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aria-controls="toc-Physical_principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_types_of_phase-change_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types_of_phase-change_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Other types of phase-change cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types_of_phase-change_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Designs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_evaporative_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_evaporative_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Direct evaporative cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_evaporative_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirect_evaporative_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_evaporative_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Indirect evaporative cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_evaporative_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maisotsenko_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maisotsenko_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Maisotsenko cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maisotsenko_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Theoretical designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hybrid designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two-stage_evaporative_cooling,_or_indirect-direct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-stage_evaporative_cooling,_or_indirect-direct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Two-stage evaporative cooling, or indirect-direct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-stage_evaporative_cooling,_or_indirect-direct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaporative_+_conventional_backup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaporative_+_conventional_backup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Evaporative + conventional backup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaporative_+_conventional_backup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaporative_+_passive_daytime_radiative_+_thermal_insulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaporative_+_passive_daytime_radiative_+_thermal_insulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Evaporative + passive daytime radiative + thermal insulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaporative_+_passive_daytime_radiative_+_thermal_insulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membrane_dehumidification_and_evaporative_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membrane_dehumidification_and_evaporative_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Membrane dehumidification and evaporative cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membrane_dehumidification_and_evaporative_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Design considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Water use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Shading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Mechanical systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.4</span> <span>Exhaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_types_of_installations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_types_of_installations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Different types of installations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Different_types_of_installations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Different types of installations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Different_types_of_installations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typical_installations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_installations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Typical installations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_installations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaporative_(wet)_cooling_towers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaporative_(wet)_cooling_towers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Evaporative (wet) cooling towers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaporative_(wet)_cooling_towers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misting_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misting_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Misting systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misting_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Misting_fans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misting_fans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Misting fans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misting_fans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_types_of_air_conditioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_types_of_air_conditioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Comparison to other types of air conditioning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_to_other_types_of_air_conditioning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison to other types of air conditioning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_types_of_air_conditioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Evaporative cooler</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdampingsverkoeler" title="Verdampingsverkoeler – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verdampingsverkoeler" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="آلة تبريد تبخيري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلة تبريد تبخيري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="कूलर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कूलर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeraci%C3%B3_per_evaporaci%C3%B3" title="Refrigeració per evaporació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Refrigeració per evaporació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ml%C5%BEen%C3%AD" title="Mlžení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mlžení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporativ_k%C3%B8ling" title="Evaporativ køling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Evaporativ køling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdampfungsk%C3%BChlung" title="Verdampfungskühlung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verdampfungskühlung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeraci%C3%B3n_por_evaporaci%C3%B3n" title="Refrigeración por evaporación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Refrigeración por evaporación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کولر آبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کولر آبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refroidisseur_par_%C3%A9vaporation" title="Refroidisseur par évaporation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Refroidisseur par évaporation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A6%9D%EB%B0%9C%EC%8B%9D_%EB%83%89%EA%B0%81%EA%B8%B0" title="증발식 냉각기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="증발식 냉각기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="वाष्प शीतक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाष्प शीतक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeratore_evaporativo" title="Refrigeratore evaporativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Refrigeratore evaporativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BC" title="എയർ കൂളർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എയർ കൂളർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E9%A2%A8%E6%89%87" title="冷風扇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="冷風扇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordampingsavkj%C3%B8ling" title="Fordampingsavkjøling – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fordampingsavkjøling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatyzator_ewaporacyjny" title="Klimatyzator ewaporacyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klimatyzator ewaporacyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatizador_evaporativo" title="Climatizador evaporativo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Climatizador evaporativo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Испарительный охладитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испарительный охладитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_cooler" title="Swamp cooler – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Swamp cooler" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv 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searchaux" style="display:none">Device that cools air through the evaporation of water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about air conditioning. For similar concept in atomic physics, see <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooling_(atomic_physics)" title="Evaporative cooling (atomic physics)">Evaporative cooling (atomic physics)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Air cooler" redirects here. For the use of air in computer cooling, see <a href="/wiki/Computer_cooling#Air_cooling" title="Computer cooling">Computer cooling § Air cooling</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tools_4_Water_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tools_4_Water_002.JPG/170px-Tools_4_Water_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tools_4_Water_002.JPG/255px-Tools_4_Water_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tools_4_Water_002.JPG/340px-Tools_4_Water_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>An Egyptian qullah, set in drafts to cool interiors. Porous pottery and coarse cloth maximize the area for evaporation.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>evaporative cooler</b> (also known as <b>evaporative air conditioner</b>, <b>swamp cooler</b>, <b>swamp box</b>, <b>desert cooler</b> and <b>wet air cooler</b>) is a device that cools air through the <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> of water. Evaporative cooling differs from other <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> systems, which use <a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">vapor-compression</a> or <a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">absorption</a> refrigeration cycles. Evaporative cooling exploits the fact that water will absorb a relatively large amount of heat in order to evaporate (that is, it has a large <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">enthalpy of vaporization</a>). The temperature of dry air can be dropped significantly through the <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a> of liquid water to water vapor (evaporation). This can cool air using much less energy than refrigeration. In extremely dry climates, evaporative cooling of air has the added benefit of conditioning the air with more moisture for the comfort of building occupants. </p><p>The cooling potential for evaporative cooling is dependent on the wet-bulb depression, the difference between <a href="/wiki/Dry-bulb_temperature" title="Dry-bulb temperature">dry-bulb temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wet-bulb_temperature" title="Wet-bulb temperature">wet-bulb</a> temperature (see <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">arid climates</a>, evaporative cooling can reduce energy consumption and total equipment for conditioning as an alternative to compressor-based cooling. In climates not considered arid, indirect evaporative cooling can still take advantage of the evaporative cooling process without increasing humidity. Passive evaporative cooling strategies can offer the same benefits as mechanical evaporative cooling systems without the complexity of equipment and ductwork. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An earlier form of evaporative cooling, the <a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">windcatcher</a>, was first used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Persia</a> thousands of years ago in the form of wind shafts on the roof. They caught the wind, passed it over subterranean water in a <i><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">qanat</a></i> and discharged the cooled air into the building. Modern Iranians have widely adopted powered evaporative coolers (<i><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">coolere âbi</i></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evaporative cooler was the subject of numerous US patents in the 20th century; many of these, starting in 1906,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested or assumed the use of <a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">excelsior (wood wool)</a> pads as the elements to bring a large volume of water in contact with moving air to allow evaporation to occur. A typical design, as shown in a 1945 patent, includes a water reservoir (usually with level controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Float_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Float valve">float valve</a>), a pump to circulate water over the excelsior pads and a <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">centrifugal fan</a> to draw air through the pads and into the house.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design and this material remain dominant in evaporative coolers in the <a href="/wiki/American_Southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Southwest">American Southwest</a>, where they are also used to increase humidity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the use of the term <i>swamp cooler</i> may be due to the odor of algae produced by early units.