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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brightness in an image or video</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, <b>luma</b> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bacdb2a4ddcc06c2dfbb7af3d92aec37bbaaf0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:2.585ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y'}"></span>) represents the brightness in an image (the "black-and-white" or achromatic portion of the image).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luma is typically paired with <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luma represents the <a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">achromatic</a> image, while the chroma components represent the <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> information. Converting <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">R′G′B′</a> sources (such as the output of a <a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">three-CCD camera</a>) into luma and chroma allows for <a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">chroma subsampling</a>: because human vision has finer spatial sensitivity to <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> ("black and white") differences than chromatic differences, video systems can store and transmit chromatic information at lower resolution, optimizing perceived detail at a particular bandwidth.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luma_versus_relative_luminance">Luma versus relative luminance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luma_(video)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Luma versus relative luminance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="floatright" cellpadding="3" style="border: 1px solid black; max-width: 50%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#ff93ff;color:#000;">255, 147, 255</td> <td style="background-color:#ffaaaa;color:#000;">255, 170, 170</td> <td style="background-color:#d3d300;color:#000;">211, 211, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#c0c0ff;color:#000;">192, 192, 255</td> <td style="background-color:#c8c8c8;color:#000;">200, 200, 200</td> <td style="background-color:#7af400;color:#000;">122, 244, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#00ebeb;color:#000;">0, 235, 235</td> <td style="background-color:#00fa7d;color:#000;">0, 250, 125</td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;color:#000;">0, 255, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center;">RGB values of example colors with the same relative luminance as the lightest primary color (green) using original <b>NTSC (1953)</b> primaries for ' (<a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</a>) = 2.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="floatright" cellpadding="3" style="border: 1px solid black; max-width: 50%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#ffcbff;color:#000;">255, 203, 255</td> <td style="background-color:#ffd0d0;color:#000;">255, 208, 208</td> <td style="background-color:#e3e300;color:#000;">227, 227,0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#d8d8ff;color:#000;">216, 216, 255</td> <td style="background-color:#dbdbdb;color:#000;">219, 219, 219</td> <td style="background-color:#7cf800;color:#000;">124, 248, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#00f4f4;color:#000;">0, 244, 244</td> <td style="background-color:#00fc7e;color:#000;">0, 252, 126</td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;color:#000;">0, 255, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center;">RGB values of example colors with the same relative luminance as the lightest primary color (green) using <b>BT. 709</b> primaries for ' (<a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</a>) = 2.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Luma is the weighted sum of gamma-compressed R′G′B′ components of a color video—the <i>prime symbols</i> ′ denote <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma compression</a>. The word was proposed to prevent confusion between luma as implemented in video engineering and <a href="/wiki/Relative_luminance" title="Relative luminance">relative luminance</a> as used in color science (i.e. as defined by <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">CIE</a>). Relative luminance is formed as a weighted sum of <i>linear</i> RGB components, not gamma-compressed ones. Even so, luma is sometimes erroneously called luminance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SMPTE" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE">SMPTE</a> EG 28 recommends the symbol <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bacdb2a4ddcc06c2dfbb7af3d92aec37bbaaf0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:2.585ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y'}"></span> to denote luma and the symbol <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span> to denote relative luminance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_relative_luminance">Use of relative luminance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luma_(video)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use of relative luminance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While luma is more often encountered, relative luminance is sometimes used in video engineering when referring to the brightness of a monitor. The formula used to calculate relative luminance uses coefficients based on the <a href="/wiki/Color_matching_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Color matching function">CIE color matching</a> functions and the relevant standard chromaticities of red, green, and blue (e.g., the original <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> primaries, <a href="/wiki/SMPTE-C" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE-C">SMPTE C</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a>). </p><p>For the Rec. 709 (and <a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a>) primaries, the linear combination, based on pure colorimetric considerations and the definition of relative luminance is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=0.2126R+0.7152G+0.0722B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.2126</mn> <mi>R</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.7152</mn> <mi>G</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.0722</mn> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=0.2126R+0.7152G+0.0722B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5deec7dcff47aa13aeb6565cfd41e0dd1de6f048" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:35.285ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=0.2126R+0.7152G+0.0722B}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The formula used to calculate luma in the Rec. 709 spec arbitrarily also uses these same coefficients, but with gamma-compressed