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Anti-obesity medication - Wikipedia
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id="toc-Other_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patient_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patient_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Patient population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patient_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Withdrawn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Never_approved" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Never_approved"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Never approved</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Never_approved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety and side effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="أدوية تخسيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدوية تخسيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicament_contra_l%27obesitat" title="Medicament contra l'obesitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Medicament contra l'obesitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiadipositum" title="Antiadipositum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antiadipositum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="داروی لاغری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داروی لاغری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengobatan_antikegemukan" title="Pengobatan antikegemukan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengobatan antikegemukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimagrante" title="Dimagrante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dimagrante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ادويه التخسيس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادويه التخسيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_contra_obesidade" title="Medicação contra obesidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medicação contra obesidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicamente_antiobezitate" title="Medicamente antiobezitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Medicamente antiobezitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Препараты для лечения ожирения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Препараты для лечения ожирения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekovi_protiv_gojaznosti" title="Lekovi protiv gojaznosti – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lekovi protiv gojaznosti" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekovi_protiv_gojaznosti" title="Lekovi protiv gojaznosti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lekovi protiv gojaznosti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="ยาลดความอ้วน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยาลดความอ้วน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-obezite_ilac%C4%B1" title="Anti-obezite ilacı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anti-obezite ilacı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_body_weight" title="Category:Human body weight">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Human_body_weight" title="Human body weight">Human body weight</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_obesity" title="Epidemiology of obesity">Epidemiology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">Overweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">Underweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_shape" title="Body shape">Body shape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">Weight gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">Weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_weight_gain" title="Gestational weight gain">Gestational weight gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet (nutrition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_management" title="Weight management">Weight management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overnutrition" title="Overnutrition">Overnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_obesity" title="Childhood obesity">Childhood obesity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_childhood_obesity" title="Epidemiology of childhood obesity">Epidemiology</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Medical concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_obesity" title="Classification of obesity">Classification of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_paradox" title="Exercise paradox">Exercise paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_of_obesity" title="Genetics of obesity">Genetics of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">Metabolic syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_metabolic_syndrome" title="Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome">Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolically_healthy_obesity" title="Metabolically healthy obesity">Metabolically healthy obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_paradox" title="Obesity paradox">Obesity paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_point_theory" title="Set point theory">Set point theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Measurements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_adiposity_index" title="Body adiposity index">Body adiposity index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">Body mass index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_roundness_index" title="Body roundness index">Body roundness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_fat_percentage" title="Body fat percentage">Body fat percentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_Shape_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Body Shape Index">Body Shape Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpulence_index" title="Corpulence index">Corpulence index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">Lean body mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_Fat_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative Fat Mass">Relative Fat Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist%E2%80%93hip_ratio" title="Waist–hip ratio">Waist–hip ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist-to-height_ratio" title="Waist-to-height ratio">Waist-to-height ratio</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related conditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">Type 1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anorexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anorexia">Anorexia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulimia">Bulimia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">Binge eating disorder</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_addiction" title="Food addiction">Food addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">Hyperthyroidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RED-S" class="mw-redirect" title="RED-S">RED-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Starvation_response" title="Starvation response">Starvation response</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PCOS">PCOS</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Obesity-associated_morbidity" title="Obesity-associated morbidity">Obesity-associated morbidity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">Arteriosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver_disease" title="Fatty