Guiding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:081z_Saint_Helena%27s_Day_parade,_1834_-_1984,_Jamestown,_St_Helena_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/081z_Saint_Helena%27s_Day_parade%2C_1834_-_1984%2C_Jamestown%2C_St_Helena_Island.jpg/220px-081z_Saint_Helena%27s_Day_parade%2C_1834_-_1984%2C_Jamestown%2C_St_Helena_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/081z_Saint_Helena%27s_Day_parade%2C_1834_-_1984%2C_Jamestown%2C_St_Helena_Island.jpg/330px-081z_Saint_Helena%27s_Day_parade%2C_1834_-_1984%2C_Jamestown%2C_St_Helena_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/081z_Saint_Helena%27s_Day_parade%2C_1834_-_1984%2C_Jamestown%2C_St_Helena_Island.jpg/440px-081z_Saint_Helena%27s_Day_parade%2C_1834_-_1984%2C_Jamestown%2C_St_Helena_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4299" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption>The 1st Jamestown Scout Group at a Saint Helena's Day parade in 1984</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_on_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Scouting and Guiding on Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Scouting and Guiding on Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> There are <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scouting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girl_Guides" title="Girl Guides">Guiding</a> Groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in <a href="/wiki/Lord_Baden-Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Baden-Powell">Lord Baden-Powell</a>'s book, titled African Adventures.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, Julia Buckley of <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> wrote that, due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">nouvelle cuisine</a>, the food is "[p]retty retro, at least by London standards."<a href="#cite_note-BuckleyStHelenaAirp-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fishcake#Saint_Helena" title="Fishcake">Fish cakes</a> in a St Helena style, with egg binding and chili, and a <a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">risotto</a>-with-<a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a> dish called <a href="/wiki/Pilau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilau">pilau</a> (or plo, similar to the Indian rice dish pulao) are what Buckley describes as "staple[s]".<a href="#cite_note-BuckleyStHelenaAirp-120">[120]</a> Indeed, most of the local recipes are variations of world dishes brought to the island by travellers.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the official language.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The local <a href="/wiki/Basilect" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilect">basilect</a> is called Saint-speak, Saint, or Saint English, which is a form of <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/200px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/300px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/400px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3076" data-file-height="5117" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, 1812</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Saint_Helenian_people" title="Category:Saint Helenian people">Category:Saint Helenian people</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Lopes_(soldier)" title="Fernão Lopes (soldier)">Fernão Lopes</a> (died 1545), Portuguese soldier, first-known permanent inhabitant of the island</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doveton" title="John Doveton">John Doveton</a> (1768 St Helena – 1847), <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> military officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> (1769–1821 St Helena), French Emperor, exiled 1815–1821, died on the island<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Richard_Caldwell" title="Daniel Richard Caldwell">Daniel Richard Caldwell</a> (1816 St Helena – 1875), colonial official.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Solomon" title="Saul Solomon">Saul Solomon</a> (1817 St Helena – 1892), liberal politician of the British <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville" title="François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville">François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville</a> (1818–1900), <a href="/wiki/Retour_des_cendres" title="Retour des cendres">brought the remains</a> of Napoleon to France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bailey_(trade_unionist)" title="William Bailey (trade unionist)">William Bailey</a> (1851 St Helena – 1896), trade unionist in GB and <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive Methodist">Primitive Methodist</a> preacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinuzulu" title="Dinuzulu">Dinuzulu</a> (c. 1868–1913), Zulu king exiled in St Helena from 1890–1897</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Bargash" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid bin Bargash">Khalid bin Bargash</a> (1874–1927), deposed Sultan of Zanzibar, exiled in St Helena in 1917</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Dancoisne-Martineau" title="Michel Dancoisne-Martineau">Michel Dancoisne-Martineau</a> (born 1965), director of the French domains of Saint Helena</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belinda_Bennett" title="Belinda Bennett">Belinda Bennett</a> (born c. 1977 St Helena), cruise ship captain from Saint Helena</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Thomas_(politician)" title="Julie Thomas (politician)">Julie Thomas</a> (born c. 1980 St Helena), inaugural <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Saint_Helena" title="Chief Minister of Saint Helena">Chief Minister of Saint Helena</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_creature">Notable creature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notable creature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(tortoise)" title="Jonathan (tortoise)">Jonathan</a> (hatched c. 1832), <a href="/wiki/Aldabrachelys_gigantea_hololissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa">Seychelles giant tortoise</a> brought to Saint Helena in 1882, is the world's oldest-known living land animal. He celebrated his 190th birthday in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namesake">Namesake</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Namesake">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/St_Helena,_Victoria" title="St Helena, Victoria">St Helena</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, was named after the island. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 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Helena">Healthcare in Saint Helena</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-crown_colony-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crown_colony_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crown_colony_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1751/schedule/made">The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511202653/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1751/schedule/made">Archived</a> 11 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "...the transfer of rule of the island to His Majesty's Government on 22 April 1834 under the Government of India Act 1833, now called the Saint Helena Act 1833" (Schedule Preamble) </li> <li id="cite_note-statistics112021-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistics112021_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics112021_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics112021_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/St-Helena-At-A-Glance.pdf">"St-Helena at a Glance"</a> (PDF). St Helena Government. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St-Helena+at+a+Glance&rft.pub=St+Helena+Government&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sainthelena.gov.sh%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F11%2FSt-Helena-At-A-Glance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.atitle=St+Helena&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Saint%20Helena">"Saint Helena"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Saint+Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FSaint%2520Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/plain/uksi_20091751_en#sch1-pt5">"Constitution of St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"</a>. UK Archives. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312113746/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/plain/uksi_20091751_en#sch1-pt5">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2010. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sthelena.uk.net">the original</a> on 6 May 2013. <q>the island became a temporary refuge for more than 26,000 Africans liberated by the Royal Navy from slave ships.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friends+of+St+Helena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsthelena.uk.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_47-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grove" title="Richard Grove">Richard Grove</a>, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 309–379 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Geoffrey Wolff, The Hard Way Around: The Passages of Joshua Slocum, p 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Royle, Stephen A. 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July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/bpbooks.htm">the original</a> on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Baden-Powell+Bibliography&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk%2Fbpbooks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sainthelenaisland.info/fishcakes.htm">"Fishcakes, and other food | Saint Helena Island Info: All about St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fishcakes%2C+and+other+food+%26%23124%3B+Saint+Helena+Island+Info%3A+All+about+St+Helena%2C+in+the+South+Atlantic+Ocean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsainthelenaisland.info%2Ffishcakes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSA2013" class="citation book cs1">USA, IBP (21 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IESuDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22saint+helena%22+english&pg=PA10">St. Helena Business Law Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws</a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438771083" title="Special:BookSources/9781438771083"><bdi>9781438771083</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Helena+Business+Law+Handbook+Volume+1+Strategic+Information+and+Basic+Laws&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft.isbn=9781438771083&rft.aulast=USA&rft.aufirst=IBP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIESuDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522saint%2Bhelena%2522%2Benglish%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sainthelenaisland.info/speaksaint.htm">"Speak Saint on Saint Helena Island Info: About St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean"</a>. sainthelenaisland.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sainthelenaisland.info&rft.atitle=Speak+Saint+on+Saint+Helena+Island+Info%3A+About+St+Helena%2C+in+the+South+Atlantic+Ocean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsainthelenaisland.info%2Fspeaksaint.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenhallurick2017" class="citation book cs1">Penhallurick, Rob (16 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wiBHEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22saintspeak+%22+helena&pg=PA79">Studying the English Language</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137036216" title="Special:BookSources/9781137036216"><bdi>9781137036216</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017-09-16&rft.isbn=9781137036216&rft.aulast=Penhallurick&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwiBHEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522saintspeak%2B%2522%2Bhelena%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesthrie2008" class="citation book cs1">Mesthrie, Rajend (10 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L1VhZHGupMUC&dq=%22saintspeak+%22+helena&pg=PA225">Africa, South and Southeast Asia</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110208429" title="Special:BookSources/9783110208429"><bdi>9783110208429</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%2C+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008-12-10&rft.isbn=9783110208429&rft.aulast=Mesthrie&rft.aufirst=Rajend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1VhZHGupMUC%26dq%3D%2522saintspeak%2B%2522%2Bhelena%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Holland_Rose" title="John Holland Rose">Rose, John Holland</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Napoleon_I.">"Napoleon I." </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 190–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Napoleon+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=190-211&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=John+Holland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaver2014" class="citation web cs1">Heaver, Stuart (22 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1431060/flagrant-harbour-sordid-affair-cemented-hong-kongs">"Flagrant harbour: the sordid affair that cemented Hong Kong's reputation for vice and corruption"</a>. South China