CINXE.COM
Issue Archive: 1897 | Scientific American
<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Issue Archive: 1897 | Scientific American</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1897/"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"/> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"/> <link rel="image_src" src="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1897/"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"/> <meta name="description" content="Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Issue Archive: 1897"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Scientific American"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@sciam"/> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="scientificamerican.com"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Scientific American Logo"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Scientific American Logo"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon shortcut" href="/static/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/platform/syndication/rss/" /> <script data-layer="critical">;performance.mark('app-load-start');((d,ael,dcl,unl,cxl,log,onunl)=>{log('[readyState]',d.readyState);d[ael]('readystatechange',()=>log('[readyState]',d.readyState));d[ael](dcl,()=>log(dcl));d[ael](unl,onunl);window.onload=()=>{d.removeEventListener(unl,onunl);log('windowloaded')};})(document,'addEventListener','DOMContentLoaded','beforeunload','cancelled',(...msg)=>console.log('[dev]',...msg),()=>{window[cxl]=true;log(cxl)});((l,pii) => {if (pii.some(p => l.search.includes(p+"="))) {window.initSearch = l.search;const anon = new URLSearchParams(l.search);pii.forEach(p => anon.delete(p));history.replaceState({}, "", l.pathname + "?" + anon);} })(location, ["email", "magic_link", "token", "code", "state"]);</script> <script type="module" crossorigin src="/static/bundle.760adafd.js"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/preload-helper-4aa0ec7d.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/vendor-react-d0986667.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/sciam-ee69f439.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-piano-auth-sync-d9fc892c.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/datalayer-043ea249.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/index-dfdf7239.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-chargebee-41694656.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-user-b2e3b0d7.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-plan-4e2e16c1.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-cart-dbbbcae5.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/useOverlay-f74ac14c.js"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/bundle-aba65ab5.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/DefaultLayout-23a421d2.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/issues-39da08eb.css"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/static/issues.43218fc2.js" crossorigin fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-5FLM662" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciads/sciads.js" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> </head> <body> <div id="app"><header class="headerContainer-8KxQ5" role="banner"><a href="#main" id="skipToMain" class="skiptocontent sr-only-focusable sr-only">Skip to main content</a><div class="header-1t1JE flex-aYeiI"><div class="left-ajw3c flex-aYeiI"><a href="/" aria-label="Link to homepage" class="logoLink-Wt3sq"><span class="sr-only">Scientific American</span><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 120.79 128.39" fill="currentColor" role="img" aria-label="Scientific American"><path d="M7.98 58.19c2.3 0 5.24 3.18 14.53 3.18 13.66 0 21.75-8.57 21.75-17.86 0-7.86-3.73-12.94-11.43-17.23l-9.37-5.24c-4.05-2.3-7.46-5.32-7.46-9.92 0-4.92 3.73-7.7 9.69-7.7s11.35 4.21 13.02 13.26h1.98V.95h-1.83c-.16 1.43-.87 2.06-1.75 2.06-2.06 0-4.53-2.94-12.62-2.94C13.85.08 5.12 6.51 5.12 16.35c0 7.3 3.26 11.83 9.77 15.56l9.61 5.48c5.48 3.18 7.7 6.19 7.7 10.72 0 5.64-3.18 9.77-10.64 9.77-9.29 0-13.58-5.08-15.32-16.2H4.1V60.5h1.98c.16-1.67.95-2.3 1.91-2.3Zm65.97 3.26c11.11-.03 19.13-8.81 20.4-20.72l-2.22-.64c-2.54 8.26-7.22 12.46-13.97 12.46-12.23 0-16.04-14.93-16.04-27.87 0-15.56 6.11-21.28 14.13-21.28 5.72 0 11.83 5.72 14.45 16.59h2.06V.95h-1.91c-.16 1.27-.87 2.06-2.14 2.06-1.91 0-5.72-3.02-11.83-3.02-14.85 0-28.66 12.07-28.66 32.39 0 17.39 10.96 29.1 25.72 29.06Zm14.53 42.72L76.49 68.84H56.24v1.75c3.33.16 4.76.95 4.76 5.95v42c0 6.03-1.67 8.1-5.32 8.1-2.54 0-4.53-1.91-6.51-6.91L29.11 68.12h-2.7L6.35 119.89c-2.17 5.72-4.3 6.75-6.35 6.75v1.75h18.02v-1.75c-5.8-.24-8.65-2.7-5.8-10.48l2.05-5.4h17.88l3.45 8.97c2.3 5.72.64 6.91-3.73 6.91v1.75h39.62v-1.75c-4.13 0-6.27-1.19-6.27-8.02l.48-42.08 17.07 51.29h2.14l17.63-51.05v43.9c0 5.48-1.75 5.95-5.08 5.95v1.75h23.34v-1.75c-3.33 0-4.76-.48-4.76-5.95V76.54c0-5.56 1.43-5.95 4.76-5.95v-1.75h-19.85l-12.46 35.33Zm-72.88 3.1 7.56-19.85 7.63 19.85H15.6ZM120.79 2.7V.95h-23.1V2.7c3.33 0 4.84.32 4.84 5.95v44.14c0 5.48-1.51 5.95-4.84 5.95v1.75h23.1v-1.75c-3.33 0-4.76-.48-4.76-5.95V8.65c0-5.64 1.43-5.95 4.76-5.95Z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="center-oMgM8 flex-aYeiI"></div><div class="right-4LP3J flex-aYeiI"><button type="button" id="radix-:R5t:" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="trigger-8ea-U" aria-label="User Menu"><div class="dropdownIconContainer-hDbEe"><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 472 472" fill="currentColor" role="img" aria-label="User" class="dropdownIcon-XeKnP profileIconImg-pc8tD"><path d="M403 69a235 235 0 0 0-334 0 235 235 0 0 0 0 334 235 235 0 0 0 334 0 235 235 0 0 0 0-334ZM118 412a122 122 0 0 1 237 0 211 211 0 0 1-237 0Zm41-197a77 77 0 1 1 155 0 77 77 0 0 1-155 0Zm216 181c-14-43-48-77-91-92a101 101 0 1 0-96 0c-43 15-77 49-91 92a212 212 0 1 1 278 0Z"></path></svg><div class="dropdownIcon-XeKnP initials-z1adZ"></div></div></button></div></div></header><main class="main-gNG8x"><h1 class="issuesTitle-F-sWZ">Archive</h1><h2 class="yearSubTitle-yMM-q">1897</h2><div style="border-top:2px solid #444;padding-top:1rem;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;top:calc(var(--nav-height,0px) - 2px);background:#fff;z-index:1;width:var(--standard-width);max-width:var(--standard-max-width);margin:1rem auto"><div style="margin:0 -1rem 0.1rem"><div class="decades" style="display:flex;justify-content:space-between;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;gap:0.2rem;padding:0 1rem 0.5rem 1rem;scroll-padding:1rem;font-size:0.85rem;flex-flow:row-reverse"><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1840s/">1840s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1850s/">1850s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1860s/">1860s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1870s/">1870s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1880s/">1880s</a><a class="date-selector decade selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1890s/">1890s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1900s/">1900s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1910s/">1910s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1920s/">1920s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1930s/">1930s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1940s/">1940s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1950s/">1950s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1960s/">1960s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1970s/">1970s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1980s/">1980s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1990s/">1990s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000s/">2000s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010s/">2010s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020s/">2020s</a></div><div class="years" style="display:flex;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;gap:0.2rem;padding:0 1rem 0.5rem 1rem;scroll-padding:1rem;color:#777;font-size:0.85rem;flex-flow:row-reverse"><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1845/">1845</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1846/">1846</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1847/">1847</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1848/">1848</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1849/">1849</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1850/">1850</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1851/">1851</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1852/">1852</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1853/">1853</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1854/">1854</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1855/">1855</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1856/">1856</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1857/">1857</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1858/">1858</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1859/">1859</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1860/">1860</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1861/">1861</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1862/">1862</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1863/">1863</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1864/">1864</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1865/">1865</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1866/">1866</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1867/">1867</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1868/">1868</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1869/">1869</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1870/">1870</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1871/">1871</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1872/">1872</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1873/">1873</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1874/">1874</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1875/">1875</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1876/">1876</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1877/">1877</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1878/">1878</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1879/">1879</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1880/">1880</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1881/">1881</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1882/">1882</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1883/">1883</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1884/">1884</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1885/">1885</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1886/">1886</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1887/">1887</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1888/">1888</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1889/">1889</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1890/">1890</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1891/">1891</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1892/">1892</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1893/">1893</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1894/">1894</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1895/">1895</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1896/">1896</a><a class="date-selector exact selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #09396922;color:#093969;background-color:#3576b322;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1897/">1897</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1898/">1898</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1899/">1899</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1900/">1900</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1901/">1901</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1902/">1902</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1903/">1903</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1904/">1904</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1905/">1905</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1906/">1906</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1907/">1907</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1908/">1908</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1909/">1909</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1910/">1910</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1911/">1911</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1912/">1912</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1913/">1913</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1914/">1914</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1915/">1915</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1916/">1916</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1917/">1917</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1918/">1918</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1919/">1919</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1920/">1920</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1921/">1921</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1922/">1922</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1923/">1923</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1924/">1924</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1925/">1925</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1926/">1926</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1927/">1927</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1928/">1928</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1929/">1929</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1930/">1930</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1931/">1931</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1932/">1932</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1933/">1933</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1934/">1934</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1935/">1935</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1936/">1936</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1937/">1937</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1938/">1938</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1939/">1939</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1940/">1940</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1941/">1941</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1942/">1942</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1943/">1943</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1944/">1944</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1945/">1945</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1946/">1946</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1947/">1947</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1948/">1948</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1949/">1949</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1950/">1950</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1951/">1951</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1952/">1952</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1953/">1953</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1954/">1954</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1955/">1955</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