liver disease">Fatty liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">GERD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">Gynecomastia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">Heart disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_cancer" title="Obesity and cancer">Obesity and cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">Osteoarthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediabetes" title="Prediabetes">Prediabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">Sleep apnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">Type 2 diabetes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Management_of_obesity" title="Management of obesity">Management of obesity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-obesity medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatrics" title="Bariatrics">Bariatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloric_deficit" title="Caloric deficit">Caloric deficit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">Exercise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_exercise" title="Outline of exercise">outline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liposuction" title="Liposuction">Liposuction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_medicine" title="Obesity medicine">Obesity medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss_camp" title="Weight loss camp">Weight loss camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss_coaching" title="Weight loss coaching">Weight loss coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo-yo_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yo-yo effect">Yo-yo effect</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Social aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_food" title="Comfort food">Comfort food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a> (<a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fast_food" title="Criticism of fast food">Criticism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_fetishism" title="Fat fetishism">Fat fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_at_Every_Size" title="Health at Every Size">Health at Every Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_the_environment" title="Obesity and the environment">Obesity and the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">Sedentary lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_obesity" title="Social determinants of obesity">Social determinants of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Social stigma of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_cutting" title="Weight cutting">Weight cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_class" title="Weight class">Weight class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_body_weight" title="Template:Human body weight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_body_weight" title="Template talk:Human body weight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_body_weight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human body weight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obesity_Med2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The cardboard packaging of two medications used to treat obesity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Obesity_Med2008.JPG/220px-Obesity_Med2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Obesity_Med2008.JPG/330px-Obesity_Med2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Obesity_Med2008.JPG/440px-Obesity_Med2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orlistat" title="Orlistat">Orlistat</a> (Xenical), the most commonly used medication to treat obesity and <a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">sibutramine</a> (Meridia), a medication that was withdrawn due to cardiovascular side effects</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Anti-obesity medication</b> or <b>weight loss medications</b> are <a href="/wiki/Pharmacological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacological">pharmacological</a> agents that reduce or control excess <a href="/wiki/Body_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Body fat">body fat</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a> alter one of the fundamental processes of the <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human body</a>, <a href="/wiki/Body_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Body weight">weight</a> regulation, by: <a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">reducing appetite</a> and consequently <a href="/wiki/Energy_intake" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy intake">energy intake</a>, increasing <a href="/wiki/Energy_expenditure" title="Energy expenditure">energy expenditure</a>, redirecting nutrients from adipose to lean tissue, or interfering with the absorption of calories.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NICECG043_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICECG043-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weight loss drugs have been developed since the early twentieth century, and many have been banned or withdrawn from the market due to adverse effects, including deaths; other drugs proved ineffective. Although many earlier drugs were <a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">stimulants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamines">amphetamines</a>, in the early 2020s, <a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 receptor agonists</a> became popular for weight loss. </p><p>The medications <a href="/wiki/Liraglutide" title="Liraglutide">liraglutide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Naltrexone/bupropion" title="Naltrexone/bupropion">naltrexone/bupropion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orlistat" title="Orlistat">orlistat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Semaglutide" title="Semaglutide">semaglutide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tirzepatide" title="Tirzepatide">tirzepatide</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are approved by the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) for <a href="/wiki/Weight_management" title="Weight management">weight management</a> in combination with reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. As of 2022, no medication has been shown to be as effective at long-term weight reduction as <a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">bariatric surgery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34815532_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34815532-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms_of_action">Mechanisms of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mechanisms of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_intake">Energy intake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Energy intake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor</a> agonists reduce appetite by working on <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin receptor">serotonin receptors</a> in a region of the brain called the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lorcaserin" title="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</a> (Belviq) was FDA approved for weight loss but was withdrawn from the market because a safety clinical trial shows an increased occurrence of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">Cannabinoid receptor antagonists</a> were developed to treat obesity because researchers noticed that cannabinoid agonists (such as <a href="/wiki/THC" class="mw-redirect" title="THC">THC</a>, the main pharmacologically active component of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>), increased appetite. However, some drugs in this class such as <a href="/wiki/Rimonabant" title="Rimonabant">rimonabant</a> were withdrawn or ceased development to concerns about mental health and suicide. More selective drugs—some are in development that act only in peripheral tissues, not the brain—may be able to achieve this result with fewer adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLP-1_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GLP-1 agonist">GLP-1 agonists</a> such as tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide slow gastric emptying and also have neurologically driven effects on appetite.