CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Virtue signalling - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a4dac952-d2a5-4544-8c65-bd111ae9d7ff","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Virtue_signalling","wgTitle":"Virtue signalling","wgCurRevisionId":1271121595,"wgRevisionId":1271121595,"wgArticleId":50116456,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2024","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2024","All articles needing examples","Articles needing examples from April 2024","2010s neologisms","Moral psychology","Political neologisms","Social commentary","Social influence","Virtue","Hypocrisy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Virtue_signalling","wgRelevantArticleId":50116456,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5895486","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.14"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Virtue signalling - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_signalling"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_signalling"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Virtue_signalling rootpage-Virtue_signalling skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Virtue+signalling" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Virtue+signalling" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Virtue+signalling" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Virtue+signalling" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition and usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Film industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_signalling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_signalling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vice signalling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_signalling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virtue signalling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9" title="تلويح بالفضيلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلويح بالفضيلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-h%C4%93ng_tho%C3%A2n-s%C3%ACn" title="Tek-hēng thoân-sìn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-hēng thoân-sìn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostentaci%C3%B3_de_virtut" title="Ostentació de virtut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ostentació de virtut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD_ctnost%C3%AD" title="Mávání ctností – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mávání ctností" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_signalling" title="Virtue signalling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Virtue signalling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alardeo_moral" title="Alardeo moral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alardeo moral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="فضیلت‌فروشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فضیلت‌فروشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertu_ostentatoire" title="Vertu ostentatoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vertu ostentatoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isyarat_kebajikan" title="Isyarat kebajikan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Isyarat kebajikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyg%C3%B0askreyting" title="Dygðaskreyting – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dygðaskreyting" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_signalling" title="Virtue signalling – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virtue signalling" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="איתות סגולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איתות סגולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1magp%C3%A1kit_t%C3%A1u" title="Pámagpákit táu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pámagpákit táu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%BE%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="美徳シグナリング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="美徳シグナリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhetsposering" title="Godhetsposering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Godhetsposering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sygnalizowanie_cnoty" title="Sygnalizowanie cnoty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sygnalizowanie cnoty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_virtude" title="Sinalização de virtude – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinalização de virtude" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtute_ostentativ%C4%83" title="Virtute ostentativă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Virtute ostentativă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Демонстрация добродетели – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Демонстрация добродетели" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_signalling" title="Virtue signalling – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Virtue signalling" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyvesignalointi" title="Hyvesignalointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyvesignalointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dygdsignalering" title="Dygdsignalering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dygdsignalering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duyar_kasma" title="Duyar kasma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Duyar kasma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Чеснота на показ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чеснота на показ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%BE%B7%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="美德訊號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美德訊號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5895486#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virtue_signalling" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Virtue_signalling" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virtue_signalling"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virtue_signalling"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Virtue_signalling" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Virtue_signalling" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&oldid=1271121595" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Virtue_signalling&id=1271121595&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVirtue_signalling"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVirtue_signalling"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Virtue_signalling&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5895486" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pejorative term</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Virtue signalling</b> is the act of expressing opinions or stances that align with popular moral values, often through <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, with the intent of demonstrating one's good character. The term <i>virtue signalling</i> is frequently used <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejoratively</a> to suggest that the person is <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">more concerned with appearing virtuous than with actually supporting</a> the cause or belief in question.