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<li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s_and_1970s_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s_and_1970s_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1960s and 1970s success</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s_and_1970s_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-1980s_and_1990s_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-1980s_and_1990s_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mid-1980s and 1990s decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-1980s_and_1990s_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_impact_and_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_impact_and_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Industrial impact and heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_impact_and_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Minicomputer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="حاسوب صغير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاسوب صغير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minikomp%C3%BCter" title="Minikompüter – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Minikompüter" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মিনি কম্পিউটার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিনি কম্পিউটার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Миникомпютър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Миникомпютър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minira%C4%8Dunar" title="Miniračunar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Miniračunar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniordinador" title="Miniordinador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Miniordinador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minipo%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8D" title="Minipočítač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minipočítač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Minicomputer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minirechner" title="Minirechner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minirechner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniarvuti" title="Miniarvuti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Miniarvuti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputadora" title="Minicomputadora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minicomputadora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minikomputilo" title="Minikomputilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Minikomputilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniordenagailu" title="Miniordenagailu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Miniordenagailu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%DA%A9" title="رایانه کوچک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رایانه کوچک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-ordinateur" title="Mini-ordinateur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mini-ordinateur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" title="미니컴퓨터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미니컴퓨터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer_mini" title="Komputer mini – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komputer mini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minicomputer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91" title="מיני-מחשב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיני-מחשב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompyuta_ndogo" title="Kompyuta ndogo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kompyuta ndogo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minidators" title="Minidators – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minidators" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Minicomputer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minisz%C3%A1m%C3%ADt%C3%B3g%C3%A9p" title="Miniszámítógép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Miniszámítógép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Минисметач – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минисметач" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC" title="മിനികമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിനികമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мини компьютер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мини компьютер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minicomputer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="ミニコンピュータ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミニコンピュータ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minidatamaskin" title="Minidatamaskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Minidatamaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minikomputer" title="Minikomputer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minikomputer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputador" title="Minicomputador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Minicomputador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мини-компьютер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мини-компьютер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A" title="කුඩා පරිමාණ පරිගණක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුඩා පරිමාණ පරිගණක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Minicomputer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitietokone" title="Minitietokone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Minitietokone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minidator" title="Minidator – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minidator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="มินิคอมพิวเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มินิคอมพิวเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minibilgisayar" title="Minibilgisayar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Minibilgisayar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%27%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мінікомп'ютер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінікомп'ютер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh_mini" title="Máy tính mini – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy tính mini" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For small modern computers, see <a href="/wiki/Small_form_factor_(desktop_and_motherboard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Small