CINXE.COM

<script language='javascript'>location.href='https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/articles//articles/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.php?aid=51916';</script><!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow" /> <meta name="googlebot" content="index,follow" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="aWjBPIhV1_Yepr3NGd5e26QXEKfSzvcxEFB44G1o03U" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.imedpub.com/images/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com//articles/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.php?aid=51916" hreflang="en-us" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.3.1/css/all.css" /> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300i,400,400i,600,600i,700,700i,800,800i&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.imedpub.com/assets/css/imedpub_com.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.imedpub.com/assets/css/global.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.imedpub.com/assets/css/author.css" /> <link href="https://www.imedpub.com/css/imed_external_style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="https://www.imedpub.com/css/styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' />   <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script>      <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.4/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-Z15MCSEHLJ"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-Z15MCSEHLJ'); </script> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "url": "https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/", "logo": "https://www.imedpub.com/images/imedpub-logo.png" } </script> <style> p { text-align:justify !important; } </style> <title>Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Further Develop of Reproductive Results | Insight Medical Publishing</title> <meta name="keywords" content="Preimplantation genetic diagnosis, list of open access journals, open access, open access journals, open access publication, open access publisher, open access publishing, open access journal articles, imedpub, imedpub publishing, insight medical publishing, imedpub online"> <meta name="description" content="Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Further Develop of Reproductive Results, Rohan Hilary"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="iMedPub"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Further Develop of Reproductive Results" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rohan Hilary" /> <meta name="citation_month" content="December" /> <meta name="citation_year" content="2023" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="8" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.36648/2476-2008.8.4.65" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/12/18" /> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/articles/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.php?aid=51916" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/articles/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.pdf" /> <script type="text/javascript"> function openimage(theURL,winName,features) { window.open(theURL,winName,features); } </script> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow" /> <meta name="googlebot" content="index,follow" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="aWjBPIhV1_Yepr3NGd5e26QXEKfSzvcxEFB44G1o03U" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.imedpub.com/images/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com//articles/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.php?aid=51916" hreflang="en-us" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.3.1/css/all.css" /> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300i,400,400i,600,600i,700,700i,800,800i&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.imedpub.com/assets/css/imedpub_com.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.imedpub.com/assets/css/global.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.imedpub.com/assets/css/author.css" /> <link href="https://www.imedpub.com/css/imed_external_style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="https://www.imedpub.com/css/styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' />   <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script>      <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.4/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-Z15MCSEHLJ"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-Z15MCSEHLJ'); </script> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "url": "https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/", "logo": "https://www.imedpub.com/images/imedpub-logo.png" } </script> <style> p { text-align:justify !important; } </style> <style> h4 { border-left-color: #f35a36 !important; font-size: 1.25rem !important; } p{ text-align:justify !important; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="container container_bg">  <header class="row justify-content-between align-items-center px-3"> <div class="col-12 col-sm">  <h1><a class="text-danger" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/" title="Journal of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility">Journal of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility</a></h1> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-auto"> <div class="header_nav py-sm-5 cu_header_nav">  <a href="mailTo:editor@imedpub.com" title="Click here" class="btn btn-outline-secondary btn-icon"> <i class="far fa-envelope-open bg-info text-white"></i> <span class="dnone">editor@imedpub.com</span> </a> <a