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id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-質量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#質量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>質量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-質量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參閱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參閱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>參閱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參閱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進階閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進階閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>進階閱讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-進階閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">下夸克</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。53种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afkwark" title="Afkwark – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Afkwark" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A" title="كوارك سفلي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوارك سفلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_embaxo" title="Quark embaxo – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Quark embaxo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="D-кварк – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="D-кварк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Долен кварк – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Долен кварк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="ডাউন কোয়ার্ক – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডাউন কোয়ার্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_d" title="Quark d – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quark d" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark_d" title="Kvark d – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvark d" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down-kvark" title="Down-kvark – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Down-kvark" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down-Quark" title="Down-Quark – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Down-Quark" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Down quark" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-kvarko" title="D-kvarko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="D-kvarko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuark_abajo" title="Cuark abajo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuark abajo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-kvark" title="D-kvark – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="D-kvark" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beherantz_quark" title="Beherantz quark – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beherantz quark" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کوارک پایین – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوارک پایین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskvarkki" title="Alaskvarkki – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alaskvarkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quark down" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%94" title="קווארק למטה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קווארק למטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="डाउन क्वार्क – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डाउन क्वार्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Donji kvark" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_kvark" title="Down kvark – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Down kvark" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-%D6%84%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF" title="D-քվարկ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="D-քվարկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuark_down" title="Kuark down – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuark down" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quark down" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="ダウンクォーク – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダウンクォーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="D-კვარკი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="D-კვარკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%98_%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="아래 쿼크 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아래 쿼크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarcum_deorsum" title="Quarcum deorsum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quarcum deorsum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krintantysis_kvarkas" title="Krintantysis kvarkas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krintantysis kvarkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_kvarks" title="D kvarks – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="D kvarks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Долен кварк – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Долен кварк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuark_turun" title="Kuark turun – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuark turun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downquark" title="Downquark – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Downquark" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedkvark" title="Nedkvark – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nedkvark" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quark down" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwark_dolny" title="Kwark dolny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwark dolny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="ڈاؤن کوارک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈاؤن کوارک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quark down" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="D-кварк – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="D-кварк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Donji kvark" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Down quark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark_d" title="Kvark d – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvark d" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark_d" title="Kvark d – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvark d" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Donji kvark" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babang_quark" title="Babang quark – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Babang quark" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1_kuark" title="Aşağı kuark – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aşağı kuark" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-kvark" title="D-kvark – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="D-kvark" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="D-кварк – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="D-кварк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_xu%E1%BB%91ng" title="Quark xuống – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quark xuống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubos_nga_quark" title="Ubos nga quark – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ubos nga quark" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="下夸克 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="下夸克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="下夸克 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="下夸克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6745#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&oldid=82466733" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&id=82466733&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25B8%258B%25E5%25A4%25B8%25E5%2585%258B"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25B8%258B%25E5%25A4%25B8%25E5%2585%258B"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 