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown if GLP-1 agonists or dual/triple agonists of GLP-1 and/or the <a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor" title="Glucagon receptor">glucagon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide_receptor" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor">GIP receptors</a> act solely by reducing energy intake or if they also increase energy expenditure.<sup id="cite_ref-Genchi_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genchi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setmelanotide" title="Setmelanotide">Setmelanotide</a> is an agonist of the <a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="Melanocortin 4 receptor">melanocortin 4 receptor</a> and is used in people with certain rare genetic conditions that cause obesity. It is less effective and not approved for general obesity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some weight loss drugs act on the neurotransmitters <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> to reduce appetite.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_expenditure">Energy expenditure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Energy expenditure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenergic agonists">Adrenergic agonists</a> that work on the <a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">beta-2 adrenergic receptor</a> increase energy expenditure. Although some such as <a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">clenbuterol</a> are used without medical approval for weight loss, none have achieved approval for this indication due to cardiac risks.<sup id="cite_ref-Christoffersen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christoffersen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-obesity effects of <a href="/wiki/Amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamines">amphetamines</a>, besides acting on the brain to reduce energy intake, are also mediated by the beta-2 adrenergic receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> (and related compounds that are also active ingredients in <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">ephedra</a> preparations) exert their effects by acting directly and indirectly as adrenergic agonists.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The discontinued drug <a href="/wiki/2,4-dinitrophenol" class="mw-redirect" title="2,4-dinitrophenol">2,4-dinitrophenol</a> works by increasing energy expenditure by decreasing the efficiency of mitochondria (<a href="/wiki/Uncoupling_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncoupling agent">uncoupling agent</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Christoffersen_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christoffersen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> of DNP, <a href="/wiki/HU6" title="HU6">HU6</a>, has been tested in clinical trials for weight loss and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver_disease" title="Fatty liver disease">fatty liver disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FGF21" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF21">Fibroblast growth factor-21</a> receptor agonists and drugs increasing FGF-21 activity are being investigated for obesity-related diseases; they can increase energy expenditure and several have been tested in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a>, another early weight loss drug, also raised energy expenditure but ceased to be used for weight loss due to cardiac risks and other adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Christoffersen_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christoffersen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selective <a href="/wiki/Thyromimetic" title="Thyromimetic">thyromimetics</a> that work on the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_beta" title="Thyroid hormone receptor beta">thyroid hormone receptor beta</a> may be able to exert some of the beneficial <a href="/wiki/Thermogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermogenic">thermogenic</a> effects of thyroid hormones with fewer adverse effects, but none have received approval as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Genchi_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genchi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Both">Both</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Both"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylin" title="Amylin">Amylin</a> analogues can both reduce energy intake and increase expenditure and can usefully be combined with <a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">leptin</a> analogues for synergistic effect.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dual_amylin_and_calcitonin_receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist">dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Cagrilintide" title="Cagrilintide">cagrilintide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cagrilintide/semaglutide" title="Cagrilintide/semaglutide">in combination with semaglutide</a>, was more effective than semaglutide alone in promoting weight loss in clinical trials.<sup id="cite_ref-dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor_agonist" title="Glucagon receptor agonist">Glucagon receptor agonists</a> both reduce energy intake and increase energy expenditure in humans. They can cause hyperglycemia so it is recommended to combine them with a hypoglycemic drug, such as a GLP-1 or GIP receptor agonist.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_mechanisms">Other mechanisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimagrumab" title="Bimagrumab">Bimagrumab</a>, an experimental drug, works by inhibiting the action of <a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">myostatin</a>, which limits the size of <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a>. The drug has shown the ability to increase lean mass simultaneously to decreasing fat mass in obese humans, which is beneficial because it preserves or increases energy expenditure while reducing risks associated with excess fat.<sup id="cite_ref-Christoffersen_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christoffersen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlistat" title="Orlistat">Orlistat</a> (Xenical) and <a href="/wiki/Cetilistat" title="Cetilistat">cetilistat</a> reduce intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_lipase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic lipase">pancreatic lipase</a>, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in the intestine. Without this enzyme, triglycerides from the diet are prevented from being hydrolyzed into absorbable free fatty acids and are excreted undigested.