1956/">1956</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1957/">1957</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1958/">1958</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1959/">1959</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1960/">1960</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1961/">1961</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1962/">1962</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1963/">1963</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1964/">1964</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1965/">1965</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1966/">1966</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1967/">1967</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1968/">1968</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1969/">1969</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1970/">1970</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1971/">1971</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1972/">1972</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1973/">1973</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1974/">1974</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1975/">1975</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1976/">1976</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1977/">1977</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1978/">1978</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1979/">1979</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1980/">1980</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1981/">1981</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1982/">1982</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1983/">1983</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1984/">1984</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1985/">1985</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1986/">1986</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1987/">1987</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1988/">1988</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1989/">1989</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1990/">1990</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1991/">1991</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1992/">1992</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1993/">1993</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1994/">1994</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1995/">1995</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1996/">1996</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1997/">1997</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1998/">1998</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1999/">1999</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000/">2000</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2001/">2001</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2002/">2002</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2003/">2003</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2004/">2004</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2005/">2005</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2006/">2006</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2007/">2007</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2008/">2008</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2009/">2009</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010/">2010</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2011/">2011</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2012/">2012</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2013/">2013</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2014/">2014</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2015/">2015</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2016/">2016</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2017/">2017</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2018/">2018</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2019/">2019</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020/">2020</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2021/">2021</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2022/">2022</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2023/">2023</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2024/">2024</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2025/">2025</a></div></div></div><div class="issue__list-8JHD2"><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/12-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/56F4CF6E-5166-4A0A-92A9BBB328550F7C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1147supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/56F4CF6E-5166-4A0A-92A9BBB328550F7C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/56F4CF6E-5166-4A0A-92A9BBB328550F7C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-12-25">December 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/12-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4965FC72-0CD9-4593-845B7086FBDFF52C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4965FC72-0CD9-4593-845B7086FBDFF52C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4965FC72-0CD9-4593-845B7086FBDFF52C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-12-25">December 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/12-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/659B9A8C-D707-4062-B6EDE7DF0B188AED_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1146supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/659B9A8C-D707-4062-B6EDE7DF0B188AED_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/659B9A8C-D707-4062-B6EDE7DF0B188AED_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-12-18">December 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/12-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5990DC41-7C31-4CA8-BB6EB50B9D764A36_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5990DC41-7C31-4CA8-BB6EB50B9D764A36_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5990DC41-7C31-4CA8-BB6EB50B9D764A36_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-12-18">December 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/12-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3638476B-2704-4154-BA2CCDA24B96E104_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1145supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3638476B-2704-4154-BA2CCDA24B96E104_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3638476B-2704-4154-BA2CCDA24B96E104_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-12-11">December 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/12-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B7611C1-9A0B-4E4B-858E75F036FF70B9_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B7611C1-9A0B-4E4B-858E75F036FF70B9_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B7611C1-9A0B-4E4B-858E75F036FF70B9_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-12-11">December 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/12-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F43190EB-5398-4B7F-BDAEC2ACA3CA44C4_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1144supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F43190EB-5398-4B7F-BDAEC2ACA3CA44C4_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F43190EB-5398-4B7F-BDAEC2ACA3CA44C4_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-12-04">December 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/12-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7828FBE0-D12F-46AB-8EEE19901141A2CA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7828FBE0-D12F-46AB-8EEE19901141A2CA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7828FBE0-D12F-46AB-8EEE19901141A2CA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-12-04">December 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1897/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC8DC272-8B31-4412-AC3C1F2FDB710032_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 24 Issue 6build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC8DC272-8B31-4412-AC3C1F2FDB710032_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC8DC272-8B31-4412-AC3C1F2FDB710032_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-12-01">December 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/11-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/35AEC48F-2409-4379-84717F379C5B22A7_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1143supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/35AEC48F-2409-4379-84717F379C5B22A7_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/35AEC48F-2409-4379-84717F379C5B22A7_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-11-27">November 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/11-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83E8A72D-5222-4B23-8EB6F4064F6C5144_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83E8A72D-5222-4B23-8EB6F4064F6C5144_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83E8A72D-5222-4B23-8EB6F4064F6C5144_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-11-27">November 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/11-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44D6D6A4-F5FA-4152-B7A0BC199A61FDDA_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1142supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44D6D6A4-F5FA-4152-B7A0BC199A61FDDA_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44D6D6A4-F5FA-4152-B7A0BC199A61FDDA_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-11-20">November 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/11-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B17DF6A-0BD3-4906-830EF0FD1B7AE080_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B17DF6A-0BD3-4906-830EF0FD1B7AE080_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B17DF6A-0BD3-4906-830EF0FD1B7AE080_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-11-20">November 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/11-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3696AFA3-BF6C-49A0-95FC4E4223342A25_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1141supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3696AFA3-BF6C-49A0-95FC4E4223342A25_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3696AFA3-BF6C-49A0-95FC4E4223342A25_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-11-13">November 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/11-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/62B61991-F891-4D7F-842ECD6E9D62DA4A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/62B61991-F891-4D7F-842ECD6E9D62DA4A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/62B61991-F891-4D7F-842ECD6E9D62DA4A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-11-13">November 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/11-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A1BE2D01-4127-4FB0-B079D45B2D5CA978_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1140supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A1BE2D01-4127-4FB0-B079D45B2D5CA978_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A1BE2D01-4127-4FB0-B079D45B2D5CA978_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-11-06">November 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/11-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B07EECBA-5A9F-4C46-8FE8D4FBFE2B8224_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B07EECBA-5A9F-4C46-8FE8D4FBFE2B8224_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B07EECBA-5A9F-4C46-8FE8D4FBFE2B8224_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-11-06">November 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1897/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/481ED324-AC01-4248-ACE85B0FDA48C229_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 24 Issue 5build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/481ED324-AC01-4248-ACE85B0FDA48C229_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/481ED324-AC01-4248-ACE85B0FDA48C229_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-11-01">November 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/10-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/711253FA-A627-4DAC-8E145C2096459CBF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1139supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/711253FA-A627-4DAC-8E145C2096459CBF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/711253FA-A627-4DAC-8E145C2096459CBF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-10-30">October 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/10-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/211E6E89-6DEC-4E53-AF63B921CA0AA8C3_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/211E6E89-6DEC-4E53-AF63B921CA0AA8C3_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/211E6E89-6DEC-4E53-AF63B921CA0AA8C3_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-10-30">October 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/10-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BCF537ED-4606-4595-8D5590236C8557B6_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1138supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BCF537ED-4606-4595-8D5590236C8557B6_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BCF537ED-4606-4595-8D5590236C8557B6_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-10-23">October 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/10-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F9FBAEDE-0928-401B-BB9935EB3DA4224B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F9FBAEDE-0928-401B-BB9935EB3DA4224B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F9FBAEDE-0928-401B-BB9935EB3DA4224B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-10-23">October 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/10-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0E01A5E7-7437-402A-A883A0578CD03971_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1137supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0E01A5E7-7437-402A-A883A0578CD03971_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0E01A5E7-7437-402A-A883A0578CD03971_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-10-16">October 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/10-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1FFCB921-1F04-432F-8931D48051DA73D5_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1FFCB921-1F04-432F-8931D48051DA73D5_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1FFCB921-1F04-432F-8931D48051DA73D5_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-10-16">October 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/10-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8CC617FE-88E7-4CA5-AEB882EFCE6C9F21_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1136supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8CC617FE-88E7-4CA5-AEB882EFCE6C9F21_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8CC617FE-88E7-4CA5-AEB882EFCE6C9F21_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-10-09">October 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/10-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/86B365FF-AF42-4297-B809BCC861C61CC1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/86B365FF-AF42-4297-B809BCC861C61CC1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/86B365FF-AF42-4297-B809BCC861C61CC1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-10-09">October 