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href="#Status_of_press_freedom_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Status of press freedom worldwide</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_of_press_freedom_worldwide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status of press freedom worldwide subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status_of_press_freedom_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annual_report_on_journalists_killed_and_Prison_Census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_report_on_journalists_killed_and_Prison_Census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Annual report on journalists killed and Prison Census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_report_on_journalists_killed_and_Prison_Census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_Press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_Press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Freedom of the Press</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_Press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Democratic states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-democratic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-democratic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Non-democratic states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-democratic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark–Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark–Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Denmark–Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark–Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany_(1933–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany_(1933–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Nazi Germany (1933–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany_(1933–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.8</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Nicaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.9</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.10</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.11</span> <span>Ecuador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guyana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guyana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.12</span> <span>Guyana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guyana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.13</span> <span>Paraguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.14</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suriname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suriname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.15</span> <span>Suriname</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suriname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.16</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.17</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Bahrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Palestine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.7</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.8</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.9</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.10</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Tanzania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications_of_new_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications_of_new_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Implications of new technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implications_of_new_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_ranking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_ranking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World ranking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_ranking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World ranking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_ranking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_ranking_2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_ranking_2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>World ranking 2023</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_ranking_2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_ranking_2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_ranking_2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>World ranking 2021</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_ranking_2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_ranking_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_ranking_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>World ranking 2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_ranking_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_ranking_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_ranking_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>World ranking 2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_ranking_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_ranking_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_ranking_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>World ranking 2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_ranking_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_ranking_2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_ranking_2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>World ranking 2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_ranking_2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_ranking_2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_ranking_2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>World ranking 2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_ranking_2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_ranking_2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_ranking_2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>World ranking 2015</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_ranking_2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations_for_press_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_for_press_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Organizations for press freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations_for_press_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Freedom of the press</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="حرية الصحافة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرية الصحافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibert%C3%A1_de_prensa" title="Llibertá de prensa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llibertá de prensa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99tbuat_azadl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Mətbuat azadlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mətbuat azadlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="مطبوعات اؤزگورلوگو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مطبوعات اؤزگورلوگو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সংবাদপত্রের স্বাধীনতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংবাদপত্রের স্বাধীনতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-b%C3%BBn_ch%C5%AB-i%C3%BB" title="Sin-bûn chū-iû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sin-bûn chū-iû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Свобода на пресата – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свобода на пресата" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibertat_de_premsa" title="Llibertat de premsa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibertat de premsa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%C4%95" title="Массăллă информаци ирĕклĕхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Массăллă информаци ирĕклĕхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svoboda_tisku" title="Svoboda tisku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svoboda tisku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyddid_y_wasg" title="Rhyddid y wasg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyddid y wasg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trykkefrihed" title="Trykkefrihed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trykkefrihed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressefreiheit" title="Pressefreiheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pressefreiheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajakirjandusvabadus" title="Ajakirjandusvabadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajakirjandusvabadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertad_de_prensa" title="Libertad de prensa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libertad de prensa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetarlibereco" title="Gazetarlibereco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gazetarlibereco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentsa-askatasun" title="Prentsa-askatasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Prentsa-askatasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="آزادی رسانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزادی رسانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9_de_la_presse" title="Liberté de la presse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liberté de la presse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberdade_de_prensa" title="Liberdade de prensa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Liberdade de prensa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%9C%ED%8C%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0" title="출판의 자유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="출판의 자유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रेस की स्वतंत्रता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रेस की स्वतंत्रता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloboda_tiska" title="Sloboda tiska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sloboda tiska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebebasan_pers" title="Kebebasan pers – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebebasan pers" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentfrelsi" title="Prentfrelsi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Prentfrelsi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A0_di_stampa" title="Libertà di stampa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libertà di stampa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חופש העיתונות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חופש העיתונות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="პრესის თავისუფლება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრესის თავისუფლება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Баспасөз бостандығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Баспасөз бостандығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A8te_lapr%C3%A8s" title="Libète laprès – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Libète laprès" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B7_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Басма сөз эркиндиги – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Басма сөз эркиндиги" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas_imprimendi" title="Libertas imprimendi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Libertas imprimendi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preses_br%C4%ABv%C4%ABba" title="Preses brīvība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Preses brīvība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaudos_laisv%C4%97" title="Spaudos laisvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Spaudos laisvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajt%C3%B3szabads%C3%A1g" title="Sajtószabadság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sajtószabadság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Слобода на печатот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Слобода на печатот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebebasan_media" title="Kebebasan media – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebebasan media" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="စာနယ်ဇင်းလွတ်လပ်ခွင့် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာနယ်ဇင်းလွတ်လပ်ခွင့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persvrijheid" title="Persvrijheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Persvrijheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persvrieheaid" title="Persvrieheaid – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Persvrieheaid" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93%E3%81%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="報道の自由 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="報道の自由" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trykkefrihet" title="Trykkefrihet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trykkefrihet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trykkefridom" title="Trykkefridom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trykkefridom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertat_de_la_premsa" title="Libertat de la premsa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Libertat de la premsa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମର ସ୍ୱାଧିନତା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମର ସ୍ୱାଧିନତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matbuot_erkinligi" title="Matbuot erkinligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Matbuot erkinligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="آزادی اشاعت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آزادی اشاعت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeheit_vun_de_Presse" title="Freeheit vun de Presse – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Freeheit vun de Presse" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolno%C5%9B%C4%87_prasy" title="Wolność prasy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolność prasy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberdade_de_imprensa" title="Liberdade de imprensa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liberdade de imprensa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertatea_presei" title="Libertatea presei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Libertatea presei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Свобода массовой информации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свобода массовой информации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertade_de_imprenta" title="Libertade de imprenta – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Libertade de imprenta" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83" title="මාධ්‍ය නිදහස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාධ්‍ය නිදහස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Freedom of the press" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svoboda_tiska" title="Svoboda tiska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svoboda tiska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئازادیی ڕۆژنامەوانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئازادیی ڕۆژنامەوانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloboda_%C5%A1tampe" title="Sloboda štampe – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sloboda štampe" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloboda_tiska" title="Sloboda tiska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sloboda tiska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehdist%C3%B6nvapaus" title="Lehdistönvapaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lehdistönvapaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryckfrihet" title="Tryckfrihet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tryckfrihet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayaan_ng_mga_mamamahayag" title="Kalayaan ng mga mamamahayag – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalayaan ng mga mamamahayag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஊடகச் சுதந்திரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊடகச் சுதந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="เสรีภาพสื่อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสรีภาพสื่อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C4%B1n_%C3%B6zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC" title="Basın özgürlüğü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Basın özgürlüğü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Свобода преси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Свобода преси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="آزادی اشاعت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزادی اشاعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_do_b%C3%A1o_ch%C3%AD" title="Tự do báo chí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tự do báo chí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="新闻自由 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Freedom of communication and expression through various media</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Freedom of the Press (disambiguation)">Freedom of the Press (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Free press" redirects here. 