form factor (desktop and motherboard)">Small form factor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nettop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nettop">Nettop</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_Minicomputers_from_Digital_Equipment_Corporation_(DEC)_from_1957_to_production_end_in_1979_-_PDP-1,_PDP-7,_PDP-8,_PDP-8-E,_PDP-11-70,_PDP-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Six_Minicomputers_from_Digital_Equipment_Corporation_%28DEC%29_from_1957_to_production_end_in_1979_-_PDP-1%2C_PDP-7%2C_PDP-8%2C_PDP-8-E%2C_PDP-11-70%2C_PDP-15.jpg/220px-Six_Minicomputers_from_Digital_Equipment_Corporation_%28DEC%29_from_1957_to_production_end_in_1979_-_PDP-1%2C_PDP-7%2C_PDP-8%2C_PDP-8-E%2C_PDP-11-70%2C_PDP-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Six_Minicomputers_from_Digital_Equipment_Corporation_%28DEC%29_from_1957_to_production_end_in_1979_-_PDP-1%2C_PDP-7%2C_PDP-8%2C_PDP-8-E%2C_PDP-11-70%2C_PDP-15.jpg/330px-Six_Minicomputers_from_Digital_Equipment_Corporation_%28DEC%29_from_1957_to_production_end_in_1979_-_PDP-1%2C_PDP-7%2C_PDP-8%2C_PDP-8-E%2C_PDP-11-70%2C_PDP-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Six_Minicomputers_from_Digital_Equipment_Corporation_%28DEC%29_from_1957_to_production_end_in_1979_-_PDP-1%2C_PDP-7%2C_PDP-8%2C_PDP-8-E%2C_PDP-11-70%2C_PDP-15.jpg/440px-Six_Minicomputers_from_Digital_Equipment_Corporation_%28DEC%29_from_1957_to_production_end_in_1979_-_PDP-1%2C_PDP-7%2C_PDP-8%2C_PDP-8-E%2C_PDP-11-70%2C_PDP-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3453" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Six different minicomputers (out of many more models) produced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a></i> (DEC) with the year of introduction in brackets: First row: <a href="/wiki/PDP-1" title="PDP-1">PDP-1</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/PDP-7" title="PDP-7">PDP-7</a> (1964), <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a> (1965); second row: <a href="/wiki/PDP-8/E" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP-8/E">PDP-8/E</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/PDP-11/70" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP-11/70">PDP-11/70</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/PDP-15" title="PDP-15">PDP-15</a> (1970).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Data_General_Nova_SN_1.agr.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Data_General_Nova_SN_1.agr.JPG/220px-Data_General_Nova_SN_1.agr.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Data_General_Nova_SN_1.agr.JPG/330px-Data_General_Nova_SN_1.agr.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Data_General_Nova_SN_1.agr.JPG/440px-Data_General_Nova_SN_1.agr.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2852" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Data_General_Nova" title="Data General Nova">Data General Nova</a>, <span class="nowrap">serial number 1,</span> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>minicomputer</b>, or colloquially <b>mini</b>, is a type of smaller general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> developed in the mid-1960s<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sold at a much lower price than <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mid-size computers from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/BUNCH" title="BUNCH">its direct competitors</a>. In a 1970 survey, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> suggested a consensus definition of a minicomputer as a machine costing less than <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$25,000</span> (equivalent to $196,000 in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), with an input-output device such as a teleprinter and at least four thousand words of memory, that is capable of running programs in a higher level language, such as <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> or <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1970_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1970-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The class formed a distinct group with its own software architectures and operating systems. Minis were designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping. Many were sold indirectly to <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">original equipment manufacturers</a> (OEMs) for final end-use application. During the two-decade lifetime of the minicomputer class (1965–1985), almost 100 companies formed and only a half dozen remained.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When single-chip <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> appeared, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a> in 1971, the term "minicomputer" came to mean a machine that lies in the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the smallest <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a>. The term "minicomputer" is seldom used today; the contemporary term for this class of system is "<a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">midrange computer</a>", such as the higher-end <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a> from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a>-based systems from <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minicomputer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minicomputer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "minicomputer" developed in the 1960s<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe the smaller computers that became possible with the use of <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">core memory</a> technologies, minimal instructions sets and less expensive peripherals such as the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Teletype_Model_33" title="Teletype Model 33">Teletype Model 33</a> ASR.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They usually took up one or a few <a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">19-inch rack</a> cabinets, compared with the large <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframes</a> that could fill a room.