href="https://www.imedpub.com/submissions/reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.html" target="_blank" title="click here" class="btn btn-lg btn-success">Submit a Manuscript</a> </div> </div> </header> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-info border-0">  <a class="navbar-brand d-none" href="#">Navbar</a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#jrnlNavbar" aria-controls="mainNavbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button>  <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="jrnlNavbar"> <ul class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/" title="Home"><i class="fas fa-home"></i> Home</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a href="#" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Articles</a> <div class="dropdown-menu"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/inpress.php" title="In Process">In Process</a>  <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/archive.php" title="Archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a href="#" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" title="Editors">Authors</a> <div class="dropdown-menu"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/author-guidelines.php" title="Author Guideliness">Author Guidelines</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/submit-manuscript.php" title="Submit Manuscript">Submit Manuscript</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/editors.php" title="Editors">Editors</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a href="#" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" title="In Detail">In Detail</a> <div class="dropdown-menu"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/aims-and-scope.php" title="Copy Right">Aim and Scope</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/ethical-malpractices.php" title="Publication ethics & malpractice statement">Publication ethics & malpractice statement</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/peer-review-process.php" title="Copy Right">Peer Review Process</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/copyright.php" title="Copy Right">Copyright</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a href="#" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" title="Information">Information</a> <div class="dropdown-menu"> <a class="dropdown-item" title="Information for Authors" href="https://www.imedpub.com/information-for-authors.php">Information for Authors</a> <a class="dropdown-item" title="Information for Editors" href="https://www.imedpub.com/information-for-editors.php">Information for Editors</a> <a class="dropdown-item" title="Information for Reviewers" href="https://www.imedpub.com/info-for-reviewer.php">Information for Reviewers</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" title="Citations" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/citation-index.php">Citations</a></li> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" title="Contact us" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/contact.php">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/special-issues.php" title="Special Issue">Special Issue</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/rss.xml" title="RSS">RSS</a></li> </ul> <form action="https://www.imedpub.com/search-results.php" method="get"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="text" placeholder="Search.." value="" id="keyword" required class="form-control editbox_search" name="keyword" autocomplete="off"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger" name="search"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </div> </div>  <script language="javascript"> /* $( document ).ready(function() { $("#keyword").coolautosuggest({ url:"https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/author-names.php?chars=; ?>"}); $('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip({'placement': 'left'}); }); */ </script> </form>  </div>  </nav>   <div class="row clearfix mrgn_top">  <div class="col-lg-9 col-md-9"> <div class="wlcme_imdpub"> <h2 class="text-primary font-size-8 border-left-4 pl-2" style="border-left-color: #f35a36 !important;">Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Further Develop of Reproductive Results</h2> <div> <p><strong>Rohan Hilary</strong></p><p>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK</p><strong>Published Date: </strong>2023-12-18<br /><strong>DOI</strong>10.36648/2476-2008.8.4.65 </div> <div class="ft_top_content"> <p><strong>Rohan Hilary<sup><a href="#corr">*</a></sup></strong></p> <p>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK</p> <dl class="dl-horizontal"> <dt>*Corresponding Author:</dt> <dd>Rohan Hilary<a id="corr" name="corr"></a><br /> Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,<br /> University of Cambridge, Cambridge,<br /> UK,<br /> <strong>E-mail:</strong> hilaryr@foxmail.com</dd> </dl> <p><strong>Received date:</strong> November 15, 2023, Manuscript No. IPJREI-23-18213; <strong>Editor assigned date:</strong> November 20, 2023, PreQC No. IPJREI-23-18213 (PQ); <strong>Reviewed date: </strong>December 04, 2023, QC No. IPJREI-23-18213; <strong>Revised date:</strong> December 11, 2023, Manuscript No. IPJREI-23-18213 (R); <strong>Published date:</strong> December 18, 2023, DOI: <a href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.php?aid=51916">10.36648/2476-2008.8.4.65</a></p> <p><strong>Citation: </strong>Hilary R (2023) Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Further Develop of Reproductive Results. J Reproductive Endocrinal & Infert Vol.8 No.4:65.