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">Index of journalism articles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Social impact</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Roles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/16px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobdenism" title="Cobdenism">Cobdenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Arizona School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a 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text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Freedom of the press</b> or <b>freedom of the media</b> is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">published materials</a>, should be considered a right to be exercised freely. Such freedom implies the absence of interference from an overreaching <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>; its preservation may be sought through a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Legal" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal">legal</a> protection and security. It is in opposition to paid press, where communities, police organizations, and governments are paid for their copyrights. </p><p>Without respect to governmental information, any government may distinguish which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public. State materials are protected due to either one of two reasons: the <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classification of information</a> as sensitive, classified, or secret, or the relevance of the information to protecting the <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interest</a>. Many governments are also subject to "<a href="/wiki/Sunshine_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunshine laws">sunshine laws</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of information legislation">freedom of information legislation</a> that define the ambit of national interest and enable citizens to request access to government-held information. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' 1948 <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This philosophy is usually accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> ensuring various degrees of freedom of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Scientific_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific freedom">scientific freedom</a>), publishing, and the press. The depth to which these laws are entrenched in a country's legal system can go as far down as its <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to spoken and published expression. Freedom of the press was formally established in Great Britain with the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Anne#Lapse_of_the_Licensing_Act" title="Statute of Anne">lapse of the Licensing Act</a> in 1695. Sweden was the first country in the world to adopt freedom of the press into its constitution with the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Freedom_of_the_Press_Act" title="Swedish Freedom of the Press Act">Freedom of the Press Act</a> of 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_self-publishing">Relationship to self-publishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Relationship to self-publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freedom of the press is not construed as an absence of interference by outside entities, such as a government or religious organization, but rather as a right for authors to have their works published by other people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea was famously summarized by the 20th-century American <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._J._Liebling" title="A. J. Liebling">A. J. Liebling</a>, who wrote, "Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one". Freedom of the press gives the printer or publisher exclusive control over what the publisher chooses to publish, including the right to refuse to print anything for any reason.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the author cannot reach a voluntary agreement with a publisher to produce the author's work, then the author must turn to <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">self-publishing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_press_freedom_worldwide">Status of press freedom worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Status of press freedom worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Can_D%C3%BCndar_prix_RSF_Strasbourg_17_novembre_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Can_D%C3%BCndar_prix_RSF_Strasbourg_17_novembre_2015.jpg/220px-Can_D%C3%BCndar_prix_RSF_Strasbourg_17_novembre_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Can_D%C3%BCndar_prix_RSF_Strasbourg_17_novembre_2015.jpg/330px-Can_D%C3%BCndar_prix_RSF_Strasbourg_17_novembre_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Can_D%C3%BCndar_prix_RSF_Strasbourg_17_novembre_2015.jpg/440px-Can_D%C3%BCndar_prix_RSF_Strasbourg_17_novembre_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cumhuriyet" title="Cumhuriyet">Cumhuriyet</a></i>'s former editor-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Can_D%C3%BCndar" title="Can Dündar">Can Dündar</a> receiving the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters Without Borders Prize">Reporters Without Borders Prize</a>. Shortly after, he was arrested.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beyond legal definitions, several <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> use other criteria to judge the level of press freedom worldwide. Some create subjective lists, while others are based on quantitative data: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> considers the number of journalists murdered, expelled, or harassed, the existence of a <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state monopoly</a> on TV and radio, as well as the existence of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a> in the media, and the overall independence of media as well as the difficulties that foreign reporters may face to rank countries in levels of press freedom.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> (CPJ) systematically tracks the number of journalists killed and imprisoned in reprisal for their work. It says it uses the tools of <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> to help journalists by tracking press freedom issues through independent research, fact-finding missions, and a network of foreign correspondents, including local working journalists in countries worldwide. CPJ shares information on breaking cases with other press freedom organizations worldwide through the <a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_of_Expression_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="International Freedom of Expression Exchange">International Freedom of Expression Exchange</a>, a global network of more than 119 free expression organizations. CPJ also tracks impunity in cases of journalist murders. CPJ staff applies strict criteria for each case; researchers independently investigate and verify the circumstances behind each death or imprisonment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> studies the more general political and economic environments of each nation in order to determine whether relationships of dependence exist that limit in practice the level of press freedom that might exist in theory. Panels of experts assess the press freedom score and draft each country summary according to a weighted scoring system that analyzes the political, economic, legal and safety situation for journalists based on a 100-point scale. It then categorizes countries as having a free, partly free, or not free press.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_report_on_journalists_killed_and_Prison_Census">Annual report on journalists killed and Prison Census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Annual report on journalists killed and Prison Census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each year, <a href="/wiki/The_Committee_To_Protect_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="The Committee To Protect Journalists">The Committee to Protect Journalists</a> produces a comprehensive list of all working journalists killed in relation to their employment, including profiles of each deceased journalist within an exhaustive database, and an annual census of <a href="/wiki/Incarceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarceration">incarcerated</a> journalists (as of midnight, December 1). The year 2017 reported record findings of jailed journalists, reaching 262. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> account for more than half of all global journalists jailed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As per a 2019 special report by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a>, approximately 25 journalists were murdered on duty in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figure is claimed to be the lowest since 2002, a year in which at least 21 journalists were killed while they were reporting from the field.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (RSF) reported 49 killings, the lowest since 2003, when almost 36 journalists were killed. Leading press watchdogs fear persisting danger for the life of journalists. The drop in the murder of in-field journalists came across during the "global attention on the issue of impunity in <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> murders", focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi">assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi</a> in October 2018 and <a href="/wiki/Daphne_Caruana_Galizia" title="Daphne Caruana Galizia">Daphne Caruana Galizia</a>, a Maltese blogger in October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Press_freedom_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Press_freedom_2023.svg/400px-Press_freedom_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Press_freedom_2023.svg/600px-Press_freedom_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Press_freedom_2023.svg/800px-Press_freedom_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3494" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><b>2023 <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#005f9a; color:white;"> </span> Good: 85–100 points</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8eb0d6; color:black;"> </span> Satisfactory: 70–85 points</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb035; color:black;"> </span> Problematic: 55–70 points</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff3022; color:black;"> </span> Difficult: 40–55 points</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#83000b; color:white;"> </span> Very serious <40 points</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dcdcdc; color:black;"> </span> Not classified</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Every year, Reporters Without Borders establishes a subjective ranking of countries in terms of their freedom of the press. The <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> list is based on responses to surveys sent to journalists that are members of partner organizations of the RWB, as well as related specialists such as researchers, jurists, and human rights activists. The survey asks questions about direct attacks on journalists and the media and other indirect sources of pressure against the free press, such as non-governmental groups. </p><p>In 2022, the eight countries with the most press freedom are, in order: <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>. The ten countries with the least press freedom are, in order: <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_the_Press"><i>Freedom of the Press</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Freedom of the Press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Map_of_the_Freedom_of_the_Press_Status,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/World_Map_of_the_Freedom_of_the_Press_Status%2C_OWID.svg/350px-World_Map_of_the_Freedom_of_the_Press_Status%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/World_Map_of_the_Freedom_of_the_Press_Status%2C_OWID.svg/525px-World_Map_of_the_Freedom_of_the_Press_Status%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/World_Map_of_the_Freedom_of_the_Press_Status%2C_OWID.svg/700px-World_Map_of_the_Freedom_of_the_Press_Status%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Freedom of the Press status 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_(report)" title="Freedom of the Press (report)">Freedom of the Press</a></i> is a yearly report by the US-based non-profit organization <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>. It is known to subjectively measure the level of freedom and <a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">editorial independence</a> that is enjoyed by the press in every nation and significant disputed territories around the world. Levels of freedom are scored on a scale from 1 (most free) to 100 (least free). Depending on the basics, the nations are then classified in three types: 1. "Free" 2. "Partly Free" 3. "Not Free". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_states">Democratic states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Democratic states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A free and independent press has been theorized to be a key mechanism of a functioning, healthy <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, journalism exists as a <a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">watchdog</a> of private and government action, providing information to maintain an informed citizenry of voters.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this perspective, "government efforts to influence published or broadcasted news content, either via media control or by inducing <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a>, represent a threat to the access of important and necessary information to the public and affect the quality of democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An independent press "serves to increase political knowledge, participation, and <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acting as an essential driver of civic participation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-democratic_states">Non-democratic states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-democratic states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgi_gongadse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Georgi_gongadse.jpg/220px-Georgi_gongadse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Georgi_gongadse.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Gongadze" title="Georgiy Gongadze">Georgiy Gongadze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> journalist, founder of a popular Internet newspaper <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a>, who was kidnapped and murdered in 2000.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> accounted for 70% of all journalists that were imprisoned in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CPJ reported that "After China, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt, the worst jailers are Eritrea, Vietnam, and Iran."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, more than a third of the world's people live in countries where there is no press freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-RSF2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSF2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overwhelmingly, these people live in countries where there is no system of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> or where there are serious deficiencies in the democratic process.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freedom of the press is an extremely problematic problem/concept for most non-democratic systems of government since, in the modern age, strict control of <a href="/wiki/Access_to_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to information">access to information</a> is critical to the existence of most non-democratic governments and their associated control systems and security apparatus. To this end, most non-democratic societies employ state-run news organizations to promote the propaganda critical to maintaining an existing political power base and suppress (often very brutally, through the use of police, military, or intelligence agencies) any significant attempts by the media or individual journalists to challenge the approved "government line" on contentious issues. In such countries, journalists operating on the fringes of what is deemed to be acceptable will very often find themselves the subject of considerable intimidation by agents of the state. This can range from simple threats to their professional careers (firing, professional <a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">blacklisting</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">death threats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a>. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Lira_Baysetova" title="Lira Baysetova">Lira Baysetova</a> case in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Georgiy_R._Gongadze" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgiy R. Gongadze">Georgiy R. Gongadze</a> case in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, journalists may spend years in jail simply for using the "wrong" word or photo.<sup id="cite_ref-RSF2003_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSF2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union" title="Media freedom in the European Union">Media freedom in the European Union</a></div> <p>Central, Northern, and Western Europe have a long tradition of freedom of speech, including freedom of the press, which yet exists in the XVIII century and in the XIX century. </p><p>After World War II, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Baillie" title="Hugh Baillie">Hugh Baillie</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press</a> wire service based in the U.S., promoted freedom of news dissemination. In 1944, he called for an open system of news sources and transmission, and a minimum of government regulation of the news. His proposals were aired at the Geneva Conference on Freedom of Information in 1948 but were blocked by the Soviets and the French.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1950, the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> includes "Article 10" related to Freedom of expression which applies to <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Member states of the Council of Europe</a>. </p><p>Media freedom is a <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">fundamental right</a> that applies to all <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and its <a href="/wiki/EU_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="EU citizens">citizens</a>, as defined in the <a href="/wiki/EU_Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Charter of Fundamental Rights">EU Charter of Fundamental Rights</a> (since 2000) as well as the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> (since 1950).