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href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="درک پولدر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="درک پولدر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Polder" title="Dirk Polder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dirk Polder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Polder" title="Dirk Polder – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dirk Polder" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch physicist (1919–2001)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Dirk Polder</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polder.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/Polder.jpeg/180px-Polder.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/Polder.jpeg/270px-Polder.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/Polder.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="341" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Dirk Polder</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1919-08-23</span>)</span>23 August 1919<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 March 2001<span style="display:none">(2001-03-18)</span> (aged 81)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Casimir_effect" title="Casimir effect">Casimir–Polder effect</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polder_tensor" title="Polder tensor">Polder tensor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Near-field_radiative_heat_transfer" title="Near-field radiative heat transfer">Near-field radiative heat transfer</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">Physicist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips Research Laboratories</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft"> Delft University of Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wander_Johannes_de_Haas" title="Wander Johannes de Haas">W. J. de Haas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir" title="Hendrik Casimir">H. B. G. Casimir</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dirk Polder</b> (23 August 1919 – 18 March 2001) was a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> working on <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_physics" title="Solid-state physics">solid-state physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">molecular physics</a> and nanoscale physics. </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir" title="Hendrik Casimir">Hendrik Casimir</a>, Polder first predicted the existence of what today is known as the Casimir-Polder force, sometimes also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Casimir_effect" title="Casimir effect">Casimir effect</a> or Casimir force. Using a similar theory, he developed the formalism to treat <a href="/wiki/Near-field_radiative_heat_transfer" title="Near-field radiative heat transfer">radiative heat transfer at the nanoscale</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Polder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Polder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dirk Polder was born in 1919 in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. His father was a <a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft</a> engineer and his mother was the daughter of a minister. Music was very important for his family and Dirk played the <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a> and played frequently in quartets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After completing his HBS (<a href="/wiki/Hogere_Burgerschool" title="Hogere Burgerschool">Hogere Burgerschool</a>) in mathematics and physics, he enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> in 1936 where obtained a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> in physics and chemistry in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed a master's degree in experimental and theoretical physics in 1941, before exams were banned after the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_career">Research career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Polder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1938 he did an internship with <a href="/wiki/Jan_Ketelaar" title="Jan Ketelaar">Jan Ketelaar</a> on <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic chemistry</a> which resulted in his first publication on the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> salts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939 he became an assistant to <a href="/wiki/Wander_Johannes_de_Haas" title="Wander Johannes de Haas">Wander Johannes de Haas</a> at the Kamerlingh-Onnes Institute in Leiden, where he worked together with <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir" title="Hendrik Casimir">Hendrik Casimir</a> and carried out experiments on the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration" title="Magnetic refrigeration">adiabatic demagnetization</a> of various <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> salts using <a href="/wiki/Crystal_field_theory" title="Crystal field theory">crystal field theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941 he received his doctorate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to the deteriorating conditions at Leiden after German occupation and threat of forced labor, he decided to move to the <a href="/wiki/Philips_Natuurkundig_Laboratorium" title="Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium">Philips Research Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a> in early 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the end of the war, Polder went to the HH Wills Laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> in 1947 to work on research with <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a>. At the end of September 1948 he returned to the Netherlands, but in October 1950, prompted by an invitation from Mott, Polder decided to go back to Bristol, where he became a lecturer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polder met M. L. Everaars in Eindhoven. The couple married on July 19, 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955 he returned to Eindhoven and became a scientific advisor and head of basic research at the Philips Research Laboratory until his retirement in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959 he became a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Technical University of Delft</a> (until 1986 <i>Technische Hogeschool van Delft</i> ), where he lectured on quantum mechanics and theoretical solid state physics until 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died in 2001 during at trip in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> with his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_topics">Research topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Polder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He became known through a theoretical work published together with Casimir in 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-Casimir1948_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casimir1948-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the interaction between an electrically neutral atom and a neighboring perfectly conducting plate, caused by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_fluctuations" title="Thermal fluctuations">thermal fluctuations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic field</a>, and described using <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a>. This force was later named <a href="/wiki/Casimir_effect" title="Casimir effect">Casimir–Polder force</a> after the authors of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, Polder