</p> <div><strong>Visit for more related articles at </strong><a href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/archive.php" title="Journal of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility">Journal of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility</a></div> </div> <div class="ft_below_content"> <h4>Description</h4> <p>Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) was made available to couples who were at risk of passing on a neurological, debilitating, or inherited disorder to their children. Cells from an embryo in the cleavage or blastocyst stage are taken and genetically analyzed for disease; empowering an unaffected incipient organism to be moved into the uterus hole. These days, PGD has been done for a few many heritable circumstances including myotonic dystrophy, and for helplessness qualities engaged with tumors of the sensory system. Presently, high level atomic advancements with improved goal, for example, cluster similar genomic hybridisation, quantitative polymerase chain response, and cutting edge sequencing, are nearly turning into the best quality level in undeveloped organism preimplantation screening. As a result, new guidelines for the integration of PGD into contemporary preventative neurology may need to be developed by neurological societies taking into account the published evidence. Additionally, it aims to assist clinicians and neurologists in counseling patients at risk of passing on an inherited disease.</p> <h4>Neurodegenerative Issues</h4> <p>Prior to being transferred into the uterus,<em> in vitro</em> embryos are biopsyed and screened for chromosomal abnormalities in an IVF cycle known as PGD. Human preimplantation embryo genetic technology was pioneered. At first, hereditary screening was performed on a cleavage stage undeveloped organism and a solitary cell was dissected involving fluorescence <em>in situ</em> hybridization. According to a number of studies that have been published in the last ten years, embryo biopsy for PGD, particularly TEB, has no measurable short-term effect on embryo development and does not significantly reduce pregnancy outcomes. Instead, it was discovered that blastomere biopsy on day three significantly reduced embryonic development potential in comparison to trophectoderm biopsy and also reduced the presence of mosaic embryos. Couples in danger of sending acquired or neurodegenerative issues to their youngsters are possibly possibility to investigate and profit from the course of IVF with PGD. Notwithstanding, those couples have different choices: They could consider normally and face the challenge of having an impacted child, or take the choice to have pre-birth testing and face the quandary to end the pregnancy or raise the posterity with the infection. On the other hand, they could imagine utilizing gave gametes. Craftsmanship is a quickly creating area of medication and the embryology research facility has extended over late years. It now includes complex preimplantation genetic diagnosis procedures like blastocyst culture and trophectoderm biopsy in addition to conventional IVF techniques. Couples should be informed about the risks in general as well as the benefits of PGD and embryo cryopreservation, established technologies that increase the likelihood of having a healthy baby.</p> <h4>Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis</h4> <p>In clinical and research settings, Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) of equine embryos produced <em>in vitro</em> has been reported. In the past reports, 4%-16% biopsied tests neglected to yield PCR aftereffects of sickness causing qualities. The viability of performing a second biopsy and refreezing those failed frozen IVP equine embryos after PGD is unknown. We tested for the Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA), Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED), and Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) genes in 91 IVP equine embryos produced between 2018 and 2022 in this report. By contrasting them with fresh or Once Biopsied-Frozen (1BF) embryos, we also looked at the pregnancy and foaling rates of 2BF embryos. IVP embryos were created through <em>in vitro</em> culture of shipped immature oocytes and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Embryo biopsies were carried out in the same manner as previously reported, with minor adjustments. Biopsies were kept frozen for a limit of 7 days and delivered to the college of california, davis for hereditary examination. The non-moved vitrified incipient organisms, 12 1BF and 1 2BF IVP incipient organisms, were kept frozen accordingto proprietors' guidelines. In conclusion, a second biopsy and refreezing of frozen IVP equine embryos can improve PGD for disease-causing genes. What's more, two biopsy-freezing patterns of IVP equine undeveloped organisms were not adverse to in vivo undeveloped organism advancement. Couples who were at an increased risk of having children with genetic disorders had few reproductive options prior to PGD. These were obtrusive prebirth demonstrative techniques, for example, chorionic villous examining or amniocentesis, trailed by end of pregnancy of an impacted embryo, utilization of contributor gametes, reception, or enhancement of an ideal kind of spermatozoa benefactor utilizing fluorescent enacted cell arranging in X-connected illnesses. PGD can be utilized to recognize single-quality, Xconnected, primary chromosomal, mitochondrial messes as well concerning Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) coordinating.