CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Abortion in Canada - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2ab0a64d-a850-406e-9427-1a5446fba698","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Abortion_in_Canada","wgTitle":"Abortion in Canada","wgCurRevisionId":1259040194,"wgRevisionId":1259040194,"wgArticleId":351395,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing French-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Use mdy dates from August 2017","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022","Abortion in Canada","Health law in Canada","History of human rights in Canada","Women in Canada","Abortion by country", "History of medicine in Canada"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Abortion_in_Canada","wgRelevantArticleId":351395,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4668451","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png/800px-Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png/640px-Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Abortion in Canada - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Abortion_in_Canada rootpage-Abortion_in_Canada skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Abortion+in+Canada" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Abortion+in+Canada" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Abortion+in+Canada" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Abortion+in+Canada" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberalisation_of_abortion_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalisation_of_abortion_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Liberalisation of abortion laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalisation_of_abortion_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chief_Coroner_Shulman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_Coroner_Shulman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Chief Coroner Shulman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_Coroner_Shulman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_de-criminalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_de-criminalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Partial de-criminalisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_de-criminalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Badgley_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badgley_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Badgley report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badgley_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difficulties_in_access_before_decriminalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulties_in_access_before_decriminalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Difficulties in access before decriminalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulties_in_access_before_decriminalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_challenges_to_the_abortion_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_challenges_to_the_abortion_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Constitutional challenges to the abortion law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_challenges_to_the_abortion_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Morgentaler_challenge:_1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Morgentaler_challenge:_1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 First Morgentaler challenge: 1975 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Morgentaler_challenge:_1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Morgentaler_challenge:_1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Morgentaler_challenge:_1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Second Morgentaler challenge: 1988 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Morgentaler_challenge:_1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_at_a_new_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_at_a_new_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Attempts at a new law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_at_a_new_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_cases_relating_to_abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_cases_relating_to_abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Later cases relating to abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_cases_relating_to_abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Case law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessibility_and_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility_and_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Accessibility and methods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accessibility_and_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Accessibility and methods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Accessibility_and_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accessibility_by_province_and_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility_by_province_and_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Accessibility by province and territory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility_by_province_and_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Opinion polls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Abortion rights movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-abortion_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-abortion_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Anti-abortion movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-abortion_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_towards_abortion_providers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_towards_abortion_providers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Violence towards abortion providers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_towards_abortion_providers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Abortion in Canada</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" > 8 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="الإجهاض في كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإجهاض في كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborto_en_Canad%C3%A1" title="Aborto en Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aborto en Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="سقط جنین در کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سقط جنین در کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avortement_au_Canada" title="Avortement au Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avortement au Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%89%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7" title="په کاناډا کې د جنین سقط – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په کاناډا کې د جنین سقط" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborto_no_Canad%C3%A1" title="Aborto no Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aborto no Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Аборты в Канаде – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аборты в Канаде" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abortion in Canada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4668451#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Abortion_in_Canada" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Canada&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Canada&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Canada&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Canada&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Abortion_in_Canada" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Abortion_in_Canada" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Canada&oldid=1259040194" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Canada&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Abortion_in_Canada&id=1259040194&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAbortion_in_Canada">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAbortion_in_Canada">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Abortion_in_Canada&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Canada&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abortion_in_Canada" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4668451" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Category:Healthcare in Canada">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:135%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare in Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png/130px-Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png/195px-Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png/260px-Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(Canada)" title="Minister of Health (Canada)">Minister of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Canada Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Transfer" title="Canada Health Transfer">Health Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Insured_Health_Benefits" title="Non-Insured Health Benefits">Non-Insured Benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Controlled Drugs and Substances Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_Canada" title="History of medicine in Canada">History of medicine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_Canada" title="Physicians in Canada">Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Canada" title="Nursing in Canada">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_medicare" title="Father of medicare">Father of medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_healthcare_systems_in_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States">Comparison with the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hospital" title="Indian hospital">Indian hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_Insurance_and_Diagnostic_Services_Act" title="Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act">Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_health_care_in_Canada" title="Refugee health care in Canada">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Canada" title="HIV/AIDS in Canada">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Canada" title="Suicide in Canada">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Canada" title="Smoking in Canada">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Canada" title="Obesity in Canada">Obesity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Healthcare_in_Canada_sidebar" title="Template:Healthcare in Canada sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Healthcare_in_Canada_sidebar" title="Template talk:Healthcare in Canada sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Healthcare_in_Canada_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Healthcare in Canada sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Abortion in Canada is legal throughout pregnancy and is publicly funded as a medical procedure under the combined effects of the federal <a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Canada Health Act</a> and provincial health-care systems.<a href="#cite_note-StrachanPoloni-Staudinger2019-1">[1]</a> However, <a href="#Accessibility_and_methods">access to services and resources</a> varies by region.<a href="#cite_note-Sethna_Doull_2013_pp._52–62-2">[2]</a> While some restrictions exist,<a href="#cite_note-StrachanPoloni-Staudinger2019-1">[1]</a> Canada is one of the few nations with no <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">criminal restrictions</a> on abortion.<a href="#cite_note-SheldonWellings2020-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmmerManson2009-4">[4]</a> Abortion is subject to provincial healthcare regulatory rules and guidelines for physicians.<a href="#cite_note-StettnerBurnettHay2017-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-SallyKaye2020-6">[6]</a> No jurisdiction offers abortion on request at 24 weeks and beyond, although there are exceptions for certain medical complications.