Morning Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704153333/http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1431060/flagrant-harbour-sordid-affair-cemented-hong-kongs">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Flagrant+harbour%3A+the+sordid+affair+that+cemented+Hong+Kong%27s+reputation+for+vice+and+corruption&rft.date=2014-02-22&rft.aulast=Heaver&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Farticle%2F1431060%2Fflagrant-harbour-sordid-affair-cemented-hong-kongs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/63681674">"World's oldest tortoise: Jonathan to get three-day party – CBBC Newsround"</a>. Retrieved 2 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+tortoise%3A+Jonathan+to+get+three-day+party+%E2%80%93+CBBC+Newsround&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsround%2F63681674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/12/07/1141180557/jonathan-tortoise-birthday-190">"Jonathan, the world's oldest tortoise, marks his 190th with fanfare and salad cake"</a>. NPR.org. Retrieved 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Jonathan%2C+the+world%27s+oldest+tortoise%2C+marks+his+190th+with+fanfare+and+salad+cake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F12%2F07%2F1141180557%2Fjonathan-tortoise-birthday-190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Aptroot, Andre. Lichens of St Helena, Pisces Publications, Newbury, UK, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781874357537" title="Special:BookSources/9781874357537">9781874357537</a></li> <li>Brooke, T. H., A History of the Island of St Helena from its Discovery by the Portuguese to the Year 1806, Printed for Black, Parry and Kingsbury, London, 1808</li> <li>Bruce, I. T., Thomas Buce: St Helena Postmaster and Stamp Designer, Thirty years of St Helena, Ascension and Tristan Philately, pp 7–10, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890454-37-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-890454-37-0">1-890454-37-0</a></li> <li>Cannan, Edward Churches of the South Atlantic Islands 1502–1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904614-48-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-904614-48-4">0-904614-48-4</a></li> <li>Chaplin, Arnold, A St Helena's Who's Who or a Directory of the Island During the Captivity of Napoleon, published by the author in 1914. This has recently been republished under the title Napoleon's Captivity on St Helena 1815–1821, Savannah Paperback Classics, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902366-12-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-902366-12-3">1-902366-12-3</a></li> <li>Clements, B.; "St Helena:South Atlantic Fortress"; Fort, (<a href="/wiki/Fortress_Study_Group" title="Fortress Study Group">Fortress Study Group</a>), 2007 (35), pp. 75–90</li> <li>Crallan, Hugh, Island of St Helena, Listing and Preservation of Buildings of Architectural and Historic Interest, 1974</li> <li>Cross, Tony St Helena including Ascension Island and Tristan Da Cunha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-8075-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-8075-3">0-7153-8075-3</a></li> <li>Dampier, William, Piracy, Turtles & Flying Foxes, 2007, Penguin Books, 2007, pp 99–104, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102541-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102541-7">0-14-102541-7</a></li> <li>Darwin, Charles, Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, Chapter 4, Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1844.</li> <li>Denholm, Ken, South Atlantic Haven, a Maritime History for the Island of St Helena, published and printed by the Education Department of the Government of St Helena</li> <li>Duncan, Francis, A Description of the Island of St Helena Containing Observations on its Singular Structure and Formation and an Account of its Climate, Natural History, and Inhabitants, London, Printed For R Phillips, 6 Bridge Street, Blackfriars, 1805</li> <li>Eriksen, Ronnie, St Helena Lifeline, Mallet & Bell Publications, Norfolk, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-620-15055-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-620-15055-6">0-620-15055-6</a></li> <li>Evans, Dorothy, Schooling in the South Atlantic Islands 1661–1992, Anthony Nelson, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904614-51-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-904614-51-4">0-904614-51-4</a></li> <li>George, Barbara B. St Helena — the Chinese Connection (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0189948922" title="Special:BookSources/0189948922">0189948922</a></li> <li>Gosse, Philip Saint Helena, 1502–1938 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904614-39-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-904614-39-5">0-904614-39-5</a></li> <li>Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation, from the Prosperous Voyage of M. Thomas Candish esquire into the South Sea, and so around about the circumference of the whole earth, begun in the yere 1586, and finished 1588, 1598–1600, Volume XI.</li> <li>Hibbert, Edward, St Helena Postal History and Stamps, Robson Lowe Limited, London, 1979</li> <li>Hearl, Trevor W., St Helena Britannica: Studies in South Atlantic Island History (ed. A.H. Schulenburg), Friends of St Helena, London, 2013</li> <li>Holmes, Rachel, Scanty Particulars: The Scandalous Life and Astonishing Secret of James Barry, Queen Victoria's Most Eminent Military Doctor, Viking Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-5055-63" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-5055-63">0-375-5055-63</a></li> <li>Jackson, E. L. St Helena: The Historic Island, Ward, Lock & Co, London, 1903</li> <li>Janisch, Hudson Ralph, Extracts from the St Helena Records, Printed and Published at the "Guardian" Office by Benjamin Grant, St Helena, 1885</li> <li>Keneally, Tom, Napoleon's Last Island, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0%2B85798%2B460%2B9" title="Special:BookSources/978+0+85798+460+9">978 0 85798 460 9</a>, Penguin Random House Australia, 2015</li> <li>Kitching, G. C., A Handbook of St Helena Including a short History of the island Under the Crown</li> <li>Lambdon, Phil. Flowering plants and ferns of St Helena, Pisces Publications, Newbury, UK, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781874357520" title="Special:BookSources/9781874357520">9781874357520</a></li> <li>Melliss, John C. M., St Helena: A Physical, Historical and Topographical Description of the Island Including Geology, Fauna, Flora and Meteorology, L. Reeve & Co, London, 1875</li> <li>Schulenburg, A. H., 'St Helena Historiography, Philately, and the "Castella" Controversy', South Atlantic Chronicle: The Journal of the St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Philatelic Society, Vol. XXIII, No. 3, pp. 3–6, 1999</li> <li>Schulenburg, A.H., '"Island of the Blessed": Eden, Arcadia and the Picturesque in the Textualizing of St Helena', Journal of Historical Geography, Vol.29, No. 4 (2003), pp. 535–53</li> <li>Schulenburg, A.H., 