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/10-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E3FD0D03-D727-4332-93BDAB964F7575EB_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E3FD0D03-D727-4332-93BDAB964F7575EB_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E3FD0D03-D727-4332-93BDAB964F7575EB_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-10-02">October 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/10-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BD2ECA1-570C-4549-A7CA1D14083D548A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1135supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BD2ECA1-570C-4549-A7CA1D14083D548A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BD2ECA1-570C-4549-A7CA1D14083D548A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-10-02">October 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1897/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/13EE4503-E464-4CE9-89F6317DBE1CC71A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 24 Issue 4build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/13EE4503-E464-4CE9-89F6317DBE1CC71A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/13EE4503-E464-4CE9-89F6317DBE1CC71A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-10-01">October 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/09-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0EFDDD64-1E01-475A-9F43AA95C4F53EB5_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0EFDDD64-1E01-475A-9F43AA95C4F53EB5_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0EFDDD64-1E01-475A-9F43AA95C4F53EB5_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-09-25">September 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/09-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/99568896-A18E-4097-938FC27BEF8AFFBC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1134supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/99568896-A18E-4097-938FC27BEF8AFFBC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/99568896-A18E-4097-938FC27BEF8AFFBC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-09-25">September 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/09-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AEB49989-D4B6-4486-922FD204C912A433_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AEB49989-D4B6-4486-922FD204C912A433_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AEB49989-D4B6-4486-922FD204C912A433_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-09-18">September 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/09-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F262D9E2-8EBC-4269-A9C2540ACD78778A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1133supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F262D9E2-8EBC-4269-A9C2540ACD78778A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F262D9E2-8EBC-4269-A9C2540ACD78778A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-09-18">September 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/09-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4141F2D6-7F2C-4B48-B58F66831A306D1E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1132supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4141F2D6-7F2C-4B48-B58F66831A306D1E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4141F2D6-7F2C-4B48-B58F66831A306D1E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-09-11">September 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/09-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B840E53A-118A-441C-9372A6569B4FE18C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B840E53A-118A-441C-9372A6569B4FE18C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B840E53A-118A-441C-9372A6569B4FE18C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-09-11">September 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/09-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/839D8618-0229-469E-A18640CCE4B7ACBD_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/839D8618-0229-469E-A18640CCE4B7ACBD_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/839D8618-0229-469E-A18640CCE4B7ACBD_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-09-04">September 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/09-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8378485F-C4C4-4A06-841F3389D0C85B5F_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1131supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8378485F-C4C4-4A06-841F3389D0C85B5F_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8378485F-C4C4-4A06-841F3389D0C85B5F_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-09-04">September 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1897/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9E9FCED-3D24-4054-8B4941176BBCBB99_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 24 Issue 3build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9E9FCED-3D24-4054-8B4941176BBCBB99_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9E9FCED-3D24-4054-8B4941176BBCBB99_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-09-01">September 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/08-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7D810477-D6F7-4EFA-8CFD82649A87ED60_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1130supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7D810477-D6F7-4EFA-8CFD82649A87ED60_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7D810477-D6F7-4EFA-8CFD82649A87ED60_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-08-28">August 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/08-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C8BCF0EB-199F-44A5-A566B71CAD3061BC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C8BCF0EB-199F-44A5-A566B71CAD3061BC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C8BCF0EB-199F-44A5-A566B71CAD3061BC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-08-28">August 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/08-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8ED60FF2-702D-4E91-A4FC0E6F12AAA20A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1129supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8ED60FF2-702D-4E91-A4FC0E6F12AAA20A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8ED60FF2-702D-4E91-A4FC0E6F12AAA20A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-08-21">August 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/08-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D39908E-92C2-4A5C-B6826BDCA2B9CCE1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D39908E-92C2-4A5C-B6826BDCA2B9CCE1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D39908E-92C2-4A5C-B6826BDCA2B9CCE1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-08-21">August 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/08-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D2077A2A-FA89-4576-93B4552909EAA60D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D2077A2A-FA89-4576-93B4552909EAA60D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D2077A2A-FA89-4576-93B4552909EAA60D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-08-14">August 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/08-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7FDB9F37-B4E9-45B4-A8FEFE288CF40FBD_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1128supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7FDB9F37-B4E9-45B4-A8FEFE288CF40FBD_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7FDB9F37-B4E9-45B4-A8FEFE288CF40FBD_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-08-14">August 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/08-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/585F4062-DD64-4520-9357CBE8CC237E17_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/585F4062-DD64-4520-9357CBE8CC237E17_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/585F4062-DD64-4520-9357CBE8CC237E17_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-08-07">August 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/08-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/469B3593-6603-4CD9-A4B4B877B73A271D_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1127supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/469B3593-6603-4CD9-A4B4B877B73A271D_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/469B3593-6603-4CD9-A4B4B877B73A271D_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-08-07">August 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1897/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C78F261-000C-4F55-ADC4D72B670EF714_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 24 Issue 2build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C78F261-000C-4F55-ADC4D72B670EF714_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C78F261-000C-4F55-ADC4D72B670EF714_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-08-01">August 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/07-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4DADD6EA-2422-4CCF-BC357C9290C7DDF0_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4DADD6EA-2422-4CCF-BC357C9290C7DDF0_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4DADD6EA-2422-4CCF-BC357C9290C7DDF0_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-07-31">July 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/07-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/50FE5B17-C16C-43AD-96090A963B7227FD_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1126supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/50FE5B17-C16C-43AD-96090A963B7227FD_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/50FE5B17-C16C-43AD-96090A963B7227FD_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-07-31">July 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/07-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/877A745A-77D9-440B-8BC9513836CBCD0F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/877A745A-77D9-440B-8BC9513836CBCD0F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/877A745A-77D9-440B-8BC9513836CBCD0F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-07-24">July 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/07-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/072EF444-1442-4E94-8424A1DB329F2629_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1125supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/072EF444-1442-4E94-8424A1DB329F2629_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/072EF444-1442-4E94-8424A1DB329F2629_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-07-24">July 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/07-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D13F6435-1C9C-4133-B33A4559A2B64778_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1124supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D13F6435-1C9C-4133-B33A4559A2B64778_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D13F6435-1C9C-4133-B33A4559A2B64778_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-07-17">July 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/07-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BA7D568C-604B-48BA-A8AC9431262B3C33_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BA7D568C-604B-48BA-A8AC9431262B3C33_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BA7D568C-604B-48BA-A8AC9431262B3C33_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-07-17">July 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/07-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D5A1456-1DC9-477A-9981C719C94FE318_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D5A1456-1DC9-477A-9981C719C94FE318_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D5A1456-1DC9-477A-9981C719C94FE318_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-07-10">July 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/07-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AD30494F-CC24-450D-BE8A6880604DB936_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1123supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AD30494F-CC24-450D-BE8A6880604DB936_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AD30494F-CC24-450D-BE8A6880604DB936_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-07-10">July 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/07-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/54034A8F-A3CF-42D5-8BEAAC604FCC9956_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 77 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/54034A8F-A3CF-42D5-8BEAAC604FCC9956_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/54034A8F-A3CF-42D5-8BEAAC604FCC9956_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-07-03">July 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/07-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/41065329-3B99-476E-A06BF66D6860A372_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 44 Issue 1122supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/41065329-3B99-476E-A06BF66D6860A372_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/41065329-3B99-476E-A06BF66D6860A372_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-07-03">July 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1897/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DE414A5E-12E8-4868-83961B8C956FE314_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 24 Issue 1build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DE414A5E-12E8-4868-83961B8C956FE314_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DE414A5E-12E8-4868-83961B8C956FE314_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-07-01">July 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/06-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A836423D-0468-487B-9CB8B054B428AE64_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A836423D-0468-487B-9CB8B054B428AE64_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A836423D-0468-487B-9CB8B054B428AE64_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-06-26">June 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/06-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/08D6BBFE-FCAF-4511-95713B04CCB3BC95_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1121supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/08D6BBFE-FCAF-4511-95713B04CCB3BC95_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/08D6BBFE-FCAF-4511-95713B04CCB3BC95_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-06-26">June 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/06-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C5301382-D29C-4E8B-87AACEF48F851030_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C5301382-D29C-4E8B-87AACEF48F851030_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C5301382-D29C-4E8B-87AACEF48F851030_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-06-19">June 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/06-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/88BC252C-2B70-420D-8C60285E0444931B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1120supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/88BC252C-2B70-420D-8C60285E0444931B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/88BC252C-2B70-420D-8C60285E0444931B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-06-19">June 