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Externally mounted evaporative cooling devices (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Car_cooler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Car cooler (page does not exist)">car coolers</a>) were used in some automobiles to cool interior air—often as aftermarket accessories<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—until modern vapor-compression air conditioning became widely available. </p><p>Passive evaporative cooling techniques in buildings have been a feature of desert architecture for centuries, but Western acceptance, study, innovation, and commercial application are all relatively recent. In 1974, William H. Goettl noticed how evaporative cooling technology works in arid climates, speculated that a combination unit could be more effective, and invented the "High Efficiency Astro Air Piggyback System", a combination refrigeration and evaporative cooling air conditioner. In 1986, University of Arizona researchers built a passive evaporative cooling tower, and performance data from this experimental facility in Tucson, Arizona became the foundation of evaporative cooling tower design guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-Givoni_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Givoni-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schematic diagram of an ancient Iranian windcatcher and qanat, used for evaporative cooling of buildings"><img alt="Schematic diagram of an ancient Iranian windcatcher and qanat, used for evaporative cooling of buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg/229px-Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg/344px-Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg/459px-Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="817" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schematic diagram of an ancient Iranian <a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">windcatcher</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">qanat</a></i>, used for evaporative cooling of buildings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lal_Qila_(Red_Fort)_123.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A salasabil cooling fountain (Red Fort, Delhi, India)"><img alt="A salasabil cooling fountain (Red Fort, Delhi, India)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lal_Qila_%28Red_Fort%29_123.jpg/120px-Lal_Qila_%28Red_Fort%29_123.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lal_Qila_%28Red_Fort%29_123.jpg/180px-Lal_Qila_%28Red_Fort%29_123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lal_Qila_%28Red_Fort%29_123.jpg/240px-Lal_Qila_%28Red_Fort%29_123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">salasabil</a> cooling fountain (<a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_principles">Physical principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_cooler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Air_cooler.jpg/170px-Air_cooler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Air_cooler.jpg/255px-Air_cooler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Air_cooler.jpg/340px-Air_cooler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A traditional air cooler in <a href="/wiki/Mirzapur" title="Mirzapur">Mirzapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Evaporative coolers lower the temperature of air using the principle of evaporative cooling, unlike typical air conditioning systems which use <a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">vapor-compression refrigeration</a> or <a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">absorption refrigeration</a>. <b>Evaporative cooling</b> is the conversion of liquid water into vapor using the thermal energy in the air, resulting in a lower air temperature. The energy needed to evaporate the water is taken from the air in the form of <a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">sensible heat</a>, which affects the temperature of the air, and converted into <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a>, the energy present in the water vapor component of the air, whilst the air remains at a constant <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a> value. This conversion of sensible heat to latent heat is known as an <a href="/wiki/Isenthalpic_process" title="Isenthalpic process">isenthalpic process</a> because it occurs at a constant enthalpy value. Evaporative cooling therefore causes a drop in the temperature of air proportional to the sensible heat drop and an increase in humidity proportional to the latent heat gain. Evaporative cooling can be visualized using a <a href="/wiki/Psychrometric_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychrometric chart">psychrometric chart</a> by finding the initial air condition and moving along a line of constant enthalpy toward a state of higher humidity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A simple example of natural evaporative cooling is <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">perspiration</a>, or sweat, secreted by the body, evaporation of which cools the body. The amount of heat transfer depends on the evaporation rate, however for each kilogram of water vaporized 2,257 kJ of energy (about 890 BTU per pound of pure water, at 95 °F (35 °C)) are transferred. The evaporation rate depends on the temperature and humidity of the air, which is why sweat accumulates more on humid days, as it does not evaporate fast enough. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> uses evaporative cooling, but the evaporated vapor is within a sealed system, and is then compressed ready to evaporate again, using energy to do so. A simple evaporative cooler's water is evaporated into the environment, and not recovered. In an interior space cooling unit, the evaporated water is introduced into the space along with the now-cooled air; in an evaporative tower the evaporated water is carried off in the airflow exhaust. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types_of_phase-change_cooling">Other types of phase-change cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other types of phase-change cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A closely related process, <i>sublimation cooling</i>, differs from evaporative cooling in that a <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">phase transition from solid to vapor</a>, rather than liquid to vapor, occurs. </p><p>Sublimation cooling has been observed to operate on a planetary scale on the planetoid <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, where it has been called an <a href="/wiki/Anti-greenhouse_effect" title="Anti-greenhouse effect">anti-greenhouse effect</a>. </p><p>Another application of a phase change to cooling is the "self-refrigerating" beverage can. A separate compartment inside the can contains a <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccant</a> and a liquid. Just before drinking, a tab is pulled so that the desiccant comes into contact with the liquid and dissolves. As it does so, it absorbs an amount of heat energy called the <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat_of_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Latent heat of fusion">latent heat of fusion</a>. Evaporative cooling works with the phase change of <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> into <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">latent heat of vaporization</a>, but the self-cooling can uses a change from solid to liquid, and the latent heat of fusion, to achieve the same result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the advent of modern refrigeration, evaporative cooling was used for millennia, for instance in <i><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">qanats</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">windcatchers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">mashrabiyas</a>. A porous <a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a> vessel would cool water by evaporation through its walls; <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> from about 2500 BCE show slaves fanning jars of water to cool rooms<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Alternatively, a bowl filled with milk or butter could be placed in another bowl filled with water, all being covered with a wet cloth resting in the water, to keep the milk or butter as fresh as possible (see <a href="/wiki/Zeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeer">zeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botijo" title="Botijo">botijo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coolgardie_safe" title="Coolgardie safe">Coolgardie safe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qanat_wind_tower.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Qanat_wind_tower.svg/220px-Qanat_wind_tower.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Qanat_wind_tower.svg/330px-Qanat_wind_tower.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Qanat_wind_tower.svg/440px-Qanat_wind_tower.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Persian passive design taking advantage of evaporative cooling</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RANCHHOUSE2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RANCHHOUSE2.JPG/220px-RANCHHOUSE2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RANCHHOUSE2.JPG/330px-RANCHHOUSE2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RANCHHOUSE2.JPG/440px-RANCHHOUSE2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>California <a href="/wiki/Ranch_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranch house">ranch house</a> with evaporative cooler box on roof ridgeline on right</figcaption></figure> <p>Evaporative cooling is a common form of cooling buildings for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">thermal comfort</a> since it is relatively cheap and requires less energy than other forms of cooling. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psychometric_chart_example_of_Salt_Lake_City.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Psychometric_chart_example_of_Salt_Lake_City.png/220px-Psychometric_chart_example_of_Salt_Lake_City.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Psychometric_chart_example_of_Salt_Lake_City.png/330px-Psychometric_chart_example_of_Salt_Lake_City.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Psychometric_chart_example_of_Salt_Lake_City.png/440px-Psychometric_chart_example_of_Salt_Lake_City.png 2x" data-file-width="3379" data-file-height="2023" /></a><figcaption>Psychrometric chart example of Salt Lake City</figcaption></figure> <p>The figure showing the Salt Lake City weather data represents the typical summer climate (June to September). The colored lines illustrate the potential of direct and indirect evaporative cooling strategies to expand the comfort range in summer time. It is mainly explained by the combination of a higher air speed on one hand and elevated indoor humidity when the region permits the direct evaporative cooling strategy on the other hand. Evaporative cooling strategies that involve the humidification of the air should be implemented in dry condition where the increase in moisture content stays below recommendations for occupant's comfort and indoor air quality. <a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a> towers lack the control that traditional HVAC systems offer to occupants. However, the additional air movement provided into the space can improve occupant comfort. </p><p>Evaporative cooling is most effective when the relative humidity is on the low side, limiting its popularity to dry climates. Evaporative cooling raises the internal humidity level significantly, which desert inhabitants may appreciate as the moist air re-hydrates dry skin and sinuses. Therefore, assessing typical climate data is an essential procedure to determine the potential of evaporative cooling strategies for a building. The three most important climate considerations are <a href="/wiki/Dry-bulb_temperature" title="Dry-bulb temperature">dry-bulb temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wet-bulb_temperature" title="Wet-bulb temperature">wet-bulb temperature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wet-bulb_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet-bulb depression">wet-bulb depression</a> during a typical summer day. It is important to determine if the wet-bulb depression can provide sufficient cooling during the summer day. By subtracting the wet-bulb depression from the outside dry-bulb temperature, one can estimate the approximate air temperature leaving the evaporative cooler. It is important to consider that the ability for the exterior dry-bulb temperature to reach the wet-bulb temperature depends on the saturation efficiency. A general recommendation for applying direct evaporative cooling is to implement it in places where the wet-bulb temperature of the outdoor air does not exceed 22 °C (72 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Givoni_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Givoni-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the example of Salt Lake City, the upper limit for the direct evaporative cooling on psychrometric chart is 20 °C (68 °F). Despite the lower temperature, evaporative cooling is suitable for similar climates to Salt Lake City. </p><p>Evaporative cooling is especially well suited for <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a> where the air is hot and <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> is low. In the United States, the western and mountain states are good locations, with evaporative coolers prevalent in cities like <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a>. Evaporative air conditioning is also popular and well-suited to the southern (temperate) part of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. In dry, arid climates, the installation and operating cost of an evaporative cooler can be much lower than that of refrigerative air conditioning, often by 80% or so. However, evaporative cooling and vapor-compression air conditioning are sometimes used in combination to yield optimal cooling results. Some evaporative coolers may also serve as <a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">humidifiers</a> in the heating season. In regions that are mostly arid, short periods of high humidity may prevent evaporative cooling from being an effective cooling strategy. An example of this event is the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexican Monsoon">monsoon season in New Mexico and central and southern Arizona</a> in July and August. </p><p>In locations with moderate humidity there are many cost-effective uses for evaporative cooling, in addition to their widespread use in dry climates. For example, industrial plants, commercial kitchens, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_laundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial laundry">laundries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaners" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry cleaners">dry cleaners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>, spot cooling (loading docks, warehouses, factories, construction sites, athletic events, workshops, garages, and kennels) and confinement farming (poultry ranches, hog, and dairy) often employ evaporative cooling. In highly humid climates, evaporative cooling may have little <a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">thermal comfort</a> benefit beyond the increased <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a> and air movement it provides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trees transpire large amounts of water through pores in their leaves called <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a>, and through this process of evaporative cooling, forests interact with climate at local and global scales.