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height: 1.5625em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="ఒక స్వేచ్ఛా విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-te.svg" width="119" height="16" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="వికీపీడియా లో వెతకండి [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>వెతుకు</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="వికీపీడియా‌లో వెతకండి" aria-label="వికీపీడియా‌లో వెతకండి" autocapitalize="sentences" title="వికీపీడియా లో వెతకండి [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ప్రత్యేక:అన్వేషణ"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">వెతుకు</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_te.wikipedia.org&uselang=te" class=""><span>విరాళాలు</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81&returnto=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మీరొక ఖాతాను సృష్టించుకొని, లాగినవడాన్ని ప్రోత్సహిస్తాం; అయితే, అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు" class=""><span>ఖాతా సృష్టించుకోండి</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82&returnto=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మిమ్మల్ని లాగినవమని ప్రోత్సహిస్తున్నాం; కానీ అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>లాగినవండి</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="వాడుకరి మెనూ" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_te.wikipedia.org&uselang=te"><span>విరాళాలు</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81&returnto=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మీరొక ఖాతాను సృష్టించుకొని, లాగినవడాన్ని ప్రోత్సహిస్తాం; అయితే, అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ఖాతా సృష్టించుకోండి</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82&returnto=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మిమ్మల్ని లాగినవమని ప్రోత్సహిస్తున్నాం; కానీ అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>లాగినవండి</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81-%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఈ IP అడ్రసు నుండి చేసిన దిద్దుబాట్ల జాబితా [y]" accesskey="y"><span>మార్పుచేర్పులు</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A" title="ఈ ఐపీ చిరునామా నుండి చేసిన మార్పుల గురించి చర్చ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ఈ IP కి సంబంధించిన చర్చ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eఈ నోటీసును తొలగించు\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"te\" 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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="విషయ సూచిక" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 భాషలు</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal – ఇంగ్లీష్" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alkaline earth metal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ఇంగ్లీష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="क्षारीय मृदा धातु – హిందీ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्षारीय मृदा धातु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="హిందీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="காரக்கனிம மாழைகள் – తమిళము" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காரக்கனிம மாழைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="తమిళము" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ക്ഷാരീയമൃത്തികാലോഹങ്ങൾ – మలయాళం" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ഷാരീയമൃത്തികാലോഹങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="మలయాళం" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardalkalimetaal" title="Aardalkalimetaal – ఆఫ్రికాన్స్" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aardalkalimetaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ఆఫ్రికాన్స్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalinoterrio" title="Alcalinoterrio – అరగోనిస్" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alcalinoterrio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="అరగోనిస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="فلز قلوي ترابي – అరబిక్" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلز قلوي ترابي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="అరబిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalinoterreu" title="Alcalinoterreu – ఆస్టూరియన్" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alcalinoterreu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ఆస్టూరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99l%C9%99vi_torpaq_metallar%C4%B1" title="Qələvi torpaq metalları – అజర్బైజాని" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qələvi torpaq metalları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="అజర్బైజాని" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah – బాలినీస్" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Logam alkali tanah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="బాలినీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Шчолачназямельныя металы – బెలారుషియన్" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шчолачназямельныя металы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="బెలారుషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Лужназямельныя мэталы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лужназямельныя мэталы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алкалоземен метал – బల్గేరియన్" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алкалоземен метал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="బల్గేరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="एल्कलाइन मटिया धातु – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एल्कलाइन मटिया धातु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="মৃৎক্ষার ধাতু – బంగ్లా" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৃৎক্ষার ধাতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="బంగ్లా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སེ་རུལ་ཅན་གྱི་ལྕགས་རིགས། – టిబెటన్" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེ་རུལ་ཅན་གྱི་ལྕགས་རིགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="టిబెటన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemnoalkalni_metali" title="Zemnoalkalni metali – బోస్నియన్" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zemnoalkalni metali" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="బోస్నియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalinoterri" title="Alcalinoterri – కాటలాన్" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alcalinoterri" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="కాటలాన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C4%95ng-t%C5%AB_g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k" title="Giĕng-tū gĭng-sṳ̆k – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Giĕng-tū gĭng-sṳ̆k" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovy_alkalick%C3%BDch_zemin" title="Kovy alkalických zemin – చెక్" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kovy alkalických zemin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="చెక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5-%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Сĕлтĕлле-çĕрле металл – చువాష్" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сĕлтĕлле-çĕрле металл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="చువాష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metel_daear_alcal%C3%AFaidd" title="Metel daear alcalïaidd – వెల్ష్" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Metel daear alcalïaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="వెల్ష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordalkalimetal" title="Jordalkalimetal – డానిష్" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jordalkalimetal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="డానిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdalkalimetalle" title="Erdalkalimetalle – జర్మన్" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdalkalimetalle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="జర్మన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Αλκαλικές γαίες – గ్రీక్" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλκαλικές γαίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="గ్రీక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teralkala_metalo" title="Teralkala metalo – ఎస్పెరాంటో" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teralkala metalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ఎస్పెరాంటో" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalinot%C3%A9rreos" title="Alcalinotérreos – స్పానిష్" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alcalinotérreos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="స్పానిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leelismuldmetallid" title="Leelismuldmetallid – ఎస్టోనియన్" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leelismuldmetallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ఎస్టోనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_lurralkalino" title="Metal lurralkalino – బాస్క్యూ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metal lurralkalino" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="బాస్క్యూ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="فلزهای قلیایی خاکی – పర్షియన్" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلزهای قلیایی خاکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="పర్షియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa-alkalimetalli" title="Maa-alkalimetalli – ఫిన్నిష్" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maa-alkalimetalli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ఫిన్నిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_alcalino-terreux" title="Métal alcalino-terreux – ఫ్రెంచ్" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métal alcalino-terreux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ఫ్రెంచ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdalkaalimetal" title="Eerdalkaalimetal – ఉత్తర ఫ్రిసియన్" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eerdalkaalimetal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ఉత్తర ఫ్రిసియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierdalkalymetaal" title="Ierdalkalymetaal – పశ్చిమ ఫ్రిసియన్" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ierdalkalymetaal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="పశ్చిమ ఫ్రిసియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotail_Chr%C3%A9-Alcaileacha-Gr%C3%BApa_2" title="Miotail Chré-Alcaileacha-Grúpa 2 – ఐరిష్" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotail Chré-Alcaileacha-Grúpa 2" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ఐరిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="鹼土金屬 – గాన్ చైనీస్" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鹼土金屬" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="గాన్ చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalinot%C3%A9rreo" title="Alcalinotérreo – గాలిషియన్" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alcalinotérreo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="గాలిషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81" title="આલ્ક્લાઇન પાર્થિવ ધાતુ – గుజరాతి" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આલ્ક્લાઇન પાર્થિવ ધાતુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="గుజరాతి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1n-th%C3%BA_k%C3%AEm-su%CC%8Dk" title="Kán-thú kîm-su̍k – హక్కా చైనీస్" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kán-thú kîm-su̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="హక్కా చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מתכת אלקלית עפרורית – హిబ్రూ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתכת אלקלית עפרורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="హిబ్రూ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaara_matti_dhaatu" title="Khaara matti dhaatu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Khaara matti dhaatu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemnoalkalijski_metali" title="Zemnoalkalijski metali – క్రొయేషియన్" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemnoalkalijski metali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="క్రొయేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alkaline-tere" title="Metal alkaline-tere – హైటియన్ క్రియోల్" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Metal alkaline-tere" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="హైటియన్ క్రియోల్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alk%C3%A1lif%C3%B6ldf%C3%A9mek" title="Alkáliföldfémek – హంగేరియన్" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alkáliföldfémek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="హంగేరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հողալկալիական մետաղներ – ఆర్మేనియన్" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հողալկալիական մետաղներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ఆర్మేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo_alcalin_terrose" title="Metallo alcalin terrose – ఇంటర్లింగ్వా" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Metallo alcalin terrose" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ఇంటర్లింగ్వా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah – ఇండోనేషియన్" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logam alkali tanah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ఇండోనేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teralkala_metalo" title="Teralkala metalo – ఈడో" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Teralkala metalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ఈడో" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%B0alkal%C3%ADm%C3%A1lmur" title="Jarðalkalímálmur – ఐస్లాండిక్" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jarðalkalímálmur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ఐస్లాండిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalli_alcalino_terrosi" title="Metalli alcalino terrosi – ఇటాలియన్" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metalli alcalino terrosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ఇటాలియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第2族元素 – జపనీస్" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第2族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="జపనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mlijilkle" title="mlijilkle – లోజ్బాన్" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mlijilkle" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="లోజ్బాన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_tanah" title="Alkali tanah – జావనీస్" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alkali tanah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="జావనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტუტემიწა ლითონები – జార్జియన్" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუტემიწა ლითონები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="జార్జియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сілтілік жер металдар – కజఖ్" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сілтілік жер металдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="కజఖ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC_%ED%86%A0%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="알칼리 토금속 – కొరియన్" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알칼리 토금속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="కొరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalla_alcalica_terrena" title="Metalla alcalica terrena – లాటిన్" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metalla alcalica terrena" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="లాటిన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerdalkalimetaal" title="Aerdalkalimetaal – లిమ్బర్గిష్" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aerdalkalimetaal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="లిమ్బర్గిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall_alcalin-terros" title="Metall alcalin-terros – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Metall alcalin-terros" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arminiai_%C5%BEem%C4%97s_metalai" title="Šarminiai žemės metalai – లిథువేనియన్" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šarminiai žemės metalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="లిథువేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81rmzemju_met%C4%81li" title="Sārmzemju metāli – లాట్వియన్" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sārmzemju metāli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="లాట్వియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Земноалкален метал – మాసిడోనియన్" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Земноалкален метал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="మాసిడోనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Газрын шүлтийн металл – మంగోలియన్" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газрын шүлтийн металл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="మంగోలియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="अल्कमृदा धातू – మరాఠీ" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अल्कमृदा