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Action-8">[8]</a> Formally banned in 1869, abortion would remain illegal in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian law">Canadian law</a> for the next 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-Bromley2012-9">[9]</a> In 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act,_1968%E2%80%9369" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69">Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69</a> legalized therapeutic abortions, as long as a committee of doctors certified that continuing the pregnancy would likely endanger the woman's life or health.<a href="#cite_note-Bromley2012-9">[9]</a> In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled in <a href="/wiki/R._v._Morgentaler" class="mw-redirect" title="R. v. Morgentaler">R. v. Morgentaler</a> that the existing law was unconstitutional, and struck down the 1969 Act.<a href="#cite_note-Jhappan2002-10">[10]</a> The ruling found that the 1969 abortion law violated a woman's right to "life, liberty and security of the person" guaranteed under <a href="/wiki/Section_7_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> established in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Morgentaler1988-11">[11]</a> In Canada, all surgical abortions are performed by a physician, with <a href="/wiki/Nurse_practitioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse practitioners">nurse practitioners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacists">pharmacists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwives" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwives">midwives</a> able to provide medications for non-invasive <a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">medical abortions</a> within nine weeks (63 days) of <a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">gestation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-nine-13">[13]</a> Canada has had a relatively stable abortion rate since decriminalization; the rate of recorded abortion per 1000 women of childbearing age (15–44) was 10.2 in 1974, rising to 16.4 abortions per thousand women in 1997, and declining to 10.1 abortions per 1000 women in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> However, these rates of abortion only reflect the number of abortions reported by abortion clinics and hospitals. They do not account for unreported abortions in these setting or count abortions induced by prescription drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">mifepristone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">misoprostol</a> taken at home, and so these official rates of abortion undercount the true rate of abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information-15">[15]</a> Nevertheless, Canada has a low <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_abortion_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by abortion statistics">abortion rate</a> overall compared to other countries,<a href="#cite_note-SheldonWellings2020-3">[3]</a> with approximately 74,000 abortions reported in 2020. Roughly half of abortions occur among women aged 18 to 29 years and roughly 90% of abortions are performed within the first trimester (12 weeks).<a href="#cite_note-Stats2017-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Emily_Stowe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Portrait_of_Emily_Stowe.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Emily_Stowe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Portrait_of_Emily_Stowe.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Emily_Stowe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Portrait_of_Emily_Stowe.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Emily_Stowe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howard_Stowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily Howard Stowe">Emily Howard Stowe</a> was the first female physician to practise in Canada, the second licensed female physician in Canada and an activist for women's rights and suffrage.</figcaption></figure> During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, abortion before the “<a href="/wiki/Quickening" title="Quickening">quickening</a>” (15–20 weeks<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>) was legal in the <a href="/wiki/British_North_American" class="mw-redirect" title="British North American">British North American</a> colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Saurette_Gordon_2016_p._95-19">[19]</a> However, as the century progressed, the United Kingdom began to pass laws which created criminal offences relating to abortion, such as the <a href="/wiki/Malicious_Shooting_or_Stabbing_Act_1803" title="Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act 1803">Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act 1803</a>, that made performing or attempting to perform a post quickening abortion a death penalty offence. That was followed in 1837 by the <a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1837" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1837">Offences Against the Person Act 1837</a>, that removed the death penalty clause, while making the procurement of any <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a> unlawful.<a href="#cite_note-Saurette_Gordon_2016_p._95-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paterson2014-20">[20]</a> The British North American provinces followed the British example and began restricting abortion rights.<a href="#cite_note-Paterson2014-20">[20]</a> Abortion was prohibited in Canada in 1869, two years after the country's formation.<a href="#cite_note-Paterson2014-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> That prohibition was continued in the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a> until 1969. Anyone who procured a miscarriage for a woman was liable to imprisonment for life, while a woman who procured a miscarriage for herself was liable to imprisonment for two years.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> As in other countries, illegal abortions were still performed, and some cases charged that this led to the deaths of women. The <a href="/wiki/Abortion_trial_of_Emily_Stowe" title="Abortion trial of Emily Stowe">abortion trial of Emily Stowe</a> (1879) is one early example.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Another such case, <a href="/wiki/Azoulay_v._The_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="Azoulay v. The Queen">Azoulay v. The Queen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> reached the Supreme Court in 1952. In both cases, the alleged abortion provider was ultimately acquitted of responsibility for the woman's death. Abortion rights activist Marilyn Wilson, former executive director of the Canadian Abortion Rights Action League, says, "Illegal abortions were common, but often of poor safety. Several hundred women per year died from botched abortions."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberalisation_of_abortion_laws">Liberalisation of abortion laws</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chief_Coroner_Shulman">Chief Coroner Shulman</h4></div> The movement to liberalize Canada's abortion laws began in the 1960s. Former Chief <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> <a href="/wiki/Morton_Shulman" title="Morton Shulman">Morton Shulman</a> recalls that in the sixties, abortion could be legally performed only to save the life of the woman, so there were practically no legal abortions. He stated that the pregnant daughters of the rich were sent to reliable physicians who did abortions for cash. He estimated that these physicians did twenty to thirty abortions per week. Women who were not rich were left to perform an <a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">abortion</a> on themselves or go to what he called a "nurse" abortionist. Their method was commonly pumping <a href="/wiki/Lysol" title="Lysol">Lysol</a> into the woman's womb. The mortality rate was high and the infection rate was over 50%. He added, "By the time I became Chief Coroner, I had had the unpleasant experience of seeing the bodies of some dozens of young women who had died as a result of these amateur abortions."<a href="#cite_note-shulman-26">[26]</a> Shulman decided to publicize deaths from illegal abortions.<a href="#cite_note-Gazdar2016-27">[27]</a> He instructed his coroners to call a public inquest into each abortion death.<a href="#cite_note-Gazdar2016-27">[27]</a> He describes one case that he believes was the turning point, that of 34-year-old Lottie Leanne Clarke, a mother of three children, who died of a massive infection in 1964 after an illegal abortion in spite of medical treatment and antibiotics. At the inquest into her death, the jury recommended that the laws about therapeutic abortion be revised. Shulman added that a federal government committee should review the question of abortion and the law. Newspapers published editorials recommending the reform of the abortion law. In 1965, the Minister of Justice, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Guy Favreau</a>, wrote to Shulman that the recommendation would be considered in the program to amend the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a>. The eventual amendment closely followed the recommendations of the coroners' juries.<a href="#cite_note-shulman-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partial_de-criminalisation">Partial de-criminalisation</h4></div> In 1967, Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> introduced a bill which included an amendment to the provision of the Criminal Code which prohibited abortions.<a href="#cite_note-MorganDavies2008-28">[28]</a> The bill, known as the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act,_1968%E2%80%9369" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69">Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69</a>, continued the basic prohibition on abortions, with the potential life sentence. However, the bill made an exception for abortions performed in a hospital with the approval of that hospital's three-doctor therapeutic abortion committee. The committee would have to certify that the pregnancy would be likely to endanger the life or health of the pregnant woman. The term health was not defined, and therapeutic abortion committees were free to develop their own theories as to when a likely danger to "health" (which might include psychological health) would justify a therapeutic abortion.<a href="#cite_note-MorganDavies2008-28">[28]</a> This same bill also legalized homosexuality and <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>, and would be the subject of one of Trudeau's most famous quotations: "The state has no business in the bedrooms of the nation."<a href="#cite_note-StettnerBurnett2017-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC-30">[30]</a> When he introduced the bill in 1967, Trudeau was Minister of Justice in the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lester_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Pearson">Lester Pearson</a>. In 1968, Pearson retired and Trudeau succeeded him as prime minister. The bill did not pass before the 1968 election, but was re-introduced by <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>, Minister of Justice in the Trudeau government. Parliament passed the bill in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In the 1970 federal statute revision, the provision was re-numbered as s. 251 of the Criminal Code.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Badgley_report">Badgley report</h4></div> In 1975, a Committee on the Operation of the Abortion Law was appointed "to conduct a study to determine whether the procedure provided in the Criminal Code for obtaining therapeutic abortions [was] operating equitably across Canada", and to make recommendations "on the operation of this law rather than recommendations on the underlying policy". The Committee, known as the Badgley Committee after its Chair, Dr. Robin F. Badgley,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> reported in January 1977. It found, quite simply, that "the procedures set out for the operation of Abortion Law are not working equitably across Canada". In large part, this was because the intent of the law was neither clear nor agreed upon. Access to abortion as set out in the Criminal Code was not available for many women due to variations in distribution of hospitals and doctors, and in whether Therapeutic Abortion Committees were set up and in doctors' interpretations of "health" for women, ages of consent, and parental notification requirements. The report recommended better family planning to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies, but their main conclusion was that abortion services were not being delivered as required.