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of relative computing power compared to contemporary mainframes, small systems that were similar to minicomputers had been available from the 1950s. In particular, there was an entire class of <a href="/wiki/Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">drum machines</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_1101" title="UNIVAC 1101">UNIVAC 1101</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGP-30" title="LGP-30">LGP-30</a>, that share some features of the minicomputer class. Similar models using magnetic <a href="/wiki/Delay-line_memory" title="Delay-line memory">delay-line memory</a> followed in the early 1960s. These machines, however, were essentially designed as small mainframes, using a custom chassis and often supporting only peripherals from the same company. In contrast, the machines that became known as minicomputers were often designed to fit into a standard chassis and deliberately designed to use common devices like the ASR 33. </p><p>Another common difference was that most earlier small machines were not "general purpose", in that they were designed for a specific role like <a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">process control</a> or <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a>. On these machines, programming was generally carried out in their custom <a href="/wiki/Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine language</a>, or even hard-coded into a <a href="/wiki/Plugboard" title="Plugboard">plugboard</a>, although some used a form of <i>BASIC</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (February 2024)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> DEC wrote, regarding their PDP-5, that it was "the world’s first commercially produced minicomputer".<sup id="cite_ref-DEC57.PRES_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEC57.PRES-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It meets most definitions of "mini" in terms of power and size, but was designed and built to be used as an instrumentation system in labs, not as a general-purpose computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Lafferty_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lafferty-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many similar examples of small special-purpose machines exist from the early 1960s, including the UK <a href="/wiki/Ferranti_Argus" title="Ferranti Argus">Ferranti Argus</a> and Soviet UM-1NKh. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/CDC_160" class="mw-redirect" title="CDC 160">CDC 160</a>, circa 1960, is sometimes pointed to as an early example of a minicomputer, as it was small, transistorized and (relatively) inexpensive. However, its basic price of $100,000 (equivalent to $1,029,921 in 2023) and custom desk-like chassis places it within the "small system" or "midrange computer"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> category as opposed to the more modern use of the term minicomputer. Nevertheless, it retains a strong contender for the term "first minicomputer".<sup id="cite_ref-Lafferty_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lafferty-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_and_1970s_success">1960s and 1970s success</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minicomputer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1960s and 1970s success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most computing histories point to the 1964 introduction of <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>'s (DEC) <a href="/wiki/12-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="12-bit">12-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a> as the first minicomputer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of this is no doubt due to DEC's widespread use of the term starting in the mid-1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller systems, including those from DEC like the <a href="/wiki/PDP-5" title="PDP-5">PDP-5</a> and <a href="/wiki/LINC" title="LINC">LINC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had existed prior to this point, but it was the PDP-8 combination of small size, general purpose orientation and low price that puts it firmly within the modern definition. Its introductory price of $18,500<sup id="cite_ref-LowPrice_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LowPrice-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to $178,866 in 2023) places it in an entirely different market segment than earlier examples like the CDC 160. </p><p>In contemporary terms, the PDP-8 was a runaway success, ultimately selling 50,000 examples.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Follow-on versions using small scale <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> further lowered the cost and size of the system. Its success led to widespread imitation, and the creation of an entire industry of minicomputer companies along <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128" title="Massachusetts Route 128">Massachusetts Route 128</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Laboratories" title="Wang Laboratories">Wang Laboratories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Computer" title="Prime Computer">Prime Computer</a>. Other popular minis from the era were the <a href="/wiki/HP_2100" title="HP 2100">HP 2100</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_316" title="Honeywell 316">Honeywell 316</a> and <a href="/wiki/TI-990" title="TI-990">TI-990</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raytheon_RDS_500_configured_as_Com*MAND_II_seismic_processing_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Raytheon_RDS_500_configured_as_Com%2AMAND_II_seismic_processing_system.jpg/220px-Raytheon_RDS_500_configured_as_Com%2AMAND_II_seismic_processing_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Raytheon_RDS_500_configured_as_Com%2AMAND_II_seismic_processing_system.jpg/330px-Raytheon_RDS_500_configured_as_Com%2AMAND_II_seismic_processing_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Raytheon_RDS_500_configured_as_Com%2AMAND_II_seismic_processing_system.jpg/440px-Raytheon_RDS_500_configured_as_Com%2AMAND_II_seismic_processing_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Raytheon RDS 500 seismic processing system in <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> in 1978</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varian_data_machines_minicomputer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Varian_data_machines_minicomputer.jpg/220px-Varian_data_machines_minicomputer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Varian_data_machines_minicomputer.jpg/330px-Varian_data_machines_minicomputer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Varian_data_machines_minicomputer.jpg/440px-Varian_data_machines_minicomputer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3536" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Varian_Data_Machines" title="Varian