धातू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="మరాఠీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_alkali_bumi" title="Logam alkali bumi – మలయ్" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Logam alkali bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="మలయ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="အယ်လ်ကာလီ မြေသတ္တု – బర్మీస్" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လ်ကာလီ မြေသတ္တု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="బర్మీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdalkalimetall" title="Eerdalkalimetall – లో జర్మన్" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eerdalkalimetall" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="లో జర్మన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="एल्कालाइन चा धातु – నెవారి" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एल्कालाइन चा धातु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="నెవారి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardalkalimetaal" title="Aardalkalimetaal – డచ్" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardalkalimetaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="డచ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordalkalimetall" title="Jordalkalimetall – నార్వేజియాన్ న్యోర్స్క్" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jordalkalimetall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="నార్వేజియాన్ న్యోర్స్క్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordalkalimetall" title="Jordalkalimetall – నార్వేజియన్ బొక్మాల్" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jordalkalimetall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="నార్వేజియన్ బొక్మాల్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metau_alcalinoterr%C3%B3s" title="Metau alcalinoterrós – ఆక్సిటన్" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metau alcalinoterrós" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ఆక్సిటన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਖ਼ਾਰੀ ਭੌਂ ਧਾਤ – పంజాబీ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਾਰੀ ਭੌਂ ਧਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="పంజాబీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylowce" title="Berylowce – పోలిష్" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Berylowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="పోలిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alcalinoterroso" title="Metal alcalinoterroso – పోర్చుగీస్" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metal alcalinoterroso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="పోర్చుగీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allpa_alkali_q%27illay" title="Allpa alkali q'illay – కెచువా" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Allpa alkali q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="కెచువా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alcalino-p%C4%83m%C3%A2ntos" title="Metal alcalino-pământos – రోమేనియన్" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metal alcalino-pământos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="రోమేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Щёлочноземельные металлы – రష్యన్" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Щёлочноземельные металлы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="రష్యన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Земноалкалны металы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Земноалкалны металы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Солох сир метал – సాఖా" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Солох сир метал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="సాఖా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_yird_metal" title="Alkaline yird metal – స్కాట్స్" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alkaline yird metal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="స్కాట్స్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemnoalkalijski_metali" title="Zemnoalkalijski metali – సేర్బో-క్రొయేషియన్" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zemnoalkalijski metali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="సేర్బో-క్రొయేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%84" title="ක්ෂාරීය පාංශු ලෝහ – సింహళం" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්ෂාරීය පාංශු ලෝහ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="సింహళం" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alkaline earth metal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov_alkalick%C3%BDch_zem%C3%ADn" title="Kov alkalických zemín – స్లోవక్" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kov alkalických zemín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="స్లోవక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljoalkalijska_kovina" title="Zemljoalkalijska kovina – స్లోవేనియన్" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zemljoalkalijska kovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="స్లోవేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdin_dhuleed_ah" title="Macdin dhuleed ah – సోమాలి" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Macdin dhuleed ah" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="సోమాలి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_dyt%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i dytë i elementeve kimike – అల్బేనియన్" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i dytë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="అల్బేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Земноалкални метал – సెర్బియన్" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Земноалкални метал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="సెర్బియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_alkali_taneuh" title="Logam alkali taneuh – సండానీస్" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Logam alkali taneuh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="సండానీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalisk_jordartsmetall" title="Alkalisk jordartsmetall – స్వీడిష్" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alkalisk jordartsmetall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="స్వీడిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metali_za_udongo_alikalini" title="Metali za udongo alikalini – స్వాహిలి" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Metali za udongo alikalini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="స్వాహిలి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97" title="โลหะแอลคาไลน์เอิร์ท – థాయ్" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลหะแอลคาไลน์เอิร์ท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="థాయ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toprak_alkali_metal" title="Toprak alkali metal – టర్కిష్" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toprak alkali metal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="టర్కిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Лужноземельні метали – ఉక్రెయినియన్" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лужноземельні метали" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ఉక్రెయినియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishqoriy-yer_metallar" title="Ishqoriy-yer metallar – ఉజ్బెక్" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ishqoriy-yer metallar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ఉజ్బెక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i_ki%E1%BB%81m_th%E1%BB%95" title="Kim loại kiềm thổ – వియత్నామీస్" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kim loại kiềm thổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="వియత్నామీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属 – వు చైనీస్" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="碱土金属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="వు చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C" title="אלקאלי ערד מעטאל – ఇడ్డిష్" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלקאלי ערד מעטאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ఇడ్డిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B9%CC%81t%C3%A0l%C3%AC_alkal%C3%ADn%C3%AC_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80" title="Mẹ́tàlì alkalínì ilẹ̀ – యోరుబా" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mẹ́tàlì alkalínì ilẹ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="యోరుబా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属 – చైనీస్" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碱土金属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="鹼土金屬 