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simple evaporative cooling devices such as <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooling_chambers" title="Evaporative cooling chambers">evaporative cooling chambers</a> (ECCs) and clay pot coolers, or <a href="/wiki/Pot-in-pot_refrigerator" title="Pot-in-pot refrigerator">pot-in-pot refrigerators</a>, are simple and inexpensive ways to keep vegetables fresh without the use of electricity. Several hot and dry regions throughout the world could potentially benefit from evaporative cooling, including North Africa, the Sahel region of Africa, the Horn of Africa, southern Africa, the Middle East, arid regions of South Asia, and Australia. Benefits of evaporative cooling chambers for many rural communities in these regions include reduced post-harvest loss, less time spent traveling to the market, monetary savings, and increased availability of vegetables for consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evaporative cooling is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenic</a> applications. The vapor above a reservoir of cryogenic liquid is pumped away, and the liquid continuously evaporates as long as the liquid's <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> is significant. Evaporative cooling of ordinary <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> forms a <a href="/wiki/1-K_pot" title="1-K pot">1-K pot</a>, which can cool to at least 1.2 K. Evaporative cooling of <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> can provide temperatures below 300 mK. These techniques can be used to make <a href="/wiki/Cryocoolers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryocoolers">cryocoolers</a>, or as components of lower-temperature <a href="/wiki/Cryostat" title="Cryostat">cryostats</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dilution_refrigerator" title="Dilution refrigerator">dilution refrigerators</a>. As the temperature decreases, the vapor pressure of the liquid also falls, and cooling becomes less effective. This sets a lower limit to the temperature attainable with a given liquid. </p><p>Evaporative cooling is also the last cooling step in order to reach the ultra-low temperatures required for <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bose–Einstein condensation">Bose–Einstein condensation</a> (BEC). Here, so-called forced evaporative cooling is used to selectively remove high-energetic ("hot") atoms from an atom cloud until the remaining cloud is cooled below the BEC transition temperature. For a cloud of 1 million alkali atoms, this temperature is about 1μK. </p><p>Although robotic <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> use <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a> almost exclusively, many crewed spacecraft have short missions that permit open-cycle evaporative cooling. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a> (CSM), <a href="/wiki/Lunar_module" title="Lunar module">lunar module</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portable_life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable life support system">portable life support system</a>. The Apollo CSM and the Space Shuttle also had radiators, and the Shuttle could evaporate <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> as well as water. The Apollo spacecraft used <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimators</a>, compact and largely passive devices that dump waste heat in water vapor (steam) that is vented to space.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When liquid water is exposed to vacuum it boils vigorously, carrying away enough heat to freeze the remainder to ice that covers the sublimator and automatically regulates the feedwater flow depending on the heat load. The water expended is often available in surplus from the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel cells">fuel cells</a> used by many crewed spacecraft to produce electricity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designs">Designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evaporative_cooler_annotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Evaporative_cooler_annotated.svg/450px-Evaporative_cooler_annotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Evaporative_cooler_annotated.svg/675px-Evaporative_cooler_annotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Evaporative_cooler_annotated.svg/900px-Evaporative_cooler_annotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Evaporative cooler illustration</figcaption></figure> <p>Most designs take advantage of the fact that water has one of the highest known <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">enthalpy of vaporization</a> (latent heat of vaporization) values of any common substance. Because of this, evaporative coolers use only a fraction of the energy of vapor-compression or absorption air conditioning systems. Except in very dry climates, the single-stage (direct) cooler can increase <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (RH) to a level that makes occupants uncomfortable. Indirect and two-stage evaporative coolers keep the RH lower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_evaporative_cooling">Direct evaporative cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Direct evaporative cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Direct_evaporative_cooling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Direct_evaporative_cooling.png/220px-Direct_evaporative_cooling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Direct_evaporative_cooling.png/330px-Direct_evaporative_cooling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Direct_evaporative_cooling.png/440px-Direct_evaporative_cooling.png 2x" data-file-width="3356" data-file-height="2140" /></a><figcaption>Direct evaporative cooling</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Direct evaporative cooling</i> (open circuit) is used to lower the temperature and increase the humidity of air by using latent heat of evaporation, changing liquid water to water vapor. In this process, the energy in the air does not change. Warm dry air is changed to cool moist air. The heat of the outside air is used to evaporate water. The RH increases to 70 to 90% which reduces the cooling effect of human perspiration. The moist air has to be continually released to outside or else the air becomes saturated and evaporation stops. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="mechanical_direct_evaporative_cooler"></span><span class="anchor" id="MDEC"></span><span class="anchor" id="mdec"></span> A <i>mechanical</i> direct evaporative cooler unit uses a fan to draw air through a wetted membrane, or pad, which provides a large surface area for the evaporation of water into the air. Water is sprayed at the top of the pad so it can drip down into the membrane and continually keep the membrane saturated. Any excess water that drips out from the bottom of the membrane is collected in a pan and recirculated to the top. Single-stage direct evaporative coolers are typically small in size as they only consist of the membrane, water pump, and centrifugal fan. The mineral content of the municipal water supply will cause scaling on the membrane, which will lead to clogging over the life of the membrane. Depending on this mineral content and the evaporation rate, regular cleaning and maintenance are required to ensure optimal performance. Generally, supply air from the single-stage evaporative cooler will need to be exhausted directly (one-through flow) as with direct evaporative cooling. A few design solutions have been conceived to utilize the energy in the air, like directing the exhaust air through two sheets of double glazed windows, thus reducing the solar energy absorbed through the glazing.<sup id="cite_ref-Peck_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peck-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to energy required to achieve the equivalent cooling load with a compressor, single stage evaporative coolers consume less energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Givoni_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Givoni-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Passive_direct_evaporative_cooler"></span><span class="anchor" id="PDEC"></span><span class="anchor" id="pdec"></span> <i>Passive</i> direct evaporative cooling can occur anywhere that the evaporatively cooled water can cool a space without the assistance of a fan. This can be achieved through the use of fountains or more architectural designs such as the evaporative downdraft cooling tower, also called a "passive cooling tower". The passive cooling tower design allows outside air to flow in through the top of a tower that is constructed within or next to the building. The outside air comes in contact with water inside the tower either through a wetted membrane or a mister. As water evaporates in the outside air, the air becomes cooler and less buoyant and creates a downward flow in the tower. At the bottom of the tower, an outlet allows the cooler air into the interior. Similar to mechanical evaporative coolers, towers can be an attractive low-energy solution for hot and dry climate as they only require a water pump to raise water to the top of the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-GSH_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSH-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy savings from using a passive direct evaporating cooling strategy depends on the climate and heat load. For arid climates with a great wet-bulb depression, cooling towers can provide enough cooling during summer design conditions to be net zero. For example, a 371 m<sup>2</sup> (4,000 ft<sup>2</sup>) retail store in Tucson, Arizona with a sensible heat gain of 29.3 kJ/h (100,000 Btu/h) can be cooled entirely by two passive cooling towers providing 11890 m<sup>3</sup>/h (7,000 cfm) each.<sup id="cite_ref-MEEB10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEEB10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Zion National Park visitors' center, which uses two passive cooling towers, the cooling energy intensity was 14.5 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> (1.28 kBtu/ft<sup>2</sup>;), which was 77% less than a typical building in the western United States that uses 62.5 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> (5.5 kBtu/ft<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of field performance results in Kuwait revealed that power requirements for an evaporative cooler are approximately 75% less than the power requirements for a conventional packaged unit air-conditioner.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_evaporative_cooling">Indirect evaporative cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indirect evaporative cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_process_of_indirect_evaporative_cooling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_process_of_indirect_evaporative_cooling.png/220px-The_process_of_indirect_evaporative_cooling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_process_of_indirect_evaporative_cooling.png/330px-The_process_of_indirect_evaporative_cooling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_process_of_indirect_evaporative_cooling.png/440px-The_process_of_indirect_evaporative_cooling.png 2x" data-file-width="3356" data-file-height="2302" /></a><figcaption>The process of indirect evaporative cooling</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Indirect evaporative cooling</i> (closed circuit) is a cooling process that uses direct evaporative cooling in addition to some <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a> to transfer the cool energy to the supply air. The cooled moist air from the direct evaporative cooling process never comes in direct contact with the conditioned supply air. The moist air stream is released outside or used to cool other external devices such as solar cells which are more efficient if kept cool. This is done to avoid excess humidity in enclosed spaces, which is not appropriate for residential systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maisotsenko_cycle">Maisotsenko cycle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Maisotsenko cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indirect cooler manufacturer uses the Maisotsenko cycle (M-Cycle), named after inventor and Professor Dr. Valeriy Maisotsenko, employs an iterative (multi-step) heat exchanger made of a thin recyclable membrane that can reduce the temperature of product air to below the wet-bulb temperature, and can approach the <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testing by the US Department of Energy found that a hybrid M-Cycle combined with a standard compression refrigeration system significantly improved efficiency by between 150 and 400% but was only capable of doing so in the dry western half of the US, and did not recommend being used in the much more humid eastern half of the US. The evaluation found that the system water consumption of 2–3 gallons per cooling ton (12,000 BTUs) was roughly equal in efficiency to the water consumption of new high efficiency power plants. This means the higher efficiency can be utilized to reduce load on the grid without requiring any additional water, and may actually reduce water usage if the source of the power does not have a high efficiency cooling system.