Data Machines">Varian Data Machines</a> system connected to analogue tape playback system in 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>Early minis had a variety of <a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">word sizes</a>, with DEC's 12 and 18-bit systems being typical examples. The introduction and standardization of the 7-bit <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character set led to the move to 16-bit systems, with the late-1969 <a href="/wiki/Data_General_Nova" title="Data General Nova">Data General Nova</a> being a notable entry in this space. By the early 1970s, most minis were 16-bit, including DEC's <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a>. For a time, "minicomputer" was almost synonymous with "16-bit", as the larger mainframe machines almost always used 32-bit or larger word sizes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RDS_704_onsite_seismic_processing_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/RDS_704_onsite_seismic_processing_system.jpg/220px-RDS_704_onsite_seismic_processing_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/RDS_704_onsite_seismic_processing_system.jpg/330px-RDS_704_onsite_seismic_processing_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/RDS_704_onsite_seismic_processing_system.jpg/440px-RDS_704_onsite_seismic_processing_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8032" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption>Raytheon RDS 704 onsite seismic processing system in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> in 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> design improved, especially with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/7400-series_integrated_circuits" title="7400-series integrated circuits">7400-series integrated circuits</a>, minicomputers became smaller, easier to manufacture, and as a result, less expensive. They were used in manufacturing process control, telephone switching and to control laboratory equipment. In the 1970s, they were the hardware that was used to launch the <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> (CAD) industry<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other similar industries where a small dedicated system was needed. </p><p>The boom in worldwide <a href="/wiki/Seismic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic exploration">seismic exploration</a> for oil and gas in the early 1970s saw the widespread use of minicomputers in dedicated processing centres close to the data collection crews. Raytheon Data Systems RDS 704 and later RDS 500 were predominantly the systems of choice for nearly all the geophysical exploration as well as oil companies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the launch of the <a href="/wiki/MITS_Altair_8800" class="mw-redirect" title="MITS Altair 8800">MITS Altair 8800</a> in 1975, <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Electronics">Radio Electronics</a></i> magazine referred to the system as a "minicomputer", although the term <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> soon became usual for personal computers based on single-chip <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>. At the time, microcomputers were 8-bit single-user, relatively simple machines running simple program-launcher operating systems like <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> or <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, while minis were much more powerful systems that ran full multi-user, <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a> operating systems, such as <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tandem_Computers" title="Tandem Computers">Tandem Computers</a> NonStop product line shipped its first fully fault-tolerant cluster computer in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the same time, minis began to move upward in size. Although several 24 and 32-bit minis had entered the market earlier, it was DEC's 1977 <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>, which they referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">superminicomputer</a>, or supermini, that caused the mini market to move en-masse to <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> architectures. This provided ample headroom even as single-chip 16-bit microprocessors like the <a href="/wiki/TMS_9900" class="mw-redirect" title="TMS 9900">TMS 9900</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z8000" title="Zilog Z8000">Zilog Z8000</a> appeared in the later 1970s. Most mini vendors introduced their own single-chip processors based on their own architecture and used these mostly in low-cost offerings while concentrating on their 32-bit systems. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Intersil_6100" title="Intersil 6100">Intersil 6100</a> single-chip PDP-8, <a href="/wiki/DEC_T-11" title="DEC T-11">DEC T-11</a> PDP-11, microNOVA and <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_9440" title="Fairchild 9440">Fairchild 9440</a> Nova, and <a href="/wiki/TMS9900" title="TMS9900">TMS9900</a> TI-990. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-1980s_and_1990s_decline">Mid-1980s and 1990s decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minicomputer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mid-1980s and 1990s decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 1980s, the 16-bit market had all but disappeared as newer 32-bit microprocessors began to improve in performance. Those customers who required more performance than these offered had generally already moved to 32-bit systems by this time. But it was not long before this market also began to come under threat; the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a> offered a significant percentage of the performance of a typical mini in a desktop platform. True 32-bit processors like the <a href="/wiki/National_Semiconductor_NS32016" class="mw-redirect" title="National Semiconductor NS32016">National Semiconductor NS32016</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68020" title="Motorola 68020">Motorola 68020</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a> soon followed. By the mid-1980s, high-end microcomputers offered CPU performance equal to low-end and mid-range