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鹼土金屬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E2%81%BF-th%C3%B3%CD%98_kim-sio%CC%8Dk" title="Kiⁿ-thó͘ kim-sio̍k – మిన్ నాన్ చైనీస్" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiⁿ-thó͘ kim-sio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="మిన్ నాన్ చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="鹼土金屬 – కాంటనీస్" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鹼土金屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="కాంటనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19563#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="భాషాలింకులను మార్చు" class="wbc-editpage">లంకెలను మార్చు</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="పేరుబరులు"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="విషయపు పేజీని చూడండి [c]" accesskey="c"><span>వ్యాసం</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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border:1px solid #a9a9a9; background:#f8f8f8; padding:2px; width:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8;"><center><span class="nowrap">క్షార మృత్తికా లోహాలు</span></center> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:1em; margin-top:1px; background:transparent; border:1px solid #a9a9a9;"> <table class="nogrid" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color:transparent; text-align: center; empty-cells: show; border:none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Hydrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Helium" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Beryllium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Boron" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Carbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Oxygen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Fluorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Neon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Sodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Magnesium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Silicon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Phosphorus</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Chlorine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Argon" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Potassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Calcium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Scandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Manganese</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Iron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Nickel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Copper</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Zinc</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Arsenic</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Selenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Bromine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Krypton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Indium" class="mw-redirect" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none"> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Barium" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Europium" class="mw-redirect" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Radon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Radium" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununtrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununtrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununtrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununpentium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununpentium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununseptium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununseptium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none"><a href="/wiki/Ununoctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununoctium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Ununoctium</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="nowrap" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center;">క్షార లోహాలు ← <span style="width:8px; border:1px solid black" title="">  </span> → గ్రూపు 3 మూలకాలు</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; margin=0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (periodic table)">IUPAC group number</a></th> <th>2 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Name by element</td> <td><span class="nowrap">బెరెలియం గ్రూపు</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trivial name</td> <td>క్షార మృత్తికా లోహాలు </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (periodic table)">CAS group number</a><br /><small>(US, pattern A-B-A)</small></div></td> <td>IIA </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (periodic table)">old IUPAC number</a><br /><small>(Europe, pattern A-B)</small></div></td> <td>IIA </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">↓ <small><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="బెరీలియం: alkaline earth metal; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Be-140g.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lump of beryllium"><img alt="Image: Lump of beryllium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Be-140g.jpg/210px-Be-140g.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Be-140g.jpg/315px-Be-140g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Be-140g.jpg/420px-Be-140g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="బెరీలియం">బెరీలియం</a> (Be)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">4</span> <small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="మెగ్నీషియం: alkaline earth metal; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magnesium crystals"><img alt="Image: Magnesium crystals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg/210px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg/315px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg/420px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="మెగ్నీషియం">మెగ్నీషియం</a> (Mg)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">12</span> <small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="కాల్షియం: alkaline earth metal; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calcium stored under argon atmosphere"><img alt="Image: Calcium stored under argon atmosphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/210px-Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/315px-Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/420px-Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాల్షియం">కాల్షియం</a> (Ca)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">20</span> <small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="స్ట్రాన్షియం: alkaline earth metal; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strontium floating in paraffin oil"><img alt="Image: Strontium floating in paraffin oil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg/210px-Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg/315px-Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg/420px-Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5236" data-file-height="3357" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="స్ట్రాన్షియం">స్ట్రాన్షియం</a> (Sr)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">38</span> <small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="బేరియం: alkaline earth metal; primordial; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barium stored under argon atmosphere"><img alt="Image: Barium stored under argon atmosphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/210px-Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/315px-Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/420px-Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="బేరియం">బేరియం</a> (Ba)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">56</span> <small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="రేడియం: alkaline earth metal; from decay; solid" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Radium226.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radium electroplated on copper foil and covered with polyurethane to prevent reaction with air"><img alt="Image: Radium electroplated on copper foil and covered with polyurethane to prevent reaction with air" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radium226.jpg/210px-Radium226.