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</div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-7038614b" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="background:"><caption class="infobox-title">下夸克</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">组成</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="近独立粒子统计力学">系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="費米子">費米子</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3_(%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="代 (粒子物理學)">代</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">第一代</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="基本相互作用">基本相互作用</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="強相互作用">強</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" title="電磁力">電磁力</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="重力">重力</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">符号</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">d</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="反粒子">反粒子</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">反下夸克（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">d</span><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">理论</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="默里·盖尔曼">默里·盖尔曼</a>（1964）<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%8C%A8%E5%A8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="喬治·茨威格">喬治·茨威格</a>（1964）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">发现</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/SLAC" class="mw-redirect" title="SLAC">SLAC</a>（1968）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%98%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="不变质量">质量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000480000000000000♠</span>4.8<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+0.5<br />−0.3</span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-PDG2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDG2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="粒子衰變">衰变粒子</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">穩定或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="上夸克">上夸克</a> + <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a> + <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9B%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="反電中微子">反電中微子</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">-<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r72900767">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{border-top:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span role="math" class="sfrac tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="基本電荷">e</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7" title="色荷">色荷</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">有</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B" title="自旋">自旋</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r72900767"><span role="math" class="sfrac tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E6%97%8B" title="弱同位旋">弱同位旋</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%BE%B5%E6%80%A7" title="手徵性">LH</a>: −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r72900767"><span role="math" class="sfrac tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%BE%B5%E6%80%A7" title="手徵性">RH</a>: 0</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E8%B6%85%E8%8D%B7" title="弱超荷">弱超荷</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%BE%B5%E6%80%A7" title="手徵性">LH</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r72900767"><span role="math" class="sfrac tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%BE%B5%E6%80%A7" title="手徵性">RH</a>: −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r72900767"><span role="math" class="sfrac tion"><span class="num">2</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>d夸克</b>（down quark，台湾译<b>下夸克</b>，中国大陆又称“下夸克”<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>）是一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a>。在所有的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>中，下夸克是質量第二小的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>，只比<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="上夸克">上夸克</a>的質量大。組成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>都是由下夸克與上夸克共同形成。下夸克屬於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3_(%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="代 (粒子物理學)">第一代粒子</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a>為−<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r72900767"><span role="math" class="sfrac tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7" title="基本电荷">e</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B#質量" title="夸克">裸質量</a>為<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000480000000000000♠</span>4.8<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+0.5<br />−0.3</span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-PDG2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDG2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。和所有夸克一樣，下夸克是一種<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="費米子">費米子</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B" title="自旋">自旋</a>為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r72900767"><span role="math" class="sfrac tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>，且可以感受到所有四種基礎作用：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="引力相互作用">引力相互作用</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁相互作用">電磁相互作用</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="強相互作用">強相互作用</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱相互作用</a>。下夸克的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="反粒子">反粒子</a>是反下夸克。下夸克帶有負電荷，反下夸克帶有正電荷。 </p><p>1964年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="默里·盖尔曼">默里·盖尔曼</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%8C%A8%E5%A8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="喬治·茨威格">喬治·茨威格</a>假設下夸克的存在，這是使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%87%8D%E9%81%93" title="八重道">八重道</a>來對於強子分類所得到的後果預測。後來，物理學者在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E7%9B%B4%E7%BA%BF%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="斯坦福直线加速器中心">斯坦福直線加速器中心</a>所做的實驗觀測證實了下夸克的存在。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murray_Gell-Mann_at_Lection.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Murray_Gell-Mann_at_Lection.JPG/200px-Murray_Gell-Mann_at_Lection.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Murray_Gell-Mann_at_Lection.JPG/300px-Murray_Gell-Mann_at_Lection.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Murray_Gell-Mann_at_Lection.JPG/400px-Murray_Gell-Mann_at_Lection.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="2295" /></a><figcaption>默里·盖尔曼</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Zweig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/George_Zweig.jpg/200px-George_Zweig.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/George_Zweig.jpg/300px-George_Zweig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/George_Zweig.jpg/400px-George_Zweig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>喬治·茨威格</figcaption></figure> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a>初期（二十世紀前半期），質子、中子、<a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">π介子</a>等等<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="強子">強子</a>類粒子都被認為是基本粒子。然而隨著更多強子被發現，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%92" title="粒子園">粒子園</a>從1930年代早期與1940年代的幾個粒子增加到1950年代的幾十個粒子。