<sup id="cite_ref-Tosi_2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosi_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 39–40">: 39–40 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stollznow_2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stollznow_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An accusation of virtue signalling can be applied to both individuals and companies. </p><p>Critics argue that virtue signalling is often meant to gain social approval without taking meaningful action, such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a></i>, where companies exaggerate their environmental commitments. On social media, large movements such as <a href="/wiki/Blackout_Tuesday" title="Blackout Tuesday">Blackout Tuesday</a> were accused of lacking substance, and celebrities or public figures are frequently charged with virtue signalling when their actions seem disconnected from their public stances. However, some argue that these expressions of outrage or moral alignment may reflect genuine concern, and that accusing others of virtue signalling can itself be a form of signalling. This has led to the coining of a related concept, <i><b>vice signalling</b></i>, which refers to the public promotion of negative or controversial views to appear tough, pragmatic, or rebellious, often for political or social capital. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_usage">Definition and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Advanced_Learner%27s_Dictionary" title="Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary">Cambridge Dictionary</a></i>, virtue signalling is "an attempt to show other people that you are a good person, for example by expressing opinions that will be acceptable to them, especially on social media... indicating that one has virtue merely by expressing disgust or favour for certain political ideas or cultural happenings".<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_Dictionary_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Dictionary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression is often used to imply by the user that the <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> being signalled is exaggerated or insincere.<sup id="cite_ref-Eriksen_2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eriksen_2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of virtue signaling is most often used by those on the <a href="/wiki/Political_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Political right">political right</a> to denigrate the behavior of those on the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tosi_2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosi_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stollznow_2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stollznow_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is similar to the idea of <i><a href="/wiki/Grandstanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandstanding">grandstanding</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tosi_2020_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosi_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2023_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2023-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One practice sometimes cited as an example of virtue signalling is <i><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a></i>, when a company deceptively claims or suggests that its products or policies are more <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a> than they actually are.<sup id="cite_ref-Eriksen_2021_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eriksen_2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fancy_2021_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fancy_2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sustainability advocates have suggested ecological virtue signaling by corporations is not necessarily negative, as long as it is accompanied by taking responsibility for past environmental harms.<sup id="cite_ref-e416_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e416-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> editor Emily Brewster has likened <i>virtue signalling</i> to the term <i><a href="/wiki/Humblebrag" class="mw-redirect" title="Humblebrag">humblebragging</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David Shariatmadari writes in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> that the term has been used since at least 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-Shariatmadari_2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shariatmadari_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appearing for example in religious academic works in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a> cites <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%206:1–4&version=nrsv">Matthew 6:1–4</a> as an example of "virtue signalling" being condemned as a vice in antiquity ("Beware of practicing your piety before others in order to be seen by them; for then you have no reward from your Father in heaven").<sup id="cite_ref-Taleb_2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taleb_2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British journalist <a href="/wiki/James_Bartholomew_(journalist)" title="James Bartholomew (journalist)">James Bartholomew</a> claims to have originated the pejorative usage of the term "virtue signalling" in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_2015_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i> that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No one actually has to do anything. Virtue comes from mere words or even from silently held beliefs. There was a time in the distant past when people thought you could only be virtuous by doing things...[that] involve effort and self-sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartholomew_2018_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartholomew_2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Angela Nagle</a>, in her book <i><a href="/wiki/Kill_All_Normies" title="Kill All Normies">Kill All Normies</a>,</i> described Internet reactions to the <a href="/wiki/Kony_2012" title="Kony 2012">Kony 2012</a> viral video as "what we might now call 'virtue signaling<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", and that "the usual cycles of public displays of outrage online began as expected with inevitable competitive virtue signaling" in the aftermath of the killing of <a href="/wiki/Harambe" title="Harambe">Harambe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagle_2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagle_2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> B. D. McClay wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hedgehog_Review" title="The Hedgehog Review">The Hedgehog Review</a></i> that signalling particularly flourished in online communities. It was unavoidable in digital interactions because they lacked the qualities of offline life, such as spontaneity. When one filled out a list of one's favourite books for <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, one was usually aware of what that list said about oneself.