<sup id="cite_ref-eprs_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eprs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/EU_enlargement" class="mw-redirect" title="EU enlargement">EU enlargement</a> process, guaranteeing media freedom is named a "key indicator of a country's readiness to become part of the EU".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, "Britain has a long tradition of a free, inquisitive press", but "[u]nlike the United States, Britain has no constitutional guarantee of press freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freedom of the press was established in Great Britain in 1695, with <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rusbridger" title="Alan Rusbridger">Alan Rusbridger</a>, former editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, stating: "When people talk about licensing journalists or newspapers the instinct should be to refer them to history. Read about how licensing of the press in Britain was abolished in 1695. Remember how the freedoms won here became a model for much of the rest of the world, and be conscious of how the world still watches us to see how we protect those freedoms."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg/170px-Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg/255px-Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg/340px-Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>First page of <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s 1644 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1694, Great Britain had an elaborate system of <a href="/wiki/Licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensing">licensing</a>; the most recent was seen in the <a href="/wiki/Licensing_of_the_Press_Act_1662" title="Licensing of the Press Act 1662">Licensing of the Press Act, 1662</a>. No publication was allowed without the accompaniment of a government-granted license. Fifty years earlier, at a time of <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">civil war</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> wrote his <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlet</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a></i> (1644).<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this work Milton argued forcefully against this form of government censorship and parodied the idea, writing "when as debtors and delinquents may walk abroad without a keeper, but inoffensive books must not stir forth without a visible jailer in their title." Although at the time it did little to halt the practice of licensing, it would be viewed later a significant milestone as one of the most eloquent defenses of <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">press</a> freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milton's central argument was that the individual is capable of using reason and distinguishing right from wrong, and good from bad. In order to be able to exercise this ration right, the individual must have unlimited access to the ideas of his fellow men in "a free and open encounter." Milton's writings developed the concept of the open <a href="/wiki/Marketplace_of_ideas" title="Marketplace of ideas">marketplace of ideas</a>, the idea that when people argue against each other, good arguments will prevail. One form of speech that was widely restricted in Great Britain was <a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a>, and laws were in place that made criticizing the government a crime. The king was above public criticism and statements critical of the government were forbidden, according to the English court of the <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a>. The truth was not a defense to seditious libel because the goal was to prevent and punish all condemnation of the government. </p><p>Locke contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Anne#Lapse_of_the_Licensing_Act" title="Statute of Anne">lapse of the Licensing Act in 1695</a>, whereupon the press needed no license. Still, some libels were tried throughout the 18th century, until "the Society of the Bill of Rights" led by <a href="/wiki/John_Horne_Tooke" title="John Horne Tooke">John Horne Tooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">John Wilkes</a> organized a campaign to publish Parliamentary Debates. This culminated in three defeats of the Crown in the 1770 cases of Almon, Miller and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sampson_Woodfall" title="Henry Sampson Woodfall">Woodfall</a>, who all had published one of the <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Junius" title="Letters of Junius">Letters of Junius</a>, and the unsuccessful arrest of <a href="/wiki/John_Wheble" title="John Wheble">John Wheble</a> in 1771. Thereafter the Crown was much more careful in the application of <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a>; for example, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Burdett" title="Francis Burdett">Burdett</a> was convicted, whereas by contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Junius_(writer)" title="Junius (writer)">Junius</a> affair was over a <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> and sarcasm about the non-lethal conduct and policies of the government. </p><p>In Britain's American colonies, the first editors discovered their readers enjoyed it when they criticised the local governor; the governors discovered they could shut down the newspapers. The most dramatic confrontation came in New York in 1734, where the governor brought <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Zenger" title="John Peter Zenger">John Peter Zenger</a> to trial for criminal libel after the publication of satirical attacks. The defense lawyers argued that according to English common law, the truth was a valid defense against libel. The jury acquitted Zenger, who became the iconic American hero for freedom of the press. The result was an emerging tension between the media and the government. By the mid-1760s, there were 24 weekly newspapers in the 13 colonies, and the satirical attack on the government became common features in American newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, the press became more influential than it had been previously, to the dismay of some readers. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, in his essay "<a href="/wiki/Critical_and_Miscellaneous_Essays" title="Critical and Miscellaneous Essays">Signs of the Times</a>" (1829), said that the "true <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, at this moment, lies in the Editors of its Newspapers. These preach to the people daily, weekly; admonishing kings themselves; advising peace or war, with an authority which only the first <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Reformers</a>, and a long-past class of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a>, were possessed of". Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Pickwick_Papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickwick Papers">Pickwick Papers</a></i> (1837), caricatured the newspapers as but the "chosen organ and representative" of either the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tories (UK)">Tories</a>, and that they were "essentially and indispensably necessary" to the parties' operations.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> in 1869 in his book <i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> approached the problem of authority versus liberty from the viewpoint of a 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a>: The individual has the right of expressing himself so long as he does not harm other individuals. The good society is one in which the greatest number of persons enjoy the greatest possible amount of happiness. Applying these general principles of liberty to freedom of expression, Mill states that if we silence an opinion, we may silence the truth. The individual freedom of expression is therefore essential to the well-being of society. Mill wrote: </p> <dl><dd>If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and one, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The December 1817 Trials of writer and satirist <a href="/wiki/William_Hone" title="William Hone">William Hone</a> for publishing three political pamphlets is considered a landmark in the fight for a free press. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark–Norway"><span id="Denmark.E2.80.93Norway"></span>Denmark–Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Denmark–Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between September 4, 1770 and October 7, 1771 the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> had the most unrestricted freedom of press of any country in Europe. This occurred during the regime of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Struensee" title="Johann Friedrich Struensee">Johann Friedrich Struensee</a>, whose second act was to abolish the old censorship laws. However, due to the great amount of mostly anonymous pamphlets published that was critical and often slanderous towards Struensee's own regime, he reinstated some restrictions regarding the freedom of press a year later, October 7, 1771.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship in Italy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg/168px-Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg/252px-Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg/336px-Statuto_Albertino_Avviso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>The Statute was adopted as the constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, granting freedom of the press.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> in 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Albertine_Statute" class="mw-redirect" title="Albertine Statute">Albertine Statute</a> of 1848 was adopted as the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. The Statute granted the freedom of the press with some restrictions in case of abuses and in religious matters, as stated in Article 28:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The press shall be free, but the law may suppress abuses of this freedom. However, Bibles, catechisms, liturgical and prayer books shall not be printed without the prior permission of the Bishop.</p></blockquote> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Italian_constitutional_referendum,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian constitutional referendum, 1946">abolition of the monarchy</a> in 1946 and the <a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">abrogation</a> of the Statute in 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Italy">Republic of Italy</a> guarantees the freedom of the press, as stated in Article 21, Paragraphs 2 and 3:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The press may not be subjected to any authorisation or censorship. Seizure may be permitted only by judicial order stating the reason and only for offences expressly determined by the law on the press or in case of violation of the obligation to identify the persons responsible for such offences.</p></blockquote> <p>The Constitution allows the <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">warrantless</a> <a href="/wiki/Confiscation" title="Confiscation">confiscation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Periodicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodicals">periodicals</a> in cases of absolute urgency, when the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a> cannot timely intervene, on the condition that a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial validation</a> must be obtained within 24 hours. Article 21 also gives restrictions against those publications considered offensive by <a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">public morality</a>, as stated in Paragraph 6: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Publications, performances, and other exhibits offensive to public morality shall be prohibited. Measures of preventive and repressive measure against such violations shall be established by law.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_Germany_(1933–1945)"><span id="Nazi_Germany_.281933.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Nazi Germany (1933–1945)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany (1933–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502,_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0821-502%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>' <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda</a> was a driving force of suppressing freedom of the press in Nazi Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1933, freedom of the press was suppressed in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, just as <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> was coming to power. Hitler suppressed freedom of the press through <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>' <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry acted as a central control point for all media, issuing orders as to what stories could be run and what stories would be suppressed. Anyone involved in the film industry, from directors to the lowliest assistant, had to sign an oath of loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> due to the opinion-changing power Goebbels perceived movies to have; Goebbels himself maintained some personal control over every single film made in Nazi Europe. Journalists who crossed the Propaganda Ministry were routinely imprisoned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the world's first freedom of the press acts was introduced in Sweden in 1766 (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_Freedom_of_the_Press_Act" title="Swedish Freedom of the Press Act">Swedish Freedom of the Press Act</a>), due in part to <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> member of parliament, <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)" title="Ostrobothnia (historical province)">Ostrobothnian</a> priest, <a href="/wiki/Anders_Chydenius" title="Anders Chydenius">Anders Chydenius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excepted and liable to prosecution was only vocal opposition to the <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a>. The act was largely rolled back after <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav III of Sweden">King Gustav</a>'s coup d'état in 1772, restored after the overthrowing of his son, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav IV of Sweden">Gustav IV of Sweden</a> in 1809, and fully recognized with the abolition of the king's prerogative to cancel licenses in the 1840s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_rally_after_Navalny%27s_murder_asv2024-02-16_img18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Berlin_rally_after_Navalny%27s_murder_asv2024-02-16_img18.jpg/220px-Berlin_rally_after_Navalny%27s_murder_asv2024-02-16_img18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Berlin_rally_after_Navalny%27s_murder_asv2024-02-16_img18.jpg/330px-Berlin_rally_after_Navalny%27s_murder_asv2024-02-16_img18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Berlin_rally_after_Navalny%27s_murder_asv2024-02-16_img18.jpg/440px-Berlin_rally_after_Navalny%27s_murder_asv2024-02-16_img18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Protest outside the Russian Embassy in Berlin demanding the release of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>, including journalists <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Safronov_(1990)" title="Ivan Safronov (1990)">Ivan Safronov</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Ponomarenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Ponomarenko (page does not exist)">Maria Ponomarenko</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ponomarenko" class="extiw" title="sv:Maria Ponomarenko">sv</a>]</span>, February 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>The US Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a>, criticized <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> for limiting the activities of <a href="/wiki/VOA" class="mw-redirect" title="VOA">VOA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> in Russia with a governmental order demanding reviewing the subject by Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 March 2022, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> signed into law a bill introducing <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">prison sentences of up to 15 years</a> for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the Russian military and its operations in Ukraine,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forcing independent media in Russia to stop reporting on Ukraine or cease operations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 1,000 Russian journalists have fled Russia since February 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 85% of Russians get most of their information from Russian state-controlled media.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> editor-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021 Nobel Peace Prize</a> for his "efforts to safeguard freedom of expression". In March 2022, <i>Novaya Gazeta</i> suspended its print activities after receiving a second warning from the Russian censorship apparatus <i><a href="/wiki/Roskomnadzor" title="Roskomnadzor">Roskomnadzor</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 June 2024, a Moscow court issued arrest warrants for <i><a href="/wiki/IStories" title="IStories">IStories</a></i> editor-in-chief and award-winning investigative reporter <a href="/wiki/Roman_Anin" title="Roman Anin">Roman Anin</a> and Ekaterina Fomina, a journalist at <i><a href="/wiki/TV_Rain" title="TV Rain">TV Rain</a></i> and a former <i>IStories</i> correspondent, on charges of <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">disseminating "false information"</a> about the Russian armed forces in Ukraine. Russia's Interior Ministry added two <a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian emigration during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian journalists in exile</a> to its wanted list. Fomina said the arrest warrant would affect her professional life as she would not be able to travel to many countries that could arrest her and extradite her to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This subsection <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Special:EditPage/Freedom of the press">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this subsection. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Freedom+of+the+press%22">"Freedom of the press"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Freedom+of+the+press%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Freedom+of+the+press%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Freedom+of+the+press%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Freedom+of+the+press%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Freedom+of+the+press%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> Until 1989, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Bloc">communist bloc</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a>. The communist regime heavily restricted freedom of the press and other civil liberties. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>, though available to the Romanian citizenry, was highly illegal and severe repercussions for existed for listening. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ora_Newspaper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ora_Newspaper.jpg/220px-Ora_Newspaper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ora_Newspaper.jpg/330px-Ora_Newspaper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ora_Newspaper.jpg/440px-Ora_Newspaper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Newspaper Ora, in 1999, cover page </figcaption></figure> <p>Directly following the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a>, post-communist corruption was largely the subject of investigative reports. At the same time, widespread violence against journalists began. During the <a href="/wiki/June_1990_Mineriad" title="June 1990 Mineriad">June 1990 Mineriad</a>, a series of protests against the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a>, counter-demonstrators assaulted reporting journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, President <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a> had a nervous meltdown when called journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_P%C3%A2rvu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Pârvu (page does not exist)">Paul Pârvu</a> asked him if he felt guilt over Romanian deaths during the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the exchange, Iliescu referred to Pârvu as an "animal". </p><p>Modern, major media outlets were founded during the mid-1990s, such as <a href="/wiki/Antena_1_(Romania)" title="Antena 1 (Romania)">Antena 1</a> in 1994 and <a href="/wiki/Pro_TV" title="Pro TV">ProTV</a> in 1995. </p><p>In 1999, the editor of a <i>Ora</i>, a local newspaper, Tiberiu Patru, was arrested before being able to publish an investigation of corruption in <a href="/wiki/Dolj_County" title="Dolj County">Dolj County</a> under. In response, <i>Ora</i> moved its newsroom in front of the National Theater of Craiova to protest Patru's arrest. </p><p>The 2000s saw the creation of many new media outlets across television, radio, and the traditional press. </p><p>In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> identified safety as a concern for Romanian journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Turkey">Freedom of the press in Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_arrested_journalists_in_Turkey" title="List of arrested journalists in Turkey">List of arrested journalists in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/220px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/330px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/440px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Turkish journalists protesting <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Media freedom in Turkey">imprisonment of their colleagues</a> on <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a>, 10 December 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>More than 120 journalists remained in prison in Turkey in 2019, making it the most prolific incarcerator of journalists in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, including Turkey,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> journalists were threatened or <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation#Government_censorship" title="COVID-19 misinformation">arrested</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism">coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the press in the United States</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment of the United States Constitution">First Amendment of the United States Constitution</a> states: </p> <blockquote><p>Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 2(b) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i> states that everyone has "the freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Open_court_principle" title="Open court principle">open court principle</a> ensures the <b>freedom of the press</b> by requiring that court proceedings presumptively be open and accessible to the public and to the media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Mexico">Freedom of the press in Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Mexico" title="Mass media in Mexico">Mass media in Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_and_media_workers_killed_in_Mexico" title="List of journalists and media workers killed in Mexico">List of journalists and media workers killed in Mexico</a> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caso_Narvarte_-_First_anniversary_protest_-_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Caso_Narvarte_-_First_anniversary_protest_-_7.jpg/220px-Caso_Narvarte_-_First_anniversary_protest_-_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Caso_Narvarte_-_First_anniversary_protest_-_7.jpg/330px-Caso_Narvarte_-_First_anniversary_protest_-_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Caso_Narvarte_-_First_anniversary_protest_-_7.jpg/440px-Caso_Narvarte_-_First_anniversary_protest_-_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Mexican journalist <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Espinosa" title="Rubén Espinosa">Rubén Espinosa</a> was murdered, along with four women, in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> after fleeing death threats in Veracruz.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016, Reporters Without Borders ranked <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> 149 out of 180 in the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a>, declaring Mexico to be “the world's most dangerous country for <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>.”<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Guatemala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Guatemala" title="Mass media in Guatemala">Mass media in Guatemala</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nicaragua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Nicaragua" title="Freedom of the press in Nicaragua">Freedom of the press in Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Nicaragua" title="Mass media in Nicaragua">Mass media in Nicaragua</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina#New_democracy_(1983–present)" title="History of Argentina">History of Argentina#New democracy (1983–present)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Argentina" title="Mass media in Argentina">Mass media in Argentina</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Bolivia (1982–present)">History of Bolivia (1982–present)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Bolivia" title="Mass media in Bolivia">Mass media in Bolivia</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">History of Brazil (1985–present)</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile_(1990-)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chile (1990-)">History of Chile (1990-)</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia#From_2004_and_on" title="History of Colombia">History of Colombia#From 2004 and on</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Colombia" title="Mass media in Colombia">Mass media in Colombia</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ecuador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador#Instability_(2000–2007)" title="History of Ecuador">History of Ecuador#Instability (2000–2007)</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guyana">Guyana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Guyana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Guyana#UNASUR" title="Guyana">Guyana#UNASUR</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paraguay">Paraguay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Paraguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Paraguay#Modern_Paraguay" title="History of Paraguay">History of Paraguay#Modern Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Paraguay" title="Mass media in Paraguay">Mass media in Paraguay</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Peru">Freedom of the press in Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Peru" title="Mass media in Peru">Mass media in Peru</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suriname">Suriname</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Suriname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Suriname#Independence" title="History of Suriname">History of Suriname's Independence</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uruguay#Recent_history" title="History of Uruguay">History of Uruguay#Recent history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass media in Uruguay">Mass media in Uruguay</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1999%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Venezuela (1999–present)">History of Venezuela (1999–present)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Venezuela" title="Mass media in Venezuela">Mass media in Venezuela</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bahrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Reporters without Borders, a number of reporters in Bahrain were jailed. Some were also tortured or were exiled.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the reports of the RSF in 2007, the freedom of Press in Iran ranked 166 among 169 states. The report reads the Iranian journalists face the "extreme harsh behavior of the Iranian regime that prevents them criticizing authorities or expressing political and social demands.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752" title="Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752">shooting down of a Ukrainian airliner</a>, the agents of the Iranian Intelligence Service raided the houses and offices of many Iranian journalists seeking for their PCs, cell phones, books, and documents. These journalists had revealed the lies of the Iranian regime. Some of the journalists received warnings by the authorities and forced to shut down their accounts in Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demanding promotion of the global Freedom of Media, in December 1993, UNESCO called the 3rd of April as "International day for Freedom of Media". This is while the RSF reported at least 860 journalists have been detained and imprisoned from 1979 to 2009 in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 21, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (RSF) said in its annual press <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> rankings that the pandemic was "highlighting many crises" already casting a shadow on <a href="/wiki/Press_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Press freedom">press freedom</a>, around the world, with authoritarian states including Iran suppressing details of the outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-Amplifies_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amplifies-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RSF accused Iran—in 173rd place—of censoring major coronavirus outbreaks.<sup id="cite_ref-Amplifies_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amplifies-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 2, 2020, on the occasion of the 3rd of May, the International Day of Freedom of Press, in a statement, the Iranian Writer Association emphasized on the existence of censorships and violation of freedom of speech and its destructive impacts on the structure and vital foundation of the society. It reminded that during the past decades, the rulers in the country imprisoned more than 890 journalists and reporters, some of whom have been executed. The Iranian Writer Association expressed its regret, when Iran ranked 173 among 180 states due to freedom of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 February 2020, the International Federation of Journalists in a statement condemned "raiding of Iranian Security Forces upon the houses of six Iranian journalists, holding the forces of "IRGC's Intelligence" responsible for recent pressures on the journalists. The secretary-general of the federation, Anthony Blunker, said that intimidating and threatening journalists are unpleasant tools to silence the public opinion of the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 26, 2019, the RSF condemned the pressure on families of reporters by the Iranian regime, saying Iran ranked 170 among 180 states regarding Freedom of Press in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its 2019 annual report, the Committee to Protect Journalists found at least 250 journalists in jail in relation to their work and stated that the number of imprisoned journalists in Iran was 11, citing the crackdown on protests by the Iranian people over rising gasoline prices. The report named Eritrea, Vietnam and Iran as "the worst prisons for journalists" after China, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 8, 2020, Reporters Without Borders expressed concern about the continuing detention and repression of journalists in Iran and warned for the journalists and Reporters who have been arrested for their activities and subjected to harassment. "The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Council">Human Rights Council</a> must take more serious action to protect and defend journalists," said an official.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Monday, November 9, 2020, Ralph Nestmeyer, Vice President of the German Section of the Pen Association, referred to the repressive methods of authoritarian regimes: "Freedom of expression has declined in many parts of the world." He added that dictatorial regimes respond to any criticism with violence and imprisonment. This year the World Pen Association (Pen), will concentrate on the fate of writers in Iran, China, Turkey, Peru and Uganda.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> condemned the punishment of the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> and demanded that it be prevented at all costs, following the December 12 execution of an Iranian dissident on vague charges. Rouhallah Zam, the founder of Telegram channel <a href="/wiki/Amadnews" title="Amadnews">Amadnews</a>, was allegedly detained when he was visiting Iran in October 2019. He was deported forcibly to Iran and convicted of vague national security charges, as per Human Rights Watch. Zam faced trial for his ‘activism’ after being deported to Iran. The Iranian Supreme Court confirmed his verdict on December 8 and the journalist was executed on December 12.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palestine">Palestine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Palestine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> blocked 59 websites, claiming that they were critical of the government. These websites were both Palestinian and Arabic and were identified to have been publishing material that "threaten national security and civil peace." Quds News Network, among the blocked sites, stated that the move reflected the Palestinian Authority's repression of the press.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_China" title="Freedom of the press in China">Freedom of the press in China</a></div> <p>Critics argue that the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> in China has failed to live up to its promises about the freedom of the <a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">mainland Chinese media</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> consistently ranks China as 'Not Free'<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in its annual press freedom survey, including the 2014 report. PRC journalist <a href="/wiki/He_Qinglian" title="He Qinglian">He Qinglian</a> says that the PRC's media are controlled by directives from the Communist Party's propaganda department and are subjected to intense monitoring which threatens punishment for violators, rather than to pre-publication censorship. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/ITV_News" title="ITV News">ITV News</a> reporter John Ray was arrested while covering a 'Free Tibet' protest.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International media coverage of Tibetan protests only a few months before the Beijing Olympics in 2008 triggered a strong reaction inside China. Chinese media practitioners took the opportunity to argue with propaganda authorities for more media freedom: one journalist asked, 'If not even Chinese journalists are allowed to report about the problems in Tibet, how can foreign journalists know about the Chinese perspective about the events?' Foreign journalists also reported that their access to certain websites, including those of human rights organizations, was restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> president <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rogge" title="Jacques Rogge">Jacques Rogge</a> stated at the end of the 2008 Olympic Games that "The regulations [governing foreign media freedom during the Olympics] might not be perfect but they are a sea-change compared to the situation before. We hope that they will continue."