components: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y'=0.2126R'+0.7152G'+0.0722B',}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.2126</mn> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.7152</mn> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.0722</mn> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y'=0.2126R'+0.7152G'+0.0722B',}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/caae6a3f9b7ed4d5289ec7e0f4d6c65fb34d77f6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:38.797ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y'=0.2126R'+0.7152G'+0.0722B',}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where the prime symbol ′ denotes <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma compression</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rec._601_luma_versus_Rec._709_luma_coefficients">Rec. 601 luma versus Rec. 709 luma coefficients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luma_(video)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rec. 601 luma versus Rec. 709 luma coefficients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="floatright" cellpadding="3" style="border: 1px solid black; color: #ffffff; max-width: 50%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#9e004f">158, 0, 79</td> <td style="background-color:#a50000">165, 0, 0</td> <td style="background-color:#8c4600">140, 70, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#8e008e">142, 0, 142</td> <td style="background-color:#5f5f5f" rowspan="3">95, 95, 95</td> <td style="background-color:#646400">100, 100, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6800d0">104, 0, 208</td> <td style="background-color:#3a7400">58, 116, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#0000ff">0, 0, 255</td> <td style="background-color:#007700">0, 119, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#005bb6">0,91,182</td> <td style="background-color:#007070">0, 112, 112</td> <td style="background-color:#00763b">0, 118, 59</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:black"> RGB values of example colors with the same relative luminance as the darkest primary color (blue) using original <b>NTSC (1953)</b> primaries for <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</a> equal to 2.2. </span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="floatright" cellpadding="3" style="border: 1px solid black; color: #ffffff; max-width: 50%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#98004c">152, 0, 76</td> <td style="background-color:#9c0000">156, 0, 0</td> <td style="background-color:#7a3d00">122, 61, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#890089">137, 0, 137</td> <td style="background-color:#4d4d4d" rowspan="3">77, 77, 77</td> <td style="background-color:#505000">80, 80, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6600cc">102, 0, 204</td> <td style="background-color:#2c5800">44, 88, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#0000ff">0, 0, 255</td> <td style="background-color:#005a00">0, 90, 0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#004c98">0, 76, 152</td> <td style="background-color:#005656">0, 86, 86</td> <td style="background-color:#005a2d">0, 90, 45</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:black"> RGB values of example colors with the same relative luminance as the darkest primary color (blue) using <b>BT. 709</b> primaries for <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</a> equal to 2.2. </span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For digital formats following <b><a href="/wiki/CCIR_601" class="mw-redirect" title="CCIR 601">CCIR 601</a></b> (i.e. most digital standard definition formats), luma is calculated with this formula: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y'_{\text{601}}=0.299R'+0.587G'+0.114B'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>601</mtext> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.299</mn> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.587</mn> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.114</mn> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y'_{\text{601}}=0.299R'+0.587G'+0.114B'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7abe41a6e7496f32b50c658ff646cc51e8495366" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:36.127ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y'_{\text{601}}=0.299R'+0.587G'+0.114B'}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Formats following <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a> Recommendation <b><a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">BT. 709</a></b> (i.e. most digital high definition formats) use a different formula: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y'_{\text{709}}=0.2126R'+0.7152G'+0.0722B'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>709</mtext> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.2126</mn> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.7152</mn> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.0722</mn> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y'_{\text{709}}=0.2126R'+0.7152G'+0.0722B'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e26a409021fcb5ae8429adc475a7f426f83e7f7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:39.614ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y'_{\text{709}}=0.2126R'+0.7152G'+0.0722B'}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Modern <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> systems use the 709 coefficients, while transitional <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">1035i HDTV (MUSE)</a> formats may use the <b>SMPTE 240M</b> coefficients: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y'_{\text{240}}=0.212R'+0.701G'+0.087B'=Y'_{\text{145}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>240</mtext> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.212</mn> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.701</mn> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.087</mn> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>145</mtext> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y'_{\text{240}}=0.212R'+0.701G'+0.087B'=Y'_{\text{145}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2714d2c89f12a32700f6cf88e318d887a85b9e20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.274ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y'_{\text{240}}=0.212R'+0.701G'+0.087B'=Y'_{\text{145}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>These coefficients correspond to the SMPTE RP 145 primaries (also known as "SMPTE C") in use at the time the standard was created.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The change in the luma coefficients is to provide the "theoretically correct" coefficients that reflect the corresponding standard chromaticities ('colors') of the primaries red, green, and blue. However, there is some controversy regarding this decision.