<a href="#cite_note-dev-badgley-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulties_in_access_before_decriminalization">Difficulties in access before decriminalization</h3></div> By 1982, there were 66,319 legal abortions in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Ann_Rauhala_1987-35">[35]</a> Interpretation of the 1969 law varied widely between doctors and hospitals, leading to uneven access. The standard was the physical or mental well-being of the woman, to be decided by a hospital's Therapeutic Abortion Committee. However, there was no requirement for a hospital to have a TAC to evaluate women. Only about one-third of hospitals had one. Some committees took a liberal stance and allowed most requests, while others blocked almost all requests. Access to legal abortions was easy in major metropolitan areas, but much harder outside large cities. In the province of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, the lone Therapeutic Abortion Committee shut down, and there were no legal abortions in the province after 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Canada_1988-36">[36]</a> The Therapeutic Abortion Committees often took days or weeks to make their decisions, pushing a pregnancy further along than it would have been otherwise. The women were not seen by the committee, and had no right to appeal a decision. Advocates for abortion rights believed that the choice should be made by the woman, rather than a panel of doctors.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Because of the lack of facilities in smaller provinces and rural areas, women were often forced to travel to major cities at their own expense. In <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, there was only a single gynaecologist who performed abortions. Many women had to buy expensive plane tickets to Toronto or Montreal to get an abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Ann_Rauhala_1987-35">[35]</a> Other women chose to travel to the United States, where abortions became available at many private clinics after the <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> decision in 1973. In 1982, 4,311 Canadian women travelled to the United States for an abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Canada_1988-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_challenges_to_the_abortion_law">Constitutional challenges to the abortion law</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Morgentaler_(2005).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Henry_Morgentaler_%282005%29.png/220px-Henry_Morgentaler_%282005%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Henry_Morgentaler_%282005%29.png/330px-Henry_Morgentaler_%282005%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Henry_Morgentaler_%282005%29.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgentaler" title="Henry Morgentaler">Henry Morgentaler</a> was an abortion-rights advocate physician who fought numerous legal battles aimed at expanding abortion rights.</figcaption></figure> In defiance of the law, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgentaler" title="Henry Morgentaler">Henry Morgentaler</a> began performing abortions at his clinic in Montreal without approval of a therapeutic abortion committee.<a href="#cite_note-LewisDyck2001-38">[38]</a> He challenged the constitutionality of the abortion law on two separate occasions. The Supreme Court of Canada dismissed his first constitutional challenge in 1975, brought under the division of powers and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bill_of_Rights" title="Canadian Bill of Rights">Canadian Bill of Rights</a>, but in 1988, the Supreme Court allowed his second challenge, brought under the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>. The Court held that the abortion law was inoperative. Morgentaler eventually brought a third constitutional challenge, to a provincial law restricting access to abortions. He was successful in that challenge as well. Morgentaler's struggle prompted a nationwide movement to reform Canada's abortion laws. In 1970, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_Caravan" title="Abortion Caravan">Abortion Caravan</a>, 35 women chained themselves to the parliamentary gallery in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, closing Parliament for the first time in Canadian history.<a href="#cite_note-Sawer2008-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Morgentaler_challenge:_1975">First Morgentaler challenge: 1975</h4></div> In 1973, Morgentaler stated publicly that he had performed 5,000 abortions without the permission of the three-doctor committees, even going so far as to <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a> himself performing operations.<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson2019-40">[40]</a> The Crown prosecution service of Quebec prosecuted Morgentaler three times, and each time juries refused to convict him despite his outright admission that he had performed many abortions. The Crown appealed the first acquittal. In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Court_of_Appeal" title="Quebec Court of Appeal">Quebec Court of Appeal</a> overturned the jury's verdict of acquittal in the first case, substituted a guilty verdict, and returned the matter to the trial judge for sentencing.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Morgentaler then appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada on several grounds, arguing that: <ul><li>the Criminal Code provision was unconstitutional under the division of powers;</li> <li>the provision was inoperative under the Canadian Bill of Rights;</li> <li>the Court of Appeal did not have the authority to overturn the jury verdict of acquittal;</li> <li>the defence of necessity was available;</li> <li>s. 45 of the Criminal Code, which provided that a medical practitioner was not criminally liable for performing surgical procedures, was available as a defence.</li></ul> In 1975, the Supreme Court dismissed his appeal by a 6–3 decision: <a href="/wiki/Morgentaler_v_R" title="Morgentaler v R">Morgentaler v The Queen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morgentaler1975-42">[42]</a> The Court was unanimous that the provision was valid criminal law, and therefore within the constitutional authority of the federal Parliament; it did not intrude on provincial jurisdiction over health. The Court also held unanimously that the law did not infringe the Canadian Bill of Rights.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The Court gave those rulings from the bench, with written reasons on these points later given by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Bora_Laskin" title="Bora Laskin">Laskin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> However, the Court split 6–3 on the issues of necessity and s. 45 of the Criminal Code, which provided that a medical doctor who performed a surgery according to reasonable medical standards was immune from criminal liability: <ul><li>Six members of the Court, for reasons written by Justice <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Pigeon" title="Louis-Philippe Pigeon">Pigeon</a>, held that the Criminal Code provisions respecting Crown appeals authorised the Court of Appeal to substitute a guilty verdict.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Six members also held, for reasons given by Justice Pigeon and Justice <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dickson" title="Brian Dickson">Dickson</a>, that the defences of necessity and s. 45 did not apply to the criminal offence of procuring an abortion.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li>In dissent, three members of the Court, for reasons written by Chief Justice Laskin, would have held that the defences of necessity and s. 45 were available and therefore properly considered by the jury.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li></ul> As a result, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction entered by the Court of Appeal and remitted the matter to the trial judge for sentencing. The trial judge imposed a sentence of eighteen months imprisonment. Public outcry over the decision caused the federal government to introduce an amendment to the Criminal Code (commonly known as the Morgentaler Amendment) taking away the jurisdiction of appeal courts to substitute a conviction for a jury's verdict of acquittal.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Following the third jury acquittal, the Quebec government declared that the law was unenforceable and no further charges were brought.<a href="#cite_note-Jhappan2002-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Morgentaler_challenge:_1988">Second Morgentaler challenge: 1988</h4></div> Upon his release from prison in Quebec, Morgentaler decided to challenge the federal abortion law in other provinces. Over the next ten years, he opened and operated private abortion clinics across the country in direct violation of the law. Following a fourth jury acquittal in 1984, the Ontario government appealed the decision. The Ontario Court of Appeal set aside the acquittal and ordered a re-trial.<a href="#cite_note-Jhappan2002-10">[10]</a> Morgentaler, in turn, appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>. In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court declared in 1988 the entirety of the country's abortion law to be unconstitutional: <a href="/wiki/R_v_Morgentaler" title="R v Morgentaler">R. v. Morgentaler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morgentaler1988-11">[11]</a> By a 5-2 decision, the Court held that section 251 of the Criminal Code was of no force or effect because it violated <a href="/wiki/Section_Seven_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">section 7</a> of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Section 7 states that: "Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and the security of the person, and the right not to be deprived thereof, except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice." The Court also held that the infringement could not be justified under <a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">s. 1 of the Charter</a>, which in some cases allows a government to provide a reasonable justification for an infringement. There was no single majority judgment. Chief Justice Dickson, Justice Beetz, and Justice Wilson all wrote decisions finding the law to be unconstitutional, but for varying reasons in support. Justice McIntyre wrote the dissenting opinion. Chief Justice Dickson held that "[f]orcing a woman, by threat of criminal sanction, to carry a fetus to term unless she meets certain criteria unrelated to her own priorities and aspirations" infringed the woman's right to <a href="/wiki/Section_Seven_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms#Security_of_the_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">security of the person</a>, as protected by s. 7 of the Charter.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Justice Wilson found that the law "asserts that the woman's capacity to reproduce is to be subject, not to her own control, but to that of the state" which similarly breached the right to security of the person.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jhappan2002-10">[10]</a> Having found that law infringed the right to security of the person, the majority then considered whether that infringement was consistent with the principles of fundamental justice, which is the second branch of s. 7 of the Charter. The judges in the majority agreed that the procedural requirements to obtain an abortion, as set forth in the law, were especially troublesome. Only accredited or approved hospitals could perform abortions, which imposed a barrier to local access. The law also specified that women wanting an abortion were required to obtain approval from a "therapeutic abortion committee" in a hospital. The committee was composed of at least three physicians appointed by the hospital's board of members, and did not include the practitioner who was to perform the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The court found that the committee requirement was deeply flawed, in part because of the long delays caused by the committees and that in many hospitals, the committees were merely committees on paper and did not actually approve abortions. Chief Justice Dickson held that "the structure – the system regulating access to therapeutic abortions – is manifestly unfair. It contains so many potential barriers to its own operation that the defence it creates will in many circumstances be practically unavailable to women who would prima facie qualify..." Noted barriers included a lack of hospitals with committees, doctors who did not wish to refer matters to committees, the lack of a standard meaning for "health" leading to inconsistent standards among committees, and geographical and financial differentials in treatment. He concluded the provision violated the principles of fundamental justice.