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Foreign Correspondents Club of China (FCCC) issued a statement during the Olympics that 'despite welcome progress in terms of accessibility and the number of press conferences within the Olympic facilities, the FCCC has been alarmed at the use of violence, intimidation and harassment outside. The club has confirmed more than 30 cases of reporting interference since the formal opening of the Olympic media centre on 25 July, and is checking at least 20 other reported incidents.'<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the Chinese state continues to exert a considerable amount of control over media, public support for domestic reporting has come as a surprise to many observers. Not much is known about the extent to which the Chinese citizenry believe the official statements of the CPC, nor about which media sources they perceive as credible and why. So far, research on the media in China has focused on the changing relationship between media outlets and the state during the reform era. Nor is much known about how China's changing media environment has affected the government's ability to persuade media audiences. Research on political trust reveals that exposure to the media correlates positively with support for the government in some instances, and negatively in others. The research has been cited as evidence that the Chinese public believes propaganda transmitted to them through the news media, but also that they disbelieve it. </p><p>In 2012 the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights urged the Chinese government to lift restrictions on media access to the region and allow independent and impartial monitors to visit and assess conditions in Tibet. The Chinese government did not change its position.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Pakistan" title="Freedom of the press in Pakistan">Freedom of the press in Pakistan</a></div> <p>Article 19 of the constitution of the Pakistan states that: "Every citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, and there shall be freedom of the press, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity, security or defense of Pakistan or any part thereof, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, commission of or incitement to an offence."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since independence the electronic media in Pakistan remained dominated by the state-run Pakistan Television and Pakistan Broadcasting CorporationsIronically, press freedom in Pakistan flourished for the first time in 2002 during Gen R Prevaiz Musharraf's era.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To a large extent the media enjoys freedom of expression in spite of political pressure and direct bans sometimes administered by political stake holders. Political pressure on media is mostly done indirectly. One tool widely used by the government is to cut off 'unfriendly' media from governmental advertising. Using draconian laws, the government has also banned or officially silenced popular television channels. The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority" title="Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority">Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority</a> (PEMRA) has been used to silence the broadcast media by either suspending licenses or by simply threatening to do so. In addition, media is also threatened by non-state actors involved in the current conflict. </p><p>In its 2018 <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> ranked Pakistan number 139 out of 180 countries based on freedom of the press. The report implied considerable improvement in the freedom of press compared to the preceding years.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Malaysia">The press in Malaysia</a> is controlled and journalists cannot have a conversation about certain things. For instance, a British reporter in Malaysia was arrested after she reported on the <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal</a> and published details of the alleged transfer of $681 million from 1MDB to bank accounts held by <a href="/wiki/Najib_Razak" title="Najib Razak">Najib Razak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Singapore" title="Mass media in Singapore">Singapore's media environment</a> is considered to be controlled by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018.jpg/220px-Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018.jpg/330px-Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018.jpg/440px-Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3554" data-file-height="2354" /></a><figcaption>Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi was a journalist and critic but was murdered by the Saudi Government.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> does not tolerate dissidents and it can impose penalties on such people. Saudi Arabia is also responsible for executing <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a> journalist, <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> in 2018. As he entered a Saudi embassy in Turkey, a group of Saudi assassins killed him. <sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_India" title="Freedom of the press in India">Freedom of the press in India</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Constitution">Indian Constitution</a>, while not mentioning the word "press", provides for <i>"the right to freedom of speech and expression"</i> (Article 19(1) a). However, this right is subject to restrictions under sub clause, whereby this freedom can be restricted for reasons of "<a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, preserving decency, preserving morality, in relation to contempt, court, <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a>, or incitement to an offense". Laws such as the <a href="/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_(India)" title="Official Secrets Act (India)">Official Secrets Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorist_Activities_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act">Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-pota_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pota-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (PoTA) have been used to limit press freedom. Under PoTA, person could be detained for up to six months for being in contact with a terrorist or terrorist group. PoTA was repealed in 2006, but the Official Secrets Act 1923 continues. </p><p>For the first half-century of independence, media control by the state was the major constraint on press freedom. <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> famously stated in 1975 that <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> is "a Government organ, it is going to remain a Government organ..."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the liberalization starting in the 1990s, private control of media has burgeoned, leading to increasing independence and greater scrutiny of government. </p><p>It ranks poorly at 142nd<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rank out of 180 listed countries in the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> 2021 released by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (RSF).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analytically India's press freedom, as could be deduced by the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a>, has constantly reduced since 2002, when it culminated in terms of apparent freedom, achieving a rank of 80 among the reported countries. In 2018, India's freedom of press ranking declined two placed to 138. In explaining the decline, RSF cited growing intolerance from <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalist</a> supporters of Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, and the murders of journalists such as <a href="/wiki/Gauri_Lankesh" title="Gauri Lankesh">Gauri Lankesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of the press in Bangladesh">Freedom of the press in Bangladesh</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bangladesh">Bangladeshi media</a> is reportedly following self-censorship due to the controversial Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Act. Under this act, 25 journalists and several hundred bloggers and Facebook users are reportedly prosecuted in Bangladesh in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bangladesh ranks poorly at 146th rank out of 180 listed countries in the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> 2018 released by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (RWB).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangladeshi media has faced many problems in 2018. The country's most popular online newspaper <a href="/wiki/Bdnews24.com" title="Bdnews24.com">bdnews24.com</a> was blocked for a few hours on June 18, 2018, by Bangladesh's regulatory authority. Another newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> website was blocked for 22 hours on June 2, 2018, after it had published a report about a victim of an extrajudicial execution in the southeastern city of <a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar" title="Cox's Bazar">Cox's Bazar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_road-safety_protests" title="2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests">road-safety protests in 2018</a>, Bangladeshi government switched off 3G and 4G mobile data and also arrested a photographer named <a href="/wiki/Shahidul_Alam" title="Shahidul Alam">Shahidul Alam</a> under ICT act, after he had given an interview with <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Tanzania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2018, online content providers <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tanzania" title="Telecommunications in Tanzania">must be licensed</a> and pay an annual fee to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the transition to democracy in 1994, the post-apartheid <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a> guarantees the freedom of the press.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications_of_new_technologies">Implications of new technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Implications of new technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the traditional means of delivering information are being slowly superseded by the increasing pace of modern technological advance. Almost every conventional mode of media and information dissemination has a modern counterpart that offers significant potential advantages to journalists seeking to maintain and enhance their freedom of speech. A few simple examples of such phenomena include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial television</a>: Whilst terrestrial television is relatively easy to manage and manipulate, satellite television is much more difficult to control as journalistic content can easily be broadcast from other jurisdictions beyond the control of individual governments. An example of this in the Middle East is the satellite broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>. This Arabic-language media channel operates out of <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, whose government is relatively liberal compared to many of its neighboring states. As such, its views and content are often problematic to a number of governments in the region and beyond. However, because of the increased affordability and miniaturisation of satellite technology (e.g., dishes and receivers) it is simply not practicable for most states to control popular access to the channel.</li> <li>Internet-based publishing (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>) vs. traditional <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a>: Traditional magazines and newspapers rely on physical resources (e.g., offices, printing presses) that can easily be targeted and forced to close down. Internet-based publishing systems can be run using ubiquitous and inexpensive equipment and can operate from any global jurisdiction. Nations and organisations are increasingly resorting to legal measures to take control of online publications, using national security, anti-terror measures and <a href="/wiki/DMCA_takedown" class="mw-redirect" title="DMCA takedown">copyright laws</a> to issue takedown notices and restrict opposition speech.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Internet, anonymity software and <a href="/wiki/Strong_cryptography" title="Strong cryptography">strong cryptography</a>: In addition to Internet-based publishing, the Internet (in combination with anonymity software such as <a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>) allows for <a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">sources</a> to remain anonymous and sustain confidentiality while delivering information to or <a href="/wiki/Secure_communication" title="Secure communication">securely communicating</a> with journalists anywhere in the world in an instant (e.g. <a href="/wiki/SecureDrop" title="SecureDrop">SecureDrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VOIP">Voice over Internet protocol</a> (VOIP) vs. conventional <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a>: Although conventional telephony systems are easily tapped and recorded, modern VOIP technology can employ low-cost strong cryptography to evade surveillance. As VOIP and similar technologies become more widespread they are likely to make the effective monitoring of journalists (and their contacts and activities) a very difficult task for governments.</li></ul> <p>Governments are responding to the challenges posed by new media technologies by deploying increasingly sophisticated technology of their own (a notable example being China's attempts to impose control through a state-run <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service provider</a> that controls access to the Internet). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_ranking">World ranking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: World ranking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_ranking_2023">World ranking 2023</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: World ranking 2023"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its 2023 report published on May 3, Reporters Without Borders evaluated the state of media freedom in 180 countries. According to this report, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran ranks 177 out of 180 countries after North Korea, China and Vietnam, and it has also been named as one of the most dangerous countries for journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_ranking_2021">World ranking 2021</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: World ranking 2021"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The World Press Freedom Index 2021, compiled by Reporters Without Borders, shows that journalism is completely blocked or severely restricted in 73 countries and restricted in 59 others. According to the report, Norway ranks first among 180 countries for the fifth year in a row. Finland is second and Sweden third. In this index, Iran is ranked 174th with a decline. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, China, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria ranked consequently 150th, 177th, 170th, 166th and 173rd.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_ranking_2020">World ranking 2020</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: World ranking 2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 21, the RSF in its 2020 annual report published the latest ranking of Freedom of Media. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> is the 173rd in the list, declining three steps compared to 2019. The three Iranian allied countries, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> are 174th, 177th, and 180th. This organization accuses China and Iran of censorship of news about an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronavirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_ranking_2019">World ranking 2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: World ranking 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 18, the RSF published its annual report, Indication for Free Media in the world. In this report, among 180 states, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> was the freest and safest country in the world. <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> are the next. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> lost its position in the list- compare to 2018- and is among the 11 countries that suppress the freedom of the media. Iran is on the bottom of the list, ranked as the 170th state.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_ranking_2018">World ranking 2018</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: World ranking 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The RSF in its annual report in 2018 documented deadly violence and misbehavior against reporters saying for one year 80 reporters have been killed, 348 detained, and 60 taken hostage which indicates an unprecedented hostility against media staff. This organization recognizes Iran as one of the five states which is called "prison of reporters" along with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, Egypt, and Turkey. Based on this report Iran is ranked 144th and is still one of the greatest prisons for journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_ranking_2017">World ranking 2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: World ranking 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the 2017 annual report on RSF, Iran along with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> are the largest prison for reporters and media activists. The report says during 2017, among professional journalists, 50 have been killed and 326 detained; 54 reporters have been taken hostage.