</p> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-3"> <center>   <img title="QR" alt="open access journals, open access scientific research publisher, open access publisher" src="https://api.qrserver.com/v1/create-qr-code/?size=185x185&data=https%3A%2F%2Freproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com%2F%2Farticles%2Fpreimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.php%3Faid%3D51916&chld=M|0&icqrf=00b1e4" />  <nav class="nav nav-pills social-icons-footer sidebar_social_icons a-pl-0" style="padding-left: 42px !important;"> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?s=100&p[title]=Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Further Develop of Reproductive Results&p[url]=https%3A%2F%2Freproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com%2F%2Farticles%2Fpreimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.php%3Faid%3D51916"><img src="https://www.imedpub.com/assets/socials/facebook.png" alt="open access journals, open access scientific research publisher, open access publisher"/></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" href="https://web.whatsapp.com/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Freproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com%2F%2Farticles%2Fpreimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.php%3Faid%3D51916" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.imedpub.com/assets/socials/whatsapp.png" alt="open access journals, open access scientific research publisher, open access publisher"/></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Freproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com%2F%2Farticles%2Fpreimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.php%3Faid%3D51916" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.imedpub.com/assets/socials/linkedin.png" alt="open access journals, open access scientific research publisher, open access publisher"/></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Further Develop of Reproductive Results&url=https%3A%2F%2Freproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com%2F%2Farticles%2Fpreimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.php%3Faid%3D51916" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.imedpub.com/assets/socials/twitter.png" alt="open access journals, open access scientific research publisher, open access publisher"/></a> </nav>   </center> <center> <div class="flyer_img"> Select your language of interest to view the total content in your interested language<br /> <div id="google_translate_element" align="center" style="width:100px;"></div> <script> function googleTranslateElementInit() { new google.translate.TranslateElement({ pageLanguage: 'en' }, 'google_translate_element'); } </script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit"></script> </div> </center> <div class="list_Jrnls"> <h2>Viewing options</h2> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="Full-Text" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/articles/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.php?aid=51916">Full-Text</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="PDF" href="https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/articles/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-to-further-develop-of-reproductive-results.pdf">PDF</a></li> </ul> </div>   <div class="flyer_img"> <a href="https://www.imedpub.com/admin/flyer-pdfs/journal-of-reproductive-endocrinology--infertility-flyerpdf.pdf" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.imedpub.com/admin/flyers/journal-of-reproductive-endocrinology--infertility-flyer.jpg" width="230" height="250" alt="Flyer image"/></a> </div>  <div class="list_Jrnls jrnal_fxed_higt"> <h2>Open Access Journals</h2> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/aquaculture-veterinary-science-journals.php">Aquaculture & Veterinary Science</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/chemistry-chemical-sciences-journals.php">Chemistry & Chemical Sciences</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/clinical-science-journals.php">Clinical Sciences</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/engineering-journals.php">Engineering</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/general-science-journals.php">General Science</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/genetics-and-molecular-biology-journals.php">Genetics & Molecular Biology</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/health-care-and-nursing-journals.php">Health Care & Nursing</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/immunology-and-microbiology-journals.php">Immunology & Microbiology</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/materials-science-journals.php">Materials Science</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/mathematics-and-physics-journals.php">Mathematics & Physics</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/medical-sciences-journals.php">Medical Sciences</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/neurology-and-psychiatry-journals.php">Neurology & Psychiatry</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/oncology-and-cancer-science-journals.php">Oncology & Cancer Science</a></li> <li class="highlights_list_style"><a title="click here" href="https://www.imedpub.com/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.php">Pharmaceutical Sciences</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div class="list_Jrnls"> <h2>Share This Article</h2>  <div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style" style="padding:20px;"> <a class="addthis_button_preferred_1"></a> <a class="addthis_button_preferred_2"></a> <a class="addthis_button_preferred_3"></a> <a class="addthis_button_preferred_4"></a> <a class="addthis_button_compact"></a> <a class="addthis_counter addthis_bubble_style"></a> </div> <script