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Floating ground - Wikipedia

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searchaux" style="display:none">Electrical ground not connected to Earth</div> <p>A <b>floating ground</b> is a reference point for <a href="/wiki/Electrical_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical potential">electrical potential</a> in a circuit which is <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_isolation" title="Galvanic isolation">galvanically isolated</a> from actual <a href="/wiki/Earth_ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth ground">earth ground</a>. </p><p>Most electrical circuits have a <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">ground</a> which is electrically connected to the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, hence the name "ground". The ground is said to be <i>floating</i> when this connection does not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conductors are also described as having a <b>floating voltage</b> if they are not connected electrically to another non-floating (grounded) conductor. Without such a connection, voltages and current flows are induced by <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic fields</a> or charge accumulation within the conductor rather than being due to the usual external <a href="/wiki/Potential_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential difference">potential difference</a> of a power source. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_ground&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electrical equipment may be designed with a floating ground for one of several reasons. One is safety. For example, a low-voltage DC power supply, such as a mobile phone charger, is connected to the mains through a <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> of one type or another, and there is no direct electrical connection between the current return path on the low-voltage side and physical ground (earth). Ensuring that there is no electrical connection between mains voltage and the low-voltage plug makes it much easier to guarantee the safety of the supply. It also allows the charger to safely only connect to live and neutral, which allows a two-prong plug in countries where this is relevant. Indeed, any home appliance with a two-prong plug must have a floating ground.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another application is in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_test_equipment" title="Electronic test equipment">electronic test equipment</a>. Suppose you wish to measure a 0.5&#160;V potential difference between two wires that are both approximately 100&#160;V above Earth ground. If your measuring device has to connect to Earth, some of its electronic components must deal with a 100&#160;V potential difference across their terminals. If the whole device floats, then its electronics will only see the 0.5&#160;V difference, allowing more delicate components to be used, which can make more precise measurements. Such devices are often <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> powered. </p><p>Other applications include aircraft and spacecraft, where a direct connection to Earth ground is physically impossible when in flight. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Instruments_with_floating_ground.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Instruments_with_floating_ground.svg/220px-Instruments_with_floating_ground.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Instruments_with_floating_ground.svg/330px-Instruments_with_floating_ground.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Instruments_with_floating_ground.svg/440px-Instruments_with_floating_ground.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>An example showing mains-powered electronic instruments with a floating ground. (Demonstrates three of the typical reasons for a floating ground.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Fourthly, a floating ground can help eliminate <a href="/wiki/Ground_loop_(electricity)" title="Ground loop (electricity)">ground loops</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which reduces the noise coupled to the system. The image on the right shows an example of such a configuration. Systems isolated in this manner can and do drift in potential and if the transformer is capable of supplying much power, they can be dangerous. This is particularly likely if the floated system is near high voltage power lines.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To reduce the danger of electric shocks, the chassis of the instruments are usually connected separately to Earth ground.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_ground&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Floating_ground" title="Special:EditPage/Floating ground">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Floating grounds can be dangerous if they are caused by failure to properly ground equipment that was designed to require grounding because the chassis can be at a very different <a href="/wiki/Potential" title="Potential">potential</a> from that of any nearby organisms, who then get an <a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">electric shock</a> upon touching it. Live chassis TVs, also known as hot chassis, where the set's ground is derived by rectifying live mains, were common until the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exposed live grounds are dangerous. They are live, and can <a href="/wiki/Electrocution" title="Electrocution">electrocute</a> end users if touched. <a href="/wiki/Headphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headphone">Headphone</a> sockets fitted by end users to live chassis <a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">TVs</a> are especially dangerous, as not only are they often live, but any electrical shock will pass through the user’s head. Sets with a headphone socket and a live chassis use an audio <a href="/wiki/Isolation_transformer" title="Isolation transformer">isolation transformer</a> to make the arrangement safe. </p><p>Floating grounds can cause problems with audio equipment using <a href="/wiki/RCA_connectors" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA connectors">RCA connectors</a> (also called phono connectors). With these common connectors, the signal pin connects before the ground, and 2 pieces of equipment can have a greater difference between their grounds than it takes to saturate the audio input. As a result, plugging or unplugging while powered up can result in very loud noises in speakers. If the ground voltage difference is small, it tends to only cause hum and clicks. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Residual_current_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual current device">residual current device</a> can be incorporated into a system to reduce but not eliminate the risks caused by a floating ground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_ground&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chassis_ground" title="Chassis ground">Chassis ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheater_plug" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheater plug">Cheater plug</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_ground&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGraf1999" class="citation book cs1">Graf, Rudolf (1999). <i>Modern Dictionary of Electronics</i> (7th&#160;ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p.&#160;292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-9866-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-9866-7"><bdi>0-7506-9866-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+Dictionary+of+Electronics&amp;rft.pages=292&amp;rft.edition=7th&amp;rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=0-7506-9866-7&amp;rft.aulast=Graf&amp;rft.aufirst=Rudolf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloating+ground" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerMiller2002" class="citation cs2">Miller, Rex; Miller, Mark R. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electronicseasyw0004mill/page/38"><i>Electronics the Easy Way</i></a> (4th&#160;ed.), Barron’s Educational Series, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electronicseasyw0004mill/page/38">38</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7641-1981-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7641-1981-8"><bdi>0-7641-1981-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Electronics+the+Easy+Way&amp;rft.pages=38&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=Barron%E2%80%99s+Educational+Series&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-7641-1981-8&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=Rex&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+Mark+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectronicseasyw0004mill%2Fpage%2F38&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloating+ground" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://instrumentationtools.com/basics-ground-loops/">"Basics of Ground Loops | What is Ground Loop&#160;?"</a>. <i>Instrumentation Tools</i>. Instrumentation Tools. 26 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Instrumentation+Tools&amp;rft.atitle=Basics+of+Ground+Loops+%7C+What+is+Ground+Loop+%3F&amp;rft.date=2016-07-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finstrumentationtools.com%2Fbasics-ground-loops%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloating+ground" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoffeLock2010" class="citation book cs1">Joffe, Elya B.; Lock, Kai-Sang (2010). "4.2.2.1". <i>Grounds for Grounding: A Circuit to System Handbook</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471-66008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471-66008-8"><bdi>978-0471-66008-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=4.2.2.1&amp;rft.btitle=Grounds+for+Grounding%3A+A+Circuit+to+System+Handbook&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0471-66008-8&amp;rft.aulast=Joffe&amp;rft.aufirst=Elya+B.&amp;rft.au=Lock%2C+Kai-Sang&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloating+ground" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorf2005" class="citation book cs1">Dorf, Richard C., ed. (2005). <i>The engineering handbook</i> (2nd&#160;ed.). CRC Press. p.&#160;113-10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-1586-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-1586-7"><bdi>0-8493-1586-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+engineering+handbook&amp;rft.pages=113-10&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-8493-1586-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloating+ground" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crtdatabase.com/faq/hot-chassis">"Hot Chassis CRT Database"</a>. <i>CRT Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CRT+Database&amp;rft.atitle=Hot+Chassis+CRT+Database&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrtdatabase.com%2Ffaq%2Fhot-chassis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloating+ground" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐vbwr2 Cached time: 20241122143100 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.208 seconds Real time usage: 0.289 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 596/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16150/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 622/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22363/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.127/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4713063/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 266.339 1 -total 46.35% 123.439 1 Template:Reflist 34.64% 92.255 1 Template:Short_description 33.30% 88.692 3 Template:Cite_book 23.63% 62.946 2 Template:Pagetype 17.17% 45.722 1 Template:Unreferenced_section 15.37% 40.940 1 Template:Unreferenced 14.50% 38.631 1 Template:Ambox 6.54% 17.416 3 Template:Main_other 5.77% 15.365 1 Template:SDcat --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17388115-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122143100 and revision id 1216255278. 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