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference in luma coefficients requires that component signals must be converted between Rec. 601 and Rec. 709 to provide accurate colors. In consumer equipment, the matrix required to perform this conversion may be omitted (to reduce cost), resulting in inaccurate color. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luma_and_luminance_errors">Luma and luminance errors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luma_(video)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Luma and luminance errors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Color-bars-original.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Color-bars-original.png/220px-Color-bars-original.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Color-bars-original.png/330px-Color-bars-original.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Color-bars-original.png/440px-Color-bars-original.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="93" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Original image without color subsampling. 200% zoom.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Color-bars-vegas-dv.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Color-bars-vegas-dv.png/220px-Color-bars-vegas-dv.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Color-bars-vegas-dv.png/330px-Color-bars-vegas-dv.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Color-bars-vegas-dv.png/440px-Color-bars-vegas-dv.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="93" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Image after color subsampling - Error in luminance can be seen as a dark band between Green and Magenta.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>As well, the Rec. 709 luma coefficients may not necessarily provide better performance. Because of the difference between luma and relative luminance, luma does not exactly represent the luminance in an image. As a result, errors in chroma can affect luminance. Luma alone does not perfectly represent luminance; accurate luminance requires both accurate luma and chroma. Hence, errors in chroma "bleed" into the luminance of an image. </p><p>Note the bleeding in lightness near the borders. Due to the widespread usage of <a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">chroma subsampling</a>, errors in chroma typically occur when it is lowered in resolution/bandwidth. This lowered bandwidth, coupled with high frequency chroma components, can cause visible errors in luminance. An example of a high frequency chroma component would be the line between the green and magenta bars of the <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_color_bars" title="SMPTE color bars">SMPTE color bars</a> test pattern. Error in luminance can be seen as a dark band that occurs in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luma_(video)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">Gamma correction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luma_(video)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engineering Guideline EG 28, "Annotated Glossary of Essential Terms for Electronic Production," SMPTE, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoynton2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poynton" title="Charles Poynton">Poynton, Charles</a> (2003). "Appendix A - YUV and luminance considered harmful". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poynton.ca/PDFs/YUV_and_luminance_harmful.pdf"><i>Digital video and HDTV algorithms and interfaces</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+A+-+YUV+and+luminance+considered+harmful&rft.btitle=Digital+video+and+HDTV+algorithms+and+interfaces&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoynton.ca%2FPDFs%2FYUV_and_luminance_harmful.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuma+%28video%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdrewbatgit2021" class="citation web cs1">drewbatgit (2021-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/medfound/about-yuv-video">"About YUV Video - Win32 apps"</a>. <i>learn.microsoft.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learn.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=About+YUV+Video+-+Win32+apps&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.au=drewbatgit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows%2Fwin32%2Fmedfound%2Fabout-yuv-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuma+%28video%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelestream2017" class="citation book cs1">Telestream (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telestream.net/pdfs/whitepapers/wp-Different-Color-Spaces-QC.pdf"><i>Different color spaces - or how levels go wrong</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Telestream.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Different+color+spaces+-+or+how+levels+go+wrong&rft.pub=Telestream&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Telestream&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telestream.net%2Fpdfs%2Fwhitepapers%2Fwp-Different-Color-Spaces-QC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuma+%28video%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoynton2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poynton" title="Charles Poynton">Poynton, Charles</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra1lcAwgvq4C&dq=luma+luminance+709+601&pg=PA289"><i>Digital Video and HD: Algorithms and Interfaces</i></a>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-792-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-792-7"><bdi>978-1-55860-792-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Video+and+HD%3A+Algorithms+and+Interfaces&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55860-792-7&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dra1lcAwgvq4C%26dq%3Dluma%2Bluminance%2B709%2B601%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuma+%28video%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoynton1998" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poynton" title="Charles Poynton">Poynton, Charles</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poynton.ca/papers/SMPTE_98_YYZ_Luma/index.html">"Luminance, luma, and the migration to DTV"</a>. <i>poynton.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=poynton.ca&rft.atitle=Luminance%2C+luma%2C+and+the+migration+to+DTV&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoynton.ca%2Fpapers%2FSMPTE_98_YYZ_Luma%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuma+%28video%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoynton2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poynton" title="Charles Poynton">Poynton, Charles</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poynton.ca/notes/video/Constant_luminance.html">"Constant Luminance"</a>. <i>poynton.