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequent oily bowel movements <a href="/wiki/Steatorrhea" title="Steatorrhea">steatorrhea</a> is a possible side effect of using Orlistat. Originally available only by prescription, it was approved by the FDA for over-the-counter sale in February 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a revised label for Xenical to include new safety information about rare cases of severe liver injury that have been reported with the use of this medication.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 phase 2 trial found cetilistat significantly reduced weight and was better tolerated than orlistat.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGLT2_inhibitor" title="SGLT2 inhibitor">SGLT2 inhibitors</a> cause the loss of 60–100 grams (2.1–3.5 oz) <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> in the urine each day and are associated with a modest, sustained weight loss of 1.5–2 kilograms (3.3–4.4 lb) in people with type 2 diabetes. The weight loss is less than expected due to compensatory increases in energy intake, but is additive when combined with <a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 receptor agonists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first described attempts at producing <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a> are those of <a href="/wiki/Soranus_of_Ephesus" title="Soranus of Ephesus">Soranus of Ephesus</a>, a Greek physician, in the second century AD. He prescribed elixirs of <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxatives</a> and purgatives, as well as heat, massage, and exercise. This remained the mainstay of treatment for well over a thousand years. It was not until the 1920s and 1930s that new treatments began to appear. Based on its effectiveness for <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormone</a> became a popular treatment for obesity in <a href="/wiki/Euthyroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthyroid">euthyroid</a> people. It had a modest effect but produced the symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a> as a side effect, such as <a href="/wiki/Palpitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palpitation">palpitations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">difficulty sleeping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4610359_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4610359-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2,4-Dinitrophenol" title="2,4-Dinitrophenol">2,4-Dinitrophenol</a> (DNP) was introduced in 1933; this worked by <a href="/wiki/Uncoupler" title="Uncoupler">uncoupling</a> the biological process of <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>, causing them to produce heat instead of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>. Overdose caused fatal <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a> and DNP also caused <a href="/wiki/Cataracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataracts">cataracts</a> in some users. After the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a> in 1938, the FDA banned DNP for human consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Swann_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swann-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamines">Amphetamines</a> (marketed as Benzedrine) became popular for weight loss during the late 1930s. They worked primarily by suppressing appetite, and had other beneficial effects such as increased alertness. Use of amphetamines increased over the subsequent decades, including <a href="/wiki/Obetrol" title="Obetrol">Obetrol</a> and culminating in the "rainbow diet pill" regime.<sup id="cite_ref-AJPH2012_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJPH2012-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a combination of multiple pills, all thought to help with weight loss, taken throughout the day. Typical regimens included stimulants, such as amphetamines, as well as thyroid hormone, <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digitalis" title="Digitalis">digitalis</a>, laxatives, and often a <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturate</a> to suppress the side effects of the stimulants.<sup id="cite_ref-AJPH2012_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJPH2012-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967/1968 a number of deaths attributed to diet pills triggered a Senate investigation and the gradual implementation of greater restrictions on the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Pool2001_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pool2001-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While rainbow diet pills were banned in the US in the late 1960s, they reappeared in South America and Europe in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-AJPH2012_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJPH2012-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, phentermine had been FDA approved and <a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">fenfluramine</a> in 1973. In the early 1990s two studies found that a combination of the drugs was more effective than either on its own; <i><a href="/wiki/Fen-phen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fen-phen">fen-phen</a></i> became popular in the United States and had more than 18 million prescriptions in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence mounted that the combination could cause <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">valvular heart disease</a> in up to 30 percent of those who had taken it, leading to withdrawal of fen-phen and <a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">dexfenfluramine</a> from the market in September 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Pool2001_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pool2001-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 2020s, <a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 receptor agonists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Semaglutide" title="Semaglutide">semaglutide</a> or tirzepatide became popular for weight loss because they are more effective than earlier drugs, causing a shortage for patients prescribed these medications for <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a>, their original indication.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patient_population">Patient population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Patient population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> have approved weight loss medications for adults with either a <a href="/wiki/Body-mass_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-mass index">body-mass index</a> (BMI) of at least 30, or a body-mass index of at least 27 with at least one weight-related comorbidity. This patient population is considered to have sufficiently high baseline health risks to justify the use of anti-obesity medication.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WegovyEMA_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WegovyEMA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> had not previously supported the use of weight loss medication in adolescents but issued new guidelines in 2023. It now recommends considering the use of weight loss medication in some overweight children aged 12 or older.