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role="navigation"> <div class="navbar pull-left"> <a class="btn btn-navbar collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-collapse"> <span class="element-invisible">Toggle Navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </a> </div> <div class="nav-collapse"> <div class="dj-megamenu-wrapper" data-tmpl="ita-portal"> <ul id="dj-megamenu92" class="dj-megamenu dj-megamenu-override dj-megamenu-wcag horizontalMenu dj-fa-5" data-options='{"wrap":null,"animIn":"fadeIn","animOut":"fadeOut","animSpeed":"slow","openDelay":"250","closeDelay":"250","event":"click","eventClose":"click","parentOpen":"0","fixed":"0","offset":"0","theme":"override","direction":"ltr","wcag":"1","overlay":"0"}' data-trigger="979" role="menubar" aria-label="Portal Megamenu"> <li class="dj-up itemid104 first fullsub parent" role="none"><a class="dj-up_a " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="dj-drop" ><span class="title"><span class="name">About Tunnelling</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap multiple_cols subcols4" style="width: 100%;"><div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width: 100%; background-image: url(/images/blocks/About-Tunnelling.jpg); background-position: right bottom; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:25%"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="About Tunnelling"><li class="itemid144 first parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/why-go-underground" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Why go underground?</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Why go underground?"><li class="itemid148 first parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Social reasons</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Social reasons"><li class="itemid149 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/why-go-underground/social-reasons/indirect-benefits" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Indirect benefits</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid150" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/why-go-underground/social-reasons/social-balance" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Social balance</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="itemid151 parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Environmental reasons</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Environmental reasons"><li class="itemid152 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/why-go-underground/environmental-reasons/land-use-and-location" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Land use and location</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid153" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/why-go-underground/environmental-reasons/isolation-considerations" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Isolation considerations</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid154" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/why-go-underground/environmental-reasons/environmental-preservation" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Environmental preservation</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid155" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/why-go-underground/environmental-reasons/topographic-reasons" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Topographic reasons</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="itemid156 parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Economical reasons</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Economical reasons"><li class="itemid157 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/why-go-underground/economical-reasons/costs" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Costs</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid158" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/why-go-underground/economical-reasons/financing" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Financing</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid159" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/why-go-underground/economical-reasons/risks" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Risks</span></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:25%"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="How to go underground?"><li class="itemid145 first parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">How to go underground?</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="How to go underground?"><li class="itemid160 first parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Design</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Design"><li class="itemid163 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/design/geology" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Geology</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid164" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/design/site-investigation" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Site investigation</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid165" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/design/geotechnics" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Geotechnics</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid166" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/design/design-methods" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Design methods</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid167" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/design/ground-treatment" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Ground treatment</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid168" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/design/support-systems" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Support systems</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid169" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/design/environment" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Environment</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid170" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/design/monitoring" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Monitoring</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="itemid161 parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Construction Methods</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Construction Methods"><li class="itemid171 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/construction-methods/conventional-tunnelling" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Conventional tunnelling</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid172" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/construction-methods/mechanized-tunnelling" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Mechanized tunnelling</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid173" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/construction-methods/surface-tunnelling" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Surface tunnelling</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid174" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/construction-methods/subaquatic-tunnelling" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Subaquatic tunnelling</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid175" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/construction-methods/combination-of-methods" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Combination of methods</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="itemid162 parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Operation</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Operation"><li class="itemid176 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/operation/equipment" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Equipment</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid177" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/operation/auscultation" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Auscultation</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid178" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/operation/maintenance" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Maintenance</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid179" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/operation/rehabilitation" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Rehabilitation</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid180" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/operation/upgrading" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Upgrading</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="itemid181 parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Safety</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Safety"><li class="itemid182 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/safety/safety-during-design-stage" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Safety