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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Меню ўдзельніка" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be"><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для ананімных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" aria-label="Даведацца больш пра праўку"><span>даведацца больш</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyContributions" title="Спіс правак, зробленых з гэтага IP-адраса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Уклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyTalk" title="Размовы пра праўкі, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адраса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Змест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Змест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Этымалогія" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Этымалогія"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Этымалогія</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Этымалогія-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Геаграфія" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Геаграфія"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Геаграфія</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Геаграфія-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Геалогія" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Геалогія"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Геалогія</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Геалогія-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Клімат" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Клімат"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Клімат</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Клімат-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Флора_і_фаўна" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Флора_і_фаўна"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Флора і фаўна</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Флора_і_фаўна-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гідралогія_і_гідрахімія" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гідралогія_і_гідрахімія"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Гідралогія і гідрахімія</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гідралогія_і_гідрахімія-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Эканоміка" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Эканоміка"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Эканоміка</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Эканоміка-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Змяніць стан падраздзелу Эканоміка</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Эканоміка-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Транспартнае_значэнне" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Транспартнае_значэнне"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Транспартнае значэнне</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Транспартнае_значэнне-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Прамысловае_рыбалоўства" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Прамысловае_рыбалоўства"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Прамысловае рыбалоўства</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Прамысловае_рыбалоўства-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Турызм" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Турызм"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Турызм</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Турызм-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Зноскі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Зноскі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Зноскі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Зноскі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Літаратура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Літаратура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Літаратура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Літаратура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Спасылкі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Спасылкі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Спасылкі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Спасылкі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Змест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Пераключыць змест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Пераключыць змест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Чорнае мора</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсці да артыкула на іншай мове. Даступны на 210 мовах." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-210" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">210 моў</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B8%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Амшын Еиқәа – абхазская" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амшын Еиқәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="абхазская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B_%D0%A8%D3%80%D1%83%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Хы ШӀуцӀэ – адыгейская" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Хы ШӀуцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="адыгейская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartsee" title="Swartsee – афрыкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swartsee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="афрыкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Meer" title="Schwarzes Meer – швейцарская нямецкая" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzes Meer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарская нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%81%E1%88%AD_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD" title="ጥቁር ባሕር – амхарская" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጥቁር ባሕር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – арагонская" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euxinus" title="Euxinus – стараанглійская" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Euxinus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="стараанглійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – ангіка" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангіка" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="البحر الأسود – арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البحر الأسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%90%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܝܡܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ – арамейская" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="арамейская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%84" title="لبحر لكحل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبحر لكحل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="البحر الاسود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البحر الاسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ – асамская" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negru" title="Mar Negru – астурыйская" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mar Negru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="करीया सागर – авадхі" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="करीया सागर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="авадхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_d%C9%99niz" title="Qara dəniz – азербайджанская" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara dəniz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="قارا دنیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا دنیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" title="Ҡара диңгеҙ – башкірская" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара диңгеҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкірская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara_Cemeng" title="Segara Cemeng – балійская" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Segara Cemeng" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="балійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwoazzes_Meea" title="Schwoazzes Meea – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwoazzes Meea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouduoj%C4%97_j%C5%ABra" title="Jouduojė jūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jouduojė jūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Itom" title="Dagat Itom – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dagat Itom" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чорнае мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чорнае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Черно море – балгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черно море" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="балгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="কৃষ্ণ সাগর – бенгальская" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃষ্ণ সাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Du" title="Mor Du – брэтонская" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mor Du" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="брэтонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more – баснійская" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crno more" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="баснійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хара тэнгис – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хара тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – каталанская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AC-h%C4%81i" title="Ŭ-hāi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭ-hāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%85%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ӏаьржа хӀорд – чачэнская" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьржа хӀорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чачэнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="دەریای ڕەش – цэнтральнакурдская" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەریای ڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="цэнтральнакурдская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_neru" title="Mari neru – карсіканская" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mari neru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="карсіканская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_de%C3%B1iz" title="Qara deñiz – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qara deñiz" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e" title="Černé moře – чэшская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černé moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэшская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C3%B4rn%C3%A9_M%C3%B2rze" title="Czôrné Mòrze – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Czôrné Mòrze" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81" title="Хура тинĕс – чувашская" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хура тинĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_M%C3%B4r_Du" title="Y Môr Du – валійская" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Môr Du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortehavet" title="Sortehavet – дацкая" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sortehavet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Meer" title="Schwarzes Meer – нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzes Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryao_Siya" title="Deryao Siya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Deryao Siya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_m%C3%B3rjo" title="Carne mórjo – ніжнялужыцкая" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Carne mórjo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="ніжнялужыцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μαύρη Θάλασσα – грэчаская" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грэчаская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – англійская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добры артыкул"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_maro" title="Nigra maro – эсперанта" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra maro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанта" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – іспанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="іспанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_meri" title="Must meri – эстонская" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must meri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsaso_Beltza" title="Itsaso Beltza – баскская" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsaso Beltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Negru" title="Mari Negru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mari Negru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="دریای سیاه – фарсі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریای سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustameri" title="Mustameri – фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mustameri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_meri" title="Must meri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Must