minis, and the new <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a> approach promised performance levels well beyond the fastest minis, and even high-end mainframes. </p><p>All that really separated micros from the mini market was storage and memory capacity. Both of these began to be addressed through the later 1980s; 1 MB of RAM became typical by around 1987, desktop <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drives</a> rapidly pushed past the 100 MB range by 1990, and the introduction of inexpensive and easily deployable <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> (LAN) systems provide solutions for those looking for multi-user systems. The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> machines opened new markets for graphics-based systems that the terminal-oriented minis could not even address. Minis retained a force for those using existing software products or those who required high-performance multitasking, but the introduction of newer <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> began to become highly practical replacements for these roles as well. </p><p>Mini vendors began to rapidly disappear through this period. <a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a> responded to the changing market by focusing entirely on the high-performance <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">file server</a> market, embracing a role within large LANs that appeared resilient. This did not last; <a href="/wiki/Novell_NetWare" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell NetWare">Novell NetWare</a> rapidly pushed such solutions into niche roles, and later versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> did the same to Novell. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> decided to move into the large-computer space instead, introducing the <a href="/wiki/VAX_9000" title="VAX 9000">VAX 9000</a> mainframe in 1989, but it was a flop in the market and disappeared after almost no sales. The company then attempted to enter the workstation and server markets with the <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a>, but was too late to save the company and they eventually sold their remains to <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> in 1998. By the end of the decade all of the classic vendors were gone; <a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Computer" title="Prime Computer">Prime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computervision" title="Computervision">Computervision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Laboratories" title="Wang Laboratories">Wang</a>, failed, merged, or were bought out. </p><p>Today, only a few proprietary minicomputer architectures survive. The <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/38" title="IBM System/38">IBM System/38</a> operating system, which introduced many advanced concepts, lives on with IBM's <a href="/wiki/AS/400" class="mw-redirect" title="AS/400">AS/400</a>. Great efforts were made by IBM to enable programs originally written for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/34" title="IBM System/34">IBM System/34</a> and System/36 to be moved to the AS/400. After being rebranded multiple times, the AS/400 platform was replaced by <a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">IBM Power Systems</a> running <a href="/wiki/IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a>. In contrast, competing proprietary computing architectures from the early 1980s, such as DEC's <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_VS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang VS">Wang VS</a>, and Hewlett-Packard's <a href="/wiki/HP_3000" title="HP 3000">HP 3000</a> have long been discontinued without a compatible upgrade path. <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> was ported to HP <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a> and Intel <a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">IA-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a>) CPU architectures, and now runs on <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> processors. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tandem_Computers" title="Tandem Computers">Tandem Computers</a>, which specialized in reliable large-scale computing, was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> in 1997, and in 2001 the combined entity merged with <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NonStop Kernel-based <a href="/wiki/NonStop_(server_computers)" title="NonStop (server computers)">NonStop</a> product line was re-ported from MIPS processors to Itanium-based processors branded as '<a href="/wiki/HPE_Integrity_Servers" title="HPE Integrity Servers">HP Integrity</a> NonStop Servers'. As in the earlier migration from stack machines to MIPS microprocessors, all customer software was carried forward without source changes. Integrity NonStop continues to be HP's answer for the extreme scaling needs of its very largest customers. The NSK operating system, now termed <a href="/wiki/NonStop_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="NonStop OS">NonStop OS</a>, continues as the base software environment for the NonStop Servers, and has been extended to include support for <a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a> and integration with popular development tools like <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>. Later, Hewlett-Packard would split into HP and Hewlett-Packard Enterprise. The NonStop products and the DEC products would then be sold by HPE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_impact_and_heritage">Industrial impact and heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minicomputer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industrial impact and heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of companies emerged that built <a href="/wiki/Turnkey" title="Turnkey">turnkey</a> systems around minicomputers with specialized software and, in many cases, custom peripherals that addressed specialized problems such as <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">computer-aided manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">process control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_resource_planning" title="Manufacturing resource planning">manufacturing resource planning</a>, and so on. Many if not most minicomputers were sold through these <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">original equipment