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An M-Cycle based system built by Coolerado is currently being used to cool the Data Center for NASA's National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). The facility is air cooled below 70 degrees Fahrenheit and uses the Coolerado system above that temperature. This is possible because the air handler for the system uses fresh outside air, which allows it to automatically use cool outside ambient air when conditions allow. This avoids running the refrigeration system when unnecessary. It is powered by a solar panel array which also serves as secondary power in case of main power loss.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system has very high efficiency but, like other evaporative cooling systems, is constrained by the ambient humidity levels, which has limited its adoption for residential use. It may be used as supplementary cooling during times of extreme heat without placing significant additional burden on electrical infrastructure. If a location has excess water supplies or excess desalination capacity it can be used to reduce excessive electrical demand by utilizing water in affordable M-Cycle units. Due to high costs of conventional air conditioning units and extreme limitations of many electrical utility systems, M-Cycle units may be the only appropriate cooling systems suitable for impoverished areas during times of extremely high temperature and high electrical demand. In developed areas, they may serve as supplemental backup systems in case of electrical overload, and can be used to boost efficiency of existing conventional systems. </p><p>The M-Cycle is not limited to cooling systems and can be applied to various technologies from <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterling Engine">Stirling engines</a> to <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_water_generator" title="Atmospheric water generator">Atmospheric water generators</a>. For cooling applications it can be used in both cross flow and counterflow configurations. Counterflow was found to obtain lower temperatures more suitable for home cooling, but cross flow was found to have a higher <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_performance" title="Coefficient of performance">coefficient of performance</a> (COP), and is therefore better for large industrial installations. </p><p>Unlike traditional refrigeration techniques, the COP of small systems remains high, as they do not require lift pumps or other equipment required for cooling towers. A 1.5 ton/4.4 kW cooling system requires just 200 watts for operation of the fan, giving a COP of 26.4 and an EER rating of 90. This does not take into account the energy required to purify or deliver the water, and is strictly the power required to run the device once water is supplied. Though desalination of water also presents a cost, the latent heat of vaporization of water is nearly 100 times higher than the energy required to purify the water itself. Furthermore, the device has a maximum efficiency of 55%, so its actual COP is much lower than this calculated value. However, regardless of these losses, the effective COP is still significantly higher than a conventional cooling system, even if water must first be purified by desalination. In areas where water is not available in any form, it can be used with a <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccant</a> to recover water using available heat sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy" title="Solar thermal energy">solar thermal energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theoretical_designs">Theoretical designs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theoretical designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the newer but yet-to-be-commercialized "cold-SNAP" design from Harvard's Wyss Institute, a 3D-printed ceramic conducts heat but is half-coated with a hydrophobic material that serves as a moisture barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard-Wyss_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard-Wyss-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While no moisture is added to the incoming air the relative humidity (RH) does rise a little according to the Temperature-RH formula. Still, the relatively dry air resulting from indirect evaporative cooling allows inhabitants' perspiration to evaporate more easily, increasing the relative effectiveness of this technique. Indirect Cooling is an effective strategy for hot-humid climates that cannot afford to increase the moisture content of the supply air due to indoor air quality and human thermal comfort concerns. </p><p><i>Passive</i> indirect evaporative cooling strategies are rare because this strategy involves an architectural element to act as a heat exchanger (for example a roof). This element can be sprayed with water and cooled through the evaporation of the water on this element. These strategies are rare due to the high use of water, which also introduces the risk of water intrusion and compromising building structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_designs">Hybrid designs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hybrid designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two-stage_evaporative_cooling,_or_indirect-direct"><span id="Two-stage_evaporative_cooling.2C_or_indirect-direct"></span>Two-stage evaporative cooling, or indirect-direct</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Two-stage evaporative cooling, or indirect-direct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first stage of a two-stage cooler, warm air is pre-cooled indirectly without adding humidity (by passing inside a heat exchanger that is cooled by evaporation on the outside). In the direct stage, the pre-cooled air passes through a water-soaked pad and picks up humidity as it cools. Since the air supply is pre-cooled in the first stage, less humidity is transferred in the direct stage, to reach the desired cooling temperatures. The result, according to manufacturers, is cooler air with a RH between 50 and 70%, depending on the climate, compared to a traditional system that produces about 70–80% relative humidity in the conditioned air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evaporative_+_conventional_backup"><span id="Evaporative_.2B_conventional_backup"></span>Evaporative + conventional backup</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Evaporative + conventional backup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In another <i>hybrid</i> design, direct or indirect cooling has been combined with vapor-compression or absorption air conditioning to increase the overall efficiency and/or to reduce the temperature below the wet-bulb limit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evaporative_+_passive_daytime_radiative_+_thermal_insulation"><span id="Evaporative_.2B_passive_daytime_radiative_.2B_thermal_insulation"></span>Evaporative + passive daytime radiative + thermal insulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Evaporative + passive daytime radiative + thermal insulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evaporative cooling can be combined with <a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">passive daytime radiative cooling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a> to enhance cooling power with <a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_building" title="Zero-energy building">zero energy</a> use, albeit with an occasional water "re-charge" depending on the <a href="/wiki/Climatic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Climatic zone">climatic zone</a> of the installation. The system, developed by Lu et al. "consists of a solar reflector, a water-rich and IR-emitting evaporative layer, and a vapor-permeable, IR-transparent, and solar-reflecting insulation layer," with the top layer enabling "heat removal through both evaporation and radiation while resisting environmental heating." The system demonstrated 300% higher ambient cooling power than stand-alone passive daytime radiative cooling and could extend the shelf life of food by 40% in cool humid climates and 200% in dry climates without <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Membrane_dehumidification_and_evaporative_cooling">Membrane dehumidification and evaporative cooling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Membrane dehumidification and evaporative cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional evaporative cooling only works with dry air, e.g. when the humidity ratio is below ~0.02 kg<sub>water</sub>/kg<sub>air</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-MDPEC_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDPEC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also require substantial water inputs. To remove these limitations, dewpoint evaporative cooling can be hybridized with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Membrane_dehumidification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Membrane dehumidification (page does not exist)">membrane dehumidification</a>, using membranes that pass water vapor but block air.<sup id="cite_ref-MDPEC_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDPEC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air passing through these membranes can be concentrated with a compressor, so it can be condensed at warmer temperatures. The first configuration with this approach reused the dehumidification water to provide further evaporative cooling. Such an approach can fully provide its own water for evaporative cooling, outperforms a baseline desiccant wheel system under all conditions, and outperforms vapor compression in dry conditions. It can also allow for cooling at higher humidity without the use of refrigerants, many of which have substantial greenhouse gas potential.<sup id="cite_ref-MDPEC_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDPEC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, evaporative <i>cooler pads</i> consist of <a href="/wiki/Excelsior_(wood_wool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excelsior (wood wool)">excelsior</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">aspen</a> <a href="/wiki/Wood_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood fiber">wood fiber</a>) inside a containment net, but more modern materials, such as some plastics and <a href="/wiki/Melamine_resin" title="Melamine resin">melamine</a> paper, are entering use as cooler-pad media. Modern rigid media, commonly 8" or 12" thick, adds more moisture, and thus cools air more than typically much thinner aspen media.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another material which is sometimes used is corrugated cardboard.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_considerations">Design considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Design considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_use">Water use</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Water use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In arid and semi-arid climates, the scarcity of water makes water consumption a concern in cooling system design. From the installed water meters, 420938 L (111,200 gal) of water were consumed during 2002 for the two passive cooling towers at the Zion National Park visitors' center.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such concerns are addressed by experts who note that electricity generation usually requires a large amount of water, and evaporative coolers use far less electricity, and thus comparable water overall, and cost less overall, compared to <a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">chillers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shading">Shading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Shading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allowing direct solar exposure to any surface which can transfer the extra heat to any part of the air flow through the unit will raise the temperature of the air. If the heat is transferred to the air prior to flowing through the pads, or if the sunlight warms the pads themselves, evaporation will increase, but the additional energy required to achieve this will not come from the energy contained in the ambient air, but will be supplied by the sun, and this will result not only in higher temperatures, but higher humidity as well, just as raising the inlet air temperature by any means, and heating the water prior to distribution over the pad by any means, would do. In addition, sunlight may degrade some media, and other components of the cooler. Therefore, shading is advisable in all circumstances, though the vertical aspect of the pads, and insulation between the exterior and interior horizontal (upwards facing) surfaces to minimise heat transfer will suffice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanical_systems">Mechanical systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mechanical systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from fans used in mechanical evaporative cooling, pumps are the only other piece of mechanical equipment required for the evaporative cooling process in both mechanical and passive applications. Pumps can be used for either recirculating the water to the wet media pad or providing water at very high pressure to a mister system for a passive cooling tower. Pump specifications will vary depending on evaporation rates and media pad area. The Zion National Park visitors' center uses a 250 W (1/3 HP) pump.