meri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartahavi%C3%B0" title="Svartahavið – фарэрская" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Svartahavið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарэрская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Noire" title="Mer Noire – французская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mer Noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_N%C3%AAre" title="Mar Nêre – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mar Nêre" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suart_Sia" title="Suart Sia – паўночнафрызская" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Suart Sia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="паўночнафрызская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_See" title="Swarte See – заходняя фрызская" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swarte See" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="заходняя фрызская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhuir_Dhubh" title="An Mhuir Dhubh – ірландская" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhuir Dhubh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ірландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_deniz" title="Kara deniz – гагаузская" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kara deniz" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="гагаузская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Mhuir_Dhubh" title="A' Mhuir Dhubh – шатландская гэльская" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Mhuir Dhubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шатландская гэльская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – галісійская" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галісійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A3_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سيأ دریا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سيأ دریا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_H%C5%A9" title="Para Hũ – гуарані" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Para Hũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарані" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="કાળો સમુદ્ર – гуджараці" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાળો સમુદ્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджараці" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vooir_Ghoo" title="Yn Vooir Ghoo – мэнская" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vooir Ghoo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="мэнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BB-h%C3%B3i" title="Vû-hói – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vû-hói" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="הים השחור – іўрыт" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הים השחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="іўрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – хіндзі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хіндзі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more – харвацкая" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crno more" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="харвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Corne_morjo" title="Čorne morjo – верхнялужыцкая" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čorne morjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="верхнялужыцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete-tenger" title="Fekete-tenger – венгерская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete-tenger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սև ծով – армянская" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև ծով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սեւ Ծով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ Ծով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Nigre" title="Mar Nigre – інтэрлінгва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mar Nigre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="інтэрлінгва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam – інданезійская" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="інданезійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigri_Mare" title="Nigri Mare – інтэрлінгвэ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nigri Mare" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="інтэрлінгвэ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_Nangisit" title="Baybay Nangisit – ілакана" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybay Nangisit" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ілакана" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ӏаьржа форд – інгушская" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ӏаьржа форд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="інгушская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_maro" title="Nigra maro – іда" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigra maro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="іда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartahaf" title="Svartahaf – ісландская" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartahaf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ісландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Nero" title="Mar Nero – італьянская" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mar Nero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="італьянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%B5%B7" title="黒海 – японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak_Sii" title="Blak Sii – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Blak Sii" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xekri_xamsi" title="xekri xamsi – ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xekri xamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara_Ireng" title="Sagara Ireng – яванская" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sagara Ireng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="შავი ზღვა – грузінская" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_te%C5%84iz" title="Qara teńiz – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qara teńiz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilel_Aberkan" title="Ilel Aberkan – кабільская" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilel Aberkan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B_%D0%A4%D3%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Хы ФӀыцӀэ – кабардзінская" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хы ФӀыцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="кабардзінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%8Bg%CA%8A_K%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bd%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Teŋgʊ Kɩkpɛdʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Teŋgʊ Kɩkpɛdʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1dyundyung_Kyai_A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot" title="A̱dyundyung Kyai A̱sa̱khwot – т’яп" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱dyundyung Kyai A̱sa̱khwot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="т’яп" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawok_Halom" title="Lawok Halom – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Lawok Halom" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Қара теңіз – казахская" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қара теңіз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%85" title="សមុទ្រខ្មៅ – кхмерская" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សមុទ្រខ្មៅ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಸಮುದ್ರ – канада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಸಮುದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="канада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%ED%95%B4" title="흑해 – карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Къара тенгиз – карачай-балкарская" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къара тенгиз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="карачай-балкарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryaya_Re%C5%9F" title="Deryaya Reş – курдская" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Deryaya Reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Сьӧд саридз – комі" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сьӧд саридз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="комі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Du" title="Mor Du – корнская" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mor Du" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_Euxinus" title="Pontus Euxinus – лацінская" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pontus Euxinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="лацінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Preta" title="Mar Preta – ладына" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mar Preta" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ладына" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwaarzt_Mier" title="Schwaarzt Mier – люксембургская" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schwaarzt Mier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="ЛухӀи хьхьири – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЛухӀи хьхьири" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BB" title="ЧӀулав гьуьл – лезгінская" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЧӀулав гьуьл" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – ганда" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ганда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Zie" title="Zwarte Zie – лімбургская" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zwarte Zie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лімбургская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2_Neigro" title="Mâ Neigro – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mâ Neigro" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Fosch" title="Mer Fosch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mer Fosch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negher" title="Mar Negher – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mar Negher" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B3" title="ທະເລດຳ – лаоская" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະເລດຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаоская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добры артыкул"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_j%C5%ABra" title="Juodoji jūra – літоўская" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="літоўская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_j%C5%ABra" title="Melnā jūra – латышская" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā jūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – майтхілі" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="майтхілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Равжа иневедь – макшанская" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Равжа иневедь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="макшанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasina_Mainty" title="Ranomasina Mainty – малагасійская" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranomasina Mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Шем теҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шем теҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Црно Море – македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црно Море" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="കരിങ്കടൽ – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരിങ്കടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хар тэнгис – мангольская" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="мангольская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="काळा समुद्र – маратхі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळा समुद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6" title="Шим тангыж – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шим тангыж" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam – малайская" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%A7ar_l-Iswed" title="Baħar l-Iswed – мальтыйская" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Baħar l-Iswed" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="мальтыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – мірандыйская" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мірандыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ပင်လယ်နက် – бірманская" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်လယ်နက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бірманская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سیو دریا – мазандэранская" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیو دریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандэранская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Niro" title="Mar Niro – неапалітанская" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mar Niro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="неапалітанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_See" title="Swarte See – ніжненямецкая" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swarte See" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ніжненямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwatte_Zee" title="Zwatte Zee – ніжнесаксонская" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zwatte Zee" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="ніжнесаксонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण सागर – непальская" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कृष्ण सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण सागर – неўары" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कृष्ण सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неўары" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Zee" title="Zwarte Zee – нідэрландская" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte Zee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartehavet" title="Svartehavet – нарвежская (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svartehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartehavet" title="Svartehavet – нарвежская (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svartehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9the_M%C3%A9" title="Néthe Mé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Néthe Mé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – аксітанская" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="аксітанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustumeri" title="Mustumeri – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mustumeri" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Сау денджыз – асецінская" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сау денджыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="асецінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕਾਲ਼ਾ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ – панджабі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲ਼ਾ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджабі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Pretu" title="Laman Pretu – пап’яменту" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Laman Pretu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="пап’яменту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze_Czarne" title="Morze Czarne – польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morze Czarne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_N%C3%A8ir" title="Mar Nèir – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mar Nèir" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DD%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="کاݪا سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاݪا سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μαύρον Θάλασσα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μαύρον Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="تور سمندر – пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور سمندر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana_hatun_qucha" title="Yana hatun qucha – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yana hatun qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Naira" title="Mar Naira – рэтараманская" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mar Naira" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="рэтараманская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Deryav" title="Kali Deryav – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kali Deryav" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Neagr%C4%83" title="Marea Neagră – румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarea_Lae" title="Amarea Lae – арумунская" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amarea Lae" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="арумунская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Gnure" title="Mar Gnure – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mar Gnure" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чёрное море – руская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрное море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чорне море – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чорне море" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хара байҕал – якуцкая" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хара байҕал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="якуцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ – санталі" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="санталі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nieddu" title="Mare Nieddu – сардзінская" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mare Nieddu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардзінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_N%C3%ACuru" title="Mari Nìuru – сіцылійская" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mari Nìuru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сіцылійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – шатландская" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шатландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="ڪارو سمنڊ – сіндхі" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪارو سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="сіндхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more – сербскахарвацкая" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crno more" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскахарвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierne_more" title="Čierne more – славацкая" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierne more" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="славацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crno_morje" title="Črno morje – славенская" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črno morje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="славенская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhahari_Tema" title="Bhahari Tema – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhahari Tema" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badda_Madow" title="Badda Madow – самалі" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Badda Madow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="самалі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deti_i_Zi" title="Deti i Zi – албанская" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deti i Zi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Црно море – сербская" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црно море" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swotte_See" title="Swotte See – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Swotte See" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarta_havet" title="Svarta havet – шведская" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svarta havet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_Nyeusi" title="Bahari Nyeusi – суахілі" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari Nyeusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கருங்கடல் – тамільская" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருங்கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="నల్ల సముద్రం – тэлугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నల్ల సముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="тэлугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3" title="Баҳри сиёҳ – таджыкская" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳри сиёҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджыкская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3" title="ทะเลดำ – тайская" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลดำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gara_de%C5%88iz" title="Gara deňiz – туркменская" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gara deňiz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="туркменская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Itim" title="Dagat Itim – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dagat Itim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijo_dyjo" title="Sijo dyjo – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sijo dyjo" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadeniz" title="Karadeniz – турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karadeniz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwandle_ra_Ntima" title="Lwandle ra Ntima – тсонга" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Lwandle ra Ntima" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="тсонга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Кара диңгез – татарская" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кара диңгез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Сьӧд зарезь – удмурцкая" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сьӧд зарезь" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="удмурцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89%D8%B2" title="قارا دېڭىز – уйгурская" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قارا دېڭىز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чорне море – украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорне море" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بحیرہ اسود – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحیرہ اسود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_dengiz" title="Qora dengiz – узбекская" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora dengiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustmeri" title="Mustmeri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mustmeri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n_%C4%90en" title="Biển Đen – в’етнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biển Đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="в’етнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Z%C3%AAe" title="Zwarte Zêe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zwarte Zêe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A4gamel" title="Blägamel – валапюк" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Blägamel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="валапюк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noere_Mer" title="Noere Mer – валонская" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Noere Mer" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_Dagat" title="Itom nga Dagat – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itom nga Dagat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwandle_olumnyama" title="Ulwandle olumnyama – коса" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ulwandle olumnyama" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="коса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="უჩა ზუღა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שווארצער ים – ідыш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שווארצער ים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ідыш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun_D%C3%BAd%C3%BA" title="Òkun Dúdú – ёруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òkun Dúdú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ёруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haijhaek" title="Haijhaek – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haijhaek" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CD%98-h%C3%A1i" title="O͘-hái – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="O͘-hái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q166#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Правіць міжмоўныя спасылкі" class="wbc-editpage">Правіць спасылкі</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Прасторы назваў"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Паказаць уласна змест старонкі [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Старонка</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B:%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Размовы пра змест гэтай старонкі (няма такой старонкі) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Інструменты</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дзеянні </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit" title="Правіць старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Правіць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit" title="Правіць зыходны код гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Правіць зыходнік</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=history"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Агульныя </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:WhatLinksHere/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Спіс вікістаронак, якія спасылаюцца сюды [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Сюды спасылаюцца</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:RecentChangesLinked/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" rel="nofollow" title="Нядаўнія змены ў старонках, на якія спасылаецца гэтая старонка [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Звязаныя праўкі</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:SpecialPages" title="Пералік усіх адмысловых старонак [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Адмысловыя 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25A7%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0"><span>Атрымаць скарочаны URL-адрас</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25A7%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0"><span>Спампаваць QR-код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Друк/экспарт </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0"><span>Стварыць кнігу</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=show-download-screen"><span>Спампаваць як PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&printable=yes" title="Друкавальная версія гэтай старонкі [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Для друку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> У іншых праектах </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">З Вікіпедыі, свабоднай энцыклапедыі</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="be" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:BlackSea-1.A2003105.1035.250m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BlackSea-1.A2003105.1035.250m.jpg/220px-BlackSea-1.A2003105.1035.250m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BlackSea-1.A2003105.1035.250m.jpg/330px-BlackSea-1.A2003105.1035.250m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BlackSea-1.A2003105.1035.250m.jpg/440px-BlackSea-1.A2003105.1035.250m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5200" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Выгляд Чорнага мора з космасу</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Black_Sea_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black_Sea_map.png/220px-Black_Sea_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black_Sea_map.png/330px-Black_Sea_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black_Sea_map.png/440px-Black_Sea_map.