and Michael van Hove pioneered the field of <a href="/wiki/Near-field_radiative_heat_transfer" title="Near-field radiative heat transfer">near-field radiative heat transfer</a>t theory simplifying the fluctuational electrodynamics formulas of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rytov" title="Sergei Rytov">Sergei Rytov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polder1971_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polder1971-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979 Polder worked on theory of <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic_resonance" title="Ferromagnetic resonance">ferromagnetic resonance</a>. He generalized the phenomenological description given by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kittel" title="Charles Kittel">Charles Kittel</a> for a homogeneously magnetized ellipsoid by deriving the tensorial relationship. The <a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">tensor</a> in question is now known as the '<a href="/wiki/Polder_tensor" title="Polder tensor">Polder tensor</a>' and provides a basis for the phenomenological description of all kinds of periodic phenomena in ferromagnetic media, such as the propagation of electromagnetic waves, which Polder has treated himself.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polder was intensively involved in developments in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor physics</a>. With Harold J.G. Meijer, he studied the scattering of electrons by lattice vibrations in polar crystals of low symmetry. With his student Leo J. van der Pauw, Polder worked om the influence of light on <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect" title="Thermoelectric effect">thermoelectric power</a>. Experiments by A. H. Harten on the dependence of the photovoltage on the penetration depth of light found were satisfactory explained by considering the influence of the surface <a href="/wiki/Space_charge" title="Space charge">space charge</a> layer as suggested by Polder. Other works include the study of noise in transistor-like devices with his student A. Baelde, and an article on superlinear photoconductivity with E. N. Hooge.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polder also worked on <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a> in the 1960s. Together with P. Penning, Polder devoted several studies to the anomalous transmission of X-rays, the phenomenon of reducing attenuation when passing through a perfect crystal if the direction of propagation matches <a href="/wiki/Bragg%27s_law" title="Bragg's law">Bragg reflection</a> at one or more lattice planes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polder's latest physics publications were devoted to superfluorescence, intrigued by the experiments of H. M. Gibbs and Q. H. F. Vrehen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_fellowships">Honors and fellowships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Polder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honors and fellowships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978 Polder was elected member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RNAAS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNAAS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Polder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVrehen2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vrehen, Q.H.F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dwc.knaw.nl/DL/levensberichten/PE00002363.pdf"><i>Levensbericht D. Polder</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Huygens Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). pp. 57–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Levensbericht+D.+Polder&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=57-64&rft.pub=Huygens+Institute+-+Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences+%28KNAW%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Vrehen&rft.aufirst=Q.H.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdwc.knaw.nl%2FDL%2Flevensberichten%2FPE00002363.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirk+Polder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casimir1948-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casimir1948_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasimirPolder1948" class="citation journal cs1">Casimir, Hendrik B. G.; Polder, Dirk (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.73.360">"The Influence of Retardation on the London-van der Waals Forces"</a>. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 360–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.73.360">10.1103/PhysRev.73.360</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Retardation+on+the+London-van+der+Waals+Forces&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=360-372&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.73.360&rft.aulast=Casimir&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+B.+G.&rft.au=Polder%2C+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.73.360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirk+Polder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polder1971-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polder1971_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolderVan_Hove1971" class="citation journal cs1">Polder, Dirk; Van Hove, Michel A. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.4.3303">"Theory of Radiative Heat Transfer between Closely Spaced Bodies"</a>. <i>Physical Review B</i>. <b>4</b> (10): 3303–3314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.4.3303">10.1103/PhysRevB.4.3303</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=Theory+of+Radiative+Heat+Transfer+between+Closely+Spaced+Bodies&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3303-3314&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.4.3303&rft.aulast=Polder&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft.au=Van+Hove%2C+Michel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.4.3303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirk+Polder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSongFiorinoMeyhoferReddy2015" class="citation journal cs1">Song, Bai; Fiorino, Anthony; Meyhofer, Edgar; Reddy, Pramod (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4919048">"Near-field radiative thermal transport: From theory to experiment"</a>. <i>AIP Advances</i>. <b>5</b> (5): 053503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4919048">10.1063/1.4919048</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2158-3226">2158-3226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIP+Advances&rft.atitle=Near-field+radiative+thermal+transport%3A+From+theory+to+experiment&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=053503&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.4919048&rft.issn=2158-3226&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Bai&rft.au=Fiorino%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Meyhofer%2C+Edgar&rft.au=Reddy%2C+Pramod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%2F1.4919048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirk+Polder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RNAAS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RNAAS_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002363">"Dirk Polder (1919 - 2001)"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dirk+Polder+%281919+-+2001%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00002363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirk+Polder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt></dt></dl> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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