<sup id="cite_ref-Torcellini_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torcellini-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exhaust">Exhaust</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Exhaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exhaust ducts and/or open windows must be used at all times to allow air to continually escape the air-conditioned area. Otherwise, pressure develops and the fan or blower in the system is unable to push much air through the media and into the air-conditioned area. The evaporative system cannot function without exhausting the continuous supply of air from the air-conditioned area to the outside. By optimizing the placement of the cooled-air inlet, along with the layout of the house passages, related doors, and room windows, the system can be used most effectively to direct the cooled air to the required areas. A well-designed layout can effectively scavenge and expel the hot air from desired areas without the need for an above-ceiling ducted venting system. Continuous airflow is essential, so the exhaust windows or vents must not restrict the volume and passage of air being introduced by the evaporative cooling machine. One must also be mindful of the outside wind direction, as, for example, a strong hot southerly wind will slow or restrict the exhausted air from a south-facing window. It is always best to have the downwind windows open, while the upwind windows are closed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_types_of_installations">Different types of installations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Different types of installations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_installations">Typical installations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Typical installations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically, residential and industrial evaporative coolers use direct evaporation, and can be described as an enclosed metal or plastic box with vented sides. Air is moved by a centrifugal <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">fan</a> or blower (usually driven by an electric motor with pulleys known as "sheaves" in <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> terminology, or a direct-driven axial fan), and a water pump is used to wet the evaporative cooling pads. The cooling units can be mounted on the roof (down draft, or downflow) or exterior walls or windows (side draft, or horizontal flow) of buildings. To cool, the fan draws ambient air through vents on the unit's sides and through the damp pads. Heat in the air evaporates water from the pads which are constantly re-dampened to continue the cooling process. Then cooled, moist air is delivered into the building via a vent in the roof or wall. </p><p>Because the cooling air originates outside the building, one or more large vents must exist to allow air to move from inside to outside. Air should only be allowed to pass once through the system, or the cooling effect will decrease. This is due to the air reaching the <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">saturation</a> point. Often 15 or so air changes per hour (ACHs) occur in spaces served by evaporative coolers, a relatively high rate of air exchange. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaporative_(wet)_cooling_towers"><span id="Evaporative_.28wet.29_cooling_towers"></span>Evaporative (wet) cooling towers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Evaporative (wet) cooling towers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%AD%D0%A65_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_VizuIMG_2181.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption>Large <a href="/wiki/Hyperboloid" title="Hyperboloid">hyperboloid</a> cooling towers made of structural steel for a power plant in Kharkіv (Ukraine)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cooling towers</b> are structures for cooling water or other heat transfer media to near-ambient wet-bulb temperature. Wet cooling towers operate on the evaporative cooling principle, but are optimized to cool the water rather than the air. Cooling towers can often be found on large buildings or on industrial sites. They transfer heat to the environment from chillers, industrial processes, or the <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine power cycle</a>, for example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misting_systems">Misting systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Misting systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mist_spraying-smple_type1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mist_spraying-smple_type1.jpg/220px-Mist_spraying-smple_type1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mist_spraying-smple_type1.jpg/330px-Mist_spraying-smple_type1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mist_spraying-smple_type1.jpg/440px-Mist_spraying-smple_type1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">Mist</a> spraying system with water <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a> beneath</figcaption></figure> <p>Misting systems work by forcing water via a high pressure pump and tubing through a brass and stainless steel mist nozzle that has an orifice of about 5 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometres</a>, thereby producing a micro-fine mist. The water droplets that create the mist are so small that they instantly flash-evaporate. <a href="/wiki/Flash_evaporation" title="Flash evaporation">Flash evaporation</a> can reduce the surrounding air temperature by as much as 35 °F (20 °C) in just seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For patio systems, it is ideal to mount the mist line approximately 8 to 10 feet (2.4 to 3.0 m) above the ground for optimum cooling. Misting is used for applications such as flowerbeds, pets, livestock, kennels, insect control, odor control, zoos, veterinary clinics, cooling of produce, and greenhouses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Misting_fans">Misting fans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Misting fans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A misting fan is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">humidifier</a>. A fan blows a fine mist of water into the air. If the air is not too humid, the water evaporates, absorbing heat from the air, allowing the misting fan to also work as an air cooler. A misting fan may be used outdoors, especially in a dry climate. It may also be used indoors. </p><p>Small portable battery-powered misting fans, consisting of an electric fan and a hand-operated water spray pump, are sold as novelty items. Their effectiveness in everyday use is unclear.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Understanding evaporative cooling performance requires an understanding of <a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">psychrometrics</a>. Evaporative cooling performance is variable due to changes in external temperature and humidity level. A residential cooler should be able to decrease the temperature of air to within 3 to 4 °C (5 to 7 °F) of the wet bulb temperature. </p><p>It is simple to predict cooler performance from standard weather report information. Because weather reports usually contain the <a href="/wiki/Dewpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewpoint">dewpoint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a>, but not the wet-bulb temperature, a <a href="/wiki/Psychrometric_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychrometric chart">psychrometric chart</a> or a simple computer program must be used to compute the wet bulb temperature. Once the wet bulb temperature and the dry bulb temperature are identified, the cooling performance or leaving air temperature of the cooler may be determined. </p><p>For direct evaporative cooling, the direct saturation efficiency, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3837cad72483d97bcdde49c85d3b7b859fb3fd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.944ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"></span>, measures in what extent the temperature of the air leaving the direct evaporative cooler is close to the wet-bulb temperature of the entering air. The direct saturation efficiency can be determined as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-ASHRAE_HVAC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASHRAE_HVAC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon ={\frac {T_{e,db}-T_{l,db}}{T_{e,db}-T_{e,wb}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon ={\frac {T_{e,db}-T_{l,db}}{T_{e,db}-T_{e,wb}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/970333e7d7e394832b8d13faccfdeff3690ecbdd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:16.793ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon ={\frac {T_{e,db}-T_{l,db}}{T_{e,db}-T_{e,wb}}}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Where: <dl><dd><i><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3837cad72483d97bcdde49c85d3b7b859fb3fd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.944ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"></span></i> = direct evaporative cooling saturation efficiency (%)</dd> <dd><i><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{e,db}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{e,db}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a87cea7dab77fa568e66fa4d5fb9c38fb7e1ddfc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.378ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{e,db}}"></span></i> = entering air dry-bulb temperature (°C)</dd> <dd><i><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{l,db}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{l,db}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9eb45606f3769078171831f77c25d5e0a8bfd6bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.103ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{l,db}}"></span></i> = leaving air dry-bulb temperature (°C)</dd> <dd><i><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{e,wb}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{e,wb}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8efaddb7c2c5eeeb33d884e61f1fb196ab897259" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.695ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{e,wb}}"></span></i> = entering air wet-bulb temperature (°C)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Evaporative media efficiency usually runs between 80% and 90%. Most efficient systems can lower the dry air temperature to 95% of the wet-bulb temperature, the least efficient systems only achieve 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-ASHRAE_HVAC_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASHRAE_HVAC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evaporation efficiency drops very little over time. </p><p>Typical aspen pads used in residential evaporative coolers offer around 85% efficiency while CELdek<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (May 2012)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> type of evaporative media offer efficiencies of >90% depending on air velocity. The CELdek media is more often used in large commercial and industrial installations. </p><p>As an example, in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, with a typical summer design day of 42 °C (108 °F) dry bulb and 19 °C (66 °F) wet bulb temperature or about 8% relative humidity, the leaving air temperature of a residential cooler with 85% efficiency would be: </p> <dl><dd><i><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{l,db}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{l,db}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9eb45606f3769078171831f77c25d5e0a8bfd6bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.103ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{l,db}}"></span></i> = 42 °C – [(42 °C – 19 °C) × 85%] = 22.45 °C or 72.41 °F</dd></dl> <p>However, either of two methods can be used to estimate performance: </p> <ul><li>Use a <a href="/wiki/Psychrometric_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychrometric chart">psychrometric chart</a> to calculate wet bulb temperature, and then add 5–7 °F as described above.</li> <li>Use a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a> which estimates that the wet bulb temperature is approximately equal to the ambient temperature, minus one third of the difference between the ambient temperature and the <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a>. As before, add 5–7 °F as described above.</li></ul> <p>Some examples clarify this relationship: </p> <ul><li>At 32 °C (90 °F) and 15% relative humidity, air may be cooled to nearly 16 °C (61 °F). The dew point for these conditions is 2 °C (36 °F).</li> <li>At 32 °C and 50% relative humidity, air may be cooled to about 24 °C (75 °F). The dew point for these conditions is 20 °C (68 °F).</li> <li>At 40 °C (104 °F) and 15% relative humidity, air may be cooled to nearly 21 °C (70 °F). The dew point for these conditions is 8 °C (46 °F).