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/06-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4814A3FE-AA19-42FA-A315CECB803CB6C4_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1119supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4814A3FE-AA19-42FA-A315CECB803CB6C4_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4814A3FE-AA19-42FA-A315CECB803CB6C4_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-06-12">June 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/06-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6ABA5FDE-FCC6-4F91-87E7C78A4020FC97_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6ABA5FDE-FCC6-4F91-87E7C78A4020FC97_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6ABA5FDE-FCC6-4F91-87E7C78A4020FC97_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-06-12">June 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/06-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B306D52-39D6-4C8F-8600EB2EA07F8416_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B306D52-39D6-4C8F-8600EB2EA07F8416_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B306D52-39D6-4C8F-8600EB2EA07F8416_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-06-05">June 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/06-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/01FF659F-F374-41D5-A282A394B9E4FFC3_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1118supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/01FF659F-F374-41D5-A282A394B9E4FFC3_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/01FF659F-F374-41D5-A282A394B9E4FFC3_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-06-05">June 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1897/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C104F246-387E-4CB5-BFE77D4BA734CF9A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 23 Issue 6build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C104F246-387E-4CB5-BFE77D4BA734CF9A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C104F246-387E-4CB5-BFE77D4BA734CF9A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-06-01">June 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/05-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D0230B63-CF05-4CFE-91A8D74D0F623AB6_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D0230B63-CF05-4CFE-91A8D74D0F623AB6_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D0230B63-CF05-4CFE-91A8D74D0F623AB6_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-05-29">May 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/05-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A3C98E70-D4FB-4B84-8406908AB1B36229_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1117supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A3C98E70-D4FB-4B84-8406908AB1B36229_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A3C98E70-D4FB-4B84-8406908AB1B36229_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-05-29">May 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/05-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/81163E11-A4EB-4D83-A7CF02956E79E7C4_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/81163E11-A4EB-4D83-A7CF02956E79E7C4_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/81163E11-A4EB-4D83-A7CF02956E79E7C4_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-05-22">May 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/05-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A2006D1E-DB20-435E-A637C30BC68E4D37_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1116supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A2006D1E-DB20-435E-A637C30BC68E4D37_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A2006D1E-DB20-435E-A637C30BC68E4D37_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-05-22">May 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/05-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9DADAE0-6CA3-47CB-94579B8B03E208BC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9DADAE0-6CA3-47CB-94579B8B03E208BC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9DADAE0-6CA3-47CB-94579B8B03E208BC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-05-15">May 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/05-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8CEDDB2B-5F88-487A-BF4FED3F3ADA3AFE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1115supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8CEDDB2B-5F88-487A-BF4FED3F3ADA3AFE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8CEDDB2B-5F88-487A-BF4FED3F3ADA3AFE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-05-15">May 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/05-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/36CF641E-E6A8-4E5E-8557EE8223BF453A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1114supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/36CF641E-E6A8-4E5E-8557EE8223BF453A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/36CF641E-E6A8-4E5E-8557EE8223BF453A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-05-08">May 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/05-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/502BB185-5A13-455E-87AF98CD96EED60B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/502BB185-5A13-455E-87AF98CD96EED60B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/502BB185-5A13-455E-87AF98CD96EED60B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-05-08">May 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1897/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9EA8DA8D-B7AC-4A97-BDE579E87173BEC8_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 23 Issue 5build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9EA8DA8D-B7AC-4A97-BDE579E87173BEC8_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9EA8DA8D-B7AC-4A97-BDE579E87173BEC8_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-05-01">May 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C0FE718-ADF2-415A-A8D7DBBC7CC95E60_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C0FE718-ADF2-415A-A8D7DBBC7CC95E60_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C0FE718-ADF2-415A-A8D7DBBC7CC95E60_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-05-01">May 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BDD3D356-5898-490F-A208145E1DB1F9F0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1113supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BDD3D356-5898-490F-A208145E1DB1F9F0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BDD3D356-5898-490F-A208145E1DB1F9F0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-05-01">May 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/04-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBD9923A-F12A-4EDC-BF5BCFCA7F76F5DF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBD9923A-F12A-4EDC-BF5BCFCA7F76F5DF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBD9923A-F12A-4EDC-BF5BCFCA7F76F5DF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-04-24">April 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/04-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A96F637-7951-446C-BA4DEB4D8A1B65BC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1112supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A96F637-7951-446C-BA4DEB4D8A1B65BC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A96F637-7951-446C-BA4DEB4D8A1B65BC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-04-24">April 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/04-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92207EF5-EC9B-415E-AE0363A5B744ED20_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1111supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92207EF5-EC9B-415E-AE0363A5B744ED20_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92207EF5-EC9B-415E-AE0363A5B744ED20_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-04-17">April 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/04-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BED997F8-CED0-4FF2-B11970223E7772D9_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BED997F8-CED0-4FF2-B11970223E7772D9_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BED997F8-CED0-4FF2-B11970223E7772D9_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-04-17">April 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/04-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25A40B90-D5F4-48FD-AD1AC91A7EAD324F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25A40B90-D5F4-48FD-AD1AC91A7EAD324F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25A40B90-D5F4-48FD-AD1AC91A7EAD324F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-04-10">April 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/04-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/647DE16A-8CFD-4BFC-A3C45456A09F18BC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1110supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/647DE16A-8CFD-4BFC-A3C45456A09F18BC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/647DE16A-8CFD-4BFC-A3C45456A09F18BC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-04-10">April 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/04-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78B1842A-00CB-4F84-A5D11654EE602347_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1109supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78B1842A-00CB-4F84-A5D11654EE602347_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78B1842A-00CB-4F84-A5D11654EE602347_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-04-03">April 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/04-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/969B153B-0CA2-4E20-A61FC69E327F1F21_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/969B153B-0CA2-4E20-A61FC69E327F1F21_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/969B153B-0CA2-4E20-A61FC69E327F1F21_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-04-03">April 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1897/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EB210CB4-4E08-4275-A82C34E9637917F2_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 23 Issue 4build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EB210CB4-4E08-4275-A82C34E9637917F2_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EB210CB4-4E08-4275-A82C34E9637917F2_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-04-01">April 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/03-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5BD4172C-AB7B-48EF-B5F49833C3BF52EF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1108supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5BD4172C-AB7B-48EF-B5F49833C3BF52EF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5BD4172C-AB7B-48EF-B5F49833C3BF52EF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-03-27">March 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/03-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AD9938E-20B3-48F7-BE549EDD1D10BEF6_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AD9938E-20B3-48F7-BE549EDD1D10BEF6_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AD9938E-20B3-48F7-BE549EDD1D10BEF6_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-03-27">March 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/03-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/47501462-B45F-495D-B5282E053D6BB282_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/47501462-B45F-495D-B5282E053D6BB282_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/47501462-B45F-495D-B5282E053D6BB282_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-03-20">March 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/03-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC81FF5F-DB21-4EFA-A2F5475A7F676101_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1107supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC81FF5F-DB21-4EFA-A2F5475A7F676101_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC81FF5F-DB21-4EFA-A2F5475A7F676101_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-03-20">March 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/03-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A2A0E26-BC0E-42FA-BB0E841E52D92985_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A2A0E26-BC0E-42FA-BB0E841E52D92985_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A2A0E26-BC0E-42FA-BB0E841E52D92985_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-03-13">March 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/03-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2B5D6FE3-A9A3-458D-8465057D076AF7EA_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1106supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2B5D6FE3-A9A3-458D-8465057D076AF7EA_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2B5D6FE3-A9A3-458D-8465057D076AF7EA_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-03-13">March 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/03-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A79EECCB-F74F-4C87-AEB1A4EEE9189F03_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A79EECCB-F74F-4C87-AEB1A4EEE9189F03_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A79EECCB-F74F-4C87-AEB1A4EEE9189F03_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-03-06">March 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/03-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9E7CDC9F-7148-492A-9BC23592AF169F40_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1105supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9E7CDC9F-7148-492A-9BC23592AF169F40_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9E7CDC9F-7148-492A-9BC23592AF169F40_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-03-06">March 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1897/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/164BCE1C-61ED-49ED-BE80E96F99587B20_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 23 Issue 3build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/164BCE1C-61ED-49ED-BE80E96F99587B20_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/164BCE1C-61ED-49ED-BE80E96F99587B20_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-03-01">March 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/02-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/01766A0F-E20A-4D5F-B1EFE3A2A648025F_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1104supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/01766A0F-E20A-4D5F-B1EFE3A2A648025F_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/01766A0F-E20A-4D5F-B1EFE3A2A648025F_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-02-27">February 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/02-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53CCFAE0-B7B5-4F1B-B37C8661DBB24FF1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53CCFAE0-B7B5-4F1B-B37C8661DBB24FF1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53CCFAE0-B7B5-4F1B-B37C8661DBB24FF1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-02-27">February 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/02-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/66080BEC-49FA-47EF-9959568FC2E930C5_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/66080BEC-49FA-47EF-9959568FC2E930C5_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/66080BEC-49FA-47EF-9959568FC2E930C5_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-02-20">February 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/02-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/827A5C22-4303-4C9B-B994020259752740_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1103supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/827A5C22-4303-4C9B-B994020259752740_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/827A5C22-4303-4C9B-B994020259752740_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-02-20">February 