物理學者起初並不清楚它們彼此之間的關係，直到1961年，由於<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="默里·盖尔曼">默里·盖尔曼</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>與<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尤瓦爾·內埃曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yuval Ne'eman"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%85%A7%E5%9F%83%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尤瓦爾·內埃曼（页面不存在）">尤瓦爾·內埃曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuval_Ne%27eman" class="extiw" title="en:Yuval Ne'eman"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yuval Ne'eman</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>各自獨立地提出一種強子分類方案，稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%87%8D%E9%81%93" title="八重道">八重道</a>」，利用<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%85%89%E7%BE%A4" title="特殊酉群">SU(3)</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3_(%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="味 (粒子物理學)">味對稱性</a>，這問題才獲得解決。 </p><p>八重道將強子組織為不同的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E6%97%8B" title="同位旋">同位旋多重態</a>，然而，物理學者仍不清楚這分類方案背後的物理原理。1964年，盖尔曼<sup id="cite_ref-Gell-Man1964_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gell-Man1964-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%8C%A8%E5%A8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="喬治·茨威格">喬治·茨威格</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zweig1964a_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zweig1964a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zweig1964b_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zweig1964b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>各自獨立的提出<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="夸克模型">夸克模型</a>，在那時只涉及到上夸克、下夸克與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="奇夸克">奇夸克</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Carithers_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carithers-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>儘管夸克模型能夠合理地解釋八重道，但在那時並沒有任何實驗證據。1968年，物理學者在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E7%9B%B4%E7%BA%BF%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="斯坦福直线加速器中心">斯坦福直線加速器中心</a>所做的實驗觀測，終於證實了下夸克的存在。<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breidenbach_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breidenbach-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="深度非弹性碰撞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Deep inelastic scattering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E9%9D%9E%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E7%A2%B0%E6%92%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="深度非弹性碰撞（页面不存在）">深度非弹性碰撞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_inelastic_scattering" class="extiw" title="en:Deep inelastic scattering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Deep inelastic scattering</span></a></span>）</span></span>實驗揭示了質子具有次結構：它是由三個更基礎的粒子組成，因此證實了夸克模型。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>剛開始，人們並不情願把這三個基礎粒子辨識為夸克，而是青睞<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="理查·費曼">理查·費曼</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="部分子">部分子</a>模型。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>隨著時間演進，夸克模型漸漸被廣泛接受（更多細節，請參閱條目<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="十一月革命">J/ψ介子</a>）。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="質量"><span id=".E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F"></span>質量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：質量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>雖然下夸克很常見，但下夸克的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B#質量" title="夸克">裸質量</a>尚未被準確測定，應該是在4.5與5.3<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></a></span>之間。<sup id="cite_ref-PDG2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDG2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格点QCD" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lattice QCD"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%82%B9QCD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格点QCD（页面不存在）">格点QCD</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_QCD" class="extiw" title="en:Lattice QCD"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lattice QCD</span></a></span>）</span></span>方法所預測的數值更為精確：<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000479000000000000♠</span>4.79<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.16 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></a></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-lqcd_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lqcd-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="介子">介子</a>（由一個夸克與一個反夸克組成的粒子）或<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90" title="重子">重子</a>（由三個夸克組成的粒子）裡，夸克的有效質量會變得比較大，這都歸因於夸克與夸克之間的<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子">膠子場</a>所產生的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="結合能" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum chromodynamics binding energy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%83%BD" title="结合能">結合能</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics_binding_energy" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum chromodynamics binding energy</span></a></span>）</span></span>。例如，在質子裡，下夸克的有效質量約為<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7002330000000000000♠</span>330 MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></span>。由於下夸克的裸質量很小，它不能直接地被計算出來，因為必須將相對論效應納入考量。膠子場所媒介的強作用力之作用下，夸克的移動速度約為光速的99.995%，相應的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="洛伦兹因子">洛伦兹因子</a>約為100，所以，所有夸克的靜質量總和僅為質子或中子質量的1%。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參閱"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E9.96.B1"></span>參閱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：參閱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="上夸克">上夸克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E6%97%8B" title="同位旋">同位旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="夸克模型">夸克模型</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">在2019年由中华人民共和国全国科学技术名词审定委员会公布的《物理学名词》中，“下夸克”为非推荐名<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PDG2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PDG2013_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDG2013_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDG2013_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">J. Beringer (Particle Data Group); et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022031536/http://pdg.lbl.gov/2013/tables/rpp2013-sum-quarks.pdf">PDGLive Particle Summary 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b′, t′, Free)<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Particle Data Group. 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-07-23</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2013/tables/rpp2013-sum-quarks.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2013-10-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.au=J.+Beringer+%28Particle+Data+Group%29&rft.btitle=PDGLive+Particle+Summary+%27Quarks+%28u%2C+d%2C+s%2C+c%2C+b%2C+t%2C+b%E2%80%B2%2C+t%E2%80%B2%2C+Free%29%27&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Particle+Data+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdg.lbl.gov%2F2013%2Ftables%2Frpp2013-sum-quarks.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">物理学名词审定委员会．物理学名词 [S/OL]．全国科学技术名词审定委员会,公布. 3版．北京：科学出版社, 2019: 374. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://book.sciencereading.cn/shop/book/Booksimple/show.do?id=B8305590F44964E92E053020B0A0A4FA7000">科学文库</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">M. Gell-Mann. The Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry. M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne'eman (编). The Eightfold Way. Westview Press. 2000: 11 [1964]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7382-0299-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-7382-0299-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7382-0299-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.atitle=The+Eightfold+Way%3A+A+theory+of+strong+interaction+symmetry&rft.au=M.+Gell-Mann&rft.btitle=The+Eightfold+Way&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-7382-0299-1&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><br /> Original: <cite class="citation journal">M. Gell-Mann. The Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry. Synchrotron Laboratory Report CTSL-20 (California Institute of Technology). 