</li></ul> <p>(<i>Cooling examples extracted from the June 25, 2000 University of Idaho publication, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040529200609/http://info.ag.uidaho.edu/homewise/homewise_062500.htm">Homewise</a>"</i>). </p><p>Because evaporative coolers perform best in dry conditions, they are widely used and most effective in arid, <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> regions such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Southwest">southwestern USA</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>. </p><p>The same equation indicates why evaporative coolers are of limited use in highly humid environments: for example, a hot August day in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> may be 30 °C (86 °F) with 85% relative humidity, 1,005 hPa pressure. This gives a dew point of 27.2 °C (81.0 °F) and a <a href="/wiki/Wet-bulb_temperature" title="Wet-bulb temperature">wet-bulb temperature</a> of 27.88 °C (82.18 °F). According to the formula above, at 85% efficiency air may be cooled only down to 28.2 °C (82.8 °F) which makes it quite impractical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_other_types_of_air_conditioning">Comparison to other types of air conditioning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Comparison to other types of air conditioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MistingFan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MistingFan.jpg/220px-MistingFan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MistingFan.jpg/330px-MistingFan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/MistingFan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>A misting fan</figcaption></figure> <p>Comparison of evaporative cooling to <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Less expensive to install and operate</b> </p> <ul><li>Estimated cost for professional installation is about half or less that of central refrigerated air conditioning.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Estimated cost of operation is 1/8 that of refrigerated <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>No power spike when turned on due to lack of a <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">compressor</a>.</li> <li>Power consumption is limited to the fan and water pump, which have a relatively low current draw at start-up.</li> <li>The working fluid is water. No special refrigerants, such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/CFCs" class="mw-redirect" title="CFCs">CFCs</a>, are used that could be toxic, expensive to replace, contribute to <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> and/or be subject to stringent licensing and environmental regulations.</li> <li>Newly launched air coolers can be operated though <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Ease of installation and maintenance</b> </p> <ul><li>Equipment can be installed by mechanically-inclined users at drastically lower cost than refrigeration equipment which requires specialized skills and professional installation.</li> <li>The only two mechanical parts in most basic evaporative coolers are the fan motor and the water pump, both of which can be repaired or replaced at low cost and often by a mechanically inclined user, eliminating costly service calls to HVAC contractors.</li></ul> <p><b>Ventilation air</b> </p> <ul><li>The frequent and high volumetric flow rate of air traveling through the building reduces the "age-of-air" in the building dramatically.</li> <li>Evaporative cooling increases <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>. In dry climates, this may improve comfort and decrease <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a> problems.</li> <li>The pad itself acts as a rather effective air filter when properly maintained; it is capable of removing a variety of contaminants in air, including urban <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> caused by pollution, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> regardless of very dry weather. Refrigeration-based cooling systems lose this ability whenever there is not enough humidity in the air to keep the evaporator wet while providing a frequent trickle of condensation that washes out dissolved impurities removed from the air.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Performance</b> </p> <ul><li>Most evaporative coolers are unable to reach as low a temperature as refrigerated air conditioning systems.</li> <li>High dewpoint (humidity) conditions decrease the cooling capability of the evaporative cooler.</li> <li>No <a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">dehumidification</a>. Traditional air conditioners remove moisture from the air, except in very dry locations where recirculation can lead to a buildup of humidity. Evaporative cooling adds moisture, and in humid climates, dryness may improve <a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">thermal comfort</a> at higher temperatures.</li></ul> <p><b>Comfort</b> </p> <ul><li>The air supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooling_chambers" title="Evaporative cooling chambers">evaporative cooler</a> is generally 80–90% relative humidity and can cause interior humidity levels as high as 65%; very humid air reduces the evaporation rate of moisture from the skin, nose, lungs, and eyes.</li> <li>High humidity in air accelerates <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>, particularly in the presence of dust. This can considerably reduce the life of electronics and other equipment.</li> <li>High humidity in air may cause <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> of water. This can be a problem for some situations (e.g., electrical equipment, computers, paper, books, old wood).</li> <li>Odors and other outdoor contaminants may be blown into the building unless sufficient filtering is in place.</li></ul> <p><b>Water use</b> </p> <ul><li>Evaporative coolers require a constant supply of water.</li> <li>Water high in <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> content (hard water) will leave mineral deposits on the pads and interior of the cooler. Depending on the type and concentration of minerals, possible safety hazards during the replacement and waste removal of the pads could be present. Bleed-off and refill (purge pump) systems can reduce but not eliminate this problem. Installation of an inline water filter (refrigerator drinking water/ice maker type) will drastically reduce the mineral deposits.</li></ul> <p><b>Maintenance frequency</b> </p> <ul><li>Any mechanical components that can rust or corrode need regular cleaning or replacement due to the environment of high moisture and potentially heavy mineral deposits in areas with hard water.</li> <li>Evaporative media must be replaced on a regular basis to maintain cooling performance. <a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a> pads are inexpensive but require replacement every few months. Higher-efficiency rigid media is much more expensive but will last for a number of years proportional to the water hardness; in areas with very hard water, rigid media may only last for two years before mineral scale build-up unacceptably degrades performance.</li> <li>In areas with cold winters, evaporative coolers must be drained and <a href="/wiki/Winterization" title="Winterization">winterized</a> to protect the water line and cooler from freeze damage and then de-winterized prior to the cooling season.</li></ul> <p><b>Health hazards</b> </p> <ul><li>An evaporative cooler is a common place for mosquito breeding. Numerous authorities consider an improperly maintained cooler to be a threat to public health.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mold and bacteria may be dispersed into interior air from improperly maintained or defective systems, causing <a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">sick building syndrome</a> and adverse effects for <a href="/wiki/Asthmatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthmatics">asthma</a> and allergy sufferers. This can also cause a foul odor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a> of dry cooler pads can catch fire even from small sparks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botijo" title="Botijo">Botijo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Building engineering">Building engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolgardie_safe" title="Coolgardie safe">Coolgardie safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaire%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionnaire's disease">Legionnaire's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pot-in-pot_refrigerator" title="Pot-in-pot refrigerator">Pot-in-pot refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKheirabadi1991" class="citation book cs1">Kheirabadi, Masoud (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraniancitiesfor0000khei/page/36"><i>Iranian cities: formation and development</i></a>. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraniancitiesfor0000khei/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72468-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72468-6"><bdi>978-0-292-72468-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+cities%3A+formation+and+development&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72468-6&rft.aulast=Kheirabadi&rft.aufirst=Masoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firaniancitiesfor0000khei%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZellweger1906" class="citation web cs1">Zellweger, John (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130124232508/http://www.google.com/patents?=04pHAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&dq=cooling+excelsior&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=1799&as_maxm_is=1&as_maxy_is=1910&num=30%23PPA2,M1">"Air filter and cooler"</a>. <i>U.S. patent 838602</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/patents?=04pHAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&dq=cooling+excelsior&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=1799&as_maxm_is=1&as_maxy_is=1910&num=30#PPA2,M1">the original</a> on January 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+patent+838602&rft.atitle=Air+filter+and+cooler&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Zellweger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpatents%3F%3D04pHAAAAEBAJ%26printsec%3Dabstract%26zoom%3D4%26dq%3Dcooling%2Bexcelsior%26as_drrb_is%3Db%26as_minm_is%3D1%26as_miny_is%3D1799%26as_maxm_is%3D1%26as_maxy_is%3D1910%26num%3D30%23PPA2%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssick1945" class="citation web cs1">Essick, Bryant (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2391558">"Pad for evaporative coolers"</a>. <i>U.S. patent 2391558</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+patent+2391558&rft.atitle=Pad+for+evaporative+coolers&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Essick&rft.aufirst=Bryant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2391558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandis1998" class="citation book cs1">Landis, Scott (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workshopbook00land"><i>The Workshop Book</i></a></span>. Taunton Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workshopbook00land/page/120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56158-271-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56158-271-6"><bdi>978-1-56158-271-6</bdi></a>. <q>evaporative cooler squirrel cage southwest popular.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Workshop+Book&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Taunton+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56158-271-6&rft.aulast=Landis&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworkshopbook00land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutenberg1955" class="citation book cs1">Gutenberg, Arthur William (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uq1EAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Economics of the Evaporative Cooler Industry in the Southwestern United States</i></a>. Stanford University Graduate School of Business. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+the+Evaporative+Cooler+Industry+in+the+Southwestern+United+States&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Graduate+School+of+Business&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Gutenberg&rft.aufirst=Arthur+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duq1EAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such units were mounted on the passenger-side window of the vehicle; the window was rolled nearly all the way up, leaving only enough space for the vent which carried the cool air into the vehicle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Givoni-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Givoni_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Givoni_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Givoni_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivoni1994" class="citation book cs1">Givoni, Baruch (1994). <i>Passive and Low-Energy Cooling of Buildings</i>. 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(2006). <i>Fundamentals of HVAC Systems</i>, Elsevier, San Diego, page 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCryer" class="citation web cs1">Cryer, Pat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1900s.org.uk/1900s-food-storage.htm">"Food storage in a working class London household in the 1900s"</a>. 1900s.org.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+storage+in+a+working+class+London+household+in+the+1900s&rft.pub=1900s.org.uk&rft.aulast=Cryer&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1900s.org.uk%2F1900s-food-storage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bonan, Gordon B. (13 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1230896">"Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>320</b> (5882): 1444–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...320.1444B">2008Sci...320.1444B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1155121">10.1126/science.1155121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18556546">18556546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45466312">45466312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Forests+and+Climate+Change%3A+Forcings%2C+Feedbacks%2C+and+the+Climate+Benefits+of+Forests&rft.volume=320&rft.issue=5882&rft.pages=1444-9&rft.date=2008-06-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1155121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45466312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18556546&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...320.1444B&rft.aulast=Bonan&rft.aufirst=Gordon+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1230896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerploegenRinkerOgnakossan" class="citation web cs1">Verploegen, Eric; Rinker, Peter; Ognakossan, Kukom Edoh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/Evaporative%20Cooling%20Best%20Practices%20Guide.pdf">"Evaporative Cooling Best Practices Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evaporative+Cooling+Best+Practices+Guide&rft.aulast=Verploegen&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Rinker%2C+Peter&rft.au=Ognakossan%2C+Kukom+Edoh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-lab.mit.