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=poynton.ca&rft.atitle=Constant+Luminance&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoynton.ca%2Fnotes%2Fvideo%2FConstant_luminance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuma+%28video%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analog_television_broadcasting_topics253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_television_broadcasting" title="Outline of television broadcasting">broadcasting topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/525-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="525-line television system">525-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/625-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="625-line television system">625-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">System C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">System D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">System G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">System H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">System I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">System K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">System L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">System N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_F" title="CCIR System F">System F</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-S" title="PAL-S">PAL-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">Back porch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">front porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_level" title="Black level">Black level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanking_level" title="Blanking level">Blanking level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance_subcarrier" title="Chrominance subcarrier">Chrominance subcarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorburst" title="Colorburst">Colorburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_killer" title="Color killer">Color killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">Color TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (video)">Frame (video)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scan_rate" title="Horizontal scan rate">Horizontal scan rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval" title="Horizontal blanking interval">Horizontal blanking interval</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_analogue_blanking" title="Nominal analogue blanking">Nominal analogue blanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overscan" title="Overscan">Overscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">Raster scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_area_(television)" title="Safe area (television)">Safe area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_lines" title="Television lines">Television lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">Vertical blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_clipper" title="White clipper">White clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">Multichannel television sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">Quadrature amplitude modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation#Vestigial_sideband_(VSB)" title="Single-sideband modulation">Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transmission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier#Electronic_amplifiers" title="Amplifier">Amplifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna (radio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_transmitter" title="Broadcast transmitter">Broadcast transmitter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transmitter_station" title="Transmitter station">Transmitter station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetic" title="Resonator">Cavity amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_gain" title="Differential gain">Differential gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_phase" title="Differential phase">Differential phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplexer" title="Diplexer">Diplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_load" title="Dummy load">Dummy load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">Frequency mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercarrier_method" title="Intercarrier method">Intercarrier method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">Intermediate frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_power_of_an_analog_TV_transmitter" title="Output power of an analog TV transmitter">Output power of an analog TV transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-emphasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emphasis">Pre-emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_carrier" title="Residual carrier">Residual carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sound_system" title="Split sound system">Split sound system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheterodyne_transmitter" title="Superheterodyne transmitter">Superheterodyne transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">Television receive-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite television">Direct-broadcast satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposer" title="Transposer">Transposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Frequencies</a> & bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_offset" title="Frequency offset">Frequency offset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">Microwave transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">Television channel frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Propagation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tilt" title="Beam tilt">Beam tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth bulge">Earth bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_in_free_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Field strength in free space">Field strength in free space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">Noise (electronics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_fill" title="Null fill">Null fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_loss" title="Path loss">Path loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skew_(antenna)" title="Skew (antenna)">Skew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_interference" title="Television interference">Television interference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distortionmeter" title="Distortionmeter">Distortionmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_meter" title="Field strength meter">Field strength meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectorscope" title="Vectorscope">Vectorscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_reference_pulse" title="Zero reference pulse">Zero reference pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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