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The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Lateral_force_variation" title="Talk:Lateral force variation">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tires provide for steering, traction, braking, and load support by transmitting forces between the vehicle and the road. <b>Lateral force variation (LFV)</b> is a property of a tire that characterizes its dynamic behavior of these forces. High values of LFV for a given tire reflect a high level of manufacturing variations in the tire structure that will impart ride disturbances into the vehicle in the lateral, or steering, direction. LFV is measured according to processes specified by the <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a> in ASTM F1806 – Standard Practice for Tire Testing. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tire_Force_Variation1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tire_Force_Variation1.jpg/220px-Tire_Force_Variation1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tire_Force_Variation1.jpg/330px-Tire_Force_Variation1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tire_Force_Variation1.jpg/440px-Tire_Force_Variation1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Force variation axes</figcaption></figure> <p>LFV can best be explained by example. Assume a perfectly uniform tire mounted on a perfectly round wheel loaded with a constant <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> against a perfectly round test wheel. As the wheel turns, it turns the tire, and the tire carcass undergoes repeated deformation and recovery as it enters and exits the contact area. If we measure the lateral force between the tire and the wheel we will see zero change as the tire turns. If we now test a typical production tire we will see the lateral force vary as the tire turns. </p><p>Consider a good tire with LFV of 4 pounds. This tire will induce a 4 pound force sideways into the vehicle every rotation. The frequency of the force will increase in direct proportion to rotating speed. This effect will influence the steering of the vehicle. Tire makers test tires at the point of manufacture to verify that the LFV is within allowable quality limits. Tires that exceed these limits may be scrapped or sold to markets that do not require stringent quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waveform_analysis">Waveform analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_force_variation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Waveform analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LFV is a complex waveform. It is expressed using several standard methods, including peak-to-peak, first harmonic, second harmonic, and higher-order harmonics. In production LFV testing these are reported as both magnitudes and angles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_force_variation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornering_force" title="Cornering force">Cornering force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camber_thrust" title="Camber thrust">Camber thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction circle">Traction circle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_force_variation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Tire">Tires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires#Types" title="Outline of tires">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tubeless_tire" title="Tubeless tire">Tubeless tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_tire" title="Radial tire">Radial tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_rolling_resistance_tire" title="Low rolling resistance tire">Low rolling resistance tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">Run-flat tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelin_PAX_System" title="Michelin PAX System">Michelin PAX System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airless_tire" title="Airless tire">Airless tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweel" title="Tweel">Tweel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_tyre" title="Rain tyre">Rain tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_tire" title="Snow tire">Snow tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_tire" class="mw-redirect" title="All-terrain tire">All-terrain tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_grip" title="Bar grip">Bar grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-road_tire" title="Off-road tire">Knobby tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-roading#Large_tires" title="Off-roading">Large tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud-terrain_tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud-terrain tyre">Mud-terrain tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_tire" title="Paddle tire">Paddle tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_oil_tires" title="Orange oil tires">Orange oil tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewall_tire" title="Whitewall tire">Whitewall tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire#Aircraft" title="Tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_tire" title="Bicycle tire">Bicycle tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_tire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubular tire">Tubular tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lego_tire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lego tire">Lego tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_tyre" title="Motorcycle tyre">Motorcycle tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_code#Tractor_tires" title="Tire code">Tractor tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_slick" title="Racing slick">Racing slick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_One_tyres" title="Formula One tyres">Formula One tyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">Spare tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_tire" title="Continental tire">Continental tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires#Components" title="Outline of tires">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tire_bead" title="Tire bead">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadlock" title="Beadlock">Beadlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_tread" title="Tire tread">Tread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siping_(rubber)" title="Siping (rubber)">Siping (rubber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_stem" title="Valve stem">Valve stem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunlop_valve" title="Dunlop valve">Dunlop valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presta_valve" title="Presta valve">Presta valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schrader_valve" title="Schrader valve">Schrader valve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires#Attributes" title="Outline of tires">Attributes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camber_thrust" title="Camber thrust">Camber thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_forces" title="Circle of forces">Circle of forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_inflation_pressure" title="Cold inflation pressure">Cold inflation pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_patch" title="Contact patch">Contact patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornering_force" title="Cornering force">Cornering force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_pressure" title="Ground pressure">Ground pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacejka#The_Pacejka_.22Magic_Formula.22_tire_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacejka">Pacejka's Magic Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_trail" title="Pneumatic trail">Pneumatic trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_length" title="Relaxation length">Relaxation length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance">Rolling resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_aligning_torque" title="Self aligning torque">Self aligning torque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_angle" title="Slip angle">Slip angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_ratio#Alternate_definition" title="Steering ratio">Steering ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_balance" title="Tire balance">Tire balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_load_sensitivity" title="Tire load sensitivity">Tire load sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_uniformity" title="Tire uniformity">Tire uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_Force_Variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral Force Variation">Lateral Force Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_Force_Variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial Force Variation">Radial Force Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction (engineering)">Traction (engineering)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treadwear_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Treadwear rating">Treadwear rating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires#Behaviors" title="Outline of tires">Behaviors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_wander" title="Groove wander">Groove wander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_(vehicle_dynamics)" title="Slip (vehicle dynamics)">Slip (vehicle dynamics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramlining" title="Tramlining">Tramlining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires#Maintenance" title="Outline of tires">Maintenance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tire_maintenance" title="Tire maintenance">Tire maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_rotation" title="Tire rotation">Tire rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_pump" title="Bicycle pump">Bicycle pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tire_Inflation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tire Inflation System">Central Tire Inflation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_mousse" title="Tire mousse">Tire mousse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire-pressure_monitoring_system" title="Tire-pressure monitoring system">Tire-pressure monitoring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire-pressure_gauge" title="Tire-pressure gauge">Tire-pressure gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_TPMS" title="Direct TPMS">Direct TPMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bead_breaker" title="Bead breaker">Bead breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_changer" title="Tire changer">Tire changer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_iron" title="Tire iron">Tire iron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires#Life_cycle" title="Outline of tires">Life cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tire_manufacturing" title="Tire manufacturing">Tire manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tire_companies" title="List of tire companies">List of tire companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retread" title="Retread">Retread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_tires" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste tires">Waste tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">Tire recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_fire" title="Tire fire">Tire fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(tire)" title="Blowout (tire)">Blowout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_tire" title="Flat tire">Flat tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_cracking" title="Ozone cracking">Ozone cracking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires#Organizations" title="Outline of tires">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Tyre_and_Rim_Technical_Organisation" title="European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation">European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_Society" title="Tire Society">Tire Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_Science_and_Technology" title="Tire Science and Technology">Tire Science and Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires#Identification" title="Outline of tires">Identification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tire_code" title="Tire code">Tire code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plus_sizing" title="Plus sizing">Plus sizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Tire label">Tire label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTQG" class="mw-redirect" title="UTQG">Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires" title="Outline of tires">Outline of tires</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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