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The majority of the court in Morgentaler did not find it necessary to consider whether there was a substantive right to abortion under Section 7. Justice <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Wilson" title="Bertha Wilson">Wilson</a> was of the opinion that such a right existed, but the other judges in the majority made their decision on procedural grounds, relating to the insufficiencies in the committee process. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_at_a_new_law">Attempts at a new law</h3></div> Following the 1988 Supreme Court decision, the Mulroney government made two attempts to enact a new abortion law. In the spring of 1988, the government first attempted to find a compromise solution that would give easy access to abortion in the early stages of pregnancy and criminalize late term ones. The motion in the House of Commons was defeated 147 to 76, voted against by both MPs who opposed easy access to abortions and those who opposed adding any abortion rules to the Criminal Code.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The Supreme Court decision became an important issue in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988 federal election</a> later that fall. Both the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> parties were sharply divided on the issue and neither party advanced a concrete platform on the abortion issue. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> declared he was opposed to "abortion on demand", but gave no details on what that meant legally.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> stated that MPs should be allowed to <a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">vote their conscience</a>, but refused to give his own opinion on the issue. NDP leader <a href="/wiki/Ed_Broadbent" title="Ed Broadbent">Ed Broadbent</a> had a firm position that abortion is a medical matter, not a criminal one, and should be left to a woman and her doctor.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The Mulroney government was returned in the 1988 election. In 1989, the government introduced a much stricter bill in the House of Commons. If enacted, it would ban all abortions unless a doctor ruled the woman's life or health would be threatened. Anyone found in violation of the law could be imprisoned for up to two years.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> On May 30, 1990, the House of Commons passed the new bill by nine votes, with the cabinet being <a href="/wiki/Party_Whip_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Party Whip (Canada)">whipped</a> in favour and most anti-abortion members supporting it.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In June 1990, a teenager from Kitchener, Ontario, was injured during a botched abortion performed in a man's home. Several days later, on June 13, a Toronto woman, Yvonne Jurewicz, died from a self-induced, coat-hanger abortion.<a href="#cite_note-torstar1-59">[59]</a> These cases were reported in the news and the latter case was discussed at multiple levels of government. Speaking in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Assembly of British Columbia">Legislative Assembly of British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/BC_NDP" class="mw-redirect" title="BC NDP">New Democratic</a> MLA <a href="/wiki/Darlene_Marzari" title="Darlene Marzari">Darlene Marzari</a> pointed out: <blockquote>For our purposes, though technically speaking the bill has not been proclaimed, Bill C-43 is, in the minds of the public and in the minds of women, now law. In fact, while we're dancing on the head of a pin and counting ourselves as angels, a woman in Toronto has died—she bled to death—three weeks ago. Her name was Yvonne Jurewicz, she was 20 years old and was probably afraid to go to the doctor and afraid to go to the hospital after she tried to abort herself. This is the sad fact of Bill C-43. While we debate the minor points of whether or not the Lieutenant Governor or the Governor-General of Canada has picked it up, we know that young women in this country are under the impression they will be considered criminals if they show up in an emergency ward door hemorrhaging.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></blockquote> Reform Party MP <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Deborah Grey</a>, who supported the bill, denied that this death, the first known death from illegal abortion in Ontario in twenty years, could have anything to do with the publicity surrounding the passing of Bill C-43.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] But in Ontario, the connection was made. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Johnston_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Johnston (politician)">Richard Johnston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Provincial_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Provincial Parliament (Canada)">MPP</a> suggested to Premier <a href="/wiki/David_Peterson" title="David Peterson">David Peterson</a> that Ontario announce it would not start any third-party prosecutions against women or doctors, to prevent any further tragedies and to reassure doctors that they could go on providing services to the women of Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-ont-hansard1-61">[61]</a> A few months later, the bill failed in the Senate on a tie vote. Under the rules of the Constitution in Section 36 of the Constitution Act of 1867, a tie meant the measure was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The defeat was somewhat unexpected since it was the first time since 1941 that the Senate, whose members are appointed, had outright defeated legislation passed by the House. <a href="/wiki/Eike-Henner_Kluge" title="Eike-Henner Kluge">Eike-Henner Kluge</a>, the director of the Canadian Medical Association ethics and legal affairs committee, viewed that the bill was flawed ethically. Kluge drafted an analysis for a Senate committee about Bill C-43 and his presentation may have swayed two votes to change resulting in a tie vote which resulted in the Senate not passing the Bill C-43.<a href="/wiki/Eike-Henner_Kluge#cite_note-:0-5" title="Eike-Henner Kluge">[5]</a> In the wake of the controversy surrounding passage of the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Canada)#Background" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a> the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> government did not wish to provoke a contest of wills with the Senate and announced it would not re-introduce the legislation. The fact that no subsequent government has re-visited this decision has led to the situation of Canada having no criminal abortion law. Abortion is now treated like any other medical procedure, governed by provincial and medical regulations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_cases_relating_to_abortion">Later cases relating to abortion</h3></div> The court in Morgentaler did not consider the question of whether the unborn were included in the "everyone" who have the right to life. At that time, another case before the courts would have raised that issue; it was brought by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Borowski_(politician)" title="Joe Borowski (politician)">Joe Borowski</a>, a former member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. However, after the Morgentaler decision, the Supreme Court held, in <a href="/wiki/Borowski_v_Canada_(AG)" title="Borowski v Canada (AG)">Borowski v Canada (AG)</a>, that his case was <a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">moot</a> since Morgentaler had struck down the provisions Borowski was challenging.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Two further cases, <a href="/wiki/Tremblay_v._Daigle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremblay v. Daigle">Tremblay v. Daigle</a><a href="#cite_note-Tremblay-64">[64]</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._v._Sullivan" class="mw-redirect" title="R. v. Sullivan">R. v. Sullivan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> relied on the <a href="/wiki/Born_alive_rule" title="Born alive rule">born alive rule</a>, inherited from English common law, to determine that the fetus was not a person: Sullivan could not be charged with murder of a fetus and Tremblay could not seek standing in court as the guardian of a fetus. The 1989 Supreme Court of Canada case of Tremblay v Daigle<a href="#cite_note-Tremblay-64">[64]</a> is one of the most widely publicized cases concerning abortion in Canada after the law prohibiting abortions was overturned by the Supreme Court of Canada. Daigle's ex-boyfriend obtained a restraining order against her having an abortion. While the restraining order was issued in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, it was legally restricting Canada-wide. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that only the woman could make the choice; the man had no legal say in a woman's choice to terminate a pregnancy or carry it to completion. Daigle had already had a late second-term abortion before the Court ruled on her case. While the case was fast-tracked, the progress was so slow that Daigle would have been in the <a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">third-trimester</a> had she waited for the ruling to be handed down. Daigle had an abortion in the United States while the case was before the Supreme Court of Canada. This was not made public until after the ruling, although it was not unexpected. This is in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> case in the United States where Roe had carried the pregnancy to term. That case, however, was different from the Tremblay v. Daigle case in that it was about whether abortion was legal. In the Tremblay v. Daigle case, the question was whether a male partner has a say in whether a woman can obtain an abortion ruling. Two further cases addressed the "interest in the fetus". In <a href="/wiki/Dobson_(Litigation_Guardian_of)_v._Dobson" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v. Dobson">Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v. Dobson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> a grandfather attempted to act on behalf of a child born with cerebral palsy, supposedly resulting from a car accident in which the mother was the driver. He attempted to sue the mother with negligence in driving. The mother was in favor of the suit succeeding as it would have provided her with funds to raise her disabled child; her insurance company was defending the suit through subrogation. Citing the case of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Kamloops_v._Nielsen" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Kamloops v. Nielsen">Kamloops v. Nielsen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> the Court decided that courts cannot impose a <a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">duty of care</a> on a pregnant woman toward her fetus because it would interfere with the exercise of her autonomy rights during pregnancy and faced difficulty in defining a standard of care in pregnancy. Only a legislature can do this. In Winnipeg Child & Family Services (Northwest Area) v. G. (D.F.), the Supreme Court determined that a pregnant woman addicted to solvents could not be civilly committed for treatment.