'St Helena: British Local History in the Context of Empire', The Local Historian, Vol.28, No. 2 (1998), pp. 108–122</li> <li>Shine, Ian, Serendipity in St Helena, a Genetical and Medical Study of an isolated Community, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-012794-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-012794-0">0-08-012794-0</a></li> <li>Smallman, David L., Quincentenary, a Story of St Helena, 1502–2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872229-47-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-872229-47-6">1-872229-47-6</a></li> <li>Van Linschoten, Iohn Huighen, His Discours of Voyages into ye Easte & West Indies, Wolfe, London, 1598</li> <li>Weider, Ben & Hapgood, David The Murder of Napoleon (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58348-150-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58348-150-8">1-58348-150-8</a></li> <li>Wigginton, Martin. Mosses and liverworts of St Helena, Pisces Publications, Newbury, UK, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781874357-51-3" title="Special:BookSources/9781874357-51-3">9781874357-51-3</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Media</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Egzd7PsmNTo">St Helena – a remote island in the Atlantic</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> – 28 October 2017</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Saint Helena at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Helena_Island" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Saint Helena Island">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_(island)" class="extiw" title="voy:Saint Helena (island)">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/">The Official Government Website of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sthelenatourism.com/">The Official Website for St Helena Tourism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleonsthelena.com/">The Official Website of the Saint Helena Napoleonic Heritage Ltd</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613055243/http://www.napoleonsthelena.com/">Archived</a> 13 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sainthelenaisland.info/">Saint Helena Island Information website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saint.fm/">Radio Saint FM (live broadcasting from Saint Helena)</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Saint_Helena" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Saint Helena">Wikimedia Atlas of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travellerspoint.com/guide/Saint_Helena/">Saint Helena Travel Guide</a> from <a href="/wiki/Travellerspoint" title="Travellerspoint">Travellerspoint</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk./2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8465785.stm">BBC News: Life on one of the world's most remote islands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024163358/http://www.inside-longwood.com/inside-longwood-places-habitations.html">Main sites, habitations and occupants of the island during Napoleon's captivity</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></li> <li>Seale, Robert F. (1834) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/31690">The geognosy of the island St. Helena, illustrated in a series of views, plans and sections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015459/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/31690">Archived</a> 4 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: Achermann and Co. – digital facsimile from the <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hall_Library" title="Linda Hall Library">Linda Hall Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/St_Helena_(2.)">"St Helena (2.)" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. XXI (9th ed.). 1886. pp. 170–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Helena+%282.%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=170-171&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntrobusCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Antrobus, Reginald Laurence; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/St_Helena">"St Helena" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 7–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Helena&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=7-9&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Antrobus&rft.aufirst=Reginald+Laurence&rft.au=Cana%2C+Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Helena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcet.org/shows/globe-trekker/episodes/isolated-islands-st-helena">Isolated Islands: St. Helena</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306225759/https://www.kcet.org/shows/globe-trekker/episodes/isolated-islands-st-helena">Archived</a> 6 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Globe_Trekker" title="Globe Trekker">Globe Trekker</a> (Travel documentary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/DEPOSIT/GBR_St_Helena_EEZ_geographical_coordinates.pdf">Borders of the Saint Helena Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Template:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Template talk:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Helena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena" title="Governor of Saint Helena">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Saint_Helena" title="Chief Minister of Saint Helena">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Saint_Helena" title="Legislative Council of Saint Helena">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Helena" title="Flag of Saint Helena">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena" title="Coat of arms of Saint Helena">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alarm_Forest" title="Alarm Forest">Alarm Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barren_Ground,_Saint_Helena" title="Barren Ground, Saint Helena">Barren Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hill,_Saint_Helena" title="Blue Hill, Saint Helena">Blue Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Tree_Hollow" title="Half Tree Hollow">Half Tree Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelwood,_Saint_Helena" title="Levelwood, Saint Helena">Levelwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Saint_Helena" title="Longwood, Saint Helena">Longwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruperts,_Saint_Helena" title="Ruperts, Saint Helena">Ruperts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s,_Saint_Helena" title="Saint Paul's, Saint Helena">Saint Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bay,_Saint_Helena" title="Sandy Bay, Saint Helena">Sandy Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">Saint Helena Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ascension" title="Governor