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/02-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C028B9BA-F226-43A9-9135D0615CE0CB57_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1102supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C028B9BA-F226-43A9-9135D0615CE0CB57_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C028B9BA-F226-43A9-9135D0615CE0CB57_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-02-13">February 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/02-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2FA54DBA-FCF5-482A-8DC2E54358FA42AD_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2FA54DBA-FCF5-482A-8DC2E54358FA42AD_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2FA54DBA-FCF5-482A-8DC2E54358FA42AD_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-02-13">February 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/02-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/58437EAA-D3D7-4A3D-9EB3F94EB9263852_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/58437EAA-D3D7-4A3D-9EB3F94EB9263852_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/58437EAA-D3D7-4A3D-9EB3F94EB9263852_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-02-06">February 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/02-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C773E83-035C-4BF5-82931C8AE9934651_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1101supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C773E83-035C-4BF5-82931C8AE9934651_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C773E83-035C-4BF5-82931C8AE9934651_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-02-06">February 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1897/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DDC01D6F-EA6F-4939-83AD8E63B55A1CDC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 23 Issue 2build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DDC01D6F-EA6F-4939-83AD8E63B55A1CDC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DDC01D6F-EA6F-4939-83AD8E63B55A1CDC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-02-01">February 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/01-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A589054-2AE1-4CA0-904DA833AC083AD8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A589054-2AE1-4CA0-904DA833AC083AD8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A589054-2AE1-4CA0-904DA833AC083AD8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-01-30">January 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/01-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F2A3DF0-8DE3-45D1-B02F219FB7EC6A8B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1100supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F2A3DF0-8DE3-45D1-B02F219FB7EC6A8B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F2A3DF0-8DE3-45D1-B02F219FB7EC6A8B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-01-30">January 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/01-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FD905A18-051A-4E37-94DC2EEC5F49C56B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FD905A18-051A-4E37-94DC2EEC5F49C56B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FD905A18-051A-4E37-94DC2EEC5F49C56B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-01-23">January 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/01-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/217D412A-ED6F-4EC1-8E37F07EE9A2EE9A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1099supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/217D412A-ED6F-4EC1-8E37F07EE9A2EE9A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/217D412A-ED6F-4EC1-8E37F07EE9A2EE9A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-01-23">January 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/01-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4CC87465-AD77-4BB0-8089F33004FD5DB5_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1098supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4CC87465-AD77-4BB0-8089F33004FD5DB5_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4CC87465-AD77-4BB0-8089F33004FD5DB5_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-01-16">January 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/01-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/610AC849-B921-492A-B4E24BB829E87C6B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/610AC849-B921-492A-B4E24BB829E87C6B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/610AC849-B921-492A-B4E24BB829E87C6B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-01-16">January 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/01-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D39EBD06-D439-4A8B-8B4B8EFC1DD5740D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D39EBD06-D439-4A8B-8B4B8EFC1DD5740D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D39EBD06-D439-4A8B-8B4B8EFC1DD5740D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-01-09">January 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/01-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E06EC794-DCBF-4332-AF77F813F07E36EE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1097supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E06EC794-DCBF-4332-AF77F813F07E36EE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E06EC794-DCBF-4332-AF77F813F07E36EE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-01-09">January 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1897/01-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/74C6E4D0-B1C2-438A-88E5694FC554CF9A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 76 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/74C6E4D0-B1C2-438A-88E5694FC554CF9A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/74C6E4D0-B1C2-438A-88E5694FC554CF9A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-01-02">January 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1897/01-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6DD8015D-C2A5-4B0A-BDC6753D1ECDCC1C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 43 Issue 1096supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6DD8015D-C2A5-4B0A-BDC6753D1ECDCC1C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6DD8015D-C2A5-4B0A-BDC6753D1ECDCC1C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-01-02">January 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1897/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F95AB404-FCB3-4112-935693C7BAE5E9D3_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 23 Issue 1build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F95AB404-FCB3-4112-935693C7BAE5E9D3_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F95AB404-FCB3-4112-935693C7BAE5E9D3_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1897-01-01">January 1897</time></div></div></div></a></div></div></main><footer class="footer-VfsmT"><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><h2 class="footerMainText-wQ3og">Expand Your World with Science</h2></div><div class="footerFlexContainer-XKe5g footerContainer-pfbjC"><div class="footerLinks-m1THn"><p class="footerText-PzHcy">Learn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today.</p><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/getsciam/">Subscribe</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/newsletters/">Sign up for our newsletters</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/">See the latest stories</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/latest-issue/">Read the latest issue</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/getsciam/gift/">Give a Gift Subscription</a><p class="footerSocialMedia-7KIIV">Follow Us:<a href="https://www.instagram.com/scientific_american/?hl=en" target="_blank" alt="Instagram link" title="Instagram"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/SciAmerican" target="_blank" alt="YouTube link" title="YouTube"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512"><path d="M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.threads.net/@scientific_american" target="_blank" alt="Threads link" title="Threads"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2.9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6v-.5c.5-71.5 17.1-128.6 49.4-169.6c36.3-46.1 90.3-69.7 160.5-70.2h.3c70.3.5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8h-.7c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6.4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2.2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6.1-14.4.4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ScientificAmerican" target="_blank" alt="Facebook link" title="Facebook"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path d="M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z"></path></svg></a><a href="/platform/syndication/rss/" target="_blank" alt="RSS feed" title="RSS feed"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M0 64C0 46.3 14.3 32 32 32c229.8 0 416 186.2 416 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32C384 253.6 226.4 96 32 96C14.3 96 0 81.7 0 64zM0 416a64 64 0 1 1 128 0A64 64 0 1 1 0 416zM32 160c159.1 0 288 128.9 288 288c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32c0-123.7-100.3-224-224-224c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32z"></path></svg></a></p></div><div class="footerImageContainer-omuef"><img class="footerImage-fMFhw" src="/static/assets/footerProductImg-f6732134.png" alt="Scientific American publications in print & digital formats" as="image" loading="lazy"/></div></div><div class="grid-c0--6 footerContainer-pfbjC"><div><ul><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/return-refund-policy/">Return & Refund Policy</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/about-scientific-american/">About</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/pressroom/">Press Room</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/frequently-asked-questions/subscriptions-products/">FAQs</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/contact-us/customer-service/">Contact Us</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/international/">International Editions</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/mediakit/">Advertise</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility Statement</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/terms-of-use/">Terms of Use</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/california-consumer-privacy-statement/">California Consumer Privacy Statement</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="#">Use of cookies/Do not sell my data</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><p>Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www.springernature.com/us). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers.</p><p>漏 2024 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, A DIVISION OF SPRINGER NATURE AMERICA, INC.<br/>ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.</p></div></footer></div> <script id="__DATA__">window.__DATA__=JSON.parse(`{"initialData":{"issues":[{"contentful_id":"7LJ2cRIcJTpgdgKbzgkmf6","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/12-25/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1147supp","volume":44,"issue":"1147supp","issue_date":"1897-12-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/748A1B05-E7B2-49A2-8C251EEC22F10566.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/56F4CF6E-5166-4A0A-92A9BBB328550F7C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"769c2t66d28h3wi4dwoAkM","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/12-25/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 26","volume":77,"issue":"26","issue_date":"1897-12-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/714BB80D-4E99-4081-BFA4D569D1C9A538.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4965FC72-0CD9-4593-845B7086FBDFF52C_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1WK4yNFmi3FjahKd6XUTkC","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/12-18/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1146supp","volume":44,"issue":"1146supp","issue_date":"1897-12-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4B7130C5-2B92-4363-A79AE24BFBDB880B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/659B9A8C-D707-4062-B6EDE7DF0B188AED_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"0CiemsyjsEvrXayFmuW48","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/12-18/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 25","volume":77,"issue":"25","issue_date":"1897-12-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7BA00C2A-E9D5-4CFD-88BE1965FC67297A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5990DC41-7C31-4CA8-BB6EB50B9D764A36_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5hsoydujt8hXPTmxZlo1yV","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/12-11/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1145supp","volume":44,"issue":"1145supp","issue_date":"1897-12-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B9BE0542-2341-4446-8E38936DF2F4902C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3638476B-2704-4154-BA2CCDA24B96E104_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4uGyzV1ELJEWsDfjHNKN27","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/12-11/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 24","volume":77,"issue":"24","issue_date":"1897-12-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1914B9E-2073-4E45-9851C246AA91CB70.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B7611C1-9A0B-4E4B-858E75F036FF70B9_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6WNq7Ot8vNVox8qQ5mHBU1","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/12-04/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1144supp","volume":44,"issue":"1144supp","issue_date":"1897-12-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/93C6925E-E23F-4898-B9231D356F6DD8A6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F43190EB-5398-4B7F-BDAEC2ACA3CA44C4_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1P5QcHY1HTZzPXdx4nrHFL","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/12-04/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 23","volume":77,"issue":"23","issue_date":"1897-12-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4DD60E9E-2973-4815-97A62841BD33CF05.