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radium226.jpg/315px-Radium226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radium226.jpg/420px-Radium226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="రేడియం">రేడియం</a> (Ra)<br /><span style="color:#000000;">88</span> <small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> <p><i>Legend</i> </p> <table style="text-align:center; border:0; margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid #6e6e8e; background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_element&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primordial element (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">primordial element</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; background:#f0f0f0;padding:0 2px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactive_decay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioactive decay (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">element by radioactive decay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atomic number color:<br /><span style="color:#000000;">black=solid</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3795437">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Erdalkali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Erdalkali.jpg/220px-Erdalkali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Erdalkali.jpg/330px-Erdalkali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Erdalkali.jpg/440px-Erdalkali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>క్షారమృత్తిక లోహాలు</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="విస్తృత ఆవర్తన పట్టిక">విస్తృత ఆవర్తన పట్టికలో</a> రెండవ గ్రూపులో అమర్చిన <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="బెరీలియం">బెరీలియం</a> (Be), <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="మెగ్నీషియం">మెగ్నీషియం</a> (Mg), <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాల్షియం">కాల్షియం</a> (Ca), <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="స్ట్రాన్షియం">స్ట్రాన్షియం</a> (Sr), <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="బేరియం">బేరియం</a> (Ba), <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="రేడియం">రేడియం</a> (Ra) మూలకాలను 'క్షార మృత్తిక లోహాలు' అంటారు.<sup id="cite_ref-redbook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ఈ మూలకాలన్నీ మెరుపు గుణం కలిగి, సిల్వర్ రంగు గల తెలుపుతో ఒకే రకమైన ధర్మాలను ప్రదర్శిస్తాయి. ఇవి సాధారణ ఉష్ణోగ్రతా పీడనాల వద్ద ఎక్కువ చర్యాశీలత గల లోహాలు.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>నిర్మాణత్మకంగా ఈ మూలకాల పరమాణువులోని బాహ్య కక్ష్యలో s-ఆర్బిటాల్ పూర్తిగా రెండు ఎలక్ట్రాన్లతో నిండి ఉంటుంది.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RubberBible84th2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RubberBible84th2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> అందువలన క్షారమృత్తికా లోహాలు సులువుగా రెండు ఎలక్ట్రాన్లను కోల్పోయి కాటయాన్లను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి. వీటి ఆవేశం +2, ఆక్సీకరణ స్థితి +2, ఉంటుంది.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood&Earnshaw_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>అన్ని క్షారమృత్తికా లోహాలు ప్రకృతిలో లభ్యమవుతాయి. రేడియం మాత్రం యురేనియం, ధోరియం వంటి భార లోహాల రేడియోధార్మిక విఘటనం చెందినపుడు ఆ విఘటన గొలుసులో లభ్యమవుతుంది.<sup id="cite_ref-webelements-occurrence_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webelements-occurrence-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ఈ మూలకాల గ్రూపులో స్ట్రాన్షియం తరువాత రావలసిన 120 పరమాణు సంఖ్య గల మూలకాన్ని ప్రయోగం ద్వారా తయారుచేయుటకు చేసిన ప్రయోగాలు సఫలం కాలేదు. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ధర్మాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.A7.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AE.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>ధర్మాలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=1" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: ధర్మాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="రసాయన"><span id=".E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.B8.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.AF.E0.B0.A8"></span>రసాయన</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=2" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: రసాయన"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ఈ మూలకాలు ఆవర్తన పట్టికలో రెండవ గ్రూపుకు చెందుతాయి. ఈ మూలకాల బాహ్య కక్ష్యలో ఎలక్ట్రాన్ విన్యాసం ఒకేలా ఉంటుంది. అందువలన ఇవి ఒకే విధమైన రసాయన ధర్మాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_number" class="extiw" title="en:Atomic number">Z</a></i> </th> <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element" class="extiw" title="en:Chemical element">మూలకం</a> </th> <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_shell" class="extiw" title="en:Electron shell">ఎలక్ట్రాన్ల సంఖ్య/కర్పరం</a> </th> <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration" class="extiw" title="en:Electron configuration">ఎలక్ట్రాన్ విన్యాసం</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>బెరెలియం </td> <td>2, 2 </td> <td>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" class="extiw" title="en:Helium">He</a>] 2s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>మెగ్నీషియం </td> <td>2, 8, 2 </td> <td>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon" class="extiw" title="en:Neon">Ne</a>] 3s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>కాల్షియం </td> <td>2, 8, 8, 2 </td> <td>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon" class="extiw" title="en:Argon">Ar</a>] 4s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td>స్ట్రాన్షియం </td> <td>2, 8, 18, 8, 2 </td> <td>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton" class="extiw" title="en:Krypton">Kr</a>] 5s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>56 </td> <td>బేరియం </td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 </td> <td>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon" class="extiw" title="en:Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>88 </td> <td>రేడియం </td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 </td> <td>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon" class="extiw" title="en:Radon">Rn</a>] 7s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>రసాయన శాస్త్రంలో పై మూలకాలలో పై ఐదింటి ధర్మాలను పరిశీలించడం జరిగింది. కానీ రేడియం మూలకానికి ఉన్న రేడియోధార్మిక ధర్మం మూలంగా పూర్తిగా దాని రసాయన ధర్మాలను పరిశీలించలేదు.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>క్షార మృత్తికలోహాలు సిల్వర్ రంగులో మెత్తగా ఉంటాయి. అవి సాపేక్షంగా తక్కువ సాంద్రతను, ద్రవీభవన స్థానాన్ని, బాష్పీభవన స్థానాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటాయి. ఈ మూలకాలు హేజోజన్లతో రసాయన చర్య జరిపి వాటి లోహ హాలైడ్లను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి. అవి అయానిక స్పటిక సమ్మేళనాలు. బెరెలియం తప్ప అన్ని క్షార మృత్తిక లోహాలు నీటితో చర్య జరిపి క్షార హైడ్రాక్సైడ్లను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి. భారయుత క్షార మృత్తికలోహము తేలికపాటి లోహం కన్నా ఎక్కువ చర్యాశీలత కల్గి ఉంటాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> క్షార మృత్తిక లోహాలు ఆవర్తన పట్టిలలో వాటి పీరియడ్లలో రెండవ అతి తక్కువ మొదటి అయనీకరణ శక్తిని కలిగి ఉంటాయి<sup id="cite_ref-RubberBible84th2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RubberBible84th2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. క్షారమృత్తిక లోహాల రెండవ అయనీకరణ శక్తి కూడా తక్కువగా ఉంటుంది.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RubberBible84th2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RubberBible84th2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>బెరిలియం ఒక మినహాయింపు: ఇది నీరు లేదా ఆవిరితో చర్య జరపదు. దాని హాలైడ్లు సమయోజనీయమైనవి. బెరీలియం కలిగి ఉన్న అన్ని సమ్మేళనాలు సమయోజనీయ బంధాన్ని కలిగి ఉంటాయి.<sup id="cite_ref-deGruyter_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGruyter-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> బెరెలియం సమ్మేళనాలలో బెరెలియం ఫ్లోరైడ్ ఎక్కువ అయానిక సమ్మేళనము. ఇది తక్కువ ద్రవీభవన స్థానం, గలన స్థితిలో తక్కువ విద్యుద్వాహకత కలిగి ఉంటుంది.<sup id="cite_ref-Beryllium_halide_and_pseudohalides_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beryllium_halide_and_pseudohalides-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beryllium_chemistry_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beryllium_chemistry-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-General_analytical_chemistry_of_beryllium_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_analytical_chemistry_of_beryllium-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>అన్ని క్షార మృత్తిక లోహాల భాహ్య కర్పరంలో రెండు ఎలక్త్రాన్లు ఉన్నాయి. సంయోజకత 2 ఉన్నందున అష్టకం పొందడానికి రెండు ఎలక్ట్రాన్లను కోల్పోయి ధనాత్మక అయాన్లను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి. అన్నీ ద్వసంయోజక అయాన్లనిస్తాయి. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="భౌతిక_ధర్మాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.AD.E0.B1.8C.E0.B0.A4.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.95_.E0.B0.A7.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.AE.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>భౌతిక ధర్మాలు</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=3" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: భౌతిక ధర్మాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ఈ క్రింది పట్టికలో క్షారమృత్తిక లోహాల భౌతిక ధర్మాలను సుచించడం జరిగింది. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>క్షార <p>మృత్తిక లోహం </p> </th> <th>ప్రామాణిక <p>పరమాణు </p><p>భారం </p><p>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_atomic_mass_unit" class="extiw" title="en:Unified atomic mass unit">u</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atomicweights2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atomicweights2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atomicweights2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atomicweights2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>ద్రవీభవన <p>స్థానం </p><p>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin" class="extiw" title="en:Kelvin">K</a>) </p> </th> <th>ద్రవీభవన <p>స్థానం </p><p>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" class="extiw" title="en:Celsius">°C</a>) </p> </th> <th>బాష్పీభవన <p>స్థానం (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin" class="extiw" title="en:Kelvin">K</a>) !<sup id="cite_ref-RubberBible84th2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RubberBible84th2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> బాష్పీభవన స్థానం (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" class="extiw" title="en:Celsius">°C</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-RubberBible84th2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RubberBible84th2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>సాంద్రత <p>(g/cm<sup>3</sup>) </p> </th> <th>ఋణ <p>విద్యు </p><p>దాత్మకత </p><p>పాలింగ్ </p> </th> <th>ప్రథమ <p>అయనీకరణ </p><p>శక్మం </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="extiw" title="en:Kilojoule per mole">kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup></a> </p> </th> <th>సంయోజనీయ <p>వ్యాసార్థం </p><p>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picometre" class="extiw" title="en:Picometre">pm</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-slater64_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slater64-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th colspan="2">జ్వాల <p>పరీక్ష </p><p>రంగు </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>బెరెలియం </td> <td>9.012182 (3) </td> <td>1560 </td> <td>1287 </td> <td>2742 </td> <td>2469 </td> <td>1.85 </td> <td>1.57 </td> <td>899.5 </td> <td>105 </td> <td>తెలుపు<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>మెగ్నీషియం </td> <td>24.3050 (6) </td> <td>923 </td> <td>650 </td> <td>1363 </td> <td>1090 </td> <td>1.738 </td> <td>1.31 </td> <td>737.7 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>బ్రిలియంట్ <p>తెలుపు<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>కాల్షియం </td> <td>40.078 (4) </td> <td>1115 </td> <td>842 </td> <td>1757 </td> <td>1484 </td> <td>1.54 </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td>589.8 </td> <td>180 </td> <td>ఇటుక <p>ఎరుపు<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flammenf%C3%A4rbungCa.png"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungCa.png/40px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungCa.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungCa.png/60px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungCa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungCa.png/80px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungCa.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="1401" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>స్ట్రాన్షియం </td> <td>87.62 (1) </td> <td>1050 </td> <td>777 </td> <td>1655 </td> <td>1382 </td> <td>2.64 </td> <td>0.95 </td> <td>549.5 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>క్రిమ్సన్<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flammenf%C3%A4rbungSr.png"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungSr.png/40px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungSr.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungSr.png/60px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungSr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungSr.png/79px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungSr.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="1467" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>బేరియం </td> <td>137.327 (7) </td> <td>1000 </td> <td>727 </td> <td>2170 </td> <td>1897 </td> <td>3.594 </td> <td>0.89 </td> <td>502.9 </td> <td>215 </td> <td>ఆపిల్ <p>గ్రీన్<sup id="cite_ref-rsc2_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>రేడియం </td> <td>[226]<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>973 </td> <td>700 </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>1737 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>509.3 </td> <td>221 </td> <td>క్రిమ్సన్ <p>రెడ్<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="గ్రంథావళి"><span id=".E0.B0.97.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.82.E0.B0.A5.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B5.E0.B0.B3.E0.B0.BF"></span>గ్రంథావళి</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=4" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: గ్రంథావళి"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4342780">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Elvira_Weeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Elvira Weeks (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a>; Leichester, Henry M. (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme0000week"><i>Discovery of the Elements</i></a></span>. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. LCCCN 68-15217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Easton%2C+PA&rft.pub=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rft.au=Leichester%2C+Henry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryofeleme0000week&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ఇతర_పఠనాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.87.E0.B0.A4.E0.B0.B0_.E0.B0.AA.E0.B0.A0.E0.B0.A8.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>ఇతర పఠనాలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=5" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: ఇతర పఠనాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/pages/data/intro_groupii_data.html">Group 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals</a>, Royal Chemistry Society.</li> <li>Hogan, C.Michael. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612123626/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Calcium?topic=49557"><i>Calcium</i>. eds. A.Jorgensen, C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth</a>. National Council for Science and the Environment.</li> <li>Maguire, Michael E. "Alkaline Earth Metals." <i>Chemistry: Foundations and Applications</i>. Ed. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Lagowski" class="extiw" title="en:J. J. Lagowski">J. J. Lagowski</a>. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 33–34. 4 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale.</li> <li>Silberberg, M.S., Chemistry: The molecular nature of Matter and Change (3e édition, McGraw-Hill 2009)</li> <li>Petrucci R.H., Harwood W.S. et Herring F.G., General Chemistry (8e édition, Prentice-Hall 2002) <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; font-size:85%;"></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="నోట్సు"><span id=".E0.B0.A8.E0.B1.8B.E0.B0.9F.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B8.E0.B1.81"></span>నోట్సు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=6" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: నోట్సు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4300226">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas_notation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noble gas notation (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Noble gas notation</a> is used for conciseness; the nearest noble gas that precedes the element in question is written first, and then the electron configuration is continued from that point forward.