of Ascension">Governor (Administrator)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island_Council" title="Ascension Island Council">Island Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ascension_Island" title="Flag of Ascension Island">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ascension_Island" title="Coat of arms of Ascension Island">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Hill,_Ascension_Island" title="Cat Hill, Ascension Island">Cat Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Travellers_Hill" title="RAF Travellers Hill">Travellers Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Boats,_Ascension_Island" title="Two Boats, Ascension Island">Two Boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain" title="Green Mountain">Green Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Governor of Tristan da Cunha">Governor (Administrator)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha_Island_Council" title="Tristan da Cunha Island Council">Island Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Flag of Tristan da Cunha">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Coat of arms of Tristan da Cunha">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Edinburgh of the Seven Seas">Edinburgh of the Seven Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_Patches" title="Potato Patches">Potato Patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_Islands" title="Nightingale Islands">Nightingale Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_Island" title="Nightingale Island">Nightingale Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Island,_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Middle Island, Tristan da Cunha">Middle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoltenhoff_Island" title="Stoltenhoff Island">Stoltenhoff Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Point,_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Sandy Point, Tristan da Cunha">Sandy Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_St_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha_Constitution_Order_2009" title="The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009">Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd>Current territory</dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd>†Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 (integrated into the UK) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li>†Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>23 since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a>13 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>15 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Helena</a>23 since 1658</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a>12 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>14 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a>13 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>23 since 1816</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>12Now †<a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li>13<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of †<a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of †<a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li>14<a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li>15Now †<a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)26</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>18 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>19 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>19 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>18Now †<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, †<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and †<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>19<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li>26Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>20 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a>21 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a>20 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a>20 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a>22 1892–1979</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a>20 1900–1974</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>20Now part of the †<a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li>21Now †<a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li>22Now †<a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and †*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a>4 1670–1688</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>5 since 1833</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>5 since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>4Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li>5Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Helena</a>23 since 1658</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>23 since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>23 since 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> since 1833</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>) 1841–1933</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>) 1841–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>24 since 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>25 since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>23Since 2009 part of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li>24Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li>25Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34497#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34497#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34497#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4146217722609140514">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1230111/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCvfpCG8TqRBBVXmf6rq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4051605-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84174773">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge214392&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX460258">Spain</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/30049">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555375505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/24a09d10-d96f-44e7-97f3-a36dfe2230dc">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/h7Bd1cbB">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044614">NARA</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044615">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Helena&params=15_58_S_5_42_W_type:isle_region:SH-HL">15°58′S 5°42′W / 15.967°S 5.700°W / -15.967; -5.700</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&oldid=1256532124">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena&oldid=1256532124</a>"</div></div> <div 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