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> has approved semaglutide for children aged 12 or older who have a BMI in the 95 percentile for their age and a weight of at least 60 kilograms (130 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WegovyEMA_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WegovyEMA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, GLP-1 agonists may not be cost effective in this population.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medication">Medication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_FDA_approved">US FDA approved</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: US FDA approved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approves anti-obesity medications as an adjunctive therapy to diet and exercise for people for whom lifestyle changes do not result in sufficient weight loss. In the United States, semaglutide (Wegovy) is approved by the FDA for chronic weight management.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDA guidelines say that a therapy may be approved if it results in weight loss that is statistically significant greater than placebo and generally at least five percent of body weight over six months that comes predominantly from fat mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Christoffersen_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christoffersen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other prescription weight loss medications are stimulants, which are recommended only for short-term use, and thus are of limited usefulness for patients who may need to reduce weight over months or years.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, there is no pathway for approval for drugs that reduce fat mass without 5 percent overall weight loss, even if they significantly improve metabolic health; neither is there one for drugs that help patients maintain weight loss although this can be more challenging than losing weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Christoffersen_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christoffersen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2022, no medication has been discovered that would equal the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">bariatric surgery</a> for long-term weight loss and improved health outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34815532_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34815532-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Medication Name </th> <th>Trade name(s) </th> <th>Mechanism of action </th> <th>Current FDA Status </th> <th>placebo-adjusted percent bodyweight lost (highest dose studied) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semaglutide" title="Semaglutide">Semaglutide</a> </td> <td>Wegovy, Ozempic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 receptor agonist</a> </td> <td>Approved for weight management (chronic) </td> <td>12%<sup id="cite_ref-Once-Weekly_Semaglutide_in_Adults_w_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Once-Weekly_Semaglutide_in_Adults_w-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phentermine/topiramate" title="Phentermine/topiramate">Phentermine/topiramate</a> </td> <td>Qsymia </td> <td>Phentermine is a <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">substituted amphetamine</a> and topiramate has an unknown mechanism of action </td> <td>Approved for weight management (short-term) by the FDA but not the European Medicines Agency<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>10%<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 8.25 kilograms (18.2 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone/bupropion" title="Naltrexone/bupropion">Naltrexone/bupropion</a> </td> <td>Contrave </td> <td> </td> <td>Approved for weight management (chronic) in the US and EU<sup id="cite_ref-Mysimba_EPAR_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mysimba_EPAR-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5 percent<sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liraglutide" title="Liraglutide">Liraglutide</a> </td> <td>Saxenda </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 receptor agonist</a> </td> <td>Approved for weight management (chronic) </td> <td>4 percent<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gelesis100" title="Gelesis100">Gelesis100</a> </td> <td>Plenity </td> <td>Oral hydrogel </td> <td>FDA approved for weight management (chronic) but the American Gastroenterology Association recommends that its use be limited to <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical trials">clinical trials</a> due to lack of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-AGA_Obesity_Guidelines_2022_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGA_Obesity_Guidelines_2022-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2%<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orlistat" title="Orlistat">Orlistat</a> </td> <td>Xenical </td> <td>Absorption inhibitor </td> <td>Approved for weight management (chronic) </td> <td>3 kilograms (6.6 lb); percentage not provided<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Substituted amphetamine</a> </td> <td>Approved for weight management (short-term) </td> <td>5 kilograms (11 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> </td> <td>Desoxyn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Substituted amphetamine</a> </td> <td>Approved for weight management (short-term) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirzepatide" title="Tirzepatide">Tirzepatide</a> </td> <td>Zepbound </td> <td>Dual <a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 receptor agonist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glucose-dependent_insulinotropic_polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide">GIP agonist</a> </td> <td>FDA approved for weight management (chronic);<sup id="cite_ref-zepboundapproval_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zepboundapproval-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EMA approval for weight loss is pending<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>10.91 kilograms (24.1 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-Lin_Yu_Ling_Lv_2023_p._e0285197_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin_Yu_Ling_Lv_2023_p._e0285197-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawn">Withdrawn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Withdrawn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Medication Name </th> <th>Trade name(s) </th> <th>Mechanism of action </th> <th>Current FDA Status </th> <th>placebo-adjusted percent bodyweight lost (highest dose studied) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lorcaserin" title="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</a> </td> <td>Belviq </td> <td><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">5-HT2C receptor</a> agonist </td> <td>Withdrawn for safety reasons </td> <td>6.25 percent<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a> </td> <td>Meridia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> </td> <td>Withdrawn due to cardiovascular risks<sup id="cite_ref-Meridia2010_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meridia2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>19.7 percent<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rimonabant" title="Rimonabant">Rimonabant</a> </td> <td>Acomplia, Zimbutli </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">Cannabinoid receptor antagonist</a> </td> <td>Withdrawn for safety reasons </td> <td>2.6 to 6.3 kilograms (5.7 to 13.9 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a> </td> <td>Fintepla, Pondimin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_releasing_agent" title="Serotonin releasing agent">Serotonin releasing agent</a> </td> <td>Withdrawn for safety reasons </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine/phentermine" title="Fenfluramine/phentermine">Fenfluramine/phentermine</a> (fen-phen) </td> <td>Pondimin </td> <td> </td> <td>Withdrawn for safety reasons </td> <td>13.9 percent<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">Dexfenfluramine</a> </td> <td>Redux </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_releasing_agent" title="Serotonin releasing agent">Serotonin releasing agent</a> </td> <td>Withdrawn for safety reasons </td> <td>3.5 kilograms (7.7 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2,4-Dinitrophenol" title="2,4-Dinitrophenol">2,4-Dinitrophenol</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uncoupling_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncoupling agent">Uncoupling agent</a> </td> <td>Withdrawn for safety reasons </td> <td>17.1 pounds (7.8 kg) per patient on average (uncontrolled study)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist">Adrenergic agonist</a> </td> <td>Approved for <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Average of 1.9 kilograms (4.2 lb) in a meta-analysis (all dosages)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECA_stack" title="ECA stack">ECA stack</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Combination of ephedrine and <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, sometimes adding <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Around 4–6 kilograms (8.8–13.2 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-Eckerson_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckerson-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a> </td> <td>Plant extract sold as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a> </td> <td>Contains <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist">adrenergic agonist</a> </td> <td>Banned in 2004 for safety reasons </td> <td>0.9 kilograms (2.0 lb) per month more than placebo<sup id="cite_ref-Eckerson_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckerson-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamine salts">Amphetamine salts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obetrol" title="Obetrol">Obetrol</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Approved 1960, withdrawn 1973; <a href="/wiki/Adderall" title="Adderall">Adderall</a> was later approved for <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a> and is still used for those purposes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a> </td> <td>Was an over-the-counter medication ingredient </td> <td> </td> <td>Withdrawn in 2005 due to risk of <a href="/wiki/Hemorragic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorragic stroke">hemorragic stroke</a> </td> <td>1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Never_approved">Never approved</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Never approved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Medication Name </th> <th>Trade name(s) </th> <th>Mechanism of action </th> <th>Current FDA Status </th> <th>placebo-adjusted percent bodyweight lost (highest dose studied) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Retatrutide" title="Retatrutide">Retatrutide</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>GLP-1, <a href="/wiki/GIP_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="GIP receptor">GIP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor" title="Glucagon receptor">glucagon receptor</a> triple agonist </td> <td>In clinical trials </td> <td>24 percent in a Phase II trial<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Exenatide" title="Exenatide">Exenatide</a> </td> <td>Byetta </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 receptor agonist</a> </td> <td>Approved for type 2 diabetes </td> <td>2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cetilistat" title="Cetilistat">Cetilistat</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Absorption inhibitor </td> <td>Not approved </td> <td>1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a> (NS2330) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> </td> <td>Not FDA approved </td> <td>10.6 percent<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metformin" title="Metformin">Metformin</a> </td> <td>Glucophage </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Approved for type 2 diabetes </td> <td>5.6 percent<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cagrilintide" title="Cagrilintide">Cagrilintide</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dual_amylin_and_calcitonin_receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist">Dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist</a> (DACRA) </td> <td>Not approved </td> <td>7.8 percent<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cagrilintide/semaglutide" title="Cagrilintide/semaglutide">Cagrilintide/semaglutide</a> </td> <td>CagriSema </td> <td>DACRA/GLP-1 agonist combination </td> <td>Not approved </td> <td>15.4 percent after 32 weeks<sup id="cite_ref-dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_side_effects">Safety and side effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Safety and side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some anti-obesity medications can have severe, even, lethal side effects, <a href="/wiki/Fen-phen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fen-phen">fen-phen</a> being a famous example. Fen-phen was reported through the FDA to cause abnormal echocardiograms, heart valve problems, and rare valvular diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of 25 anti-obesity medications withdrawn from the market between 1964 and 2009, 23 acted by altering the functions of chemical <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters">neurotransmitters</a> in the brain. The most common side effects of these drugs that led to withdrawals were mental disturbances, cardiac side effects, and <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">drug abuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drug_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dependence">drug dependence</a>. Deaths were associated with seven products.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a> was removed from the US market in 2004 over concerns that it raises blood pressure and could lead to strokes and death.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolata2007_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolata2007-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=FDA+Announces+Withdrawal+Fenfluramine+and+Dexfenfluramine+%28Fen-Phen%29&rft.aulast=Bachorik&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FDrugs%2FDrugSafety%2FPostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders%2Fucm179871.