<sup id="cite_ref-McClay_2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClay_2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Blackout_Tuesday" title="Blackout Tuesday">Blackout Tuesday</a>, a collective action that was ostensibly intended to combat racism and <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> that was carried out on June<span class="nowrap"> </span>2, 2020, mainly by businesses and celebrities through social media in response to the killings of several black people by police officers, was criticized as a form of virtue signalling for the initiative's "lack of clarity and direction".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ho_2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ho_2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing">Marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to individuals, companies have also been accused of virtue signalling in <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>, and brand communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Mondalek_2020_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondalek_2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virtue signalling has been noted<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> in some brands' reactions to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/37230/1/JBE_Manuscript.pdf">[1]</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_2020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace_2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (April 2024)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_industry">Film industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Film industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oscar_bait" title="Oscar bait">Oscar bait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">message picture</a></div> <p>Actors and other celebrities may be accused of virtue-signalling if their actions are seen to contradict their expressed views.<sup id="cite_ref-Shrimsley_2019_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shrimsley_2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychologists Jillian Jordan and <a href="/wiki/David_G._Rand" title="David G. Rand">David Rand</a> argue that virtue signalling is separable from genuine outrage towards a particular belief, but in most cases, individuals who are virtue signalling are, in fact, simultaneously experiencing genuine outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguist David Shariatmadari argues in <i>The Guardian</i> that the very act of accusing someone of virtue signalling is an act of virtue signalling in itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Shariatmadari_2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shariatmadari_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Williams" title="Zoe Williams">Zoe Williams</a>, also writing for <i>The Guardian</i>, suggested the phrase was the "sequel insult to <a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">champagne socialist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_signalling">Vice signalling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vice signalling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> editor Robert Shrimsley suggested the term <i>vice signalling</i> as a counterpoint to virtue signaling:<sup id="cite_ref-Shrimsley_2019_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shrimsley_2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>A vice-signaller boasts about sneaking meat into a vegetarian meal. He will rush on to social media to denounce as a 'snowflake' any woman who objects to receiving rape threats, or any minority unhappy at a racist joke...Vice-signallers have understood that there is money to be made in the outrage economy by playing the villain. Perhaps, secretly, they buy their clothes at the zero-waste shop and help out at the local food bank, but cannot be caught doing so lest their image is destroyed.</p></blockquote> <p>Stephen Bush, also in the <i>Financial Times</i>, describes vice signalling as "ostentatious displays of authoritarianism designed to reassure voters that you are <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">“tough” on crime</a> or <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">immigration</a>", and that it "risks sending what is, in a democracy, the most dangerous signal of all: that politicians do not really care about their electorate’s concerns, other than as a device to win and to hold on to their own power". In particular, Bush cited Donald Trump's <a href="/wiki/Mexican_border_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican border wall">Mexican border wall</a> pledge and Boris Johnson's <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_asylum_plan" title="Rwanda asylum plan">Rwanda asylum plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bush_2022_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bush_2022-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>vice signalling</i> has been used variously elsewhere,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to refer either to "show[ing] you are tough, hard-headed, a dealer in uncomfortable truths, and, above all, that you live in 'the real world'", in a way that goes beyond what actual pragmatism requires,<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_2018_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to "a public display of immorality, intended to create a community based on cruelty and disregard for others, which is proud of it at the same time".<sup id="cite_ref-Berlatsky_2020_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlatsky_2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Do-gooder derogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_belief" title="Luxury belief">Luxury belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_activism" title="Performative activism">Performative activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purity_test" title="Purity test">Purity test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacktivism" title="Slacktivism">Slacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke" title="Woke">Woke</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tosi_2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tosi_2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tosi_2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tosi_2020_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTosiWarmke2020" class="citation book cs1">Tosi, Justin; Warmke, Brandon (2020). <i>Grandstanding: The Use and Abuse of Moral