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.atitle=The+Eightfold+Way%3A+A+theory+of+strong+interaction+symmetry&rft.au=M.+Gell-Mann&rft.date=1961&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synchrotron+Laboratory+Report+CTSL-20&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Y. Ne'eman. Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance. M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne'eman (编). The Eightfold Way. Westview Press. 2000 [1964]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7382-0299-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-7382-0299-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7382-0299-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.atitle=Derivation+of+strong+interactions+from+gauge+invariance&rft.au=Y.+Ne%27eman&rft.btitle=The+Eightfold+Way&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-7382-0299-1&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><br />Original <cite class="citation journal">Y. Ne'eman. Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance. 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Gell-Mann. A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons. Physics Letters. 1964, <b>8</b> (3): 214–215. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964PhL.....8..214G"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1964PhL.....8..214G</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-9163%2864%2992001-3"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.atitle=A+Schematic+Model+of+Baryons+and+Mesons&rft.au=M.+Gell-Mann&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters&rft.pages=214-215&rft.volume=8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964PhL.....8..214G&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0031-9163%2864%2992001-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zweig1964a-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zweig1964a_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">G. 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CERN Report No.8419/Th 8412. 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.atitle=An+SU%283%29+Model+for+Strong+Interaction+Symmetry+and+its+Breaking%3A+II&rft.au=G.+Zweig&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CERN+Report+No.8419%2FTh+8412&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carithers-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carithers_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">B. Carithers, P. Grannis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/beamline/25/3/25-3-carithers.pdf">Discovery of the Top Quark</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 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Physical Review Letters. 1969, <b>23</b> (16): 930–934. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhRvL..23..930B"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1969PhRvL..23..930B</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.23.930"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.930</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.atitle=High-Energy+Inelastic+e%E2%80%93p+Scattering+at+6%C2%B0+and+10%C2%B0&rft.au=Breidenbach%2C+M.&rft.au=Coward%2C+D.&rft.au=Destaebler%2C+H.&rft.au=Drees%2C+J.&rft.au=E.+D.+Bloom&rft.au=Friedman%2C+J.&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+G.&rft.au=Kendall%2C+H.&rft.au=Miller%2C+G.&rft.au=Mo%2C+L.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=16&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.pages=930-934&rft.volume=23&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969PhRvL..23..930B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.23.930&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%98%BE%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%AD%89%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE" title="Category:引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breidenbach-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breidenbach_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">M. Breidenbach; Friedman, J.; Kendall, H.; Bloom, E.; Coward, D.; Destaebler, H.; Drees, J.; Mo, L.; Taylor, R.; et al. Observed Behavior of Highly Inelastic Electron–Proton Scattering. Physical Review Letters. 1969, <b>23</b> (16): 935–939. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhRvL..23..935B"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1969PhRvL..23..935B</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.23.935"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.935</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.atitle=Observed+Behavior+of+Highly+Inelastic+Electron%E2%80%93Proton+Scattering&rft.au=Bloom%2C+E.&rft.au=Coward%2C+D.&rft.au=Destaebler%2C+H.&rft.au=Drees%2C+J.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+J.&rft.au=Kendall%2C+H.&rft.au=M.+Breidenbach&rft.au=Mo%2C+L.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=16&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.pages=935-939&rft.volume=23&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969PhRvL..23..935B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.23.935&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">J. 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Hue University. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-29</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hueuni.edu.vn/hueuni/en/news_detail.php?NewsID=1606&PHPSESSID=909807ffc5b9c0288cc8d137ff063c72">原始内容</a>存档于2008-12-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.au=J.+I.+Friedman&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Hue+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hueuni.edu.vn%2Fhueuni%2Fen%2Fnews_detail.php%3FNewsID%3D1606%26PHPSESSID%3D909807ffc5b9c0288cc8d137ff063c72&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">R. P. Feynman. Very High-Energy Collisions of Hadrons. [Physical Review Letters. 1969, <b>23</b> (24): 1415–1417. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhRvL..23.1415F"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1969PhRvL..23.1415F</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.23.1415"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.1415</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.atitle=Very+High-Energy+Collisions+of+Hadrons&rft.au=R.+P.+Feynman&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=%5BPhysical+Review+Letters&rft.pages=1415-1417&rft.volume=23&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969PhRvL..23.1415F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.23.1415&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">S. 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Addison–Wesley. 1995: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoqu0000pesk/page/556">556</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-201-50397-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-201-50397-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-201-50397-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.au=M.+E.+Peskin%2C+D.+V.+Schroeder&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+quantum+field+theory&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-50397-2&rft.pages=556&rft.pub=Addison%E2%80%93Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoqu0000pesk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lqcd-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lqcd_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Cho, Adrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306065114/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/04/mass-of-the-common-quark-finally.html">Mass of the Common Quark Finally Nailed Down</a>. Science Magazine. April 2010 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-07-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/04/mass-of-the-common-quark-finally.