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-obesity+medication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnakpoyaHeneghanAronson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Onakpoya IJ, Heneghan CJ, Aronson JK (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5126837">"Post-marketing withdrawal of anti-obesity medicinal products because of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review"</a>. <i>BMC Medicine</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12916-016-0735-y">10.1186/s12916-016-0735-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-7015">1741-7015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5126837">5126837</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27894343">27894343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Medicine&rft.atitle=Post-marketing+withdrawal+of+anti-obesity+medicinal+products+because+of+adverse+drug+reactions%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=191&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5126837%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1741-7015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27894343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12916-016-0735-y&rft.aulast=Onakpoya&rft.aufirst=Igho+J.&rft.au=Heneghan%2C+Carl+J.&rft.au=Aronson%2C+Jeffrey+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5126837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-obesity+medication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolata2007-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kolata2007_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolata2007" class="citation book cs1">Kolata G (2007). <i>Rethinking thin: The new science of weight loss – and the myths and realities of dieting</i>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42785-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42785-6"><bdi>978-0-312-42785-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+thin%3A+The+new+science+of+weight+loss+%E2%80%93+and+the+myths+and+realities+of+dieting&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42785-6&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=Gina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-obesity+medication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-obesity_medication&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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of obesity">Classification of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_of_obesity" title="Genetics of obesity">Genetics of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_cancer" title="Obesity and cancer">Obesity and cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_hypoventilation_syndrome" title="Obesity hypoventilation syndrome">Obesity hypoventilation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-obesity medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_obesity" title="Management of obesity">Management of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_walking" title="Obesity and walking">Obesity and walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_the_environment" title="Obesity and the environment">Obesity and the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_paradox" title="Obesity paradox">Obesity paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_obesity" title="Parental obesity">Parental obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectobesity" title="Infectobesity">Infectobesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_fetishism" title="Fat fetishism">Fat fetishism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overnutrition" title="Overnutrition">Overnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overeating" title="Overeating">Overeating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">emotional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_obesity" title="Epidemiology of obesity">Epidemiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Argentina" title="Obesity in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Australia" title="Obesity in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Austria" title="Obesity in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Canada" title="Obesity in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_China" title="Obesity in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_France" title="Obesity in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Germany" title="Obesity in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_India" title="Obesity in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Italy" title="Obesity in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Malta" title="Obesity in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_Pacific" title="Obesity in the Pacific">Pacific islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Pakistan" title="Obesity in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Obesity in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Thailand" title="Obesity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Ukraine" title="Obesity in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antiobesity_agents/Anorectics_(A08)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamines">Amphetamines</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Phenethylamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenethylamines">phenethylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylamphetamine" title="4-Methylamphetamine">4-Methylamphetamine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfecloral" title="Amfecloral">Amfecloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepentorex" title="Amfepentorex">Amfepentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetaminil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetaminil">Amphetaminil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzphetamine" title="Benzphetamine">Benzphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">Cathine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphentermine" title="Chlorphentermine">Chlorphentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenzorex" title="Clobenzorex">Clobenzorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloforex" title="Cloforex">Cloforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clortermine" title="Clortermine">Clortermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcathinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethylcathinone">Dimethylcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilamfetamine" title="Etilamfetamine">Etilamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etolorex" title="Etolorex">Etolorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenproporex" title="Fenproporex">Fenproporex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludorex" title="Fludorex">Fludorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furfenorex" title="Furfenorex">Furfenorex</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenorex" title="Mefenorex">Mefenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">Norfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentorex" title="Pentorex">Pentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phentermine/topiramate" title="Phentermine/topiramate">+topiramate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylopropamine" title="Xylopropamine">Xylopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylofuramine" title="Zylofuramine">Zylofuramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenergic agonists">Adrenergic agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albuterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuterol">Albuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">Clenbuterol</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levopropylhexedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levopropylhexedrine">Levopropylhexedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbutaline" title="Terbutaline">Terbutaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yohimbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Yohimbe">Yohimbe</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benfluorex" title="Benfluorex">Benfluorex</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naltrexone/bupropion" title="Naltrexone/bupropion">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">Dexfenfluramine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difemetorex" title="Difemetorex">Difemetorex</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenbutrazate" title="Fenbutrazate">Fenbutrazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine/phentermine" title="Fenfluramine/phentermine">+phentermine</a><sup>‡</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendimetrazine" title="Phendimetrazine">Phendimetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenmetrazine" title="Phenmetrazine">Phenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipradrol" title="Pipradrol">Pipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylhexedrine" title="Propylhexedrine">Propylhexedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">Pyrovalerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">Cannabinoid<br />antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinabant" title="Drinabant">Drinabant</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibipinabant" title="Ibipinabant">Ibipinabant</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otenabant" title="Otenabant">Otenabant</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimonabant" title="Rimonabant">Rimonabant</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosonabant" title="Rosonabant">Rosonabant</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinabant" title="Surinabant">Surinabant</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranabant" title="Taranabant">Taranabant</a><sup>§</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose-dependent_insulinotropic_polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide">GIP</a>, <a href="/wiki/GLP1_poly-agonist_peptides" title="GLP1 poly-agonist peptides">and / or</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor_agonist" title="Glucagon receptor agonist">glucagon agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMG_133" class="mw-redirect" title="AMG 133">AMG 133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinchonine" title="Cinchonine">Cinchonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotadutide" title="Cotadutide">Cotadutide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuglipron" title="Danuglipron">Danuglipron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecnoglutide" title="Ecnoglutide">Ecnoglutide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exenatide" title="Exenatide">Exenatide</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liraglutide" title="Liraglutide">Liraglutide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orforglipron" title="Orforglipron">Orforglipron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyntomodulin" title="Oxyntomodulin">Oxyntomodulin</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retatrutide" title="Retatrutide">Retatrutide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaglutide" title="Semaglutide">Semaglutide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagrilintide/semaglutide" title="Cagrilintide/semaglutide">+cagrilintide</a><sup>†</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirzepatide" title="Tirzepatide">Tirzepatide</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dual_amylin_and_calcitonin_receptor_agonists" title="Dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists">DACRAs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cagrilintide" title="Cagrilintide">Cagrilintide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagrilintide/semaglutide" title="Cagrilintide/semaglutide">+semaglutide</a><sup>†</sup>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor_agonist" title="5-HT2C receptor agonist">5-HT2C<br />receptor agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-Hydroxytryptophan" title="5-Hydroxytryptophan">5-HTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcaserin" title="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Absorption inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cetilistat" title="Cetilistat">Cetilistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirlotapide" title="Dirlotapide">Dirlotapide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitratapide" title="Mitratapide">Mitratapide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlistat" title="Orlistat">Orlistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmondsin" title="Simmondsin">Simmondsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uncoupler" title="Uncoupler">Uncouplers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Dinitrophenol" title="2,4-Dinitrophenol">2,4-Dinitrophenol</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beloranib" title="Beloranib">Beloranib</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimagrumab" title="Bimagrumab">Bimagrumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiccated_thyroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiccated thyroid">Desiccated thyroid</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metformin" title="Metformin">Metformin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metreleptin" title="Metreleptin">Metreleptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setmelanotide" title="Setmelanotide">Setmelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZGN-1061" title="ZGN-1061">ZGN-1061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_drug_groups" title="Template talk:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major chemical drug groups – based upon the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A" title="ATC code A">A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>stomach acid</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">Antacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub> antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrhoeals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood<br />forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatrizant">Cicatrizants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">Antipruritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsoriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsoriatic">Antipsoriatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D09" title="ATC code D09">Medicated dressings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G" title="ATC code G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">Mood stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation-enhancing_drug" title="Motivation-enhancing drug">Motivation-enhancing drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">Neuroprotectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">Orexigenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">Serenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R" title="ATC code R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">Bronchodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">Cough medicines</a></li> 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