Talk</i>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C4_UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090015-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090015-1"><bdi>978-0-19-090015-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grandstanding%3A+The+Use+and+Abuse+of+Moral+Talk&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-090015-1&rft.aulast=Tosi&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft.au=Warmke%2C+Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stollznow_2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stollznow_2020_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stollznow_2020_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStollznow2020" class="citation web cs1">Stollznow, Karen (28 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/virtue-signalling-a-slur-meant-to-imply-moral-grandstanding-that-might-not-be-all-bad-145546">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Virtue signalling', a slur meant to imply moral grandstanding that might not be all bad"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=%27Virtue+signalling%27%2C+a+slur+meant+to+imply+moral+grandstanding+that+might+not+be+all+bad&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.aulast=Stollznow&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fvirtue-signalling-a-slur-meant-to-imply-moral-grandstanding-that-might-not-be-all-bad-145546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2020" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, Neil (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-020-02653-9">"Virtue signalling is virtuous"</a>. <i>Synthese</i>. <b>198</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">9545–</span>9562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-020-02653-9">10.1007/s11229-020-02653-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0964">1573-0964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215793854">215793854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=Virtue+signalling+is+virtuous&rft.volume=198&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9545-%3C%2Fspan%3E9562&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A215793854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-0964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-020-02653-9&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11229-020-02653-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_Dictionary-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Dictionary_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/virtue-signalling">"Virtue signalling"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i>. Cambridge University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>an attempt to show other people that you are a good person, for example by expressing opinions that will be acceptable to them, especially on social media</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virtue+signalling&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fvirtue-signalling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eriksen_2021-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eriksen_2021_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eriksen_2021_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEriksen2021" class="citation web cs1">Eriksen, Olivia (2 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realclearenergy.org/articles/2021/08/02/virtue_signaling_what_is_it_and_why_is_it_so_dangerous_788208.html">"Virtue Signaling: What Is It and Why Is It So Dangerous?"</a>. <i>RealClearEnergy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>Virtue signaling is defined at the act of publicly expressing opinions in order to demonstrate that you are a good person. However, this has become muddied with placing more importance on the appearance of moral correctness, than the correctness itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RealClearEnergy&rft.atitle=Virtue+Signaling%3A+What+Is+It+and+Why+Is+It+So+Dangerous%3F&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft.aulast=Eriksen&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearenergy.org%2Farticles%2F2021%2F08%2F02%2Fvirtue_signaling_what_is_it_and_why_is_it_so_dangerous_788208.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill_2023-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill_2023_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillFanciullo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Jesse; Fanciullo, James (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/FANWWW-2">"What's Wrong with Virtue Signaling?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Synthese</i>. <b>201</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-023-04131-4">10.1007/s11229-023-04131-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0964">1573-0964</a>. article number 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=What%27s+Wrong+with+Virtue+Signaling%3F&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-023-04131-4&rft.issn=1573-0964&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.au=Fanciullo%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Farchive%2FFANWWW-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fancy_2021-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fancy_2021_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFancy2021" class="citation news cs1">Fancy, Tariq (4 November 2021). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2021/11/04/tariq-fancy-on-the-failure-of-green-investing-and-the-need-for-state-action">"Tariq Fancy on the failure of green investing and the need for state action"</a></span>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>. <q>We, along with virtually every other large asset manager, eagerly engaged in a form of financial virtue-signalling that has become de rigueur in the industry, exaggerating how beneficial ESG information had suddenly become to all our investment processes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Tariq+Fancy+on+the+failure+of+green+investing+and+the+need+for+state+action&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Fancy&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fby-invitation%2F2021%2F11%2F04%2Ftariq-fancy-on-the-failure-of-green-investing-and-the-need-for-state-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e416-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e416_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandhu2024" class="citation web cs1">Sandhu, Sukhbir (30 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/individual-action-on-climate-was-tarred-as-greenwashing-or-virtue-signalling-but-it-still-has-a-place-239196">"Individual action on climate was tarred as greenwashing or virtue signalling. But it still has a place"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Individual+action+on+climate+was+tarred+as+greenwashing+or+virtue+signalling.