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Карта Чорнага мора</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Чо́рнае мо́ра</b> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Унутранае мора">унутранае мора</a> басейна <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Атлантычны акіян">Атлантычнага акіяна</a>. Пралівам <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Басфор">Басфор</a> злучаецца з <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мармуровае мора">Мармуровым</a> морам, далей, праз праліў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Дарданэлы">Дарданэлы</a> (гэтыя пралівы часам называюць <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Чарнаморскія пралівы">чарнаморскімі пралівамі</a>) — з <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Эгейскае мора">Эгейскім</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Міжземнае мора">Міжземным</a> морамі. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E" title="Керчанскі праліў">Керчанскім пралівам</a> злучаецца з <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Азоўскае мора">Азоўскім</a> морам. З поўначы ў мора глыбока ўразаецца <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Крым">Крымскі паўвостраў</a>. Па паверхні Чорнага мора праходзіць водная мяжа паміж <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Еўропа">Еўропай</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Малая Азія">Малой Азіяй</a>. </p><p>Плошча Чорнага мора склаедае 422 000 км²<sup id="cite_ref-slovar_geo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slovar_geo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (па іншых даных — 436 400 км²<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Абрысы Чорнага мора нагадваюць авал з найбольшай воссю каля 1150 км. Найбольшая працягласць мора з поўначы на поўдзень — 580 км. Найбольшая глыбіня — 2210 м<sup id="cite_ref-slovar_geo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slovar_geo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, сярэдняя — 1240 м. Аб'ём вады ў моры складае 555 тыс. км³<sup id="cite_ref-гои_2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-гои_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Характэрнай асаблівасцю Чорнага мора з'яўляецца поўная (за выключэннем шэрагу <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Анаэробныя арганізмы">анаэробных</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Бактэрыя">бактэрый</a>) адсутнасць жыцця на глыбінях звыш 150—200 м з-за насычанасці глыбінных слаёў вады <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Серавадарод">серавадародам</a>. </p><p>Мора абмывае берагі <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Расія">Расіі</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украіна">Украіны</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Румынія">Румыніі</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Балгарыя">Балгарыі</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Турцыя">Турцыі</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Часткова прызнаныя дзяржавы">часткова прызнанай</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Абхазія">Абхазіі</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Грузія">Грузіі</a> (тэрыторыі, размешчаныя вакол мора, традыцыйна называюць тэрмінам «<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%27%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Прычарнамор'е (няма такой старонкі)">Прычарнамор'е</a>»). </p><p>Чорнае мора — важны раён транспартных перавозак. Апроч гэтага, Чорнае мора захоўвае важнае стратэгічнае і ваеннае значэнне. У <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Севастопаль">Севастопалі</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Наварасійск">Наварасійску</a> знаходзяцца асноўныя ваенныя базы расійскага <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%9C%D0%A4_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%96" title="Чарнаморскі флот ВМФ Расіі">Чарнаморскага флоту</a>, у <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Сіноп">Сінопе</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун">Самсуне</a> базуюцца караблі чарнаморскай групоўкі <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%9C%D0%A4_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ВМФ Турцыі (няма такой старонкі)">ВМФ Турцыі</a>, у Варне — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ваенна-марскія сілы Балгарыі (няма такой старонкі)">ВМС Балгарыі</a>, у Поці і Батумі — <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%96" title="Ваенна-марскія сілы Грузіі">ВМС Грузіі</a> (у наш час — карабельны склад дэпартамента берагавой аховы Памежнай паліцыі Грузіі<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, у Канстанцы і Мангаліі — <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Ваенна-марскія сілы Румыніі">ВМС Румыніі</a>. Акрамя таго, да сакавіка 2014 года ў <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Севастопаль">Севастопалі</a> і <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5,_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Новаазёрнае, Крым (няма такой старонкі)">Новаазёрным</a> базаваліся часці <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ваенна-марскія сілы Украіны">Ваенна-марскіх сіл Украіны</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Этымалогія"><span id=".D0.AD.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.96.D1.8F"></span>Этымалогія</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Правіць раздзел: Этымалогія" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Этымалогія"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0_(%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0_%28%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0_%28%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0_%28%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0_%28%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0_%28%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0_%28%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>Узбярэжжа Чорнага мора каля Гоніа (Грузія)</figcaption></figure> <p>Старажытнагрэчаская назва мора — <i>Понт Аксінскі</i> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова">стар.-грэч.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic; font-style: normal; font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;" lang="grc">Πόντος Ἄξενος</span>, «Негасціннае мора»), сустракаецца і назва «<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%84%D1%8B" title="Скіфы">Скіфскага</a>»<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEВиноградов19585_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEВиноградов19585-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. У «Геаграфіі» <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон">Страбона</a> (7.3.6) выказваецца здагадка, што такую назву мора атрымала з-за цяжкасцей ў навігацыі, а таксама дзікіх варожых плямёнаў, якія насялялі яго берагі. Аднак хутчэй за ўсё грэкі ўспрынялі мясцовую <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Скіфа-сармацкая мова (няма такой старонкі)">скіфскую</a> назву моры, якая ўяўляла рэфлекс <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Іранскія мовы">стар.-іран.</a> *axšaina — «цёмна-сіні», «цёмны», што суадносіцца з яго цяперашняй назвай, і пераасэнсавалі яго па сугуччы з грэчаскім словам «негасцінны»<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Пазней, пасля ўдалага асваення берагоў грэчаскімі каланістамі, мора стала называцца Понтам Эўксінскім (<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Грэчаская мова">грэч.</a> <span style="" lang="el"><span style="font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;">Πόντος Εὔξενος</span></span>, «Гасціннае мора»). Зрэшты, у Страбона (1.2.10) ёсць згадкі пра тое, што ў антычнасці Чорнае мора называлі і проста «морам» (pontos). Пазней, у X—XIV стагоддзя, у старажытнарускіх, арабскіх і заходніх крыніцах яно згадваецца як «Рускае мора», што звязана з яго актыўным выкарыстаннем скандынаўскімі мараплаўцамі — <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Варагі">варагамі</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C,_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Русь, народ (няма такой старонкі)">руссю</a>. У «<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Аповесць мінулых гадоў">Аповесці мінулых гадоў</a>» гаворыцца «А Дънепрь вътечеть в Понтьское море трьми жерелы, еже море словеть Руськое…».<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Сучасная назва «Чорнае мора» знайшла сваё адпаведнае адлюстраванне ў большасці моў. Існуе цэлы шэраг гіпотэз адносна прычын узнікнення такой назвы: </p> <ul><li>Адна з гіпотэз звязана з прынятым у шэрагу азіяцкіх краін «каляровым» абазначэннем бакоў свету, дзе «чорны» абазначаў поўнач, адпаведна Чорнае мора — паўночнае мора.</li> <li>Паводле іншай гіпотэзы, назва паходзіць ад таго, што з-за наяўнасці ў вадзе <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Серавадарод">серавадароду</a> на якары, які знаходзіўся на глыбіні больш за 150 метраў, адкладаліся хімічныя элементы чорнага колеру. Маракі, бачачы гэту з'яву, назвалі мора «Чорным»<sup id="cite_ref-eco_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Геаграфія"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.B0.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D1.96.D1.8F"></span>Геаграфія</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Правіць раздзел: Геаграфія" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Геаграфія"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Black_Sea_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Black_Sea_relief_location_map.svg/300px-Black_Sea_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Black_Sea_relief_location_map.svg/450px-Black_Sea_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Black_Sea_relief_location_map.svg/600px-Black_Sea_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Фізічная карта Чорнага мора</figcaption></figure> <p>Чорнае мора злучана пралівам <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Басфор">Басфор</a> з <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мармуровае мора">Мармуровым морам</a>. Паўночная частка, аддзеленая <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Крымскі паўвостраў">Крымскім паўвостравам</a>, мае назву <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Азоўскае мора">Азоўскае мора</a>, злучанае з Чорным морам <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E" title="Керчанскі праліў">Керчанскім пралівам</a>. Плошча паверхні складае 422 000 км² (разам з Азоўскім морам), аб'ём 555 000 км³, сярэдняя глыбіня 1315 метраў, максімальная глыбіня 2258 метраў, даўжыня з захаду на ўсход 1150 км, з поўдня на поўнач 580 км. </p><p>Берагі Чорнага мора зрэзаны мала і, галоўным чынам, у паўночнай яго частцы. Адзіны буйны паўвостраў — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Крымскі паўвостраў">Крымскі</a>. Найбуйнейшыя залівы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E" title="Варненскі заліў">Варненскі</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E" title="Бургаскі заліў">Бургаскі</a> — у <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Балгарыя">Балгарыі</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E" title="Каламіцкі заліў">Каламіцкі</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E" title="Каркініцкі заліў">Каркініцкі</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Днястроўскі ліман">Днястроўскі</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Днепра-Бугскі заліў (няма такой старонкі)">Днепра-Бугскі</a> — ва <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украіна">Украіне</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сінопскі заліў (няма такой старонкі)">Сінопскі</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Самсунскі заліў (няма такой старонкі)">Самсунскі</a> — у <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Турцыя">Турцыі</a>. Існуюць утвораныя рэкамі <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ліман">ліманы</a> (сярод іх <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хаджыбейскі ліман">Хаджыбейскі ліман</a>) . </p><p>Шэраг участкаў узбярэжжа моры маюць уласныя назвы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Чарнаморскае ўзбярэжжа Каўказа">Чарнаморскае ўзбярэжжа Каўказа</a> у Расіі, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Румелійскі бераг (няма такой старонкі)">Румелійскі бераг</a> і <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Анаталійскі бераг (няма такой старонкі)">Анаталійскі бераг</a> у Турцыі, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Паўднёвы бераг Крыма (няма такой старонкі)">Паўднёвы бераг Крыма</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бераг">Берагі</a> на захадзе і паўночным усходзе нізкія, месцамі абрывістыя; на ўсходзе, поўдні і паўднёвым беразе <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Крым">Крыма</a> — высокія, гарыстыя. Агульная даўжыня берагавой лініі складае 3400 км. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Востраў">Астравоў</a> мала, самы буйны востраў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Джарылгач">Джарылгач</a>, яго плошча складае 62 км². Астатнія астравы нашмат меншыя, найбольшыя — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Востраў Беразань (няма такой старонкі)">Беразань</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%97%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Востраў Змяіны">Змяіны</a> (абодва плошчай меней 1 км²). </p><p>Асноўныя рэкі, якія ўпадаюць у Чорнае мора: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Дунай">Дунай</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Днестр">Днестр</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Паўднёвы Буг">Паўднёвы Буг</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Дняпро">Дняпро</a>. Да найважнейшых партоў адносяцца: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Канстанца">Канстанца</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Румынія">Румынія</a>), <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Бургас (Балгарыя)">Бургас</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Варна">Варна</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Балгарыя">Балгарыя</a>), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Новарасійск">Новарасійск</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Расія">Расія</a>), <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Адэса">Адэса</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украіна">Украіна</a>), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96" title="Поці">Поці</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Грузія">Грузія</a>), <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трабзон">Трабзон</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун">Самсун</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Турцыя">Турцыя</a>). Гадавы рачны сцёк у Чорнае мора складае каля 310 км³, прычым 80 % гэтых вод выносіцца на паўночна-заходнюю шэльфавую частку, галоўным чынам Дунаем і Дняпром<sup id="cite_ref-гои_2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-гои_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Геалогія"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.96.D1.8F"></span>Геалогія</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Правіць раздзел: Геалогія" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Геалогія"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Black-sea-hist.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Black-sea-hist.png/220px-Black-sea-hist.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Black-sea-hist.png 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Меркаваныя абрысы возера, якое існавала на месцы Чорнага мора</figcaption></figure> <p>Чорнае мора запаўняе ізаляваную ўпадзіну, размешчаную паміж Паўднёва-Усходняй Еўропай і паўвостравам <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Малая Азія">Малая Азія</a>. Гэта ўпадзіна ўтварылася ў эпоху <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Міяцэн">міяцэну</a>, падчас актыўнага <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гораўтварэнне (няма такой старонкі)">гораўтварэння</a>, якое падзяліла старажытны акіян <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD)" title="Тэціс (акіян)">Тэціс</a> на некалькі асобных вадаёмаў (з якіх пазней, акрамя Чорнага мора, утварыліся <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Азоўскае мора">Азоўскае</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аральскае мора">Аральскае</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Каспійскае мора">Каспійскае</a> моры)<sup id="cite_ref-ВСЭ_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ВСЭ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Першапачаткова, 14-5 млн гадоў назад Чорнае мора ўваходзіла ў склад <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Сармацкае мора">Сармацкага мора</a> (ад <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Балатан">Балатана</a> да <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Арал">Арала</a>). Затым яно зноў злучылася з Міжземным морам, утварыўшы на некалькі мільёнаў гадоў <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Меатычнае мора (няма такой старонкі)">Меатычнае мора</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Затым утворыцца прэснаводнае <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пантычнае мора (няма такой старонкі)">Пантычнае мора</a> (уключалае Каспій), якое змяняе салёнае <i>Карангацкае мора</i> (100-20 тыс. гадоў назад) і, затым, ізноў прэснаводнае <i>Новаэўксінскае мора</i> (20-7 тыс. гадоў назад)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Паводле адной з гіпотэз узнікнення Чорнага мора (гл. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэорыя чарнаморскага патопу (няма такой старонкі)">Тэорыя чарнаморскага патопу</a>) 7500 гадоў назад яно ўяўляла сабой самае глыбокае на Зямлі прэснаводнае возера, узровень быў ніжэйшы зы сучасны на сто з лішнім метраў. Пасля заканчэнні <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ледавіковы перыяд">ледавіковага перыяду</a> ўзровень <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Сусветны акіян">Сусветнага акіяна</a> падняўся, і Басфорскі перашыек быў прарваны. Было затоплена агулам каля 100 тыс. км² найурадлівых земляў, якія ўжо апрацоўваліся людзьмі. Затапленне гэтых тэрыторый, магчыма, стала правобразам міфа пра <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Сусветны патоп">сусветны патоп</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Цікава, што аналагічную версію паходжання мора выказваў яшчэ <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Пліній Старэйшы">Пліній Старэйшы</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEВиноградов195810_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEВиноградов195810-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Узнікненне Чорнага мора, паводле гэтай гіпотэзы, меркавана, суправаджалася масавай гібеллю ўсяго прэснаводнага жывога свету возера, у выніку раскладання рэштак якога адбылося <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Серавадарод">серавадароднае</a> заражэнне глыбінных тоўшчаў мора<sup id="cite_ref-old.computerra.ru_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-old.computerra.ru-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Чарнаморская ўпадзіна складаецца з дзвюх частак — заходняй і ўсходняй, падзеленых узняццем, якое з'яўляецца натуральным працягам <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Крымскі паўвостраў">Крымскага паўвострава</a>. Паўночна-заходняя частка моры характарызуецца адносна шырокай <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Шэльф">шэльфавай</a> паласой (да 190 км). Паўднёвае ўзбярэжжа (якое належыць Турцыі) і ўсходняе (Грузія) носіць больш стромкі характар, паласа шэльфа не перавышае 20 км і зрэзана цэлым шэрагам каньёнаў і ўпадзін. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мацерыковы схіл (няма такой старонкі)">Мацерыковы схіл</a> Чорнага мора прыкметна расчлянёны падводнымі далінамі. На поўдні мора, паміж Сінопам і Самсунам паралельна берагу ляжыць сістэма падводных хрыбтоў<sup id="cite_ref-ВСЭ_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ВСЭ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Цэнтральная частка чарнаморскай катлавіны ўяўляе сабой адносна плоскую раўніну. Глыбіні каля берагоў <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Крым">Крыма</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Чарнаморскае ўзбярэжжа Каўказа">Чарнаморскага ўзбярэжжа Каўказа</a> павялічваюцца вельмі хутка, дасягаючы адзнак звыш 500 м ужо ў некалькіх кіламетрах ад берагавой рысы<sup id="cite_ref-water_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-water-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Максімальнай глыбіні (2210 м) мора дасягае ў цэнтральнай частцы, на поўдзень ад <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ялта">Ялты</a>. </p><p>Сярод горных парод, якія складаюць дно мора, у прыбярэжнай зоне пераважаюць грубаабломкавыя адклады: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галька">галька</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80" title="Жвір">жвір</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Пясок">пясок</a><sup id="cite_ref-water_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-water-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. З аддаленнем ад берага іх змяняюць дробназярністыя пяскі і <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Алеўрыт">алеўрыты</a>. У паўночна-заходняй частцы Чорнага мора шырока распаўсюджаны <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Ракушачнік">ракушачнікі</a>; для схілу і ложа марской упадзіны звычайныя <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пелітавы глей (няма такой старонкі)">пелітавыя глеі</a><sup id="cite_ref-ВСЭ_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ВСЭ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Сярод асноўных карысных выкапняў, заляжы якіх маюцца на дне мора: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Нафта">нафта</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Прыродны газ">прыродны газ</a> на паўночна-заходнім шэльфе, прыбярэжныя россыпы <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тытанамагнетытавыя пяскі (няма такой старонкі)">тытанамагнетытавых пяскоў</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Таманскі паўвостраў">Таманскі паўвостраў</a>, узбярэжжа Каўказа)<sup id="cite_ref-ВСЭ_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ВСЭ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Запасы метану, які знаходзіцца ў форме <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Газагідрат (няма такой старонкі)">газавых гідратаў</a> у глыбакаводных асадках Чорнага мора, упершыню выяўленых супрацоўнікамі <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%86%D0%93%D0%90%D0%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="УНДІГАЗ (няма такой старонкі)">УНДІГАЗа</a> ў <a href="/wiki/1972" title="1972">1972</a> годзе (рэйс <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Навукова-даследчае судна (няма такой старонкі)">НДС</a> «Маскоўскі ўніверсітэт»<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) паводле сучасных ацэнак могуць дасягаць 25-49 трлн кубаметраў газу<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Клімат"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D1.96.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82"></span>Клімат</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Правіць раздзел: Клімат" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Клімат"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тэмпература">Тэмпература</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вада">вады</a> 24—26 °C, каля <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бераг">берагоў</a> да 29 °C, зімой — ад 0,5 °C на паўночным захадзе (залівы замярзаюць) да 9—11 °C на паўднёвым усходзе. Клімат <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кантынентальны клімат">кантынентальны</a>. Марскія цячэнні двух відаў: першыя выкліканыя абменам вады з <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мармуровае мора">Мармуровым морам</a>, другія ўтвараюцца цыкланарным укладам вятроў. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Флора_і_фаўна"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.BB.