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_ranking_2016">World ranking 2016</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: World ranking 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 13, 2016, the Reporters without Borders (RSF) published its annual report. The report reads: 348 journalists have been detained and 52 taken hostage in Iran in 2016. Following Turkey, the countries China, Syria, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and Iran have almost two-thirds of detained <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_ranking_2015">World ranking 2015</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: World ranking 2015"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 12, 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Reporters_without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters without Borders">Reporters without Borders</a> (RSF) published its annual report. In this report, 180 states have been reviewed based on the freedom of press, independent media and also the situation of reporters and journalists. Iran is at the 173rd of this list that indicates, despite the <a href="/wiki/Rouhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouhani">Rouhani</a>'s promises, freedom of speeches and journalists has not been improved; the RSF concerns continue. According to the report, Iran ranked third on the list on the imprisonment of journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations_for_press_freedom">Organizations for press freedom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Organizations for press freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_19" title="Article 19">Article 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journalists_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Journalists for Free Expression">Canadian Journalists for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_on_Censorship" title="Index on Censorship">Index on Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter_American_Press_Association" title="Inter American Press Association">Inter American Press Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_of_Expression_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="International Freedom of Expression Exchange">International Freedom of Expression Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Press_Institute" title="International Press Institute">International Press Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Legal_Defence_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Legal Defence Initiative">Media Legal Defence Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Press_Law_Center" title="Student Press Law Center">Student Press Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Newspapers_and_News_Publishers" title="World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers">World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Committee" title="World Press Freedom Committee">World Press Freedom Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Governance_Indicators" title="Worldwide Governance Indicators">Worldwide Governance Indicators</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Censorship" title="Category:Censorship"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">a series</span></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Censorship by country</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Censorship.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A censorship symbol"><img alt="A censorship symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Censorship.svg/100px-Censorship.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Censorship.svg/150px-Censorship.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Censorship.svg/200px-Censorship.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Countries</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist" style="column-count: 2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Albania" title="Mass media in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Algeria" title="Censorship in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Azerbaijan" title="Media freedom in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bahrain" title="Censorship in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bangladesh" title="Censorship in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bhutan" title="Censorship in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bolivia" title="Censorship in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Canada" title="Censorship in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">China</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Hong_Kong" title="Censorship in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">overseas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Croatia#Censorship_and_media_freedom" title="Mass media in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Censorship in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Denmark" title="Censorship in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Ecuador" title="Censorship in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Finland" title="Censorship in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_France" title="Censorship in France">France</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" title="Censorship in the Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Germany" title="Censorship in Germany">Germany</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Censorship in Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_East_Germany" title="Censorship in East Germany">Democratic Republic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Guatemala" title="Censorship in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Honduras" title="Censorship in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Indonesia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Censorship in the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Iran</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iraq" title="Censorship in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Censorship in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Israel" title="Censorship in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Italy</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Propaganda_and_censorship_in_Italy_during_the_First_World_War" title="Propaganda and censorship in Italy during the First World War">World War I</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Jamaica" title="Censorship in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Japan</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>)</span></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Malawi" title="Internet censorship in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Maldives" title="Censorship in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico" title="Censorship in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Morocco" title="Internet censorship in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Myanmar" title="Censorship in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nepal" title="Censorship in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_New_Zealand" title="Censorship in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nigeria" title="Censorship in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_North_Korea" title="Censorship in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Pakistan" title="Censorship in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Peru" title="Censorship in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Poland" title="Censorship in Poland">Poland</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Poland" title="Censorship in Communist Poland">Communist</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Portugal" title="Censorship in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Romania">Romania</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Romania" title="Censorship in Communist Romania">Communist</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Russia" title="Censorship in Russia">Russia</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Censorship in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Rwanda" title="Censorship in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Samoa" title="Censorship in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Serbia" title="Media freedom in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Singapore" title="Censorship in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_South_Africa" title="Internet censorship in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Asia" title="Censorship in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Korea" title="Censorship in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Spain" title="Censorship in Spain">Spain</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Censorship in Francoist Spain">Francoist</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sweden" title="Censorship in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Syria" title="Internet censorship in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Thailand" title="Censorship in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Tunisia" title="Censorship in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Censorship in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela" title="Censorship in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Censorship in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship and surveillance by country</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Censorship_by_country" title="Template:Censorship by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Censorship_by_country" title="Template talk:Censorship by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_10_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilling effect (term)">Chilling effect (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Windhoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Windhoek">Declaration of Windhoek</a> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech,_%22The_People%27s_Darling_Privilege%22" title="Free Speech, "The People's Darling Privilege"">Free Speech, "The People's Darling Privilege"</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Act_(1766)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the Press Act (1766)">Freedom of the Press Act (1766)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in the Russian Federation">Freedom of the press in the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the press in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Freedom of the press in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_in_the_media_during_the_2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech in the media during the 2011 Libyan civil war">Free speech in the media during the 2011 Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Journalism ethics and standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaliste_en_danger" title="Journaliste en danger">Journaliste en danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalistic standards">Journalistic standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indices_of_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indices of freedom">List of indices of freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_blackout" title="Media blackout">Media blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">Muckraker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_embargo" title="News embargo">News embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Press_Club" title="New York Press Club">New York Press Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_is_Not_a_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography is Not a Crime">Photography is Not a Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_Two_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Two of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section Two of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Europe" title="Transparency of media ownership in Europe">Transparency of media ownership in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia_Monitoring_Group" title="Tunisia Monitoring Group">Tunisia Monitoring Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_media_purge_after_the_failed_July_2016_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Turkey's media purge after the failed July 2016 coup d'état">Turkey's media purge after the failed July 2016 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Day" title="World Press Freedom Day">World Press Freedom Day</a> on May 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNations" class="citation news cs1">Nations, United. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224223959/https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.aulast=Nations&rft.aufirst=United&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Funiversal-declaration-human-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordin2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Nordin" title="Jonas Nordin">Nordin, Jonas</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kb:publ-716"><i>The Swedish Freedom of the Press Ordinance of 1766: Background and Significance</i></a>. Stockholm: The National Library of Sweden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7000-474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7000-474-2"><bdi>978-91-7000-474-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swedish+Freedom+of+the+Press+Ordinance+of+1766%3A+Background+and+Significance&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=The+National+Library+of+Sweden&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-91-7000-474-2&rft.aulast=Nordin&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Akb%3Apubl-716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowe1992" class="citation book cs1">Powe, L. A. Scot (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourthestatethe00powe"><i>The Fourth Estate and the Constitution: Freedom of the Press in America</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourthestatethe00powe/page/200">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520913165" title="Special:BookSources/9780520913165"><bdi>9780520913165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Estate+and+the+Constitution%3A+Freedom+of+the+Press+in+America&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780520913165&rft.aulast=Powe&rft.aufirst=L.+A.+Scot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourthestatethe00powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/article/summit-democracy-new-scorecards-highlight-state-freedom-participating-countries">"Summit for Democracy: New Scorecards Highlight State of Freedom in Participating Countries"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225841/https://freedomhouse.org/article/summit-democracy-new-scorecards-highlight-state-freedom-participating-countries">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Summit+for+Democracy%3A+New+Scorecards+Highlight+State+of+Freedom+in+Participating+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Farticle%2Fsummit-democracy-new-scorecards-highlight-state-freedom-participating-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/data/killed/2019/?status=Killed&motiveConfirmed%5B%5D=Confirmed&type%5B%5D=Journalist&start_year=2019&end_year=2019&group_by=location">"Explore CPJ's database of attacks on the press"</a>. <i>cpj.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411055558/https://cpj.org/data/killed/2019/?status=Killed&motiveConfirmed%5B%5D=Confirmed&type%5B%5D=Journalist&start_year=2019&end_year=2019&group_by=location">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cpj.org&rft.atitle=Explore+CPJ%27s+database+of+attacks+on+the+press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2Fdata%2Fkilled%2F2019%2F%3Fstatus%3DKilled%26motiveConfirmed%255B%255D%3DConfirmed%26type%255B%255D%3DJournalist%26start_year%3D2019%26end_year%3D2019%26group_by%3Dlocation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/data/killed/2019/?status=Killed&motiveConfirmed%5B%5D=Confirmed&type%5B%5D=Journalist&start_year=2002&end_year=2002&group_by=location">"Explore CPJ's database of attacks on the press"</a>. <i>cpj.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731205259/https://cpj.org/data/killed/2019/?status=Killed&motiveConfirmed%5B%5D=Confirmed&type%5B%5D=Journalist&start_year=2002&end_year=2002&group_by=location">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cpj.org&rft.atitle=Explore+CPJ%27s+database+of+attacks+on+the+press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2Fdata%2Fkilled%2F2019%2F%3Fstatus%3DKilled%26motiveConfirmed%255B%255D%3DConfirmed%26type%255B%255D%3DJournalist%26start_year%3D2002%26end_year%3D2002%26group_by%3Dlocation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/reports/2019/12/journalists-killed-murdered-syria-mexico-impunity.php">"Number of journalists killed falls sharply as reprisal murders hit record low"</a>. <i>Committee to Protect Journalists</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923044431/https://cpj.org/reports/2019/12/journalists-killed-murdered-syria-mexico-impunity/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Committee+to+Protect+Journalists&rft.atitle=Number+of+journalists+killed+falls+sharply+as+reprisal+murders+hit+record+low&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2Freports%2F2019%2F12%2Fjournalists-killed-murdered-syria-mexico-impunity.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/index">"2023 World Press Freedom Index"</a>. <i>Reporters Without Borders</i>. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=2023+World+Press+Freedom+Index&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/index">"2022 World Press Freedom Index | Reporters Without Borders"</a>. <i>RSF</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427230843/https://rsf.org/en/ranking">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSF&rft.atitle=2022+World+Press+Freedom+Index+%7C+Reporters+Without+Borders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-map-of-the-freedom-of-the-press-status">"World Map of the Freedom of the Press Status"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417190155/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-map-of-the-freedom-of-the-press-status">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+2005&rft.atitle=Press+Freedom+Table+%28Press+Freedom+vs.