during design stage</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid183" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/safety/safety-during-construction" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Safety during construction</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid184" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/how-to-go-underground/safety/fire-safety" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Fire safety</span></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:25%"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Use of underground spaces"><li class="itemid146 first parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/use-of-underground-spaces" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Use of underground spaces</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Use of underground spaces"><li class="itemid185 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/use-of-underground-spaces/underground-planning" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Underground planning</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid186" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/use-of-underground-spaces/mining" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Mining</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid187" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/use-of-underground-spaces/architecture" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Architecture</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid188 parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Transport</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Transport"><li class="itemid189 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/use-of-underground-spaces/transport/urban-environment" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Urban environment</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid190" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/use-of-underground-spaces/transport/interurban-environment" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Interurban environment</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="itemid191 parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Energy, Water & Telecommunication</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Energy, Water & Telecommunication"><li class="itemid192 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/use-of-underground-spaces/energy-and-water/urban-utilities" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Urban utilities</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid193" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/use-of-underground-spaces/energy-and-water/non-urban-utilities" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Non-urban utilities</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="itemid194 parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Other Subsurface Facilities</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Other Subsurface Facilities"><li class="itemid195 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/use-of-underground-spaces/other-subsurfaces-facilities/public-buildings" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Public buildings</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid196" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/use-of-underground-spaces/other-subsurfaces-facilities/goods-storage" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Goods storage</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid197" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/use-of-underground-spaces/other-subsurfaces-facilities/industrial-facilities" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Industrial facilities</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid198" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/use-of-underground-spaces/other-subsurfaces-facilities/military-facilities" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Military facilities</span></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:25%"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Cases histories"><li class="itemid147 first parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/cases-histories" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Cases histories</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Cases histories"><li class="itemid199 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/cases-histories/images-gallery" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Images gallery</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid200 parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">History</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="History"><li class="itemid201 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/cases-histories/history/ancient-period" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Ancient period</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid202" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/cases-histories/history/xix-century" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">XIX Century (before 1914)</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid203" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/cases-histories/history/first-half-of-the-20th-century" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">1914 -1950</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid204" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/cases-histories/history/1950-1980" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">1950-1980</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid205" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/cases-histories/history/after-1980" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">After 1980</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="itemid206 parent subtree" role="none"><a class="dj-more " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Cases</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><ul class="dj-subtree" role="menu" aria-label="Cases"><li class="itemid207 first" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/cases-histories/case/transbay-tokyo" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Trans Tokyo Bay - Japan</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid208" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/cases-histories/case/m30-madrid" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Calle 30 – M30 Madrid</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid209" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/cases-histories/case/gotthard-base-tunnel" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT)</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid210" role="none"><a href="https://tunnel.ita-aites.org/en/cases-histories/case/boston-s-central-artery" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Boston's Central 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<p>Joining ITA as an individual member is the best way to immerse yourself in the core of the global tunnelling and underground space community.</p> <p><a class="btn" href="https://about.ita-aites.org/members/individual-members">Subscribe now</a></p></div> <div class="posdailybut"><input type="button" class="dailybutton" align="center" id="closedailyp" value="X"></div></div></div> </div> <input type="hidden" id="dailypopupwidth" value="450"> <input type="hidden" id="jqtimer" value="X"> <input type="hidden" id="jqanime" value="1"> <input type="hidden" id="actianim" value="1"> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="moduletable slider">  <div id="rev_slider_1_1_wrapper" class="rev_slider_wrapper" style="margin:0px auto;background-color:#E9E9E9;padding:0px;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;height:500px;width:1200px;position:relative;z-index:0;"> <div id="rev_slider_1_1" class="rev_slider" style="display:none;height:500px;width:1200px;"> <ul>  <li data-transition="fade" data-slotamount="7" 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data-y="345" data-speed="300" data-start="1500" data-easing="Power3.easeInOut" data-splitin="none" data-splitout="none" data-elementdelay="0.1" data-endelementdelay="0.1" data-endspeed="300" style="z-index: 6; max-width: none; max-height: none; white-space: nowrap;">One Planet </div>  <div class="tp-caption big_text tp-fade tp-resizeme" data-x="450" data-y="395" data-speed="300" data-start="2300" data-easing="Power3.easeInOut" data-splitin="none" data-splitout="none" data-elementdelay="0.1" data-endelementdelay="0.1" data-endspeed="300" style="z-index: 7; max-width: none; max-height: none; white-space: nowrap;">One ITA </div> </li>  <li data-transition="fade" data-slotamount="7" data-masterspeed="300" data-saveperformance="off" >  <img src="https://www.ita-aites.org/media/com_uniterevolution2/assets/images/dummy.png" alt="diaporama_1" data-lazyload="https://www.ita-aites.org/images/slider/diaporama_1.jpg" data-bgposition="center top" data-bgfit="cover" data-bgrepeat="no-repeat">   <div 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