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B0_.D1.96_.D1.84.D0.B0.D1.9E.D0.BD.D0.B0"></span>Флора і фаўна</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Правіць раздзел: Флора і фаўна" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=5" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Флора і фаўна"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Раслінны свет моры складаецца з 270 відаў шматклетачных зялёных, бурых, чырвоных донных <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Водарасці">водарасцей</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цыстазіра (няма такой старонкі)">цыстазіра</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Філафора">філафора</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Застэра (няма такой старонкі)">застэра</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кладафора (няма такой старонкі)">кладафора</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0,_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ульва, водарасць (няма такой старонкі)">ульва</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Энтэраморфа (няма такой старонкі)">энтэраморфа</a> і інш.). У складзе <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фітапланктон">фітапланктона</a> Чорнага мора — прынамсі шэсцьсот відаў. Сярод іх жгуціканосцы, у тым ліку <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дынафлагеляты (няма такой старонкі)">дынафлагеляты</a> або перыдыніевыя водарасці, розныя <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Дыятомавыя водарасці">дыятомавыя водарасці</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кокалітафарыды (няма такой старонкі)">кокалітафарыды</a> і інш.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg/220px-Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg/330px-Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg/440px-Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Камбала-глоса</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg/220px-Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg/330px-Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg/440px-Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption>Дэльфін-<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Афаліна">афаліна</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Фаўна">Фаўна</a> Чорнага мора прыкметна бяднейшая, за фаўну Міжземнага, у прыватнасці, тут няма <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Марскія зоркі">марскіх зорак</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Марскія вожыкі">марскіх вожыкаў</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Марскія лілеі">марскіх лілей</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Васьміногі">васьміногаў</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Каракаціцы">каракаціц</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кальмары">кальмараў</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Карал">каралаў</a><sup id="cite_ref-eco_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. У Чорным моры жыве 2500 відаў жывёл (з іх 500 відаў <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Аднаклетачныя">аднаклетачных</a>, 160 відаў <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Пазваночныя">пазваночных</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Рыбы">рыб</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Сысуны">сысуноў</a>, 500 відаў <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ракападобныя">ракападобных</a>, 200 відаў <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Малюскі">малюскаў</a>, астатняе — <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Беспазваночныя">беспазваночныя</a> розных відаў), для параўнання, у Міжземным — каля 9000 відаў. Сярод асноўных прычын адноснай беднаты жывёльнага свету моры<sup id="cite_ref-eco_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>нізкая салёнасць вады;</li> <li>пастаянная прысутнасць серавадароду на глыбінях звыш 200 м.</li></ul> <p>У сувязі з гэтым Чорнае мора падыходзіць для пасялення галоўным чынам мелкаводных і прыбярэжных відаў жывёл. </p><p>На дне Чорнага мора жывуць <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F,_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мідыя, малюскі (няма такой старонкі)">мідыі</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Вустрыца">вустрыцы</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pectinidae (няма такой старонкі)">грабеньчык</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flexopecten_ponticus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flexopecten ponticus (няма такой старонкі)">Flexopecten ponticus</a></i>, а таксама малюск-драпежнік <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рапана (няма такой старонкі)">рапана</a>, занесены караблямі з Далёкага Усходу<sup id="cite_ref-blacksea-education_mollusks_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blacksea-education_mollusks-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. У расколінах прыбярэжных скал і сярод камянёў жывуць шматлікія <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Краб">крабы</a>, маюцца <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Крэветкі">крэветкі</a>, сустракаюцца розныя віды <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Медузы">медуз</a> (найбольш распаўсюджаны <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Карнярот (няма такой старонкі)">карнярот</a> і <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurelia_aurita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurelia aurita (няма такой старонкі)">аўрэлія</a>), <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Актыніі">актыніі</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Губкі">губкі</a>. </p><p>Сярод <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Спіс рыб Чорнага мора (няма такой старонкі)">рыб, якія водзяцца ў Чорным моры</a>: розныя віды <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BA,_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бычок, рыба (няма такой старонкі)">бычкоў</a>, азоўская хамса, чарнаморская хамса (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Анчоўсы">анчоўс</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Акула-катран (няма такой старонкі)">акула-катран</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Камбала-глоса (няма такой старонкі)">камбала-глоса</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Камбала-калкан (няма такой старонкі)">камбала-калкан</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кефаль (няма такой старонкі)">кефаль</a> пяці відаў, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Луфар (няма такой старонкі)">луфар</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мерлуза (няма такой старонкі)">мерлуза</a> (хек), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%91%D1%80%D1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Марскі ёрш">марскі ёрш</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Барабуля (няма такой старонкі)">барабуля</a> (звычайная чарнаморская султанка), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Пікша">пікша</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Скумбрыя (няма такой старонкі)">скумбрыя</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Стаўрыда (няма такой старонкі)">стаўрыда</a>, чарнаморска-азоўская <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Селядзец">селядзец</a>, чарнаморска-азоўская <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цюлька (няма такой старонкі)">цюлька</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="mw-disambig" title="Сарган">сарган</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Марскі канёк (няма такой старонкі)">марскі канёк</a> і інш. Сустракаюцца <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Асетрападобныя">асятровыя</a><sup id="cite_ref-ВСЭ_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ВСЭ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (бялуга, сяўруга, чарнаморска-азоўскі (рускі) і атлантычны асетры) і <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Чарнаморскі ласось (няма такой старонкі)">чарнаморскі ласось</a>. </p><p>Сярод небяспечных рыб Чорнага мора — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Марскі дракончык (няма такой старонкі)">марскі дракончык</a> (найбольш небяспечная — атрутныя калючкі спіннога плаўніка і жабраў), чарнаморская і заўважная <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Скарпена">скарпены</a>, скат (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Марскі кот (няма такой старонкі)">марскі кот</a>) з атрутнымі шыпамі на хвасце<sup id="cite_ref-opasn_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opasn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>З птушак распаўсюджаны <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Чайкі (няма такой старонкі)">чайкі</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Буравеснікавыя (няма такой старонкі)">буравеснікі</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netta" class="mw-redirect" title="Netta">качкі-ныркі</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Бакланы">бакланы</a> і шэраг іншых відаў. Сысуны прадстаўлены ў Чорным моры двума відамі <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дэльфінавыя (няма такой старонкі)">дэльфінаў</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дэльфін-белабочка (няма такой старонкі)">дэльфінам-белабочкай</a> і <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Афаліны (няма такой старонкі)">афалінай</a>), азова-чарнаморскай звычайнай <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Марская свіння (няма такой старонкі)">марской свіннёй</a> (нярэдка званай азоўскім дэльфінам), а таксама <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D1%86%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Белапузы цюлень (няма такой старонкі)">белапузым цюленем</a><sup id="cite_ref-ВСЭ_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ВСЭ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Некаторыя віды жывёл, які не жывуць у Чорным моры, часам заносяцца ў яго праз пралівы Басфор і Дарданэлы цячэннем або прыплываюць самастойна. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гідралогія_і_гідрахімія"><span id=".D0.93.D1.96.D0.B4.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.96.D1.8F_.D1.96_.D0.B3.D1.96.D0.B4.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.85.D1.96.D0.BC.D1.96.D1.8F"></span>Гідралогія і гідрахімія</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Правіць раздзел: Гідралогія і гідрахімія" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=6" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Гідралогія і гідрахімія"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Прыліў">Прылівы</a> 0,1—0,2 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр">м</a>, згонна-нагонныя ваганні ўзроўню вады ля <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бераг">берагоў</a> да 1,5 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр">м</a>. Салёнасць на паверхні складае 18,3 ‰, на дне дасягае 22,5 ‰. Розніцу салёнасці на паверхні і ў глыбіні падтрымлівае абмен вадой з морам Міжземным. З-за розніцы салёнасці, адсутнасці абмену вады з глыбіні і паверхні вядзе да знікнення <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кісларод">кіслароду</a> і ўзнікнення серавадароду. Гэта з'яўляецца прычынай адсутнасці арганічнага жыцця ў глыбіні. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Эканоміка"><span id=".D0.AD.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BC.D1.96.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Эканоміка</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Правіць раздзел: Эканоміка" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=7" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Эканоміка"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Транспартнае_значэнне"><span id=".D0.A2.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.B5_.D0.B7.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.87.D1.8D.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Транспартнае значэнне</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Правіць раздзел: Транспартнае значэнне" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=8" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Транспартнае значэнне"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>У наш час Чорнае мора не адыгрывае вялікай ролі ў камунікацыях, але ў старажытнасці тут ішлі вялікія купецкія шляхі (нават з <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Балтыйскае мора">Балтыйскага мора</a>, які меў назву «<a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%B7_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%83_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Шлях з варагаў у грэкі">З варагаў у грэкі</a>» і праходзіў праз тэрыторыю <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь">Беларусі</a>). Знайшло гэта адлюстраванне ў міфах і легендах, з якіх найбольш вядомыя «Вандроўка за залатым руном» і міф пра <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Амазонка, жанчына (няма такой старонкі)">амазонак</a>, якія павінны былі жыць у гэтых мясцінах. </p><p>Тым не менш Чорнага мора ўсё яшчэ адыгрывае вяліка транспартнае значэнне ў эканоміцы дзяржаў, якія абмываюцца гэтым вадаёмам. Істотны аб'ём марскіх перавозак складаюць рэйсы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Танкер">танкераў</a>, якія забяспечваюць экспарт <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Нафта">нафты</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Нафтапрадукты">нафтапрадуктаў</a> з портаў Расіі (у першую чаргу з <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Наварасійск">Наварасійска</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8D" title="Туапсэ">Туапсэ</a>) і портаў Грузіі (<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Батумі">Батумі</a>). У чарнаморскім басейне шырока развіты кантэйнерныя перавозкі, існуюць буйныя кантэйнерныя тэрміналы. Развіваюцца перавозкі з дапамогай <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ліхтар (няма такой старонкі)">ліхтараў</a>; працуюць чыгуначныя <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Паромная пераправа (няма такой старонкі)">паромныя пераправы</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Іллічыўск (няма такой старонкі)">Іллічыўск</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украіна">Украіна</a>) — <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Варна">Варна</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Балгарыя">Балгарыя</a>) і <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Іллічыўск (няма такой старонкі)">Іллічыўск</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украіна">Украіна</a>) — <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Батумі">Батумі</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Грузія">Грузія</a>). Развіты ў Чорным моры і марскія пасажырскія перавозкі (зрэшты, пасля распаду <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="СССР">СССР</a> іх аб'ём істотна паменшыўся). </p><p>Праз Чорнае мора праходзіць міжнародны транспартны калідор <a href="/w/index.php?title=TRACECA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRACECA (няма такой старонкі)">TRACECA</a> (Transport Corridor Europe — Caucasus — Asia, Еўропа — Каўказ — Азія)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Чарнаморскія порты з'яўляюцца канцавымі пунктамі шэрагу <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пан’еўрапейскі транспартны калідор">Пан'еўрапейскіх транспартных калідораў</a>. </p><p>Па рацэ <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дон">Дон</a>, якая ўпадае ў <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Азоўскае мора">Азоўскае мора</a>, праходзіць рачны водны шлях, які злучае Чорнае мора з <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Каспійскае мора">Каспійскім морам</a> (праз <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Волга-Данскі суднаходны канал (няма такой старонкі)">Волга-Данскі суднаходны канал</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга">Волгу</a>), з <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Балтыйскае мора">Балтыйскім морам</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Белае мора">Белым морам</a> (праз <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Волга-Балтыйскі водны шлях (няма такой старонкі)">Волга-Балтыйскі водны шлях</a> і <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Беламорска-балтыйскі канал (няма такой старонкі)">Беламорска-балтыйскі канал</a>). Рака <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Дунай">Дунай</a> праз сістэму каналаў злучана з <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Паўночнае мора">Паўночным морам</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Прамысловае_рыбалоўства"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BC.D1.8B.D1.81.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.B5_.D1.80.D1.8B.D0.B1.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BE.D1.9E.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B0"></span>Прамысловае рыбалоўства</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Правіць раздзел: Прамысловае рыбалоўства" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=9" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Прамысловае рыбалоўства"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Odesa_bazaar_(5)_sprats.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Odesa_bazaar_%285%29_sprats.JPG/220px-Odesa_bazaar_%285%29_sprats.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Odesa_bazaar_%285%29_sprats.JPG/330px-Odesa_bazaar_%285%29_sprats.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Odesa_bazaar_%285%29_sprats.JPG/440px-Odesa_bazaar_%285%29_sprats.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Рыба на адэскім рынку</figcaption></figure> <p>У Чорным моры жыве каля 185 відаў рыб, але <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рыбалоўства">рыбалоўства</a> слаба развіта, гадавая лоўля рыб складае 100 000 тон рыбы, у асноўным: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Анчоус">анчоусы</a> і <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Скумбрыя (няма такой старонкі)">скумбрыі</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Турызм"><span id=".D0.A2.D1.83.D1.80.D1.8B.D0.B7.D0.BC"></span>Турызм</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Правіць раздзел: Турызм" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=10" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Турызм"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>У наш час на берагах Чорнага мора вельмі развіты турыстычны бізнес. На берагах <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Румынія">Румыніі</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Балгарыя">Балгарыі</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Крым">Крыма</a>, знаходзяцца <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Курорт">курорты</a> міжнароднага значэння. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Зноскі"><span id=".D0.97.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Зноскі</h2></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-slovar_geo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-slovar_geo_1-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slovar_geo_1-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovari.yandex.ru/art.xml?art=geography/geo/geo3/geo-5378.htm">Слоўнік сучасных геаграфічных назваў</a><span class="ref-info" style="margin-left:0.2em">(недаступная спасылка)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocean.udel.edu/blacksea/geography/index.html">Black Sea Geography</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span><span class="ref-info">(недаступная спасылка)</span>. <i>University of Delaware College of Marine Studies</i> (2 снежня 2003). <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429164645/http://www.ocean.udel.edu/blacksea/geography/index.html">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 29 красавіка 2007.</small> <small>Праверана 2 декабря 2006.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-гои_2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-гои_2012_3-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-гои_2012_3-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanography.ru/index.php/ru/component/jdownloads/finish/23/176">Ежегодник состояния морей России по гидрохимическим показателям. 2008 год. Чёрное море</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>.  // oceanography.ru. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/65pfY4eVn?url=http://oceanography.ru/index.php/ru/component/jdownloads/finish/23/176">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 1 сакавіка 2012.</small> <small>Праверана 2012-2-29.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modernarmy.ru/article/171">Узброеныя сілы Грузіі</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span><span class="ref-info">(недаступная спасылка)</span>. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511235520/http://www.modernarmy.ru/article/171">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 11 мая 2013.</small> <small>Праверана 1 жніўня 2015.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEВиноградов19585-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEВиноградов19585_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFВиноградов1958">Виноградов 1958</a>, с. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/black-sea">Black sea</a></i> — артыкул з <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Iranica (няма такой старонкі)">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Rüdiger Schmitt</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Бухарин М. Д.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6565072/_Appearance_of_the_Notion_Black_Sea_in_the_Medieval_geographic_Traditions_Возникновение_понятия_Черное_море_в_средневековых_географических_традициях">Возникновение понятие «Черное море» в средневековых географических традициях</a> // Monumentum Gregorianum. Сборник научных статей памяти академика Г. М. Бонгард-Левина. <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Масква">М</span>., 2013. С. 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eco-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-eco_8-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_8-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_8-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blacksea-education.ru/2-1.shtml">Геаграфія, гісторыя, уласцівасці экасістэмы Чорнага мора</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223210111/http://blacksea-education.ru/2-1.shtml">Архівавана</a> 23 снежня 2019.</span></small> // blacksea-education.ru <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="Дата апошняй праверкі гэтай спасылкі">(Праверана 18 жніўня 2010)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ВСЭ-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ВСЭ_9-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ВСЭ_9-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ВСЭ_9-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ВСЭ_9-3"><sup><i><b>г</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ВСЭ_9-4"><sup><i><b>д</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ВСЭ_9-5"><sup><i><b>е</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovari.yandex.ru/~книги/БСЭ/Чёрное%20море">Чорнае мора</a></i> — артыкул з <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вялікая савецкая энцыклапедыя">Вялікай савецкай энцыклапедыі</a> (3-е выданне)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blacksea-education.ru/2-3.shtml">Прыродазнаўчая гісторыя Чорнага мора</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109185441/http://blacksea-education.ru/2-3.shtml">Архівавана</a> 9 студзеня 2014.</span></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adminland.ru/crimea/books/m2172478/part01.htm">Рассказ первый. Чем необычно Черное море</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>В. Михайлов.</i>. <span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rusk.ru/st.php?idar=308229">Где же ты, Ковчег?</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>.  // Парламентская газета, 18 июля 2003. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/69f2qNxgo?url=http://rusk.ru/st.php?idar=308229">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 4 жніўня 2012.</small> <small>Праверана 2012-7-25.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEВиноградов195810-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEВиноградов195810_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFВиноградов1958">Виноградов 1958</a>, с. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-old.computerra.ru-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-old.computerra.ru_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.computerra.ru/online/firstpage/xterra/news/2000/9/26/1295/for_print.html">Найдено доказательство потопа - не Всемирного, но «регионального»</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span><span class="ref-info">(недаступная спасылка)</span>.  // old.computerra.ru. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/69f2ro7gk?url=http://old.computerra.ru/online/firstpage/xterra/news/2000/9/26/1295/for_print.html">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 4 жніўня 2012.</small> <small>Праверана 2012-7-25.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-water-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-water_15-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-water_15-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blacksea-education.ru/2-2.shtml">Уласцівасці вод Чорнага мора</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126052533/http://blacksea-education.ru/2-2.shtml">Архівавана</a> 26 студзеня 2016.</span></small> // blacksea-education.ru <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="Дата апошняй праверкі гэтай спасылкі">(Праверана 18 жніўня 2010)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trubagaz.ru/issue-of-the-day/rumynija-i-chernomorskijj-gaz/">Румынія і чарнаморскі газ</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>.  // trubagaz.ru. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/662bLzo0S?url=http://www.trubagaz.ru/issue-of-the-day/rumynija-i-chernomorskijj-gaz/">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 9 сакавіка 2012.</small> <small>Праверана 2012-3-6.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soviet-trawler.narod.ru/pages_r/ussr/moskovskiy-univer_r.html">Навукова-даследчае судна «Маскоўскі ўніверсітэт»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Перлова Е. В. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neftegas.info/territoriya-neftegaz/3294-kommercheski-znachimye-netradicionnye-istochniki-gaza-mirovoy-opyt-osvoeniya-i-perspektivy-dlya-rossii.html">Коммерчески значимые нетрадиционные источники газа — мировой опыт освоения и перспективы для России</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116035218/http://neftegas.info/territoriya-neftegaz/3294-kommercheski-znachimye-netradicionnye-istochniki-gaza-mirovoy-opyt-osvoeniya-i-perspektivy-dlya-rossii.html">Архівавана</a> 16 лістапада 2012.</span></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blacksea-education.ru/11-2.shtml">Чорнае мора ::: Фітапланктон</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017052840/http://blacksea-education.ru/11-2.shtml">Архівавана</a> 17 кастрычніка 2019.