manufacturers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Value-added_reseller" title="Value-added reseller">value-added resellers</a>. </p><p>Several pioneering computer companies first built minicomputers, such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard (HP)</a> (who now refers to its <a href="/wiki/HP3000" class="mw-redirect" title="HP3000">HP3000</a> minicomputers as "servers" rather than "minicomputers"). And although today's PCs and servers are clearly microcomputers physically, architecturally their CPUs and operating systems have developed largely by integrating features from minicomputers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the software context, the relatively simple OSs for early microcomputers were usually inspired by minicomputer OSs (such as <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>'s similarity to Digital's single user <a href="/wiki/OS/8" title="OS/8">OS/8</a> and <a href="/wiki/RT-11" title="RT-11">RT-11</a> and multi-user <a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS</a> time-sharing system). Also, the multiuser OSs of today are often either inspired by, or directly descended from, minicomputer OSs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">UNIX</a> was originally a minicomputer OS, while the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT" title="Architecture of Windows NT">Windows NT kernel</a>, the foundation for all current versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, borrowed design ideas liberally from <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a>. Many of the first generation of PC programmers were educated on minicomputer systems.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minicomputer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitra_15" title="Mitra 15">CII Mitra 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Data">Control Data</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CDC_160A" class="mw-redirect" title="CDC 160A">CDC 160A</a> and <a href="/wiki/CDC_1700" title="CDC 1700">CDC 1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="/wiki/Programmed_Data_Processor" title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a> series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_General_Nova" title="Data General Nova">Nova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_General_Eclipse" title="Data General Eclipse">Eclipse</a> series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> <a href="/wiki/HP_3000" title="HP 3000">HP 3000</a> series and <a href="/wiki/HP_2100" title="HP 2100">HP 2100</a> series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>-<a href="/wiki/Groupe_Bull" title="Groupe Bull">Bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_Level_6" title="Honeywell Level 6">DPS 6/DPS 6000</a> series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer#IBM_Midrange_Systems" title="Midrange computer">IBM midrange computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdata_7/32_and_8/32" title="Interdata 7/32 and 8/32">Interdata 7/32 and 8/32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk_Data" title="Norsk Data">Norsk Data</a> <a href="/wiki/Nord-1" title="Nord-1">Nord-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nord-10" title="Nord-10">Nord-10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nord-100" title="Nord-100">Nord-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_Computers" title="Ridge Computers">Ridge Computers</a> Ridge 32 and Ridge 3200 series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> <a href="/wiki/TI-990" title="TI-990">TI-990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTL_Modular_One" class="mw-redirect" title="CTL Modular One">CTL Modular One</a>, from the UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-202" title="K-202">K-202</a>, first Polish minicomputer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minicomputer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_a_New_Machine" title="The Soul of a New Machine">The Soul of a New Machine</a></i> – about the development of Data General's Eclipse/MV minicomputers in the early 1980s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">Superminicomputer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxicomputer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxicomputer">Maxicomputer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minicomputer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For comparison, the CDC 160 sold about 50 units.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minicomputer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHendersonNewell2011" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Rebecca M.; Newell, Richard G., eds. (2011). <i>Accelerating Energy Innovation: Insights from Multiple Sectors</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226326832" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226326832"><bdi>978-0226326832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accelerating+Energy+Innovation%3A+Insights+from+Multiple+Sectors&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0226326832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2014" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Han-Way (2014). <i>The Atmel AVR Microcontroller: MEGA and XMEGA in Assembly and C</i>. Australia; United Kingdom: Delmar Cengage Learning. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1133607298" title="Special:BookSources/978-1133607298"><bdi>978-1133607298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atmel+AVR+Microcontroller%3A+MEGA+and+XMEGA+in+Assembly+and+C&rft.place=Australia%3B+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Delmar+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1133607298&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Han-Way&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstabrooks1995" class="citation book cs1">Estabrooks, Maurice (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electronictechno0000esta"><i>Electronic technology, corporate strategy, and world transformation</i></a></span>. Westport, Connecticut: Quorum Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electronictechno0000esta/page/53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0899309690" title="Special:BookSources/0899309690"><bdi>0899309690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+technology%2C+corporate+strategy%2C+and+world+transformation&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Quorum+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0899309690&rft.aulast=Estabrooks&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectronictechno0000esta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1970-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1970_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1970" class="citation