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7828FBE0-D12F-46AB-8EEE19901141A2CA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3b4TkogFynwFJ7buGxOUwM","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1897/12-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 24, Issue 6build","volume":24,"issue":"6build","issue_date":"1897-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/74C5758C-319F-40E4-B6E1C95599079BF3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC8DC272-8B31-4412-AC3C1F2FDB710032_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"ZK4GhZknsWlgvepbcIGh3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/11-27/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1143supp","volume":44,"issue":"1143supp","issue_date":"1897-11-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C7AA534-EC0F-4EBA-AB48B335FD26DBA9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/35AEC48F-2409-4379-84717F379C5B22A7_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5qrYdjRxejV4Nit7dNexPk","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/11-27/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 22","volume":77,"issue":"22","issue_date":"1897-11-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9101A30E-82DC-42E0-893666B84F2C398E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83E8A72D-5222-4B23-8EB6F4064F6C5144_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"BMWZmSJIWNiYIr9cA9QVE","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/11-20/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1142supp","volume":44,"issue":"1142supp","issue_date":"1897-11-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/72127A7D-4787-4612-8EBC96BC0B51DFC8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44D6D6A4-F5FA-4152-B7A0BC199A61FDDA_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6CxLNEZOqEH3GuZ7a23Tft","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/11-20/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 21","volume":77,"issue":"21","issue_date":"1897-11-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/37133A76-7C61-4EC6-A391EFDB4D7B33F7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B17DF6A-0BD3-4906-830EF0FD1B7AE080_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1kWpUdOdwi1vnkYTt1wGFG","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/11-13/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1141supp","volume":44,"issue":"1141supp","issue_date":"1897-11-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1BEF2A3D-3A7B-4E9B-B9EABD95832751D1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3696AFA3-BF6C-49A0-95FC4E4223342A25_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3A0IiVMEJ4bLZNLePUrD8n","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/11-13/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 20","volume":77,"issue":"20","issue_date":"1897-11-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F40E2FC9-09DC-487A-B2FDDFD3C0612C4E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/62B61991-F891-4D7F-842ECD6E9D62DA4A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"SZlRE2Wu4ama5Qg632jrW","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/11-06/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1140supp","volume":44,"issue":"1140supp","issue_date":"1897-11-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C7E5FD00-C723-4D03-843BD55D2F626934.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A1BE2D01-4127-4FB0-B079D45B2D5CA978_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"43BoLLltDrxGw5r9MvrG3x","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/11-06/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 19","volume":77,"issue":"19","issue_date":"1897-11-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE5FDFE8-C0C7-4B7C-8C6E4E6453B766B1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B07EECBA-5A9F-4C46-8FE8D4FBFE2B8224_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5Wbv9OgPO7XFsCTuBi9GWe","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1897/11-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 24, Issue 5build","volume":24,"issue":"5build","issue_date":"1897-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B198B545-BC07-478F-87C52B27BEB3981D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/481ED324-AC01-4248-ACE85B0FDA48C229_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1jC9lCZ3fQEbdglT3UmNWZ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/10-30/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1139supp","volume":44,"issue":"1139supp","issue_date":"1897-10-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4183F88D-B49A-4D33-844F488E546BA9A3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/711253FA-A627-4DAC-8E145C2096459CBF_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"16JycsWlVTzPJCDiufVQmT","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/10-30/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 18","volume":77,"issue":"18","issue_date":"1897-10-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C439609-15E7-409D-92D8D417B938FFD0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/211E6E89-6DEC-4E53-AF63B921CA0AA8C3_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6chwxGbmpe5cNVHXfo45MB","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/10-23/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1138supp","volume":44,"issue":"1138supp","issue_date":"1897-10-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/448C0F80-9CDA-47B3-9356DC1C24E009E1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BCF537ED-4606-4595-8D5590236C8557B6_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4Xfldo6Spj0li8tncT1CeP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/10-23/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 17","volume":77,"issue":"17","issue_date":"1897-10-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BB22E88A-3419-4D7A-A570DE5388CDB608.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F9FBAEDE-0928-401B-BB9935EB3DA4224B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6X7XgldcRf4AFfSXXNlBHj","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/10-16/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1137supp","volume":44,"issue":"1137supp","issue_date":"1897-10-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D3A15320-F691-4C57-B5C7A8C0BC306FDB.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0E01A5E7-7437-402A-A883A0578CD03971_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5sVeMCbsXi9B3wccCHVzl6","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/10-16/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 16","volume":77,"issue":"16","issue_date":"1897-10-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A87951A6-0E1F-49B1-89B290F65D062082.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1FFCB921-1F04-432F-8931D48051DA73D5_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3Ct31W7FJwYmqXSFshciso","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/10-09/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1136supp","volume":44,"issue":"1136supp","issue_date":"1897-10-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BD7E9EDB-09A2-411B-B18398804A02C0E5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8CC617FE-88E7-4CA5-AEB882EFCE6C9F21_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1jkUXYSQvOi43ambFkcm4Y","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/10-09/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 15","volume":77,"issue":"15","issue_date":"1897-10-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CFEB5DE6-0BC5-47BD-A6441C6A1BC3242B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/86B365FF-AF42-4297-B809BCC861C61CC1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"hvrcMkIZwJ7WxTtJmjqdZ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/10-02/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 14","volume":77,"issue":"14","issue_date":"1897-10-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/05CD9B87-9BC3-489F-947D8CA51BA726C0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E3FD0D03-D727-4332-93BDAB964F7575EB_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3SvickQ6WsuLDRRnozbS7I","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/10-02/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1135supp","volume":44,"issue":"1135supp","issue_date":"1897-10-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EB55F4CE-3AFD-4639-8BAAA6423957FB89.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BD2ECA1-570C-4549-A7CA1D14083D548A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3JGgM6mwSMZhouM4R4QAYI","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1897/10-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 24, Issue 4build","volume":24,"issue":"4build","issue_date":"1897-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ADD6BFEB-D70F-4462-95BAA0C7E26270E8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/13EE4503-E464-4CE9-89F6317DBE1CC71A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"WRF5ZnzGJD1EDIkDcpJEo","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/09-25/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 13","volume":77,"issue":"13","issue_date":"1897-09-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E7E041D4-CB3C-4846-A47A6589565FE032.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0EFDDD64-1E01-475A-9F43AA95C4F53EB5_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4eduDuIGh1qaeeRCwaaOqO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/09-25/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1134supp","volume":44,"issue":"1134supp","issue_date":"1897-09-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22D54315-5D1F-4576-AB530AF3DC67BC40.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/99568896-A18E-4097-938FC27BEF8AFFBC_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"UYUgLsA2fwQ6C02DbKUXF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/09-18/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 12","volume":77,"issue":"12","issue_date":"1897-09-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/332F5908-35DF-4FF2-B9F5A9AEDEE2DA93.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AEB49989-D4B6-4486-922FD204C912A433_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"71RqPO1yUHCpelWHSs2PA9","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/09-18/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1133supp","volume":44,"issue":"1133supp","issue_date":"1897-09-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F2A4F1E9-2981-4ABD-A50747B4FB16884B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F262D9E2-8EBC-4269-A9C2540ACD78778A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7ca8Ny4yFaXMYmVlbxbUTX","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/09-11/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1132supp","volume":44,"issue":"1132supp","issue_date":"1897-09-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92A00884-E9F9-4FBE-8F7A7C0C10F16EAB.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4141F2D6-7F2C-4B48-B58F66831A306D1E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3Rt7JiZDKd3PdlBqvVHczy","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/09-11/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 11","volume":77,"issue":"11","issue_date":"1897-09-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F8DDB168-6CA3-4E5B-ACB1105C95A5D9CC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B840E53A-118A-441C-9372A6569B4FE18C_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"277ArWtfwFmz4qZCwAR7Fm","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/09-04/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 10","volume":77,"issue":"10","issue_date":"1897-09-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/059A2138-5908-4B57-8443D958EA1BCD77.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/839D8618-0229-469E-A18640CCE4B7ACBD_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3jEsGH9psa67MguE9kOzFD","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/09-04/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1131supp","volume":44,"issue":"1131supp","issue_date":"1897-09-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/75E5AF98-3445-4B0E-A1E31D888582236D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8378485F-C4C4-4A06-841F3389D0C85B5F_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5aYE8nDr79lhWDeOMiLdMY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1897/09-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 24, Issue 3build","volume":24,"issue":"3build","issue_date":"1897-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A019FE48-2918-4153-8BE1AF4BC42986B8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9E9FCED-3D24-4054-8B4941176BBCBB99_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1QJYuVik0pTAg2hnvMgrgf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/08-28/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1130supp","volume":44,"issue":"1130supp","issue_date":"1897-08-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1319F4D-A5FE-4F13-95C2EB4ADA754624.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7D810477-D6F7-4EFA-8CFD82649A87ED60_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3idi9zo0QjL46wTGRiU6tu","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/08-28/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 9","volume":77,"issue":"9","issue_date":"1897-08-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A4B631F-41CA-4F8C-85167D4367ED5EF1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C8BCF0EB-199F-44A5-A566B71CAD3061BC_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"73Zwy4xe8g3jo1w81U0Qan","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/08-21/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1129supp","volume":44,"issue":"1129supp","issue_date":"1897-08-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/233867DB-3514-4443-9EC6D033C44EEDAC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8ED60FF2-702D-4E91-A4FC0E6F12AAA20A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4kkKyn4CQC1e3K3ngUid89","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/08-21/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 8","volume":77,"issue":"8","issue_date":"1897-08-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/98B4A13F-83BC-45CB-98739BD3BCBC6027.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D39908E-92C2-4A5C-B6826BDCA2B9CCE1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5xunich5nZ3ueHhi0EQfLI","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/08-14/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 7","volume":77,"issue":"7","issue_date":"1897-08-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3367F43F-1401-49FD-BE57E215EF3F2F99.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D2077A2A-FA89-4576-93B4552909EAA60D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4MOoaBBKZ0cVmoEnUJBjs9","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/08-14/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1128supp","volume":44,"issue":"1128supp","issue_date":"1897-08-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D3477CF2-03B1-4995-9379001EDD50FC3B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7FDB9F37-B4E9-45B4-A8FEFE288CF40FBD_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4wa1iqObAOe4aJ1FnlG1QP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/08-07/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 6","volume":77,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1897-08-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/76969AB6-F976-4B92-851B06CDDD761CB1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/585F4062-DD64-4520-9357CBE8CC237E17_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6gjwS6GQUCnh3VPFFaTsaN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/08-07/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1127supp","volume":44,"issue":"1127supp","issue_date":"1897-08-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/58B4C515-A45C-4571-97EAC55D0EE1DEDC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/469B3593-6603-4CD9-A4B4B877B73A271D_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2MKb2iO7TDOGV7L24tISXi","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1897/08-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 24, Issue 2build","volume":24,"issue":"2build","issue_date":"1897-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B7BA3638-FA6E-4FC8-8151F1F919ADE44A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C78F261-000C-4F55-ADC4D72B670EF714_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6Z0gKwout1T0hDxdqvcIE5","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/07-31/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 5","volume":77,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1897-07-31","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9AFD21B1-F22C-4113-9EFD7AE62E1751E7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4DADD6EA-2422-4CCF-BC357C9290C7DDF0_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3Ayy39olUrGpV8xKr4Ymw2","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/07-31/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1126supp","volume":44,"issue":"1126supp","issue_date":"1897-07-31","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6DB9AF1B-E935-41B5-B2FD93BD8BD50D3D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/50FE5B17-C16C-43AD-96090A963B7227FD_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"jJALSqvKM39ZyAdjWkkz7","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/07-24/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 4","volume":77,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1897-07-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B414C46A-7B71-4772-81FA3E5FA4211655.