</span></small> // blacksea-education.ru <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="Дата апошняй праверкі гэтай спасылкі">(Праверана 18 жніўня 2010)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blacksea-education_mollusks-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-blacksea-education_mollusks_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Александр Вершинин</i>. <span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blacksea-education.ru/molluski.shtml">Моллюски Черного моря и их ракушки</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span><span class="ref-info">(недаступная спасылка)</span>. <i>Живое Черное Море</i>.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blacksea-education.ru">blacksea-education.ru</a>. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121230012630/http://blacksea-education.ru/molluski.shtml">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 30 снежня 2012.</small> <small>Праверана 25 кастрычніка 2012.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opasn-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-opasn_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blacksea-education.ru/3.shtml">Небяспечныя жывёлы Чорнага мора</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>.  // blacksea-education.ru. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/68bgx82L4?url=http://blacksea-education.ru/3.shtml">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 22 чэрвеня 2012.</small> <small>Праверана 2012-6-15.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traceca-org.org/ru/strany">Краіны. TRACECA ORG</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>.  // traceca-org.org. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/68j5qG4Jy?url=http://www.traceca-org.org/ru/strany">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 27 чэрвеня 2012.</small> <small>Праверана 2012-6-25.</small></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Літаратура"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Літаратура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Правіць раздзел: Літаратура" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=11" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Літаратура"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFВиноградов1958"><i>Виноградов К. А.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hydrobio.onu.edu.ua/PDF%20kollegi/Ocherki%20po%20istorii%20gidrobiologicheskih%20issledov%20v%20Chernom%20more.pdf">Очерки по истории отечественных гидробиологических исследований на Черном море</a>. — Киев: Изд-во АН УССР, 1958.</span></li> <li><i>Агбунов М. В.</i> Античная лоция Чёрного моря. — М.: Наука, 1987. — 156 с.</li> <li><i>Сорокин Ю. И.</i> Чёрное море: Природа, ресурсы. — М.: Наука, 1982. — 217 с.</li> <li><i>Филиппов Д. М.</i> Циркуляция и структура вод Чёрного моря. — М.: Наука, 1968. — 136 с.</li> <li><i>Кузьминская Г. Г.</i> Чёрное море. — Краснодар: Кн. изд-во, 1972. — 92 с.</li> <li><i>Степанов В.</i>, <i>Андреев В.</i> Чёрное море. — Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1981. — 160 с.</li> <li><i>Зайцев Ю. П.</i>, <i>Поликарпов Г. Г.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.ibss.org.ua/dspace/bitstream/99011/142/1/Zaitsev.pdf">Экологические процессы в критических зонах Чёрного моря (синтез результатов двух направлений исследований с середины XX до начала XXI веков)</a><span class="ref-info" style="margin-left:0.2em">(недаступная спасылка)</span> // Мор. екол. журн. — 2002. — 1, N 1. — С. 33-55.</li> <li><i>Иванов М. В.</i>, <i>Вайнштейн М. В.</i>, <i>Гальченко М. Ф.</i> и др. Распределение и геохимическая активность бактерий в осадках // Изучение генезиса нефти и газа в Болгарском секторе Чёрного моря. София, 1984. С. 150—181.</li> <li><i>Биркун А. А. мл.</i>, <i>Кривохижин С. В.</i> Звери Чёрного Моря. — Симферополь: Таврия, 1996. — 96 с. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/5778007736" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-7780-0773-6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/JOURNAL/NATURE/07_01/ZERNOV.HTM">Как «Александр Ковалевский» Бориса Савинкова спасал</a> // «Природа», № 7, 2001. <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="рускай мовай">(руск.)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Спасылкі"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Спасылкі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Правіць раздзел: Спасылкі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&section=12" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Спасылкі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Лагатып Вікісховішча"><img alt="Лагатып Вікісховішча" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> На <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Вікісховішча">Вікісховішчы</a> ёсць медыяфайлы па тэме <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Sea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Black Sea">Чорнае мора</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ice.tsu.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=392&Itemid=88">Petko Dimitrov, Dimitar Dimitrov. THE BLACK SEA, THE FLOOD AND THE ANCIENT MYTHS. — Varna, 2004.</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084203/http://ice.tsu.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=392&Itemid=88">Архівавана</a> 6 кастрычніка 2014.</span></small></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4785216">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прагляд гэтага шаблона"><img alt="⛭" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/14px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/21px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/28px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span></span><div id="Моры_Атлантычнага_акіяна" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мора">Моры</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Атлантычны акіян">Атлантычнага акіяна</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Унутраныя моры Еўразіі</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Азоўскае мора">Азоўскае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мармуровае мора">Мармуровае</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Чорнае</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Міжземнае мора">Міжземнае мора</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Адрыятычнае мора">Адрыятычнае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мора Альбаран">Альбаран</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Балеарскае мора">Балеарскае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Іанічнае мора">Іанічнае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кіпрскае мора">Кіпрскае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Крыцкае мора">Крыцкае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Лігурыйскае мора">Лігурыйскае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тырэнскае мора">Тырэнскае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Эгейскае мора">Эгейскае</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Моры на поўначы Еўропы</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Балтыйскае мора">Балтыйскае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вадэнскае мора">Вадэнскае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гебрыдскае мора">Гебрыдскае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ірландскае мора">Ірландскае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мора Ірмінгера">Ірмінгера</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кельцкае мора">Кельцкае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Паўночнае мора">Паўночнае</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Моры ў Амерыцы</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Карыбскае мора">Карыбскае</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мора Лабрадор">Лабрадор</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E" title="Мексіканскі заліў">Мексіканскі заліў</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Саргасава мора">Саргасава</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Мора Скоша">Скоша</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><center><sup>1</sup> з’яўляецца морам</center></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4785216"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Навігацыйны шаблон" data-name="External links" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist toCollapsibleCount navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><div style="padding: 0px 18px 0px 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="float: left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks nowrap" style="font-size:85%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Прагляд гэтага шаблона"><img alt="⚙️" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/14px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/21px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/28px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span> </span></div>  Слоўнікі і энцыклапедыі</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia.cat/enciclopedies/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/EC-GEC-0045693.xml">Вялікая каталанская</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=510606">Вялікая кітайская</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Svartehavet">Вялікая нарвежская</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/c/chiornoe-more-f04e1a">Вялікая расійская (навукова-адукацыйны партал)</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" class="extiw" title="s:ru:БСЭ1/Эвксинский понт">Вялікая савецкая (1 выд.)</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Черное море">Бракгаўза і Эфрона</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" class="extiw" title="s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Евксинский Понт">Бракгаўза і Эфрона</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7" class="extiw" title="s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Кара-Денгиз">Бракгаўза і Эфрона</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/black-sea">Іраніка</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/wd/135449">Ларуса</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9C%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="s:ru:МЭСБЕ/Черное море">Малы Бракгаўза і Эфрона</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9C%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7" class="extiw" title="s:ru:МЭСБЕ/Кара-Денгиз">Малы Бракгаўза і Эфрона</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9C%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="s:ru:МЭСБЕ/Понт Евксинский">Малы Бракгаўза і Эфрона</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9C%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" class="extiw" title="s:ru:МЭСБЕ/Евксинский Понт">Малы Бракгаўза і Эфрона</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%94/Pontus_Euxinus" class="extiw" title="s:ru:РСКД/Pontus Euxinus">Рэальны слоўнік класічных старажытнасцей</a> · <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Black_Sea" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Black Sea">Britannica (11-th)</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Black-Sea">Britannica (онлайн)</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/schwarzes-meer">Brockhaus</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/mer-noire/">Universalis</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3748793">.mw-parser-output .ts-navbox-plaintitle{font-size:100%!important;margin:0 6em!important}</style></div><table class="nowraplinks authoritycontrol collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Нарматыўны_кантроль" class="ts-navbox-plaintitle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нарматыўны кантроль">Нарматыўны кантроль</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ватыканская апостальская бібліятэка">BAV</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/processed/BAV%7CADV11459172">ADV11459172</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Іспаніі">BNE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5418016">XX5418016</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Францыі">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956313h">11956313h</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4053794-8">4053794-8</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Кантрольны нумар Бібліятэкі Кангрэса">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014616">sh85014616</a> · <span title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Чэхіі" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">NKC</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ge131676">ge131676</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Нацыянальная і ўніверсітэцкая бібліятэка Заграба">NSK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/processed/NSK%7C000348178">000348178</a> · <span title="SUDOC" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">SUDOC</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/027545652">027545652</a> · <a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/1145541703796601641">1145541703796601641</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img 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