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2FEvaporative%2520Cooling%2520Best%2520Practices%2520Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerploegenSanogoChagomoka" class="citation web cs1">Verploegen, Eric; Sanogo, Ousmane; Chagomoka, Takemore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/Evaporative%20Cooling%20Technologies%20for%20Improved%20Vegetable%20Storage%20in%20Mali%20-%20Evaluation%20Report_0.pdf">"Evaporative Cooling Technologies for Improved Vegetable Storage in Mali - Evaluation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evaporative+Cooling+Technologies+for+Improved+Vegetable+Storage+in+Mali+-+Evaluation&rft.aulast=Verploegen&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Sanogo%2C+Ousmane&rft.au=Chagomoka%2C+Takemore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-lab.mit.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2FEvaporative%2520Cooling%2520Technologies%2520for%2520Improved%2520Vegetable%2520Storage%2520in%2520Mali%2520-%2520Evaluation%2520Report_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peck-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peck_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckKesslerLewis1979" class="citation journal cs1">Peck, John F.; Kessler, Helen J.; Lewis, Thompson L. (1979). "Monitoring, Evaluating, & Optimizing Two Stage Evaporative Cooling Techniques". <i>Environmental Research Laboratory, University of Arizona</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Laboratory%2C+University+of+Arizona&rft.atitle=Monitoring%2C+Evaluating%2C+%26+Optimizing+Two+Stage+Evaporative+Cooling+Techniques&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=Kessler%2C+Helen+J.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Thompson+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSH-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GSH_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwokGrondzik2007" class="citation book cs1">Kwok, Alison G.; Grondzik, Walter T. (2007). <i>The green studio handbook: environmental strategies for schematic design</i>. Architectural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-089052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-089052-4"><bdi>978-0-08-089052-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+green+studio+handbook%3A+environmental+strategies+for+schematic+design&rft.pub=Architectural+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-08-089052-4&rft.aulast=Kwok&rft.aufirst=Alison+G.&rft.au=Grondzik%2C+Walter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEEB10-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MEEB10_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrondzikKwokSteinReynolds2010" class="citation book cs1">Grondzik, Walter T.; Kwok, Alison G.; Stein, Benjamin; Reynolds, John S. (2010). <i>Mechanical and Electrical Equipment</i>. John Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanical+and+Electrical+Equipment&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Grondzik&rft.aufirst=Walter+T.&rft.au=Kwok%2C+Alison+G.&rft.au=Stein%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnergy_Information_Administration" class="citation web cs1">Energy Information Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/index.cfm">"Annual Energy Review 2004"</a>. <i>EIA</i>. U.S. Department of Energy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EIA&rft.atitle=Annual+Energy+Review+2004&rft.au=Energy+Information+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Ftotalenergy%2Fdata%2Fannual%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaheshwariAl-RagomSuri2001" class="citation journal cs1">Maheshwari, G.P.; Al-Ragom, F.; Suri, R.K. (2001). "Energy-saving potential of an indirect evaporative cooler". <i>Applied Energy</i>. <b>69</b> (1): 69–76. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApEn...69...69M">2001ApEn...69...69M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0306-2619%2800%2900066-0">10.1016/S0306-2619(00)00066-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Energy&rft.atitle=Energy-saving+potential+of+an+indirect+evaporative+cooler&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-76&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0306-2619%2800%2900066-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001ApEn...69...69M&rft.aulast=Maheshwari&rft.aufirst=G.P.&rft.au=Al-Ragom%2C+F.&rft.au=Suri%2C+R.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Independent Testing tab, Thermodynamic performance assessment of a novel air cooling cycle and other papers <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.coolerado.com/products/material-resource-center/">http://www.coolerado.com/products/material-resource-center/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coolerado Cooler Helps to Save Cooling Energy and Dollars: New Cooling Technology Targets Peak Load Reduction; Robichaud, R; 2007; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/908968-coolerado-cooler-helps-save-cooling-energy-dollars-new-cooling-technology-targets-peak-load-reduction">https://www.osti.gov/biblio/908968-coolerado-cooler-helps-save-cooling-energy-dollars-new-cooling-technology-targets-peak-load-reduction</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/08/12/coolerado-chills-snow-ice-data-center">"Coolerado Chills Snow & Ice Data Center"</a>. <i>Data Center Knowledge</i>. August 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Data+Center+Knowledge&rft.atitle=Coolerado+Chills+Snow+%26+Ice+Data+Center&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datacenterknowledge.com%2Farchives%2F2011%2F08%2F12%2Fcoolerado-chills-snow-ice-data-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maisotsenko cycle based counter and cross flow heat and mass exchanger: A computational study. 2017 International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE). Rasikh Tariq; Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh: 2017, pp. 44–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maisotsenko cycle: technology overview and energy-saving potential in cooling systems. Journal of Energy and Emission Control Technologies. 6 March 2015 Volume 2015:3 pp. 15–22. Emmanuel D Rogdakis, Dimitrios Nik Tertipis. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard-Wyss-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvard-Wyss_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wyss.harvard.edu/technology/cold-snap-eco-friendly-air-conditioning/">"cold-SNAP: Eco-friendly air conditioning"</a>. <i>Wyss Institute</i>. 27 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wyss+Institute&rft.atitle=cold-SNAP%3A+Eco-friendly+air+conditioning&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwyss.harvard.edu%2Ftechnology%2Fcold-snap-eco-friendly-air-conditioning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuLeroyZhangPatel2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lu, Zhengmao; Leroy, Arny; Zhang, Lenan; Patel, Jatin J.; Wang, Evelyn N.; Grossman, Jeffrey C. 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Theguardian.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corrugated+cardboard+swamp+cooler+by+Sundrop+Farm&rft.pub=Theguardian.com&rft.date=2012-11-24&rft.aulast=Margolis&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2012%2Fnov%2F24%2Fgrowing-food-in-the-desert-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sundropfarms.com/sundrop-system/">"Sundrop Farm's system"</a>. Sundropfarms.com. 2014-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 2002. pp. 25–27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evaporative+Cooling+Design+Guidelines+Manual+for+New+Mexico+Schools+and+Commercial+Buildings&rft.pages=25-27&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emnrd.state.nm.us%2FECMD%2FMultimedia%2Fdocuments%2FEvapCoolingDesignManual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torcellini-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torcellini_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorcelliniPlessDeruLong2006" class="citation book cs1">Torcellini, P.; Pless, S.; Deru, M.; Long, N.; Judkoff, R. 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Saturn Resource Management. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880120-12-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880120-12-5"><bdi>978-1-880120-12-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Residential+Energy%3A+Cost+Savings+and+Comfort+for+Existing+Buildings&rft.pages=207&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Saturn+Resource+Management&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-880120-12-5&rft.aulast=Krigger&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Dorsi%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7HlKF4trR-YC%26q%3Devaporative%2Bcoolers%2Bcost%2Binstall%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224802/http://waterlinecooling.com/13Comparison-with-other.html">"Evaporative cooler/ Evaporative cooler"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+note+on+the+NID+Cooler&rft.pub=Government+of+India+-+National+Centre+for+Disease+Control&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nvbdcp.gov.in%2FDoc%2Fbrief-NICD-cooler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolladay2001" class="citation web cs1">Holladay, April (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wonderquest.com/swamp-coolers.htm">"A swamp cooler cools air by evaporation"</a>. <i>WonderQuest Weekly Q&A science column</i>. <a href="/wiki/USAToday" class="mw-redirect" title="USAToday">USAToday</a>.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WonderQuest+Weekly+Q%26A+science+column&rft.atitle=A+swamp+cooler+cools+air+by+evaporation&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Holladay&rft.aufirst=April&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wonderquest.com%2Fswamp-coolers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvaporative+cooler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Immersion_blender" title="Immersion blender">Immersion blender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_machine" title="Bread machine">Bread machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_zapper" title="Bug zapper">Bug zapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">Coffee percolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washer-dryer" title="Washer-dryer">combo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_iron" title="Clothes iron">Clothes iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeemaker" title="Coffeemaker">Coffeemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dish_drying_cabinet" title="Dish drying cabinet">drying cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic robot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_domestic_robots" title="Comparison of domestic robots">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_fryer" title="Deep fryer">Deep fryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blanket" title="Electric blanket">Electric blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_drill" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric drill">Electric drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kettle">Electric kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_knife" title="Electric knife">Electric knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_shaver" title="Electric shaver">Electric shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_toothbrush" title="Electric toothbrush">Electric toothbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilator" title="Epilator">Epilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processor" title="Food processor">Food processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladeless_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladeless fan">bladeless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling_fan" title="Ceiling fan">ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_fan" title="Window fan">window</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_dryer" title="Hair dryer">Hair dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_iron" title="Hair iron">Hair iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_maker" title="Ice cream maker">Ice cream maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_cooking" title="Induction cooking">Induction cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicer" title="Juicer">Juicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_hood" title="Kitchen hood">Kitchen hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Kitchen stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry-folding_machine" title="Laundry-folding machine">Laundry-folding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_mower" title="Lawn mower">Lawn mower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riding_mower" title="Riding mower">Riding mower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_lawn_mower" title="Robotic lawn mower">Robotic lawn mower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_blower" title="Leaf blower">Leaf blower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(appliance)" title="Mixer (appliance)">Mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">Oven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convection_oven" title="Convection oven">Convection oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie_iron" title="Pie iron">Pie iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">Pressure cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisper_drawer" title="Crisper drawer">Crisper drawer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_refrigerator" title="Smart refrigerator">smart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cooker" title="Rice cooker">Rice cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">Sewing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">Slow cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">Television set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toaster" title="Toaster">Toaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">Vacuum cleaner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_vacuum_cleaner" title="Central vacuum cleaner">central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_vacuum_cleaner" title="Manual vacuum cleaner">manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">robotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_iron" title="Waffle iron">Waffle iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_plug" title="Appliance plug">Appliance plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliance recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plumbing" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plumbing" title="Template:Plumbing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plumbing" title="Template talk:Plumbing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plumbing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gap_(plumbing)" title="Air gap (plumbing)">Air gap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow" title="Backflow">Backflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_(chemical)" title="Compatibility (chemical)">Compatibility (chemical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_(plumbing)" title="Drain (plumbing)">Drain (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_loss" title="Friction loss">Friction loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">Grade (slope)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_trap" title="Heat trap">Heat trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_loop" title="Hydrostatic loop">Hydrostatic loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak" title="Leak">Leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_axis" title="Neutral axis">Neutral axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">Onsite sewage facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_gas" title="Sewer gas">Sewer gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">Siphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">Storm sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">Surface tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">Tap water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hammer" title="Water hammer">Water hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">Brazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">British Standard Pipe</a> (BSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe" title="Cast iron pipe">Cast iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners" title="Chemical drain cleaners">Chemical drain cleaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">Compression fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">Copper tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimp (joining)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">Drain-waste-vent system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe" title="Ductile iron pipe">Ductile iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_fitting" title="Flare fitting">Flare fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_hose_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden hose thread">Garden Hose Thread</a> (GHT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">National Pipe Thread</a> (NPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">Oakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">Pipe (fluid conveyance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_dope" title="Pipe dope">Pipe dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic pipework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-pull_compression_fittings" title="Push-to-pull compression fittings">Push-to-pull compression fittings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">Putty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">Sealant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pumping" title="Sewage pumping">Sewage pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent welding">Solvent welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">Thread seal tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threaded_pipe" title="Threaded pipe">Threaded pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_bending" title="Tube bending">Tube bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_vacuum_breaker" title="Atmospheric vacuum breaker">Atmospheric vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_bleeding_valve" title="Automatic bleeding valve">Automatic bleeding valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_faucet" title="Automatic faucet">Automatic faucet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device" title="Backflow prevention device">Backflow prevention device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_valve" title="Ball valve">Ball valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_screw" title="Bleed screw">Bleed screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_valve" title="Butterfly valve">Butterfly valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">Check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemigation_valve" title="Chemigation valve">Chemigation valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopper pump">Chopper pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulator_pump" title="Circulator pump">Circulator pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet_flange" title="Closet flange">Closet flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_reducer" title="Concentric reducer">Concentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling_(piping)" title="Coupling (piping)">Coupling (piping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_valve" title="Diaphragm valve">Diaphragm valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric union">Dielectric union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check_valve" title="Double check valve">Double check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_reducer" title="Eccentric reducer">Eccentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faucet_aerator" title="Faucet aerator">Faucet aerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_switch" title="Float switch">Float switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Float valve">Float valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_drain" title="Floor drain">Floor drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_limiter" title="Flow limiter">Flow limiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_trough" title="Flushing trough">Flushing trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_valve" title="Gate valve">Gate valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_valve" title="Globe valve">Globe valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_trap" title="Grease trap">Grease trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinder_pump" title="Grinder pump">Grinder pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_coupling" title="Hose coupling">Hose coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifold_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Manifold (fluid mechanics)">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_valve" title="Needle valve">Needle valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_(plumbing)" title="Nipple (plumbing)">Nipple (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_valve" title="Pinch valve">Pinch valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">Piping and plumbing fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_(sanitation)" title="Plug (sanitation)">Plug (sanitation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_vacuum_breaker" title="Pressure vacuum breaker">Pressure vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-balanced_valve" title="Pressure-balanced valve">Pressure-balanced valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator (heating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_pressure_zone_device" title="Reduced pressure zone device">Reduced pressure zone device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducer">Reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riser_clamp" title="Riser clamp">Riser clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftop_water_tower" title="Rooftop water tower">Rooftop water tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage pump">Sewage pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_elbow" title="Street elbow">Street elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_(valve)" title="Tap (valve)">Tap (valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_mixing_valve" title="Thermostatic mixing valve">Thermostatic mixing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_drain" title="Trench drain">Trench drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_breaker" title="Vacuum breaker">Vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ejector" title="Vacuum ejector">Vacuum ejector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">Water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixture" title="Plumbing fixture">Plumbing fixtures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_bathtub" title="Accessible bathtub">Accessible bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">Bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_storage_tank" title="Hot water storage tank">Hot water storage tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_tub" class="mw-redirect" title="Laundry tub">Laundry tub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">Shower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_water_heater" title="Storage water heater">Storage water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_pump" title="Sump pump">Sump pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankless water heater">Tankless water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">Water filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Water heater">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">Water softener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basin_wrench" title="Basin wrench">Basin wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borescope" title="Borescope">Borescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_cleaner" title="Drain cleaner">Drain cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_cap" title="Driving cap">Driving cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare-nut_wrench" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare-nut wrench">Flare-nut wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipecutter" title="Pipecutter">Pipecutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">Pipe wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">Plumber's snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber_wrench" title="Plumber wrench">Plumber wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunger" title="Plunger">Plunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strap_wrench" title="Strap wrench">Strap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow sensor">Flow sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">Pressure sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_detector" title="Water detector">Water detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">Water metering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic testing">Hydrostatic testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_marking" title="Pipe marking">Pipe marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">Pipefitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipelayer" title="Pipelayer">Pipelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations <br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Plumbing_and_Mechanical_Officials" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSF_International" title="NSF International">NSF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_%26_Drainage_Institute" title="Plumbing & Drainage Institute">Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code" title="Uniform Plumbing Code">Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Plumbing_Council" title="World Plumbing Council">World Plumbing Council (WPC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_code" title="Plumbing code">Plumbing code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">Scalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Waterborne disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">Fire sprinkler system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">Piping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC">Template:HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health">Template:Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sewerage" title="Template:Sewerage">Template:Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Toilets">Template:Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater">Template:Wastewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&oldid=1250697078">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&oldid=1250697078</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychrometrics" 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