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The number given in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bracket (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">parentheses</a> refers to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uncertainty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uncertainty (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">measurement uncertainty</a>. This uncertainty applies to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Significant_figure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Significant figure (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">least significant figure</a>(s) of the number prior to the parenthesized value (i.e., counting from rightmost digit to left). For instance, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100794000000000♠"></span>1.007<span style="margin-left:.25em;">94</span>(7)</span> stands for <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100794000000000♠"></span>1.007<span style="margin-left:.25em;">94</span><span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">07</span></span>, whereas <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100794000000000♠"></span>1.007<span style="margin-left:.25em;">94</span>(72)</span> stands for <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100794000000000♠"></span>1.007<span style="margin-left:.25em;">94</span><span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">72</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The element does not have any stable <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclide (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">nuclide</a>s, and a value in brackets indicates the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass number (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">mass number</a> of the longest-lived <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotope (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">isotope</a> of the element.<sup id="cite_ref-atomicweights2007_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atomicweights2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atomicweights2009_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atomicweights2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The color of the flame test of pure radium has never been observed; the crimson-red color is an extrapolation from the flame test color of its compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-RaFlameTest_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaFlameTest-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="మూలాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.82.E0.B0.B2.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>మూలాలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&action=edit&section=7" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: మూలాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4300226"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-redbook-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-redbook_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8:RedBook2005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="మూస:RedBook2005 (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">మూస:RedBook2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsc2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_2-3">2.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_2-4">2.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_2-5">2.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_2-6">2.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_2-7">2.7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rsc2_2-8">2.8</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Society_of_Chemistry" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Society_of_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Society of Chemistry (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/PAGES/data/intro_groupii_data.html">"Visual Elements: Group 2–The Alkaline Earth Metals"</a>. <i>Visual Elements</i>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005182238/http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/pages/data/intro_groupii_data.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visual+Elements&rft.atitle=Visual+Elements%3A+Group+2%E2%80%93The+Alkaline+Earth+Metals&rft.au=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fchemsoc%2Fvisualelements%2FPAGES%2Fdata%2Fintro_groupii_data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/data/upload/periodic_table_composite_2010_nobleed.pdf">"Periodic Table: Atomic Properties of the Elements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nist.gov</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809222201/https://www.nist.gov/pml/data/upload/periodic_table_composite_2010_nobleed.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nist.gov&rft.atitle=Periodic+Table%3A+Atomic+Properties+of+the+Elements&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Fdata%2Fupload%2Fperiodic_table_composite_2010_nobleed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RubberBible84th2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RubberBible84th2_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RubberBible84th2_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RubberBible84th2_4-2">4.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RubberBible84th2_4-3">4.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RubberBible84th2_4-4">4.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2003" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2003). <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (84th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.edition=84th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood&Earnshaw_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Greenwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Greenwood (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butterworth-Heinemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butterworth-Heinemann (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/0080379419" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/0080379419"><bdi>0080379419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0080379419&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webelements-occurrence-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-webelements-occurrence_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/image-flash/abund-crust.html">"Abundance in Earth's Crust"</a>. WebElements.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070309033534/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/image-flash/abund-crust.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abundance+in+Earth%27s+Crust&rft.pub=WebElements.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2Fwebelements%2Fproperties%2Ftext%2Fimage-flash%2Fabund-crust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deGruyter-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-deGruyter_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFJakubkeJeschkeit1994" class="citation book cs1">Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, eds. (1994). <i>Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry</i>. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+Chemistry&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beryllium_halide_and_pseudohalides-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beryllium_halide_and_pseudohalides_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFBell,_N._A.1972" class="citation book cs1">Bell, N. A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VupzlLU9NB0C&q=beryllium+fluoride+covalent&pg=PA257">"Beryllium halide and pseudohalides"</a>. In Emeléus, Harry Julius; Sharpe, A. G. (eds.). <i>Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry, Volume 14</i>. New York: Academic Press. pp. 256–277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/978-0-12-023614-5" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/978-0-12-023614-5"><bdi>978-0-12-023614-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beryllium+halide+and+pseudohalides&rft.btitle=Advances+in+inorganic+chemistry+and+radiochemistry%2C+Volume+14&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=256-277&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-12-023614-5&rft.au=Bell%2C+N.