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_law">Case law</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_trial_of_Emily_Stowe" title="Abortion trial of Emily Stowe">Abortion trial of Emily Stowe</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastview_Birth_Control_Trial" title="Eastview Birth Control Trial">Eastview Birth Control Trial</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoulay_v._The_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="Azoulay v. The Queen">Azoulay v. The Queen</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgentaler_v._The_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgentaler v. The Queen">Morgentaler v. The Queen</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._v._Morgentaler" class="mw-redirect" title="R. v. Morgentaler">R. v. Morgentaler</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borowski_v_Canada_(AG)" title="Borowski v Canada (AG)">Borowski v Canada (AG)</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremblay_v._Daigle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremblay v. Daigle">Tremblay v. Daigle</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._v._Morgentaler" class="mw-redirect" title="R. v. Morgentaler">R. v. Morgentaler</a> (1993)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accessibility_and_methods">Accessibility and methods</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Availability_of_abortion_in_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A provincial map of the Canada color-coded for abortion access. Abortion is legal at all stages in Canada, but availability is subject to medical guidelines." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Availability_of_abortion_in_Canada.svg/290px-Availability_of_abortion_in_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Availability_of_abortion_in_Canada.svg/435px-Availability_of_abortion_in_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Availability_of_abortion_in_Canada.svg/580px-Availability_of_abortion_in_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;font-size:105%;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Abortion-availability_map_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Abortion-availability map of Canada (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Abortion-availability_map_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Abortion-availability map of Canada (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion-availability_map_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion-availability map of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; font-size:105%;padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa">Color-coded map illustrating availability of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">abortion in Canada</a>, in weeks of embryonic age (from fertilization). Abortion is legal at all stages in Canada, but availability is subject to medical guidelines. <table style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #ABD5F5; background-color:#F1F5FC; margin-top:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Available first 12 weeks (PEI) </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Available first 13 weeks </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Available first 16 weeks </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Available first 19 weeks </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Available first 20 weeks </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Available first 24 weeks </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Available first 25 weeks</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></figcaption></figure> Surgical and non-invasive <a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">medical abortions</a> in Canada are provided on request for any reason, are confidential for all ages and funded by <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">Medicare</a>; to those who are covered by provincial/territorial medical care plans (depending on the province or territory, this always includes Canadian citizens and permanent residents, but may vary on inclusion of international students, workers, and protected persons or refugee claimants). For those not covered by a medical care plan (e.g. Americans in states that prohibit abortion after the decision in <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a>), the federal government has committed to letting them obtain abortions in Canada without restriction. However, this will be contingent on their being able to pay for travel costs and the procedure themselves.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Nationally, abortion is legal through all nine months (40 weeks) of pregnancy,<a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[12]</a> nevertheless no providers in Canada offer care beyond 23 weeks and 6 days.<a href="#cite_note-Action-8">[8]</a> Restrictions are based on professional medical guidelines, resources available (equipment, trained personnel) and individual facility mandates makes access to all types of services vary by region within each province and territory.<a href="#cite_note-Action-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clinics-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7">[7]</a> Each province and territory regulates and funds their own healthcare system. The federal government provides funding to each province and territory, provided they comply with the requirements of the Canada Health Act. One of those requirements is comprehensiveness, which means that all insured health services defined by the Act must be covered by a provincial or territorial health plan for that province or territory to receive federal funds.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Abortion is not specifically mentioned in the Canada Health Act. It is simply included in the broad definition of "insured health services", just like other medical and surgical procedures.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> One-third of hospitals perform surgical abortions, and these perform two-thirds of surgical abortions in the country. The remaining surgical abortions are performed by public and private clinics.<a href="#cite_note-Act-73">[73]</a> Medical abortions are available in Canada using medications such as <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">misoprostol</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">mifepristone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-nine-13">[13]</a> Mifepristone used in combination with misoprostol (brand name Mifegymiso) was approved for use in Canada when prescribed by a doctor on July 29, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 2017 the approval expanded to include prescribing abilities to <a href="/wiki/Nurse_practitioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse practitioners">nurse practitioners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwives" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwives">midwives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a> based on provincial regulations,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and it may be dispensed by pharmacists directly to the patient.<a href="#cite_note-nine-13">[13]</a> Nationwide information is provided by advocacy associations such as the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_Rights_Coalition_of_Canada" title="Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada">Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Abortion_Federation" title="National Abortion Federation">National Abortion Federation</a> that maintain detailed lists of abortion clinics by province and the maximum gestational period that the clinic will provide abortion types up to.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clinics-70">[70]</a> These sites also provide information on how to obtain medication involving medical abortions, how to obtain financial support for travel/accommodation expenses, after-treatment supplies, child care and various other needs.<a href="#cite_note-Clinics-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility_by_province_and_territory">Accessibility by province and territory</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption class="nowrap">There is no abortion law in Canada, but provincial and territorial health regulations and professional bodies restrict the procedure to various grounds or gestational limits. There are also significant disparities between rural and urban access to abortion.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Action-8">[8]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Gestational limits<a href="#cite_note-Action-8">[8]</a></th> <th># of providers<a href="#cite_note-Action-8">[8]</a></th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">20 weeks</td> <td>5</td> <td>The province has abortion services accessible in Edmonton and Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> All abortion services are offered.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">23 weeks and 6 days</td> <td>24</td> <td>The province is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Access_to_Abortion_Services_Act" title="Access to Abortion Services Act">Access to Abortion Services Act</a>, which limits political demonstrations outside abortion-providing facilities, doctor's offices, and doctor's homes to set distances. BC Women's Hospital & Health Centre can provide late-term abortions in Vancouver up until the 25th week of pregnancy (its CARE Program).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> There are six abortion clinics throughout the province that can be accessed without a doctor referral and upwards of 30 hospitals that are required to perform abortions with a doctor's referral.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">19 weeks and 6 days</td> <td>4</td> <td>The province has limited access for those in rural communities. Aspiration or surgical procedures are available for up to 19 weeks and 6 days. Medical abortions up to 9 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">16 weeks</td> <td>5</td> <td>New Brunswick does not use public funding to pay for abortion services outside of hospital settings. This means that abortions provided in clinics are not funded by the government.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">15 weeks</td> <td>4</td> <td>Planned Parenthood Newfoundland and Labrador is the only sexual health clinic in the province.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7">[7]</a> Full spectrum doula services.<a href="#cite_note-Clinics-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">19 weeks and 6 days</td> <td>1</td> <td>Northern Options for Women (abbreviated as NOW) provides both medical and surgical abortion services in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">16 weeks</td> <td>11</td> <td>In Nova Scotia, there is an abortion clinic in Halifax or someone needing an abortion can call the abortion helpline for other options throughout the province that may be closer to them.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /> <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">12 weeks</td> <td>2</td> <td>All abortions must be performed in a hospital.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">23 weeks and 6 days</td> <td>38</td> <td>Intimidation of and interference with patients or providers are illegal in "safe access zones" around abortion-providing clinics and other requesting health care facilities; the offices (on request) of providing doctors, nurses, pharmacists and some other providers; and providers' homes under the Safe Access to Abortion Services Act, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> There are nine regions in Ontario where abortion is available with full spectrum doula services.<a href="#cite_note-Clinics-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">12 weeks and 6 days</td> <td>1</td> <td>Prince Edward Island offers in province abortions up until 12 weeks and 6 days pregnant. After that limit, an out of province surgical abortion would have to be performed. A referral must be obtained through a PEI physician prior to any surgical procedure.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">23 weeks and 6 days</td> <td>49</td> <td>The province has a multitude of options for abortion access.