+But+it+still+has+a+place&rft.date=2024-10-30&rft.aulast=Sandhu&rft.aufirst=Sukhbir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Findividual-action-on-climate-was-tarred-as-greenwashing-or-virtue-signalling-but-it-still-has-a-place-239196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters_2015-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_2015_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_2015_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2015" class="citation news cs1">Peters, Mark (24 December 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2015/12/24/virtue-signaling-and-other-inane-platitudes/YrJRcvxYMofMcCfgORUcFO/story.html">"Virtue signaling and other inane platitudes"</a></span>. <i>The Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Virtue+signaling+and+other+inane+platitudes&rft.date=2015-12-24&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fideas%2F2015%2F12%2F24%2Fvirtue-signaling-and-other-inane-platitudes%2FYrJRcvxYMofMcCfgORUcFO%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shariatmadari_2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shariatmadari_2016_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shariatmadari_2016_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShariatmadari2016" class="citation news cs1">Shariatmadari, David (20 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/20/virtue-signalling-putdown-passed-sell-by-date">"Opinion | 'Virtue-signalling' – the putdown that has passed its sell-by date"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+%27Virtue-signalling%27+%E2%80%93+the+putdown+that+has+passed+its+sell-by+date&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft.aulast=Shariatmadari&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Fjan%2F20%2Fvirtue-signalling-putdown-passed-sell-by-date&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyysiäinen2010" class="citation book cs1">Pyysiäinen, Ilkka (2010). <i>Religion, Economy, and Cooperation</i>. De Gruyter. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024632-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024632-2"><bdi>978-3-11-024632-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Economy%2C+and+Cooperation&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-024632-2&rft.aulast=Pyysi%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Ilkka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulbulia2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bulbulia, Joseph (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223343">"Spreading order: religion, cooperative niche construction, and risky coordination problems"</a>. <i>Biology & Philosophy</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10539-011-9295-x">10.1007/s10539-011-9295-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223343">3223343</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22207773">22207773</a>. <q>Other cultural evolutionary models show that prestige and success biases may combine with imitative learning and virtue-signalling to favour religious cultural transmission (Henrich 2009)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+%26+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Spreading+order%3A+religion%2C+cooperative+niche+construction%2C+and+risky+coordination+problems&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3223343%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22207773&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10539-011-9295-x&rft.aulast=Bulbulia&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3223343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taleb_2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taleb_2019_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaleb2019" class="citation book cs1">Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (2019). <i><a href="/wiki/Skin_in_the_Game:_Hidden_Asymmetries_in_Daily_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life">Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life</a></i>. London: Penguin Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">185–</span>187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-198265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-198265-6"><bdi>978-0-14-198265-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skin+in+the+Game%3A+Hidden+Asymmetries+in+Daily+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-14-198265-6&rft.aulast=Taleb&rft.aufirst=Nassim+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartholomew_2018-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartholomew_2018_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomew2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Bartholomew, James (5 July 2018). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-awful-rise-of-virtue-signalling/">"The awful rise of 'virtue signalling'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Spectator</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+awful+rise+of+%27virtue+signalling%27&rft.date=2018-07-05&rft.aulast=Bartholomew&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-awful-rise-of-virtue-signalling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagle_2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nagle_2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagle2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Nagle, Angela</a> (2017). <i>Kill All Normies</i>. John Hunt Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78535-544-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78535-544-8"><bdi>978-1-78535-544-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017934035">2017934035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kill+All+Normies&rft.pub=John+Hunt+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017934035&rft.isbn=978-1-78535-544-8&rft.aulast=Nagle&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClay_2018-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McClay_2018_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClay2018" class="citation journal cs1">McClay, B. D. (Summer 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hedgehogreview.com/issues/identitieswhat-are-they-good-for/articles/virtue-signaling">"Virtue Signaling"</a>. <i>The Hedgehog Review</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2324-867X">2324-867X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hedgehog+Review&rft.atitle=Virtue+Signaling&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2324-867X&rft.aulast=McClay&rft.aufirst=B.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhedgehogreview.com%2Fissues%2Fidentitieswhat-are-they-good-for%2Farticles%2Fvirtue-signaling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFramke2020" class="citation web cs1">Framke, Caroline (2 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2020/tv/columns/blackout-tuesday-instagram-blacklivesmatter-1234623358/">"Why Posting Black Boxes for #BlackoutTuesday, or Hashtags Without Action, Is Useless (Column)"</a>. <q>this rush to virtue-signal support without providing substantive aid is an all too familiar instinct on social media, where an issue can become a trend that people feel the need to address in some way, whether or not it makes sense or does any actual good.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Posting+Black+Boxes+for+%23BlackoutTuesday%2C+or+Hashtags+Without+Action%2C+Is+Useless+%28Column%29&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft.aulast=Framke&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2020%2Ftv%2Fcolumns%2Fblackout-tuesday-instagram-blacklivesmatter-1234623358%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ho_2020-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ho_2020_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2020" class="citation web cs1">Ho, Shannon (13 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/social-media-blackout-enthralled-instagram-did-it-do-anything-n1230181">"A social media 'blackout' enthralled Instagram. But did it do anything?"