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/877A745A-77D9-440B-8BC9513836CBCD0F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6Qo7uUQZ0I4YgPoB6dQBGc","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/07-24/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1125supp","volume":44,"issue":"1125supp","issue_date":"1897-07-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC873B73-8E80-4DB2-B7A8E94DAACC93AA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/072EF444-1442-4E94-8424A1DB329F2629_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3eYWVs7SL8pZnJxg3R2JrZ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/07-17/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1124supp","volume":44,"issue":"1124supp","issue_date":"1897-07-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/16B9F063-E457-47C5-9B43117F97A5D4BF.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D13F6435-1C9C-4133-B33A4559A2B64778_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4sivVH3QoLi6H6ZYSPNQVi","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/07-17/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 3","volume":77,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1897-07-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC665D1C-A30E-4581-870F995D270C9205.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BA7D568C-604B-48BA-A8AC9431262B3C33_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"32roBxU5OUoBVQ1nV3lnCu","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/07-10/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 2","volume":77,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1897-07-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/694F8CFE-3155-4DF8-8A88DE201DA9F8AA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D5A1456-1DC9-477A-9981C719C94FE318_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"HHZPYdeNpAXd0idrXfNQ4","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/07-10/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1123supp","volume":44,"issue":"1123supp","issue_date":"1897-07-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C6CB7B8-727E-4C7F-A49E47C95D2638A8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AD30494F-CC24-450D-BE8A6880604DB936_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7zx7haKvQKUTdi3jFRjPx4","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/07-03/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 77, Issue 1","volume":77,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1897-07-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4FB4F865-2EA2-4E8A-88561E544B317E2A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/54034A8F-A3CF-42D5-8BEAAC604FCC9956_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5gnYUSGCbsE0d7DFyA6Ty2","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/07-03/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 44, Issue 1122supp","volume":44,"issue":"1122supp","issue_date":"1897-07-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9BE360B8-613D-4AE4-9C071A92C6FBD86F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/41065329-3B99-476E-A06BF66D6860A372_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5JsBPgy6mC9lYCOAb48PqI","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1897/07-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 24, Issue 1build","volume":24,"issue":"1build","issue_date":"1897-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/36407A5B-D86D-4643-B8BE7A096B2AFCBE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DE414A5E-12E8-4868-83961B8C956FE314_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2Z6QS2ICP08IulJAy346na","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/06-26/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 26","volume":76,"issue":"26","issue_date":"1897-06-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5127DA21-847D-40CA-A0FC5E1788CC279A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A836423D-0468-487B-9CB8B054B428AE64_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3CJvS1oQCDH4GS832XWGZ3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/06-26/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1121supp","volume":43,"issue":"1121supp","issue_date":"1897-06-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2993A883-1C5D-4614-BA7EB98AB09E1C6E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/08D6BBFE-FCAF-4511-95713B04CCB3BC95_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5RV5x8S570Y38PLSQAQhy2","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/06-19/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 25","volume":76,"issue":"25","issue_date":"1897-06-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A1D79D3B-6FD6-45AA-AE602D57FB62CBE6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C5301382-D29C-4E8B-87AACEF48F851030_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4CQ95FsOov08XSq5xAduCw","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/06-19/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1120supp","volume":43,"issue":"1120supp","issue_date":"1897-06-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/26C7B397-3F4C-4748-80C54BC2139CD0A6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/88BC252C-2B70-420D-8C60285E0444931B_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5P0O7kTH0dm6FZYGnAt4uO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/06-12/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1119supp","volume":43,"issue":"1119supp","issue_date":"1897-06-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/774E11A1-B7E9-43F0-A9CBF3F2B1FC6EE8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4814A3FE-AA19-42FA-A315CECB803CB6C4_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5vJe2REWJtbJNczA2dDa0J","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/06-12/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 24","volume":76,"issue":"24","issue_date":"1897-06-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C214D34E-2A03-4BE1-BBBD371120631D48.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6ABA5FDE-FCC6-4F91-87E7C78A4020FC97_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3BzehBPOuJqORjZGvESBbd","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/06-05/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 23","volume":76,"issue":"23","issue_date":"1897-06-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/79C93956-751B-4F39-9E14CB62EFEB39F7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B306D52-39D6-4C8F-8600EB2EA07F8416_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"72mLX6DmHp3LRqjAvX9quH","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/06-05/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1118supp","volume":43,"issue":"1118supp","issue_date":"1897-06-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3958BDB4-4F56-4F79-AD0A77B4A2ED2320.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/01FF659F-F374-41D5-A282A394B9E4FFC3_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"61UXaihYRtpU2TymUOSumI","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1897/06-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 23, Issue 6build","volume":23,"issue":"6build","issue_date":"1897-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3C5EA4AC-B9F5-41D8-B04F01FFD6FD6DCF.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C104F246-387E-4CB5-BFE77D4BA734CF9A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3xlKsilegvD4ANl7rK0XRL","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/05-29/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 22","volume":76,"issue":"22","issue_date":"1897-05-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/06BA3674-2F7C-4958-A7315CE14F91636C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D0230B63-CF05-4CFE-91A8D74D0F623AB6_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"79IVjLBAc7PoVdIsirtxIc","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/05-29/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1117supp","volume":43,"issue":"1117supp","issue_date":"1897-05-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/61D542EB-0159-4492-A501956325610EC6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A3C98E70-D4FB-4B84-8406908AB1B36229_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"jHh7VUBeMLQxG4LVziTab","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/05-22/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 21","volume":76,"issue":"21","issue_date":"1897-05-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5AF72958-CC0A-4C8C-8CDC7D3549C6C2E5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/81163E11-A4EB-4D83-A7CF02956E79E7C4_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3DE0D7UUzHb3e1JQWFJc0O","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/05-22/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1116supp","volume":43,"issue":"1116supp","issue_date":"1897-05-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC10BB89-6485-442C-94F796147A764393.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A2006D1E-DB20-435E-A637C30BC68E4D37_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5ebfzni9Ea1bnZ8PqmbmTi","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/05-15/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 20","volume":76,"issue":"20","issue_date":"1897-05-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C46BB0D4-49E3-4CF1-81D6E12C2F45DAB8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9DADAE0-6CA3-47CB-94579B8B03E208BC_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"01kq9POwiETkSW3tnGwdFi","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/05-15/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1115supp","volume":43,"issue":"1115supp","issue_date":"1897-05-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/16065CB0-FFFB-44F8-BAA206DE258F8FE3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8CEDDB2B-5F88-487A-BF4FED3F3ADA3AFE_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3KHkcQ1ChOai7RYsKwXjlk","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/05-08/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1114supp","volume":43,"issue":"1114supp","issue_date":"1897-05-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CFBAF2A6-D079-4BEA-87903D2C35528429.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/36CF641E-E6A8-4E5E-8557EE8223BF453A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5vCHhVaTkIIpWV3QSjt6vq","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/05-08/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 19","volume":76,"issue":"19","issue_date":"1897-05-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D3004228-FD8C-480C-86C5BAE6F03526FD.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/502BB185-5A13-455E-87AF98CD96EED60B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1mltxGOxzbnUDAk97cWMio","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1897/05-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 23, Issue 5build","volume":23,"issue":"5build","issue_date":"1897-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0FAEFA35-3937-403E-B68AD6F9E3064543.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9EA8DA8D-B7AC-4A97-BDE579E87173BEC8_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2wMwsYtp1PBIui934UJ6Fg","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 18","volume":76,"issue":"18","issue_date":"1897-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5F818415-33A2-4FD5-A475F1582EF58D73.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C0FE718-ADF2-415A-A8D7DBBC7CC95E60_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2aMtveVPl5ADf2inXfuRia","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/05-01/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1113supp","volume":43,"issue":"1113supp","issue_date":"1897-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E08CC7DB-F7B3-4D96-93F49E4ED025552C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BDD3D356-5898-490F-A208145E1DB1F9F0_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1Au2IJ13090rdJSy36L2OW","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/04-24/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 17","volume":76,"issue":"17","issue_date":"1897-04-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2B2B64DE-5A80-4704-BB81CEBF04855AC7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBD9923A-F12A-4EDC-BF5BCFCA7F76F5DF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"504yDDU740mLzQzuC0T2bE","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/04-24/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1112supp","volume":43,"issue":"1112supp","issue_date":"1897-04-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D196DB12-BE44-471D-BA816901570EF6DA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A96F637-7951-446C-BA4DEB4D8A1B65BC_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6Tq0spAHi2o59A8PgJUgZH","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/04-17/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1111supp","volume":43,"issue":"1111supp","issue_date":"1897-04-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BD161C03-213D-4F68-87A5E306A96C86D4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92207EF5-EC9B-415E-AE0363A5B744ED20_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3YRB3zDWtxGoTBu3gri6x5","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/04-17/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 16","volume":76,"issue":"16","issue_date":"1897-04-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/84091E7F-AB4D-44F9-A8879E7EE6A39FFE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BED997F8-CED0-4FF2-B11970223E7772D9_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4yjXKPBGKxAertryI1VwIv","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/04-10/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 15","volume":76,"issue":"15","issue_date":"1897-04-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9BDA22A8-0B24-46C2-A51948794DF6C089.