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-03-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.btitle=Mass+of+the+Common+Quark+Finally+Nailed+Down&rft.date=2010-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Science+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencemag.org%2Fsciencenow%2F2010%2F04%2Fmass-of-the-common-quark-finally.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="進階閱讀"><span id=".E9.80.B2.E9.9A.8E.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>進階閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：進階閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">A. Ali, G. Kramer; Kramer. JETS and QCD: A historical review of the discovery of the quark and gluon jets and its impact on QCD. European Physical Journal H. 2011, <b>36</b> (2): 245. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EPJH...36..245A"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2011EPJH...36..245A</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1012.2288"><span title="arXiv">arXiv:1012.2288</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10047-1"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1140/epjh/e2011-10047-1</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.atitle=JETS+and+QCD%3A+A+historical+review+of+the+discovery+of+the+quark+and+gluon+jets+and+its+impact+on+QCD&rft.au=A.+Ali%2C+G.+Kramer&rft.au=Kramer&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=European+Physical+Journal+H&rft.pages=245&rft.volume=36&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1012.2288&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011EPJH...36..245A&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10047-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">R. Nave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html">Quarks</a>. HyperPhysics. Georgia State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-06-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905155121/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/quark.html">存档</a>于2015-09-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.atitle=Quarks&rft.au=R.+Nave&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HyperPhysics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2FParticles%2Fquark.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">A. Pickering. Constructing Quarks. University of Chicago Press. 1984: 114–125. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-226-66799-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-226-66799-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-226-66799-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%8B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&rft.au=A.+Pickering&rft.btitle=Constructing+Quarks&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-226-66799-5&rft.pages=114-125&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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title="正電子">e<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E5%AD%90" title="Μ子">μ<sup>-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E5%AD%90" title="Μ子">μ<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E5%AD%90" title="Τ子">τ<sup>-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%CF%84%E5%AD%90" title="反τ子">τ<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="电中微子">ν<sub>e</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9B%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="反電中微子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">v</span><sub>e</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="Μ中微子">ν<sub>μ</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="Μ中微子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">v</span><sub>μ</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="Τ中微子">ν<sub>τ</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="Τ中微子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">v</span><sub>τ</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="玻色子">玻色子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="标量玻色子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E9%87%8F%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="标量玻色子">标量玻色子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="希格斯玻色子">H</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="规范玻色子">规范玻色子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%E5%8F%8AZ%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="W及Z玻色子">W<sup>±</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%E5%8F%8AZ%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="W及Z玻色子">Z<sup>0</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="复合粒子">复合粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%AD%90" title="强子">强子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="重子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90" title="重子">重子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Δ粒子">Δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="反質子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">p</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">n</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="反中子"><span style="text-decoration: overline">n</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AD%90" title="超子">超子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Λ粒子">Λ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Σ粒子">Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9E%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Ξ粒子">Ξ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Ω粒子">Ω</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="介子">介子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">π</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="K介子">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Ρ介子">ρ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Ω介子">ω</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/%CF%88%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="J/ψ介子">J/ψ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A5%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Υ介子">ϒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="D介子">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="B介子">B</a></li> <li>未发现介子 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%98%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Θ介子（页面不存在）">θ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T介子（页面不存在）">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="夸克偶素">夸克偶素</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="超原子">超原子</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="奇異原子">奇異原子</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="电子偶素">电子偶素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%B2%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="緲子偶素">緲子偶素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%B7%B2%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="真緲子偶素">真緲子偶素</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="介子偶素" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Onium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介子偶素（页面不存在）">介子偶素</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onium" class="extiw" title="en:Onium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Onium</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="K介子原子">介子原子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%AD%90%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超子原子（页面不存在）">超子原子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%B0%AB" title="反氫">反氫</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介子核（页面不存在）">介子核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%A0%B8" title="超核">超核</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E5%91%B3%E8%B6%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重味超核（页面不存在）">重味超核</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="离子">离子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E6%83%B3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="假想粒子">假想的基本粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="超對稱粒子">超對稱粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