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVupzlLU9NB0C%26q%3Dberyllium%2Bfluoride%2Bcovalent%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beryllium_chemistry-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beryllium_chemistry_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2009" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Kenneth A. (2009-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3-GbhmSfyeYC&q=beryllium+fluoride+covalent&pg=PA119"><i>Beryllium chemistry and processing</i></a>. ASM International. pp. 99–102, 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/978-0-87170-721-5" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/978-0-87170-721-5"><bdi>978-0-87170-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beryllium+chemistry+and+processing&rft.pages=99-102%2C+118-119&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-721-5&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3-GbhmSfyeYC%26q%3Dberyllium%2Bfluoride%2Bcovalent%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-General_analytical_chemistry_of_beryllium-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-General_analytical_chemistry_of_beryllium_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFHertz,_Raymond_K.1987" class="citation book cs1">Hertz, Raymond K. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uaWTfwrG644C&q=beryllium+fluoride&pg=PA74">"General analytical chemistry of beryllium"</a>. In Coyle, Francis T. (ed.). <i>Chemical analysis of metals: a symposium</i>. ASTM. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/978-0-8031-0942-1" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/978-0-8031-0942-1"><bdi>978-0-8031-0942-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+analytical+chemistry+of+beryllium&rft.btitle=Chemical+analysis+of+metals%3A+a+symposium&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=ASTM&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8031-0942-1&rft.au=Hertz%2C+Raymond+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuaWTfwrG644C%26q%3Dberyllium%2Bfluoride%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Info/Constants/definitions.html">"Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=CODATA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CODATA (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">CODATA</a> reference</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016021440/http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Info/Constants/definitions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CODATA+reference&rft.atitle=Standard+Uncertainty+and+Relative+Standard+Uncertainty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcuu%2FInfo%2FConstants%2Fdefinitions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atomicweights2007-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-atomicweights2007_14-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-atomicweights2007_14-1">12.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFWieserBerglund2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wieser, Michael E.; Berglund, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2009/pdf/8111x2131.pdf">"Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Pure Appl. Chem.</a></i> <b>81</b> (11). <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">IUPAC</a>: 2131–2156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-REP-09-08-03">10.1351/PAC-REP-09-08-03</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98084907">98084907</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102010700/http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2009/pdf/8111x2131.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2007+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2131-2156&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2FPAC-REP-09-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98084907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wieser&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft.au=Berglund%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2Fpdf%2F2009%2Fpdf%2F8111x2131.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atomicweights2009-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-atomicweights2009_15-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-atomicweights2009_15-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFWieserCoplen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wieser, Michael E.; Coplen, Tyler B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2011/pdf/8302x0359.pdf">"Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Pure Appl. Chem.</a></i> <b>83</b> (2). <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">IUPAC</a>: 359–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-REP-10-09-14">10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-14</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95898322">95898322</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211145548/http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2011/pdf/8302x0359.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2009+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=359-396&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2FPAC-REP-10-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95898322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wieser&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2Fpdf%2F2011%2Fpdf%2F8302x0359.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slater64-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-slater64_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFSlater1964" class="citation journal cs1">Slater, J. C. (1964). "Atomic Radii in Crystals". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Chemical_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Chemical Physics (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Journal of Chemical Physics</a></i>. <b>41</b> (10): 3199–3205. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964JChPh..41.3199S">1964JChPh..41.3199S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1725697">10.1063/1.1725697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Atomic+Radii+in+Crystals&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3199-3205&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1725697&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964JChPh..41.3199S&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, William B. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611152417/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/091.%20Zn-Cd-Hg.pdf">"The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>80</b> (8). <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Chemical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Chemical Society (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">American Chemical Society</a>: 952–961. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JChEd..80..952J">2003JChEd..80..952J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed080p952">10.1021/ed080p952</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/091.%20Zn-Cd-Hg.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+Place+of+Zinc%2C+Cadmium%2C+and+Mercury+in+the+Periodic+Table&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=952-961&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed080p952&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JChEd..80..952J&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.che.uc.edu%2Fjensen%2FW.%2520B.%2520Jensen%2FReprints%2F091.%2520Zn-Cd-Hg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RaFlameTest-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RaFlameTest_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite id="CITEREFKirbySalutsky1964" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, H. W; Salutsky, Murrell L (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cgQLgEACAAJ"><i>The Radiochemistry of Radium</i></a>. National Academies Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radiochemistry+of+Radium&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=H.+W&rft.au=Salutsky%2C+Murrell+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cgQLgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95+%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:Link_rot" title="వికీపీడియా:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since జనవరి 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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