+Democracy+ranks%29&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Freedom+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldaudit.org%2Fpress.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifex.org/kazakhstan/2002/07/02/editor_s_daughter_killed_in_mysterious/">"Editor's daughter killed in mysterious circumstances"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502162311/https://ifex.org//kazakhstan/2002/07/02/editor_s_daughter_killed_in_mysterious/">Archived</a> 2019-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), 2 July 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3664494.stm">"Ukraine remembers slain reporter"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502041013/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3664494.stm">Archived</a> 2019-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>BBC News</i>, 16 September 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eleonora W. 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(1978), <i>Political Profiles: The Truman Years</i>, pp. 16–17, Facts on File Inc., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871964533" title="Special:BookSources/9780871964533">9780871964533</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eprs-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eprs_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Poptcheva, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-554214-Press-freedom-in-the-EU-FINAL.pdf">Press freedom in the EU Legal framework and challenges</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210114509/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-554214-Press-freedom-in-the-EU-FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-02-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service, Briefing April 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124161814/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/policy-highlights/media-freedom/index_en.htm">"European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations"</a>. European Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/policy-highlights/media-freedom/index_en.htm">the original</a> on 2016-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Neighbourhood+Policy+and+Enlargement+Negotiations&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenlargement%2Fpolicy%2Fpolicy-highlights%2Fmedia-freedom%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/opinion/british-press-freedom-under-threat.html">"British Press Freedom Under Threat"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130103749/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/opinion/british-press-freedom-under-threat.html">Archived</a> 2017-01-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Editorial, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, 14 November 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007183949/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/gordon-rayner/8812486/Leveson-Inquiry-British-press-freedom-is-a-model-for-the-world-editor-tells-inquiry.html">"Leveson Inquiry: British press freedom is a model for the world, editor tells inquiry"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 14 October 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/gordon-rayner/8812486/Leveson-Inquiry-British-press-freedom-is-a-model-for-the-world-editor-tells-inquiry.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Leveson+Inquiry%3A+British+press+freedom+is+a+model+for+the+world%2C+editor+tells+inquiry&rft.date=2017-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fjournalists%2Fgordon-rayner%2F8812486%2FLeveson-Inquiry-British-press-freedom-is-a-model-for-the-world-editor-tells-inquiry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2003" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Karen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnpliIUyO60C&q=Areopagitica+freedom+of+speech+britain"><i>Ethics & Journalism</i></a>. Sage. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6967-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6967-9"><bdi>978-0-7619-6967-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+%26+Journalism&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6967-9&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnpliIUyO60C%26q%3DAreopagitica%2Bfreedom%2Bof%2Bspeech%2Bbritain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison Olson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/eal/summary/v035/35.3olson.html">"The Zenger Case Revisited: Satire, Sedition and Political Debate in Eighteenth Century America"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217081612/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/eal/summary/v035/35.3olson.html">Archived</a> 2016-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Early American Literature</i>, vol.35 no.3 (2000), pp. 223–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/pickwick/egervarymt2.html">"Carlyle and Dickens on the Dark Side of Freedom of the Press"</a>. <i>victorianweb.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208134814/https://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/pickwick/egervarymt2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=victorianweb.org&rft.atitle=Carlyle+and+Dickens+on+the+Dark+Side+of+Freedom+of+the+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvictorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fdickens%2Fpickwick%2Fegervarymt2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stuart_Mill1867" class="citation book cs1">John Stuart Mill (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GxA-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10"><i>On Liberty</i></a>. Longmans. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780758337283" title="Special:BookSources/9780758337283"><bdi>9780758337283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Liberty&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1867&rft.isbn=9780758337283&rft.au=John+Stuart+Mill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGxA-AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaursen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Laursen, John Christian (January 1998). 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The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quirinale.it/allegati_statici/costituzione/Statutoalbertino.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-08-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lo+Statuto+Albertino&rft.pub=The+official+website+of+the+Presidency+of+the+Italian+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirinale.it%2Fallegati_statici%2Fcostituzione%2FStatutoalbertino.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127152449/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/costituzione/pdf/costituzione_inglese.pdf">"The Italian Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Infobase Publishing. pp. 194–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110011" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110011"><bdi>9781438110011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Censorship&rft.pages=194-196&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438110011&rft.au=Jonathon+Green&rft.au=Nicholas+J.+Karolides%2C+eds.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbunHURgi7FcC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riksdagen.se/templates/R_Page____8908.aspx">"The Freedom of the Press Act", Sveriges Riksdag</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930182530/http://www.riksdagen.se/templates/R_Page____8908.aspx">Archived</a> 2007-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortress_Europe?_–_Circular_Letter" class="citation web cs1">Fortress Europe? – Circular Letter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308002445/http://fecl.org/circular/1507.htm">"FECL 15 (May 1993): The Swedish Tradition of Freedom of Press"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSF&rft.atitle=Mexico%3A+Two+Mexican+journalists+murdered+in+space+of+three+days+%7C+Reporters+without+borders&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fmexico-two-mexican-journalists-murdered-space-three-days&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/tenth-anniversary-bahraini-bloggers-arrest">"Tenth anniversary of Bahraini blogger's arrest | RSF"</a>. 17 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211230023223/https://rsf.org/en/news/tenth-anniversary-bahraini-bloggers-arrest">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tenth+anniversary+of+Bahraini+blogger%27s+arrest+%7C+RSF&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ftenth-anniversary-bahraini-bloggers-arrest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/12/iran050407.pdf">"Country of origin information report Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.justice.gov</i>. 2007-05-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718122811/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/12/iran050407.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.justice.gov&rft.atitle=Country+of+origin+information+report+Iran&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Feoir%2Flegacy%2F2013%2F06%2F12%2Firan050407.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/reporters-without-borders-iranian-journalists-are-victims-of-jet-crash-lies-/30421140.html">"Reporters Without Borders: Iranian Journalists Are Victims Of Jet Crash Lies"</a>. Radio Free Europe. 2020-02-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200905025141/https://www.rferl.org/a/reporters-without-borders-iranian-journalists-are-victims-of-jet-crash-lies-/30421140.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reporters+Without+Borders%3A+Iranian+Journalists+Are+Victims+Of+Jet+Crash+Lies&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Freporters-without-borders-iranian-journalists-are-victims-of-jet-crash-lies-%2F30421140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%88-%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/a-18423206">"روز آزادی مطبوعات؛ ایران جزو پنج زندان بزرگ روزنامه‌نگاران"</a>. dw.com/fa. 2015-05-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110042029/https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%88-%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/a-18423206">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2+%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%9B+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%88+%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC+%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.date=2015-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Ffa-ir%2F%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B2-%25D8%25A2%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B2%25D9%2588-%25D9%25BE%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC-%25D8%25B2%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B2%25D8%25B1%25DA%25AF-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B2%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2587%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%2Fa-18423206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amplifies-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amplifies_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amplifies_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/coronavirus-pandemic-amplifies-press-freedom-threats-040853085.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9jb25zZW50LnlhaG9vLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMMALxH5cQn_7cUTwNA-eDV95VzkYM33OTgn9Kmp14AkQt4xJlXaPpkYkfyclWOngxCbX-W3fbfgYVRCeuI4QOY4cFnlPVp-7CcXkuTOpSZeFci8gkk2vFAb8zpDNAy_nfnh3RYvuJx87ra1xYxrF38_fhwYDchmqf0Bxux7s6Qi">"Coronavirus pandemic 'amplifies press freedom threats'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. AFP. April 21, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731213910/https://news.yahoo.com/coronavirus-pandemic-amplifies-press-freedom-threats-040853085.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9jb25zZW50LnlhaG9vLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMMALxH5cQn_7cUTwNA-eDV95VzkYM33OTgn9Kmp14AkQt4xJlXaPpkYkfyclWOngxCbX-W3fbfgYVRCeuI4QOY4cFnlPVp-7CcXkuTOpSZeFci8gkk2vFAb8zpDNAy_nfnh3RYvuJx87ra1xYxrF38_fhwYDchmqf0Bxux7s6Qi">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+pandemic+%27amplifies+press+freedom+threats%27&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fcoronavirus-pandemic-amplifies-press-freedom-threats-040853085.html%3Fguccounter%3D1%26guce_referrer%3DaHR0cHM6Ly9jb25zZW50LnlhaG9vLmNvbS8%26guce_referrer_sig%3DAQAAAMMALxH5cQn_7cUTwNA-eDV95VzkYM33OTgn9Kmp14AkQt4xJlXaPpkYkfyclWOngxCbX-W3fbfgYVRCeuI4QOY4cFnlPVp-7CcXkuTOpSZeFci8gkk2vFAb8zpDNAy_nfnh3RYvuJx87ra1xYxrF38_fhwYDchmqf0Bxux7s6Qi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hra-news.org/statements/a-479/">"بیانیه کانون نویسنگان ایران به مناسبت روز جهانی آزادی مطبوعات"</a>. Hrana. 2020-05-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817010335/https://www.hra-news.org/statements/a-479/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87+%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86+%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2+%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C+%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.date=2020-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hra-news.org%2Fstatements%2Fa-479%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-51424918">"ادامه انتقاد نهادهای بین‌المللی نسبت به موج تازه‌ فشارها علیه روزنامه‌نگاران ایران"</a>. BBC. 2020-02-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831060613/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-51424918">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Radiofarda-fa. 2019-11-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130220157/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/rfs_statment_iran_harrasment_journalists_iranian_abroad/30293459.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BBC/persian. 2019-12-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904073225/https://www.bbc.com/persian/world-50746161">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tanzania%3A+Bloggers+to+be+charged+%24900+%28average+annual+income%29+per+year+for+right+to+speak&rft.date=2018-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperilofafrica.com%2Ftanzania-bloggers-to-be-charged-900-annual-average-income-per-year-for-right-to-speak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaharaj2021" class="citation web cs1">Maharaj, Brij (18 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2021-10-18-press-freedom-in-democratic-south-africa-is-a-fragile-concept/">"Press freedom in democratic South Africa is a fragile concept"</a>. <i>Daily Maverick</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103132442/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2021-10-18-press-freedom-in-democratic-south-africa-is-a-fragile-concept/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Maverick&rft.atitle=Press+freedom+in+democratic+South+Africa+is+a+fragile+concept&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft.aulast=Maharaj&rft.aufirst=Brij&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Fopinionista%2F2021-10-18-press-freedom-in-democratic-south-africa-is-a-fragile-concept%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/blog/2016/01/how-us-copyright-law-is-being-used-to-take-down-co.php">"How U.S. copyright law is being used to take down Correa's critics in Ecuador – Committee to Protect Journalists"</a>. <i>cpj.org</i>. 21 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120195203/https://cpj.org/blog/2016/01/how-us-copyright-law-is-being-used-to-take-down-co.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cpj.org&rft.atitle=How+U.S.+copyright+law+is+being+used+to+take+down+Correa%27s+critics+in+Ecuador+%E2%80%93+Committee+to+Protect+Journalists&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2Fblog%2F2016%2F01%2Fhow-us-copyright-law-is-being-used-to-take-down-co.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/2023-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-threatened-fake-content-industry">"2023 World Press Freedom Index – journalism threatened by fake content industry | RSF"</a>. <i>rsf.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504023654/https://rsf.org/en/2023-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-threatened-fake-content-industry">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=2023+World+Press+Freedom+Index+%E2%80%93+journalism+threatened+by+fake+content+industry+%7C+RSF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2F2023-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-threatened-fake-content-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/2021-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-vaccine-against-disinformation-blocked-more-130-countries">"2021 World Press Freedom Index: Journalism, the vaccine against disinformation, blocked in more than 130 countries"</a>. <i>rsf.org</i>. 19 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510043937/https://rsf.org/en/2021-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-vaccine-against-disinformation-blocked-more-130-countries">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=2021+World+Press+Freedom+Index%3A+Journalism%2C+the+vaccine+against+disinformation%2C+blocked+in+more+than+130+countries&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2F2021-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-vaccine-against-disinformation-blocked-more-130-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/ranking">"2021 WORLD PRESS FREEDOM INDEX"</a>. <i>rsf.org</i>. 30 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117010440/https://rsf.org/en/ranking">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=2021+WORLD+PRESS+FREEDOM+INDEX&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Franking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/2020-world-press-freedom-index-entering-decisive-decade-journalism-exacerbated-coronavirus">"2020 World Press Freedom Index: "Entering a decisive decade for journalism, exacerbated by coronavirus"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>rsf.org</i>. 