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Historically, late-term abortions (beyond 30 weeks) had to be performed in the US with all expenses paid by the Quebec government. This changed in 2020 because of Covid travel restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /> <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">18 weeks and 6 days</td> <td>3</td> <td>Few resources available to those in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /> <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">12 weeks and 6 days</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whitehorse_General_Hospital" title="Whitehorse General Hospital">Whitehorse General Hospital</a> is the only location in Yukon available for both medical and early aspiration abortions.<a href="#cite_note-Clinics-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7">[7]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> As of 2024, all federally represented <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Canada">political parties in Canada</a>, as well as their leaders, support continued legal abortion access in Canada. While elected members of the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party of Canada">New Democratic Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green Party of Canada</a> nearly universally support <a href="/wiki/Abortion_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion rights">abortion rights</a> and all these parties' MPs would be expected to vote against any hypothetical Bills that would restrict or limit abortion rights in any way,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a> has both members who favour abortion rights and members who oppose them and has stated that members would be allowed to vote their conscience on any vote concerning abortion. In the past, more Conservative members have been against abortion. The Conservative Party has had to wrestle with combining the conflicting social policies of its two predecessor parties, the moderate <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party</a> and the more right-wing <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a>, which merged in 2003. Many <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> Alliance supporters were angered at the prospect of <a href="/wiki/Belinda_Stronach" title="Belinda Stronach">Belinda Stronach</a>, who favoured abortion rights, winning the <a href="/wiki/2004_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2004 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election">leadership election</a> in early 2004, while in contrast, some Progressive Conservative supporters objected during the <a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004 federal election</a> to the new party's perceived openness to legislation that would restrict abortion rights. In the March 2005 policy convention, in a narrow vote, the party voted to not introduce legislation on the subject of abortion (members can still introduce <a href="/wiki/Private_members_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Private members bill">private members bills</a> on the issue), although it condemns sex-selective abortions.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The party's stance on abortion is frequently voted on at the party's policy conventions. <a href="/wiki/Motion_312" title="Motion 312">Motion 312</a> was introduced by Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Woodworth_(politician)" title="Stephen Woodworth (politician)">Stephen Woodworth</a> in 2012, calling for a House of Commons committee to determine when human life begins, but was defeated 203–91.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 2013, Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warawa" title="Mark Warawa">Mark Warawa</a> introduced a motion condemning discrimination against females through sex-selective abortion.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 2021, Conservative <a href="/wiki/Cathay_Wagantall" title="Cathay Wagantall">Cathay Wagantall</a> introduced a private member's bill that would prohibit a medical practitioner from performing a sex-selective abortion. Although the bill was defeated 248-82, a majority of Conservative MPs voted in favour of the bill.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Until recently, the Liberal Party had a few anti-abortion MPs, such as Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Paul_Steckle" title="Paul Steckle">Paul Steckle</a> introduced a bill that would have made abortion after 20 weeks gestation a criminal act in June 2006.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Current Liberal Leader <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> has required that all Liberal party candidates will have to vote according to the party's abortion-rights policy since he assumed leadership of the Liberal Party in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Although the issue of abortion rights has popped up from time to time in federal elections as a <a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">wedge issue</a>, the issue is consistently rated as a low priority for most Canadians. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage Party of Canada</a> claims to be Canada's only stated anti-abortion federal political party and supports a total abortion ban in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> However, they never had a member elected to parliament and won about only 0.05% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 Canadian federal election</a>. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Party of Canada">People's Party of Canada</a> supports banning abortion in Canada after 24 weeks of pregnancy, with exceptions for cases in which the life of the pregnant individual is in danger, serious fetal abnormalities, and when the pregnancy is a result of rape.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On October 19, 2012, anti-abortion protester Patricia Maloney expressed concern over 491 cases of live-birth abortions between 2000 and 2009. The finding reported to <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> did not include detailed information on how long each fetus survived after removal or how many would have been possible to save. Canada, <a href="/wiki/Born-Alive_Infants_Protection_Act" title="Born-Alive Infants Protection Act">unlike the United States</a>, does not specifically have a law confirming or denying the legal rights of a baby who survives abortion. On January 23, 2013, Conservative MPs <a href="/wiki/Wladyslaw_Lizon" title="Wladyslaw Lizon">Wladyslaw Lizon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Benoit" title="Leon Benoit">Leon Benoit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Vellacott" title="Maurice Vellacott">Maurice Vellacott</a> wrote a letter requesting that the RCMP investigate how many of the 491 live-birth abortions meet the definition of homicide set forth in the Criminal Code.<a href="#cite_note-cbc-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-national-post-103">[103]</a> When CBC and The Canadian Press used the phrase "investigate all abortions performed after 19 weeks gestation", Vellacott accused the media outlets of false reporting and acknowledged that abortion in Canada is fully legal.<a href="#cite_note-vellacott-104">[104]</a> The CBC / Canadian Press story was subsequently corrected.<a href="#cite_note-cbc-102">[102]</a> The move drew approval from Dr. Eike-Henner Kluge, former director of ethics and legal affairs for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Medical Association">Canadian Medical Association</a>, who said that doctors should "do the best [they] can for what is now a person in the eyes of the law". However, Dr. Douglas Black, president of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, said that the situation is not one of homicide, but rather allowing fetuses "to pass away, depending on what the circumstances are, sometimes in their mom's arms".<a href="#cite_note-national-post-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_polls">Opinion polls</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_towards_abortion" title="Societal attitudes towards abortion">Societal attitudes towards abortion</a></div> <ul><li>In a March 2010 <a href="/wiki/EKOS_Research_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="EKOS Research Associates">EKOS</a> poll, a majority of Canadians (52%) describe themselves as "pro-choice" while just over one in four (27%) describe themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Pro-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-life">pro-life</a>". One in ten respondents (10%) describe themselves as neither "pro-choice" nor "pro-life", and 11% did not respond.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>In an <a href="/wiki/IPSOS" title="IPSOS">IPSOS</a> poll conducted in 2017, 77% said abortions should be permitted, which is higher than the global average of 71%.<a href="#cite_note-Ispos2017-106">[106]</a> A majority of Canadians (53%) said abortion should be permitted whenever a woman decides she wants to abort, while 24% favoured access under only some circumstances, such as when a woman has been raped.<a href="#cite_note-Ispos2017-106">[106]</a> A further 7% believed that abortion should only be permitted when a woman's life is in danger, and 5% believed the procedure should be illegal under any circumstance; 11% said they were unsure.<a href="#cite_note-Ispos2017-106">[106]</a></li> <li>In a 2020 DART & Maru/Blue Voice Canada poll, 75% of Canadians said they were “satisfied” with Canada's abortion policies and 25% were not satisfied.<a href="#cite_note-NatPostDART2020-107">[107]</a> The strongest satisfaction was found in Québec (85%), followed by British Columbia (75%), Ontario (72%), Alberta (70%), Atlantic Canada (68%), and Manitoba and Saskatchewan (70%).<a href="#cite_note-DART2020-108">[108]</a> Satisfaction with Canada's policies were nearly identical across gender and age groups, with slightly higher favourability amongst middle and high-income Canadians as compared with those earning less than CDN$50,000 (78% vs. 74%).<a href="#cite_note-DART2020-108">[108]</a> In the poll, 71% of Canadians said that the government should not re-open the issue, and just 10% said they should re-open it; 8% professed indifference.<a href="#cite_note-DART2020-108">[108]</a> Canadians were almost equally split on whether they thought the government should even discuss creating a regulatory framework for abortion.<a href="#cite_note-DART2020-108">[108]</a> 70% of Canadians said they found abortion acceptable, vs. 10% who found it unacceptable; 11% professed indifference, and 10% said they didn't know.<a href="#cite_note-DART2020-108">[108]</a></li> <li>In a 2020 IPSOS poll, support for abortion rights were slightly stronger than in 2017: 59% of Canadians said that abortion should be permitted whenever a woman wants one, with 18% saying it should only be permitted under limited circumstances (such as after rape), and 6% saying it should only be legal if the mother's life were in danger; just 4% said it should not be legal under any circumstances, while 13% either said they didn't know or that they preferred not to express an opinion.<a href="#cite_note-IPSOS2020-109">[109]</a></li> <li>A 2022 poll by Research Co found that 44% of Canadians believe that abortion should be legal under any circumstances, 37% think that abortion should be legal only under certain circumstances, and 10% think that abortion should be illegal in all circumstances. Support for legal abortion under any circumstances was highest in Quebec (50%), then Saskatchewan and Manitoba (47%), British Columbia (46%), the Maritime provinces (43%), Alberta (40%), and Ontario (39%). Support for legal abortion under any circumstances was highest among self-identified NDP voters (57%), followed by Liberal voters (48%), and Conservative voters (32%).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li>A 2022 poll by the Angus Reid Institute found that 52% of Canadians describe themselves as being completely pro-choice, while 8% describe themselves as being completely pro-life, and 41% describe themselves as being somewhere in between these two positions.