type="text/javascript">var addthis_config = {"data_track_addressbar":false};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-506aad5d54e2e436"></script>  </div> </div>  </div>  </div> </div> <style> .bell_icon { position: fixed; border-radius: 3px; right: 0px; bottom: 63px; color: #fff; z-index: 99999; } .bell_icon img { width: 100%; max-width: 160px; border-radius: 8px; } </style> <footer> <div class="container py-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-sm"> <ul class="nav footer_nav"> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.imedpub.com/" title="Click here">Home</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.imedpub.com/about-us.php" title="Click here">About</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.imedpub.com/journals.php" title="Click here">Journals</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.imedpub.com/insight-medical-publishing-articles.php" title="Click here">Articles</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.imedpub.com/information-for-editors.php" title="Click here">Editors</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.imedpub.com/information-for-authors.php" title="Click here">Authors</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.imedpub.com/info-for-reviewer.php" title="Click here">Reviewers</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.imedpub.com/contact.php" title="Click here">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-auto"> <div class="header_social_icons pull-right"> <ul class="nav"> <li> <a title="Click here" class="social-network" onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent', 'btn-social-icon', 'click', 'btn-facebook']);" href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100077344241241" target="_blank"> <i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i></a></li> <li> <a title="Click here" class="social-network" onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent', 'btn-social-icon', 'click', 'btn-twitter']);" href="https://twitter.com/Imedpub11" target="_blank"> <i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a></li> <li> <a title="Click here" class="social-network" onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent', 'btn-social-icon', 'click', 'btn-linkedin']);" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/insight-medical-publishing" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i></a></li> <li> <a title="Click here" class="social-network" onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent', 'btn-social-icon', 'click', 'btn-linkedin']);" href="https://www.instagram.com/imedpub/" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-instagram"></i></a></li>  </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="copyright pt-3"> <div class="container"> <div class="row text-center"> <div class="col"> <p>All Published work is licensed under a <a title="click here" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="nofollow"> Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a><br> Copyright © 2025 All rights reserved. <a href='https://reproductive-endocrinology-infertility.imedpub.com/' title='iMedPub LTD'>iMedPub LTD</a> Last revised : February 16, 2025</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="scroll-top-wrapper"><span class="scroll-top-inner"><i class="fa fa-2x fa-arrow-circle-up"></i></span></div>   <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.3/umd/popper.min.js"></script> <script src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.1.3/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>    <script> $(function(){ $(document).on( 'scroll', function(){ if ($(window).scrollTop() > 100) { $('.scroll-top-wrapper').addClass('show'); } else { $('.scroll-top-wrapper').removeClass('show'); } }); $('.scroll-top-wrapper').on('click', scrollToTop); }); function scrollToTop() { verticalOffset = typeof(verticalOffset) != 'undefined' ? verticalOffset : 0; element = $('body'); offset = element.offset(); offsetTop = offset.top; $('html, body').animate({scrollTop: offsetTop}, 500, 'linear'); } </script> <script> $( document ).ready(function() { $('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip({'placement': 'left'}); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript">function add_chatinline(){var hccid=10445204;var nt=document.createElement("script");nt.async=true;nt.src="https://mylivechat.com/chatinline.aspx?hccid="+hccid;var ct=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];ct.parentNode.insertBefore(nt,ct);} add_chatinline(); </script><p style="overflow: auto; position: fixed; height: 0pt; width: 0pt"><a href="https://paperio-live.com/" title="paper.io">paper.io</a><p> <p style="overflow: auto; position: fixed; height: 0pt; width: 0pt"><a href="https://agario.red" title="agar io">agar io</a><p> <div style="position: absolute; left: -14168px"><a href="https://wowcappadocia.com" title="wowcappadocia.com">wowcappadocia.com</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: -14168px"><a href="https://cappadocia-hotels.com" title="cappadocia-hotels.com">cappadocia-hotels.com</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: -14168px"><a href="https://caruscappadocia.com" title="caruscappadocia.com">caruscappadocia.com</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: -14168px"><a href="https://brothersballoon.com" title="brothersballoon.com">brothersballoon.com</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: -14168px"><a href="https://balloon-rides.net" title="balloon-rides.net">balloon-rides.net</a></div> <p style="overflow: auto; position: fixed; height: 0pt; width: 0pt"><a href="https://naughtyworms.com" title="wormax io">wormax io</a><p> </body> </html>