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25A40B90-D5F4-48FD-AD1AC91A7EAD324F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4uzpAkgluWj0pUxbRGKwjf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/04-10/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1110supp","volume":43,"issue":"1110supp","issue_date":"1897-04-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C325973E-45C3-49C8-890CF747CA53B224.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/647DE16A-8CFD-4BFC-A3C45456A09F18BC_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1Ik9x0gsUq9fn6HmhL2zPz","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/04-03/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1109supp","volume":43,"issue":"1109supp","issue_date":"1897-04-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E553DE33-C442-4455-BB04F629146687F8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78B1842A-00CB-4F84-A5D11654EE602347_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"47Yj92hwwALvfV6uaHnX5L","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/04-03/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 14","volume":76,"issue":"14","issue_date":"1897-04-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/00EBAC30-2AE2-4460-92A9A273AECAC302.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/969B153B-0CA2-4E20-A61FC69E327F1F21_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1ZYSQJk1Jcp43yZmiWqG5C","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1897/04-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 23, Issue 4build","volume":23,"issue":"4build","issue_date":"1897-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C06EB21-1E4A-4E5B-90E5FC77BEF238FC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EB210CB4-4E08-4275-A82C34E9637917F2_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"umK6wcuDxuwoCf5nlyU2g","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/03-27/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1108supp","volume":43,"issue":"1108supp","issue_date":"1897-03-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2A538CA5-59BF-471E-B854FA71A9CBEA7E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5BD4172C-AB7B-48EF-B5F49833C3BF52EF_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1bJNoui8B9vEGa4PYtHY9M","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/03-27/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 13","volume":76,"issue":"13","issue_date":"1897-03-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7108E939-8F28-45BD-A12FE60C75C25F21.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AD9938E-20B3-48F7-BE549EDD1D10BEF6_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"64Aff3uVH9VJKuBZAOlOpr","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/03-20/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 12","volume":76,"issue":"12","issue_date":"1897-03-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AB9A09CF-6CFB-4F93-BC858A901787242C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/47501462-B45F-495D-B5282E053D6BB282_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4MTD0hXALfTprSOvuvA6Um","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/03-20/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1107supp","volume":43,"issue":"1107supp","issue_date":"1897-03-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/416F8E28-FC01-49BE-BA8764707CCE38C3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC81FF5F-DB21-4EFA-A2F5475A7F676101_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5cZurPeOJ2QgGwefFovAwN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/03-13/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 11","volume":76,"issue":"11","issue_date":"1897-03-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25FFB7F0-B4AC-4EDC-9F76A68126B2140C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A2A0E26-BC0E-42FA-BB0E841E52D92985_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3iC7gn4FyyEoc3QkienPpL","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/03-13/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1106supp","volume":43,"issue":"1106supp","issue_date":"1897-03-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C75F73CC-2E1D-43DF-BA2FC7721A6AA20B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2B5D6FE3-A9A3-458D-8465057D076AF7EA_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7qAk83El9bnAbOys6bxycG","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/03-06/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 10","volume":76,"issue":"10","issue_date":"1897-03-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5788A8F-7ED6-4957-B1E67368EA648CC7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A79EECCB-F74F-4C87-AEB1A4EEE9189F03_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6XxDBWby4NsexpuEBqANHl","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/03-06/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1105supp","volume":43,"issue":"1105supp","issue_date":"1897-03-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2873DC78-0018-48CA-877D5AD04344E2D3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9E7CDC9F-7148-492A-9BC23592AF169F40_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6s76PWU5cGama8Mc2B03cQ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1897/03-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 23, Issue 3build","volume":23,"issue":"3build","issue_date":"1897-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9092EDE5-D6A5-43C8-890DD54ACC7971C3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/164BCE1C-61ED-49ED-BE80E96F99587B20_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"iL8RoYtBVqyzjoqQVmPSS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/02-27/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1104supp","volume":43,"issue":"1104supp","issue_date":"1897-02-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8D5229C3-4EA5-43C0-A2C2A6091D59F585.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/01766A0F-E20A-4D5F-B1EFE3A2A648025F_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"67QP4HgrB3kaknztPUQrdA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/02-27/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 9","volume":76,"issue":"9","issue_date":"1897-02-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BFA3951B-0F33-4089-BFA6E7590C4F8CD8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53CCFAE0-B7B5-4F1B-B37C8661DBB24FF1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4ILKctNmULzA5zPjxt5ETM","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/02-20/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 8","volume":76,"issue":"8","issue_date":"1897-02-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FF87221B-D7B7-48AF-88FBE5BDFE9CB306.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/66080BEC-49FA-47EF-9959568FC2E930C5_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1Fg5kfypCod7I1elzVMv3y","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/02-20/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1103supp","volume":43,"issue":"1103supp","issue_date":"1897-02-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F4FAB95-FC59-428F-B7B8DC936A9418AC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/827A5C22-4303-4C9B-B994020259752740_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"79aC9t3yEr2P3865pXspM9","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/02-13/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1102supp","volume":43,"issue":"1102supp","issue_date":"1897-02-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA2ABEB0-7238-4335-900AE9C92E447F27.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C028B9BA-F226-43A9-9135D0615CE0CB57_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6g7HdyDfY7nAyb1Y12I5NF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/02-13/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 7","volume":76,"issue":"7","issue_date":"1897-02-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8DE0FB40-1A3E-47B5-B8027057A516CD79.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2FA54DBA-FCF5-482A-8DC2E54358FA42AD_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7cjduAS28eIo64lVLQvEQ2","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/02-06/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 6","volume":76,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1897-02-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7464FE19-94C6-493F-9157C52C476160D9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/58437EAA-D3D7-4A3D-9EB3F94EB9263852_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6RIyOntslfMX3dXWnnu584","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/02-06/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1101supp","volume":43,"issue":"1101supp","issue_date":"1897-02-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7EAA53B9-D29E-429F-BD253F8C748D38FA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C773E83-035C-4BF5-82931C8AE9934651_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1njpHCwQ0Icoge9iRMeZOY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1897/02-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 23, Issue 2build","volume":23,"issue":"2build","issue_date":"1897-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8DFABA10-92E9-4F00-B9FD01815E89D591.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DDC01D6F-EA6F-4939-83AD8E63B55A1CDC_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2ERfkwdirKBM18VEApyc5O","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/01-30/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 5","volume":76,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1897-01-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7425DF55-6018-4DFA-80A454A4F4F411DD.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A589054-2AE1-4CA0-904DA833AC083AD8_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4hG2SeAwLpTu5GZ9DVKpSY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/01-30/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1100supp","volume":43,"issue":"1100supp","issue_date":"1897-01-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/182935E6-331D-4D6D-B07D3A0FB3BD0BBF.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F2A3DF0-8DE3-45D1-B02F219FB7EC6A8B_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2mJDhigxMXzKCNlnFEWz6x","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/01-23/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 4","volume":76,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1897-01-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA508CCA-23C6-4FC9-A9B22FAB99717C1B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FD905A18-051A-4E37-94DC2EEC5F49C56B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7fxnf3e1Vey3ivkGQPciC7","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/01-23/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1099supp","volume":43,"issue":"1099supp","issue_date":"1897-01-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8520F554-BD2D-4B12-88441929E6EFA119.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/217D412A-ED6F-4EC1-8E37F07EE9A2EE9A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4G29DBE6nWzte2u65BMvEB","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/01-16/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1098supp","volume":43,"issue":"1098supp","issue_date":"1897-01-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/375700D9-F21F-4A4F-B099E4CC6EB5FF56.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4CC87465-AD77-4BB0-8089F33004FD5DB5_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1ztSMmo9uzssektxtqMoi2","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/01-16/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 3","volume":76,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1897-01-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0DF4ADB1-E2F6-4063-88AFB4ED5B0C5D31.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/610AC849-B921-492A-B4E24BB829E87C6B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6VZx2DJD6Ct7ytifD6G2V5","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/01-09/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 2","volume":76,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1897-01-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3590464C-B8F8-48D7-901ACCA5CD3E5EB8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D39EBD06-D439-4A8B-8B4B8EFC1DD5740D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6wyH5qUvNGQY0QALNUzZrQ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/01-09/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1097supp","volume":43,"issue":"1097supp","issue_date":"1897-01-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/325979FB-08EB-4249-85F120A9214D2BE2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E06EC794-DCBF-4332-AF77F813F07E36EE_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"QITMYYKdmGbBsc3hQzw20","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1897/01-02/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 76, Issue 1","volume":76,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1897-01-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/36036203-FD1A-4CB3-B326D073D3B56F6C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/74C6E4D0-B1C2-438A-88E5694FC554CF9A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4fHPKWDsSqvbY5mWcicXen","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1897/01-02/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 43, Issue 1096supp","volume":43,"issue":"1096supp","issue_date":"1897-01-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C15E427-EE9A-4E00-A4523C3058A12AD7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6DD8015D-C2A5-4B0A-BDC6753D1ECDCC1C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1OcRq6gdBEYQFNbEYU9Igq","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1897/01-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 23, Issue 1build","volume":23,"issue":"1build","issue_date":"1897-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A73B3C1-0EAB-4541-8042D8569702BF6B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F95AB404-FCB3-4112-935693C7BAE5E9D3_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null}],"startYear":1897,"endYear":1897,"meta":{"title":"Issue Archive: 1897","canonicalUrl":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1897/","tags":{"description":"Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845","og:title":"Issue Archive: 1897","og:description":"Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"}},"dataLayerContent":{"content":{"articleDoi":"","authors":[],"authorsCategory":[],"canonicalUrl":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1897/","categories":"","collectionId":"","collectionName":"","column":"","containsMedia":"","contentId":"","contentDifficulty":"","contentModeling":[],"durability":"","editors":[],"isPartner":false,"isResalable":false,"isSyndicated":false,"journalIssueName":"","language":"en","partnerName":"","platform":"hopper","paywallExempt":null,"podcastSeries":"","primaryCategory":"","printDek":"","printTitle":"","publishedAtDate":"","publishedAtDateTime":"","publishedAtTime":"","sentiment":"","subCategory":"","title":"Issue Archive: 1897","type":"archive","updatedAtDateTime":"","advertiser":"","campaign":"","isSponsored":false},"game":{"gameId":"","puzzleType":"","set":"","dek":""}},"abTestGroup":"5"},"bundle":"issues"}`)</script> <script data-layer="footer">;OptanonWrapper=()=>{};consentQueue=[];tp=[];pdl={requireConsent:'v2'};window.dataLayer=[];;window.__ads=[];_sf_async_config={};_cbq=[]</script> </body> </html>