="超規範子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%AD%90" title="超規範子">超規範子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="超膠子">超膠子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="重力微子">超引力子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超光子（页面不存在）">超光子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E8%8D%B7%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超荷子（页面不存在）">超荷子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%B8%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%AD%90" title="超中性子">超中性子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>其他</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超希格斯粒子（页面不存在）">超希格斯粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%B2%BB%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="超費米子">超費米子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%BB%B8%E5%AD%90" title="超軸子">超軸子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E8%83%80%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超胀子（页面不存在）">超胀子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E6%84%8F%E5%AD%90" title="任意子">任意子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%80%E5%AD%90" title="胀子">胀子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%AD%90" title="加速子">加速子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%90" title="快子">快子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E5%AD%90" title="軸子">A<sup>0</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%90" title="引力子">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8D%95%E6%9E%81%E5%AD%90" title="磁单极子">m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%8F%8AY%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="X及Y玻色子">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%8F%8AY%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="X及Y玻色子">Y</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="W'" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="W′_and_Z′_bosons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W'（页面不存在）">W'</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" class="extiw" title="en:W′ and Z′ bosons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">W′_and_Z′_bosons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Z'" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="W′_and_Z′_bosons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z'（页面不存在）">Z'</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" class="extiw" title="en:W′ and Z′ bosons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">W′_and_Z′_bosons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="普朗克粒子">普朗克粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%BA%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%B3%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="马约拉纳费米子">马约拉纳粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8D%B7%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB-%E6%B3%A2%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%AB%E9%AC%BC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="法捷耶夫-波波夫鬼粒子">鬼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%A0%BC%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%90" title="斯格明子">斯格明子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="惰性中微子">惰性中微子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="大质量弱相互作用粒子">大质量弱相互作用粒子（WIMP）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E6%83%B3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="假想粒子">假想的复合粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90" title="奇異強子">奇異強子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="奇異重子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90" title="奇異重子">奇異重子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%85%8B" title="五夸克態">五夸克態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%80%81" title="七夸克态">七夸克态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90" title="R-重子">R-重子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="奇異介子">奇異介子</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%80%81" title="四夸克态">四夸克态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%80%81" title="六夸克态">六夸克态</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%85%8B" title="雙重子態">雙重子態</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E7%90%83" title="膠球">膠球</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B7%E6%9D%82%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="混杂态（页面不存在）">混杂态</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="介子分子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mesonic molecule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介子分子（页面不存在）">介子分子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonic_molecule" class="extiw" title="en:Mesonic molecule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mesonic molecule</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A1%E5%AF%86%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坡密子（页面不存在）">坡密子</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奇数子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="odderon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇数子（页面不存在）">奇数子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/odderon" class="extiw" title="en:odderon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">odderon</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双夸克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diquark"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双夸克（页面不存在）">双夸克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diquark" class="extiw" title="en:Diquark"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diquark</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="準粒子">準粒子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="達維多夫孤子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Davydov soliton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%A4%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達維多夫孤子（页面不存在）">達維多夫孤子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davydov_soliton" class="extiw" title="en:Davydov soliton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Davydov soliton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子滴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dropleton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%BB%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子滴（页面不存在）">量子滴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropleton" class="extiw" title="en:Dropleton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dropleton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%AD%90" title="激子">激子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E7%A9%B4" title="空穴">空穴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%8C%AF%E5%AD%90" title="磁振子">磁振子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%90" title="声子">聲子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8D%95%E6%9E%81%E5%AD%90" title="磁单极子">磁单极子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF%E5%AD%90" title="電漿子">電漿子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%A5%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%90" title="電磁極化子">電磁極化子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%AD%90" title="極子">極子</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旋子_(准粒子)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%8B%E5%AD%90_(%E5%87%86%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旋子 (准粒子)（页面不存在）">旋子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roton" class="extiw" title="en:Roton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="粒子列表">粒子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="奇異原子">奇异原子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%86%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="准粒子列表">准粒子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="介子列表">介子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="重子列表">重子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="粒子发现年表">粒子发现年表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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