2020-04-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507142239/https://rsf.org/en/2020-world-press-freedom-index-entering-decisive-decade-journalism-exacerbated-coronavirus">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=2020+World+Press+Freedom+Index%3A+%22Entering+a+decisive+decade+for+journalism%2C+exacerbated+by+coronavirus%22&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2F2020-world-press-freedom-index-entering-decisive-decade-journalism-exacerbated-coronavirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/2019-world-press-freedom-index-cycle-fear">"2019 World Press Freedom Index – A cycle of fear"</a>. <i>RSF</i>. 15 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602234620/https://rsf.org/en/2019-world-press-freedom-index-cycle-fear">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSF&rft.atitle=2019+World+Press+Freedom+Index+%E2%80%93+A+cycle+of+fear&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2F2019-world-press-freedom-index-cycle-fear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/rsfs-2018-round-deadly-attacks-and-abuses-against-journalists-figures-all-categories">"RSF's 2018 round-up of deadly attacks and abuses against journalists – figures up in all categories"</a>. <i>RSF</i>. 2018-12-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200530054514/https://rsf.org/en/news/rsfs-2018-round-deadly-attacks-and-abuses-against-journalists-figures-all-categories">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSF&rft.atitle=RSF%27s+2018+round-up+of+deadly+attacks+and+abuses+against+journalists+%E2%80%93+figures+up+in+all+categories&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Frsfs-2018-round-deadly-attacks-and-abuses-against-journalists-figures-all-categories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/reports/rsf-round-these-figures-are-alarming">"RSF round-up: these figures are alarming"</a>. <i>rsf</i>. December 18, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805023155/https://rsf.org/en/reports/rsf-round-these-figures-are-alarming">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf&rft.atitle=RSF+round-up%3A+these+figures+are+alarming&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Freports%2Frsf-round-these-figures-are-alarming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/reports/2016-round-number-journalists-detained-worldwide-continues-rise">"2016 Round-Up: Number of journalists detained worldwide continues to rise"</a>. <i>rsf</i>. 2019-08-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001200318/https://rsf.org/en/reports/2016-round-number-journalists-detained-worldwide-continues-rise">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf&rft.atitle=2016+Round-Up%3A+Number+of+journalists+detained+worldwide+continues+to+rise&rft.date=2019-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Freports%2F2016-round-number-journalists-detained-worldwide-continues-rise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200908223405/https://rsf.org/en/news/world-press-freedom-index-2015-decline-all-fronts">"World Press Freedom Index 2015: decline on all fronts"</a>. <i>rsf</i>. January 25, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/world-press-freedom-index-2015-decline-all-fronts">the original</a> on September 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf&rft.atitle=World+Press+Freedom+Index+2015%3A+decline+on+all+fronts&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fworld-press-freedom-index-2015-decline-all-fronts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Gardner, Mary A. <i>The Inter American Press Association: Its Fight for Freedom of the Press, 1926–1960</i> (University of Texas Press, 2014)</li> <li>George, Cherian. <i>Freedom from the Press: Journalism and State Power in Singapore</i> (2012)</li> <li>Molnár, Peter, ed. <i>Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Information Since the Fall of the Berlin Wall</i> (Central European University Press, 2014)</li> <li>Nord, Lars W., and Torbjörn Von Krogh. "The Freedom of The Press or The Fear Factor? Analysing Political Decisions and Non-Decisions in British Media Policy 1990–2012." <i>Observatorio (OBS*)</i> (2015) 9#1 pp. 1–16.</li> <li>Stockmann, Daniela. <i>Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China</i> (2012)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThierer,_AdamBrian_Anderson2008" class="citation book cs1">Thierer, Adam; Brian Anderson (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manifestoformedi0000ande"><i>A Manifesto for Media Freedom</i></a></span>. New York: Encounter Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-228-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-228-8"><bdi>978-1-59403-228-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manifesto+for+Media+Freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59403-228-8&rft.au=Thierer%2C+Adam&rft.au=Brian+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanifestoformedi0000ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Freedom_of_the_press" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div 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side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i> article about "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Press,_Freedom_of_the" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Press, Freedom of the">Freedom of the press</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjfe.org/indias_free_press_problem">Canadian Journalists for Free Expression</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731201951/https://www.cjfe.org/indias_free_press_problem">Archived</a> 2019-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://akademie.dw.de/navigator">Media Freedom Navigator</a> Media Freedom Indices at a Glance</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorsetiche.it">Risorse Etiche</a> Publish and translate articles of independent journalists</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060814054855/http://www.activistmagazine.com/">the <i>ACTivist</i> Magazine</a> (archived 14 August 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seemo.org/">South East Europe Media Organisation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315043810/http://www.bannedmagazine.com/"><i>Banned Magazine</i>, the journal of censorship and secrecy.</a> (archived 15 March 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060205092739/http://blog.newspaperindex.com/">News and Free Speech – Newspaper Index Blog</a> (archived 5 February 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beepworld.de/members/press-freedom/">Press Freedom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106032839/http://www.beepworld.de/members/press-freedom/">Archived</a> 2010-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/fom">OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://independentmedia.ca">MANA – the Media Alliance for New Activism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961223024601/http://www.ifex.org/">International Freedom of Expression Exchange</a> – Monitors press freedom around the world (archived 23 December 1996)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829212040/http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/expressfreedom/index.asp">IPS Inter Press Service</a> Independent news on press freedom around the world (archived 29 August 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcfp.org/">The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615192810/http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=416">Reporters Without Borders</a> (archived 15 June 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dohacentre.org/">Doha Center for Media Freedom</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpfc.org/">World Press Freedom Committee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.splc.org/">Student Press Law Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalistes-cfdt.fr/">Union syndicale des journalistes CFDT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150531012207/http://mediafreedom.ushahidi.com/">Mapping media freedom in Europe</a> (archived 31 May 2015)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Censorship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Censorship" title="Template:Censorship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Censorship" title="Template talk:Censorship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Censorship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">books banned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumvention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech and expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Student media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Televisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">banned televisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned video games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censor_bars" title="Censor bars">Censor bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_censorship" title="Collateral censorship">Collateral censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concision_(media_studies)" title="Concision (media studies)">Concision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)" title="Conspiracy of silence (expression)">Conspiracy of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogging_(censorship)" title="Fogging (censorship)">Fogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler" title="Heckler">Heckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_theft" title="Newspaper theft">Newspaper theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">Sanitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_code" title="Speech code">Speech code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">computer and network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Word filtering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Apple" title="Censorship by Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Facebook" title="Censorship by Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_hate_speech" title="Online hate speech">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Chinese issues overseas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Muhammad controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberty" title="Template:Liberty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberty" title="Template talk:Liberty"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberty">Social liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_freedom" title="Intellectual freedom">Intellectual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_freedom" title="Morphological freedom">Morphological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By right</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_education" title="Freedom of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" title="Right to family life">Family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_freedom" title="Morphological freedom">Morphological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_silence" title="Right to silence">Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten" title="Right to be forgotten">To be forgotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberty, equality, brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Journalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism" title="Template:Journalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism" title="Template talk:Journalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Journalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Profession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Journalism_genres" title="Journalism genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li>Freedom of the press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">List of journalism articles</a> – <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_journalism" title="Outline of journalism">Outline</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_revolution" title="Template:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_revolution" title="Template talk:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Milestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boys_in_the_Sand" title="Boys in the Sand">Boys in the Sand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myra_Breckinridge" title="Myra Breckinridge">Myra Breckinridge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)" title="Deep Throat (film)">Deep Throat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country" title="Divorce law by country">Divorce law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Test">Miller Test</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn#"Porno_chic"" title="Golden Age of Porn">Porno chic</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_United_States" title="Pornography in the United States">Pornography in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">The Pill</a> (1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_personal_is_political" title="The personal is political">The personal is political</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Reports" title="Kinsey Reports">Kinsey Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson_Institute" title="Masters and Johnson Institute">Masters and Johnson Institute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Califia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Califia">Pat Califia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Chambers" title="Marilyn Chambers">Marilyn Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Damiano" title="Gerard Damiano">Gerard Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Dodson" title="Betty Dodson">Betty Dodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Flynt" title="Larry Flynt">Larry Flynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ginzburg" title="Ralph Ginzburg">Ralph Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Goldstein" title="Al Goldstein">Al Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Guccione" title="Bob Guccione">Bob Guccione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Hall" title="Terri Hall">Terri Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halsted" title="Fred Halsted">Fred Halsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Hartley" title="Nina Hartley">Nina Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hefner" title="Hugh Hefner">Hugh Hefner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hurles" title="David Hurles">David Hurles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_E._Johnson" title="Virginia E. Johnson">Virginia Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Lovelace" title="Linda Lovelace">Linda Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Margold" title="William Margold">William Margold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Masters" title="William Masters">William Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radley_Metzger" title="Radley Metzger">Radley Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettie_Page" title="Bettie Page">Bettie Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Sprinkle" title="Annie Sprinkle">Annie Sprinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Westheimer" title="Ruth Westheimer">Ruth Westheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55th_Street_Playhouse" title="55th Street Playhouse">55th Street Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldron_(sex_club)" title="Caldron (sex club)">Caldron (sex club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_(sex_club)" title="Catacombs (sex club)">Catacombs (sex club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Baths" title="Club Baths">Club Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Factory" title="The Factory">The Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bathhouse" title="Gay bathhouse">Gay bathhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Miami" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineshaft_(gay_club)" title="Mineshaft (gay club)">Mineshaft (gay club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Andy_Warhol_Garrick_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre">New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Retreat" title="Plato's Retreat">Plato's Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone_retreat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstone retreat">Sandstone retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Leather_Cultural_District" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ and Leather Cultural District">South of Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_of_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist views of pornography">Feminist views of pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Deep_Throat" title="Inside Deep Throat">Inside Deep Throat</a></i> (2005 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_(film)" title="Kinsey (film)">Kinsey</a></i> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovelace_(film)" title="Lovelace (film)">Lovelace</a></i> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Make_Love,_Not_War:_The_Sexual_Revolution:_An_Unfettered_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History">Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History</a></i> (2001 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_Bettie_Page" title="The Notorious Bettie Page">The Notorious Bettie Page</a></i> (2005 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whatever_(novel)" title="Whatever (novel)">Whatever</a></i> (1994 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/21px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/32px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/42px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="288" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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