</a>. <i>NBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>The word "slacktivism" traces to 1995 as a portmanteau of "slacker" and "activism". As elements of life have moved online in the 25 years since, slacktivism has come to represent halfhearted social media-based activity, along with other terms like "virtue signaling" and "performative allyship".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC&rft.atitle=A+social+media+%27blackout%27+enthralled+Instagram.+But+did+it+do+anything%3F&rft.date=2020-06-13&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Ftech%2Fsocial-media%2Fsocial-media-blackout-enthralled-instagram-did-it-do-anything-n1230181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mondalek_2020-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mondalek_2020_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondalek2020" class="citation web cs1">Mondalek, Alexandra (2 June 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/marketing-pr/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-protest-fashion-brands-response-louis-vuitton-nike/">"As Brands Rush to Speak Out, Many Statements Ring Hollow"</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+Brands+Rush+to+Speak+Out%2C+Many+Statements+Ring+Hollow&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft.aulast=Mondalek&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessoffashion.com%2Farticles%2Fmarketing-pr%2Fgeorge-floyd-black-lives-matter-protest-fashion-brands-response-louis-vuitton-nike%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace_2020-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_2020_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallaceBuilde_Chernatony2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace, Elaine; Buil, Isabel; de Chernatony, Leslie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/37230/1/JBE_Manuscript.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Consuming Good' on Social Media: What Can Conspicuous Virtue Signalling on Facebook Tell Us About Prosocial and Unethical Intentions?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i>. <b>162</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">577–</span>592. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-018-3999-7">10.1007/s10551-018-3999-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0697">1573-0697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=%27Consuming+Good%27+on+Social+Media%3A+What+Can+Conspicuous+Virtue+Signalling+on+Facebook+Tell+Us+About+Prosocial+and+Unethical+Intentions%3F&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E577-%3C%2Fspan%3E592&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-018-3999-7&rft.issn=1573-0697&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft.au=Buil%2C+Isabel&rft.au=de+Chernatony%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.aston.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F37230%2F1%2FJBE_Manuscript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shrimsley_2019-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shrimsley_2019_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shrimsley_2019_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrimsley2019" class="citation web cs1">Shrimsley, Robert (10 May 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/cf4d3d5c-7129-11e9-bf5c-6eeb837566c5">"Once you're accused of virtue-signalling, you can't do anything right"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190511145246/https://www.ft.com/content/cf4d3d5c-7129-11e9-bf5c-6eeb837566c5">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>Virtue-signalling, for those who have never felt drawn to the term, is the apparently modern crime of trying to be seen doing the right thing...One regular whipping girl for this abuse is the actor Emma Thompson, who recently rocked up at the Extinction Rebellion protests to give her support, only to be caught days later sipping champagne while flying first class. How her opponents howled.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Once+you%27re+accused+of+virtue-signalling%2C+you+can%27t+do+anything+right&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft.aulast=Shrimsley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fcf4d3d5c-7129-11e9-bf5c-6eeb837566c5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanRand2019" class="citation news cs1">Jordan, Jillian; Rand, David (30 March 2019). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/30/opinion/sunday/virtue-signaling.html">"Opinion | Are You 'Virtue Signaling'?"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Are+You+%27Virtue+Signaling%27%3F&rft.date=2019-03-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Jillian&rft.au=Rand%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F30%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fvirtue-signaling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_2016-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_2016_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Zoe (10 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/10/labour-heartland-doesnt-exist-voters">"Opinion | Forget about Labour's heartland – it doesn't exist"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Forget+about+Labour%27s+heartland+%E2%80%93+it+doesn%27t+exist&rft.date=2016-04-10&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Fapr%2F10%2Flabour-heartland-doesnt-exist-voters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bush_2022-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bush_2022_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2022" class="citation news cs1">Bush, Stephen (22 June 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/6d3090ae-bb3d-479c-8025-d7890dcb3947">"How 'vice-signalling' swallowed electoral politics"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>. <q>Although the term's precise origins are contested, it was popularised in a Spectator column by the writer James Bartholomew, who defined the act as 'indicating you are kind, decent and virtuous' while being anything but.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=How+%27vice-signalling%27+swallowed+electoral+politics&rft.date=2022-06-22&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F6d3090ae-bb3d-479c-8025-d7890dcb3947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen_2018-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_2018_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Cohen, Nick (25 May 2018). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-tories-are-the-masters-of-vice-signalling-">"The Tories are the masters of 'vice signalling'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Spectator</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002231929/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-tories-are-the-masters-of-vice-signalling-">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Tories+are+the+masters+of+%27vice+signalling%27&rft.date=2018-05-25&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-tories-are-the-masters-of-vice-signalling-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlatsky_2020-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berlatsky_2020_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlatsky2020" class="citation news cs1">Berlatsky, Noah (7 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/bethany-mandel-grandma-killer-tweet-coronavirus-lockdown-protest-a9504391.html">"As Bethany Mandel's 'grandma killer' tweet proves, vice-signaling is the right's newest and most toxic trend"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508144808/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/bethany-mandel-grandma-killer-tweet-coronavirus-lockdown-protest-a9504391.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=As+Bethany+Mandel%27s+%27grandma+killer%27+tweet+proves%2C+vice-signaling+is+the+right%27s+newest+and+most+toxic+trend&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft.aulast=Berlatsky&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fbethany-mandel-grandma-killer-tweet-coronavirus-lockdown-protest-a9504391.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Hamilton, Andrew (19 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekastreet.com.au/uploads/file/pdf/new/190310.pdf#page=12">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Virtue signalling' and other slimy words"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Street_(magazine)" title="Eureka Street (magazine)">Eureka Street</a></i>. Vol. 29, no. 5. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1036-1758">1036-1758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eureka+Street&rft.atitle=%27Virtue+signalling%27+and+other+slimy+words&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft.issn=1036-1758&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekastreet.com.au%2Fuploads%2Ffile%2Fpdf%2Fnew%2F190310.pdf%23page%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlitzky2018" class="citation book cs1">Orlitzky, Marc (2018). "Virtue Signaling: Oversocialized 'Integrity' in a Politically Correct World". In Orlitzky, Marc; Monga, Manjit (eds.). <i>Integrity in Business and Management: Cases and Theory</i>. Routledge Studies in Business Ethics. New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">172–</span>182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-80877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-80877-5"><bdi>978-1-138-80877-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017011721">2017011721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virtue+Signaling%3A+Oversocialized+%27Integrity%27+in+a+Politically+Correct+World&rft.btitle=Integrity+in+Business+and+Management%3A+Cases+and+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Business+Ethics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017011721&rft.isbn=978-1-138-80877-5&rft.aulast=Orlitzky&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaiwo2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ol%C3%BAf%E1%BA%B9%CC%81mi_O._T%C3%A1%C3%ADw%C3%B2" title="Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò">Taiwo, Olufemi</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jesp.org/index.php/jesp/article/view/1192">"Vice Signaling"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy</i>. <b>22</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">295–</span>316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26556%2Fjesp.v22i3.1192">10.26556/jesp.v22i3.1192</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1559-3061">1559-3061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethics+and+Social+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Vice+Signaling&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26556%2Fjesp.v22i3.1192&rft.issn=1559-3061&rft.aulast=Taiwo&rft.aufirst=Olufemi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjesp.org%2Findex.php%2Fjesp%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtue+signalling" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/virtue_signalling" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:virtue signalling"><i>virtue signalling</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&oldid=1271121595">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&oldid=1271121595</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_neologisms" title="Category:2010s neologisms">2010s neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moral_psychology" title="Category:Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_neologisms" title="Category:Political neologisms">Political neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_commentary" title="Category:Social commentary">Social commentary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_influence" title="Category:Social influence">Social influence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtue" title="Category:Virtue">Virtue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypocrisy" title="Category:Hypocrisy">Hypocrisy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2024">Use dmy dates from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_examples" title="Category:All articles needing examples">All articles needing examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_examples_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles needing examples from April 2024">Articles needing examples from April 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 January 2025, at 17:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtue_signalling&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virtue signalling</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>25 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-844794d8c9-bdl2k","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.495","walltime":"0.599","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3800,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":76421,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3360,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":107755,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 550.893 1 -total"," 48.53% 267.360 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.83% 103.754 5 Template:Cite_book"," 12.38% 68.193 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.84% 48.707 3 Template:Fix"," 7.96% 43.854 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.51% 41.350 2 Template:By_whom"," 7.40% 40.781 4 Template:R"," 7.26% 40.022 7 Template:Cite_news"," 6.68% 36.782 6 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.290","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7427976,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-844794d8c9-rxn4w","timestamp":"20250205132345","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Virtue signalling","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virtue_signalling","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5895486","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5895486","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2016-04-10T23:48:07Z","dateModified":"2025-01-22T17:53:26Z","headline":"empty act done publicly with the intent of enhancing one's own image"}</script> </body> </html>