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abortion_rights_movement">Abortion rights movement</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Abortion_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion rights movement">abortion rights movement</a> in Canada focuses on establishing abortion as a component of provincial health care plans, to ensure it is available in all regions, especially for those who couldn't afford it otherwise. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgentaler" title="Henry Morgentaler">Henry Morgentaler</a> was widely seen as the one individual personifying the Canadian abortion rights movement, but organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Abortion_Rights_Action_League" title="Canadian Abortion Rights Action League">Canadian Abortion Rights Action League</a> (CARAL), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadians_for_Choice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadians for Choice (page does not exist)">Canadians for Choice</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Choice_Action_Network" title="Pro-Choice Action Network">Pro-Choice Action Network</a> also contributed significantly to advancing the abortion rights movement in Canada. CARAL folded, and has been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_Rights_Coalition_of_Canada" title="Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada">Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada</a>, whose focus is on the objectives mentioned above. <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">Feminist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">pro-feminism</a> organizations also contribute to promote the abortion rights approach. The Canadian affiliate of <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a>, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Federation_for_Sexual_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Federation for Sexual Health">Canadian Federation for Sexual Health</a>, is also in favour of abortion rights, and while it does refer pregnant women to abortion providers, it does not have a history (unlike its American counterpart) of engaging in widespread litigation in favour of legalized abortion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-abortion_movement">Anti-abortion movement</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-abortion_ad_on_truck._Vancouver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Anti-abortion_ad_on_truck._Vancouver.jpg/220px-Anti-abortion_ad_on_truck._Vancouver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Anti-abortion_ad_on_truck._Vancouver.jpg/330px-Anti-abortion_ad_on_truck._Vancouver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Anti-abortion_ad_on_truck._Vancouver.jpg/440px-Anti-abortion_ad_on_truck._Vancouver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Anti-abortion ad on a truck in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, BC">Vancouver, British Columbia</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">anti-abortion movement</a>, which self-identifies as the pro-life movement, disapproves of the lack of legal restrictions on abortion in Canada and of abortions being funded by provincial health care programs,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> even if the abortion is not for therapeutic reasons. A medical reason for obtaining an abortion is no longer required in Canada since the 1988 decision of the Supreme Court finding that the abortion provisions of the Criminal Code were unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The anti-abortion movement in Canada is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pro-Life_Alberta_Political_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Life Alberta Political Association">Prolife Alberta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Wilberforce Project,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Life_Coalition" title="Campaign Life Coalition">Campaign Life Coalition</a>, <a href="/wiki/REAL_Women_of_Canada" title="REAL Women of Canada">REAL Women of Canada</a>, We Need A Law,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Abortion in Canada,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Action Life (Ottawa), Inc.,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> among other organizations. Anti-abortion rallies or Marches for Life occur annually in Ottawa and in some provincial capitals, drawing thousands of people,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> although many of these marches were cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence_towards_abortion_providers">Violence towards abortion providers</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_related_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion related violence">Abortion related violence</a></div> <ul><li>In 1983, Henry Morgentaler was attacked by a man wielding garden shears; the attack was blocked by feminist activist <a href="/wiki/Judy_Rebick" title="Judy Rebick">Judy Rebick</a>, who was standing nearby.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li>In 1992, Morgentaler's <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> clinic was firebombed and sustained severe damage. The event occurred at night, so no one was injured, although a nearby bookstore was damaged. Appointments were switched to another clinic in Toronto and no abortions were prevented.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li>On November 8, 1994, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> doctor Garson Romalis was shot in the leg.<a href="#cite_note-rt-123">[123]</a></li> <li>On November 10, 1995, Dr. Hugh Short of <a href="/wiki/Ancaster,_Ontario" title="Ancaster, Ontario">Ancaster, Ontario</a>, was shot in the elbow.<a href="#cite_note-rt-123">[123]</a></li> <li>On November 11, 1997, Dr. Jack Fainman of <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> was shot in the shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-rt-123">[123]</a></li> <li>On July 11, 2000, Dr. Garson Romalis was stabbed by an unidentified assailant in the lobby of his clinic.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">Abortion debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">Anti-abortion movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_women" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Canadian women">History of Canadian women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Women's suffrage in Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-StrachanPoloni-Staudinger2019-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StrachanPoloni-Staudinger2019_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StrachanPoloni-Staudinger2019_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._Cherie_StrachanLori_M._Poloni-StaudingerShannon_JenkinsCandice_D._Ortbals2019" class="citation book cs1">J. Cherie Strachan; Lori M. Poloni-Staudinger; Shannon Jenkins; Candice D. Ortbals (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCiHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115">Why Don't Women Rule the World?: Understanding Women's Civic and Political Choices</a>. SAGE Publications. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5443-1727-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5443-1727-4"><bdi>978-1-5443-1727-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Don%27t+Women+Rule+the+World%3F%3A+Understanding+Women%27s+Civic+and+Political+Choices&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5443-1727-4&rft.au=J.+Cherie+Strachan&rft.au=Lori+M.+Poloni-Staudinger&rft.au=Shannon+Jenkins&rft.au=Candice+D.+Ortbals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCiHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sethna_Doull_2013_pp._52–62-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Sethna_Doull_2013_pp._52–62_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethnaDoull2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sethna, Christabelle; Doull, Marion (2013). "Spatial disparities and travel to freestanding abortion clinics in Canada". Women's Studies International Forum. 38. Elsevier BV: 52–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wsif.2013.02.001">10.1016/j.wsif.2013.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-5395">0277-5395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+International+Forum&rft.atitle=Spatial+disparities+and+travel+to+freestanding+abortion+clinics+in+Canada&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=52-62&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wsif.2013.02.001&rft.issn=0277-5395&rft.aulast=Sethna&rft.aufirst=Christabelle&rft.au=Doull%2C+Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SheldonWellings2020-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SheldonWellings2020_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SheldonWellings2020_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSally_SheldonKaye_Wellings2020" class="citation book cs1">Sally Sheldon; Kaye Wellings (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGXXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">Decriminalising Abortion in the UK: What Would It Mean?</a>. Policy Press. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-5401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-5401-7"><bdi>978-1-4473-5401-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decriminalising+Abortion+in+the+UK%3A+What+Would+It+Mean%3F&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2020-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-5401-7&rft.au=Sally+Sheldon&rft.au=Kaye+Wellings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQGXXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmmerManson2009-4"><a href="#cite_ref-AmmerManson2009_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_AmmerJoAnn_E._Manson2009" class="citation book cs1">Christine Ammer; JoAnn E. Manson (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_MRDimrELCIC&pg=PA7">The Encyclopedia of Women's Health</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7407-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7407-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7407-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Women%27s+Health&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009-02&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7407-5&rft.au=Christine+Ammer&rft.au=JoAnn+E.+Manson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_MRDimrELCIC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StettnerBurnettHay2017-5"><a href="#cite_ref-StettnerBurnettHay2017_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon_StettnerKristin_BurnettTravis_Hay2017" class="citation book cs1">Shannon Stettner; Kristin Burnett; Travis Hay, eds. (December 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=imhADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224">Abortion: History, Politics, and Reproductive Justice after Morgentaler</a>. UBC Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3576-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3576-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-3576-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1013541249">1013541249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion%3A+History%2C+Politics%2C+and+Reproductive+Justice+after+Morgentaler&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1013541249&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-3576-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DimhADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SallyKaye2020-6"><a href="#cite_ref-SallyKaye2020_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon,_SallyWellings,_Kaye2020" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, Sally; Wellings, Kaye, eds. (March 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">Decriminalising Abortion in the UK: What Would It Mean?