news cs1">Smith, William D. (April 5, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/05/archives/maxi-computers-face-mini-conflict-mini-trend-reaching-computers.html">"Maxi Computers Face Mini Conflict: Mini Trend Reaching Computers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Maxi+Computers+Face+Mini+Conflict%3A+Mini+Trend+Reaching+Computers&rft.date=1970-04-05&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F04%2F05%2Farchives%2Fmaxi-computers-face-mini-conflict-mini-trend-reaching-computers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell_2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_2013_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_2013_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bell" title="Gordon Bell">Bell, Gordon</a> (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2014.2306257">"Rise and Fall of Minicomputers"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>. <b>102</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2014.2306257">10.1109/JPROC.2014.2306257</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21352766">21352766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Rise+and+Fall+of+Minicomputers&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJPROC.2014.2306257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21352766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%252FJPROC.2014.2306257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/minicomputer">"Minicomputer"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. <q>Minicomputer... the term was introduced in the mid-1960s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Minicomputer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fminicomputer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatnaikAnvekar1982" class="citation journal cs1">Patnaik, L. M.; Anvekar, D. K. (July 1982). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Built+The+First+Minicomputers%3F&rft.date=2014-01&rft.aulast=Lafferty&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftronola.com%2Fhtml%2Fwho_built_the_first_minicomput.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-a-microcomputer-a-minicomputer">"What Is the Difference Between a Microcomputer & a Minicomputer"</a>. <i>Techwalla</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Techwalla&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Difference+Between+a+Microcomputer+%26+a+Minicomputer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techwalla.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-a-microcomputer-a-minicomputer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyHeyPápay2014" class="citation book cs1">Hey, Tony; Hey, Anthony; Pápay, Gyuri (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA165"><i>The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521766456" title="Special:BookSources/9780521766456"><bdi>9780521766456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Computing+Universe%3A+A+Journey+through+a+Revolution&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780521766456&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Hey%2C+Anthony&rft.au=P%C3%A1pay%2C+Gyuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrMkBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwins2011" class="citation web cs1">Goodwins, Rupert (February 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011075642/http://www.zdnet.com/pictures/decs-40-years-of-innovation/4/">"DEC's 40 years of innovation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i>. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/pictures/decs-40-years-of-innovation/4/">the original</a> on October 11, 2017. <q>The term was coined by then DEC UK head John Leng, who sent a sales report saying, "Here is the latest minicomputer activity in the land of miniskirts as I drive around in my Mini Minor".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=DEC%27s+40+years+of+innovation&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2011-02-12&rft.aulast=Goodwins&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Fpictures%2Fdecs-40-years-of-innovation%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdobbs.com/the-linc-an-early-personal-computer/184404067">"The LINC: An Early "Personal Computer"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>DrDobbs.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DrDobbs.com&rft.atitle=The+LINC%3A+An+Early+%22Personal+Computer%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Fthe-linc-an-early-personal-computer%2F184404067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LowPrice-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LowPrice_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_W._Jones" title="Douglas W. Jones">Jones, Douglas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/pdp8/faqs/">"The Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8 — Frequently Asked Questions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Digital+Equipment+Corporation+PDP-8+%E2%80%94+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.cs.uiowa.edu%2F~jones%2Fpdp8%2Ffaqs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www6.dict.cc/wp_examples.php?lp_id=1%26lang=en%26s=computer%2520aided%2520design">"Computer-aided design"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer-aided+design&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww6.dict.cc%2Fwp_examples.php%3Flp_id%3D1%2526lang%3Den%2526s%3Dcomputer%252520aided%252520design&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxTAr_FX-foC&q=raytheon+rds+500&pg=PA30">"Raytheon Data Systems advertisement"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. Vol. 9, no. 38. September 17, 1975. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4841">0010-4841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Raytheon+Data+Systems+advertisement&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1975-09-17&rft.issn=0010-4841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxTAr_FX-foC%26q%3Draytheon%2Brds%2B500%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Tandem History: An Introduction". <i>Center Magazine: A Newsletter for Tandem Employees</i>. <b>6</b> (1). Winter 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+Magazine%3A+A+Newsletter+for+Tandem+Employees&rft.atitle=Tandem+History%3A+An+Introduction&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Tracing Tandem's History". <i>NonStop News: A Newsletter for Tandem Employees</i>. <b>9</b> (1). January 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NonStop+News%3A+A+Newsletter+for+Tandem+Employees&rft.atitle=Tracing+Tandem%27s+History&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1986-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/tandem-computers-inc-history/">"History of TANDEM COMPUTERS, INC. – FundingUniverse"</a>. <i>www.fundinguniverse.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fundinguniverse.com&rft.atitle=History+of+TANDEM+COMPUTERS%2C+INC.+%E2%80%93+FundingUniverse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundinguniverse.com%2Fcompany-histories%2Ftandem-computers-inc-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/top-end-server-group-comes-home-to-hp/">"Top-end server group comes home to HP"</a>. <i>CNET</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Top-end+server+group+comes+home+to+HP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ftech%2Ftech-industry%2Ftop-end-server-group-comes-home-to-hp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html">"History of Computers in Education"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Computers+in+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csulb.edu%2F~murdock%2Fhistofcs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Ryan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dan Ryan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1456751158"><i>History of Computer Graphics: Dlr Associates Series</i></a>. Author House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1456751159" title="Special:BookSources/978-1456751159"><bdi>978-1456751159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Computer+Graphics%3A+Dlr+Associates+Series&rft.pub=Author+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1456751159&rft.au=Dan+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1456751158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinicomputer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minicomputer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/GBell-minicomputer-list.html">A list of Minicomputers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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categories">Computer sizes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_computers" title="Classes of computers">classes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Micro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">Arcade cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskless_node" title="Diskless node">Diskless node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_appliance" title="Internet appliance">Internet appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent terminal">Intelligent terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_kiosk" title="Interactive kiosk">Interactive kiosk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_client" title="Rich client">Rich client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulator_ride" title="Simulator ride">Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">Smart speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_client" title="Thin client">Thin client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">Home console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microconsole" title="Microconsole">Microconsole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_supercomputer" title="Personal supercomputer">Personal super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-in-one_computer" title="All-in-one computer">All-in-one</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panel_PC" title="Panel PC">Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_computer" title="Table computer">Tabletop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_computer" title="Surface computer">Surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deskside_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deskside computer">Deskside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza-box_form_factor" title="Pizza-box form factor">Pizza box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_tower" title="Computer tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_form_factor_PC" title="Small form factor PC">Small form factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_PC" title="Mini PC">Mini PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_computer" title="Plug computer">Plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_PC" title="Stick PC">Stick PC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">Rack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blade_server" title="Blade server">Blade server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_PC" title="Blade PC">Blade PC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop" title="2-in-1 laptop">2-in-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_convertible" title="2-in-1 laptop">Convertible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudbook" title="Cloudbook">Cloudbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook_(laptop)" title="Notebook (laptop)">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">Subnotebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">Smartbook</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_detachable" title="2-in-1 laptop">Detachable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Handheld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">Electronic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Foldable</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmtop_PC" title="Palmtop PC">Palmtop PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_data_terminal" title="Portable data terminal">Portable data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siftable" title="Siftable">Siftable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">Ultra-mobile PC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">Calculator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">Graphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">Programmable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">Scientific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable</a></th><td 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