</a>. Policy Press. pp. 107–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-5402-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-5402-4"><bdi>978-1-4473-5402-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145588167">1145588167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decriminalising+Abortion+in+the+UK%3A+What+Would+It+Mean%3F&rft.pages=107-&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145588167&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-5402-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQmXXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nafcanada.org/abortion-coverage-region/">"Abortion Coverage by Region"</a>. National Abortion Federation Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Abortion+Federation+Canada&rft.atitle=Abortion+Coverage+by+Region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnafcanada.org%2Fabortion-coverage-region%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Action-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Action_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Action_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Action_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Action_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Action_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Action_8-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.actioncanadashr.org/resources/factsheets-guidelines/2019-09-19-access-glance-abortion-services-canada">"Access at a Glance: Abortion Services in Canada | Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights"</a>. Action Canada for Sexual Health & Rights. <q>While abortions after 20 weeks are statistically very rare (<2.5% of all abortions), there are people in Canada who require abortion beyond 20 weeks for serious and important reasons. There are only three service locations in Canada that offer abortion up to 23 weeks and 6 days (one in British Columbia, one in Southern Ontario, and one in Quebec). No providers in Canada offer abortion care beyond 23 weeks and 6 days.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Access+at+a+Glance%3A+Abortion+Services+in+Canada+%26%23124%3B+Action+Canada+for+Sexual+Health+and+Rights&rft.pub=Action+Canada+for+Sexual+Health+%26+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.actioncanadashr.org%2Fresources%2Ffactsheets-guidelines%2F2019-09-19-access-glance-abortion-services-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromley2012-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromley2012_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromley2012_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria_Bromley2012" class="citation book cs1">Victoria Bromley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfHTPNPymsMC&pg=PA26">Feminisms Matter: Debates, Theories, Activism</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 26–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0502-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0502-2"><bdi>978-1-4426-0502-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminisms+Matter%3A+Debates%2C+Theories%2C+Activism&rft.pages=26-32&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0502-2&rft.au=Victoria+Bromley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUfHTPNPymsMC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jhappan2002-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jhappan2002_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jhappan2002_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jhappan2002_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jhappan2002_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadha_Jhappan2002" class="citation book cs1">Radha Jhappan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGMienMpAaIC&pg=PA335">Women's Legal Strategies in Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 335–338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7667-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7667-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-7667-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Legal+Strategies+in+Canada&rft.pages=335-338&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7667-0&rft.au=Radha+Jhappan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGMienMpAaIC%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgentaler1988-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgentaler1988_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgentaler1988_11-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/288/index.do">R v Morgentaler, [1988] 1 SCR 30.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://love4life.ca/methods/">"Love4Life, Methods"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Love4Life%2C+Methods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flove4life.ca%2Fmethods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nine-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nine_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nine_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nine_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnBrooks2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Sheila; Brooks, Melissa (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5988520">"Mifepristone"</a>. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 190 (22): E688. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.180047">10.1503/cmaj.180047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0820-3946">0820-3946</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5988520">5988520</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29866894">29866894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Mifepristone&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=E688&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5988520%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0820-3946&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29866894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.180047&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5988520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2010" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1310016701">"Pregnancy outcomes (live births, induced abortions, and fetal loss)"</a>. www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www150.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Pregnancy+outcomes+%28live+births%2C+induced+abortions%2C+and+fetal+loss%29&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D1310016701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" class="citation web cs1">Canadian Institute for Health Information. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/induced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2020-en.xlsx">"Induced Abortions Reported in Canada in 2020"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Induced+Abortions+Reported+in+Canada+in+2020&rft.au=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihi.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocument%2Finduced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2020-en.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawNorman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, Dorothy; Norman, Wendy V. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/4654994/20/When-there-are-no-abortion-laws.pdf">"When there are no abortion laws: A case study of Canada"</a> (PDF). Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 62: 49–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpobgyn.2019.05.010">10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.05.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31281015">31281015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181481915">181481915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Best+Practice+%26+Research+Clinical+Obstetrics+%26+Gynaecology&rft.atitle=When+there+are+no+abortion+laws%3A+A+case+study+of+Canada&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=49-62&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A181481915%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31281015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bpobgyn.2019.05.010&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft.au=Norman%2C+Wendy+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.lshtm.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4654994%2F20%2FWhen-there-are-no-abortion-laws.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stats2017-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Stats2017_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcc-cdac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/statistics-abortion-in-canada.pdf">"Statistics - Abortion in Canada"</a> (PDF). Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada - Statistics Canada. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abortion+Rights+Coalition+of+Canada+-+Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Statistics+-+Abortion+in+Canada&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcc-cdac.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F07%2Fstatistics-abortion-in-canada.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Levene, Malcolm et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHXtDkLzOHEC&dq=%22quickening%22+and+obese&pg=RA2-PA8">Essentials of Neonatal Medicine</a> (Blackwell 2000), page 8. Retrieved 2007-02-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Saurette_Gordon_2016_p._95-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saurette_Gordon_2016_p._95_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saurette_Gordon_2016_p._95_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauretteGordon2016" class="citation book cs1">Saurette, P.; Gordon, K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRn8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95">The Changing Voice of the Anti-Abortion Movement: The Rise of "Pro-Woman" Rhetoric in Canada and the United States</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 92–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6876-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6876-8"><bdi>978-1-4426-6876-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Voice+of+the+Anti-Abortion+Movement%3A+The+Rise+of+%22Pro-Woman%22+Rhetoric+in+Canada+and+the+United+States&rft.pages=92-97&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6876-8&rft.aulast=Saurette&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRn8CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paterson2014-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson2014_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson2014_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson2014_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Paterson2014" class="citation book cs1">Stephanie Paterson (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZHdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234">Fertile Ground: Exploring Reproduction in Canada</a>. MQUP. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9212-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9212-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-9212-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fertile+Ground%3A+Exploring+Reproduction+in+Canada&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=MQUP&rft.date=2014-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-9212-4&rft.au=Stephanie+Paterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZHdAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_08050_2/201">An Act respecting Offences against the Person</a>, SC 1869, c. 20, s. 59, 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Criminal Code, SC 1953-54, c. 51, s. 237(1),(2). Section 237(1) provided: "Every one who, with intent to procure the miscarriage of a female person, whether or not she is pregnant, uses any means for the purpose of carrying out his intention is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life." </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Constance B. Backhouse, "The Celebrated Abortion Trial of Dr. Emily Stowe, Toronto, 1879", Canadian Bulletin of Medical History/Bulletin canadien d'histoire de la médecine, Volume 8: 1991, pages 159–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canlii.ca/t/1nlgg">Azoulay v. The Queen, [1952] 2 S.C.R. 495</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> "Three decades of choice: Canada's landmark abortion law is 30 years old tomorrow." Marilyn Wilson. The Gazette May 13, 1999. pg. B.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-shulman-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shulman_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shulman_26-1">b</a> Shulman, Morton. Coroner, pp 58–61 Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1975. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazdar2016-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gazdar2016_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazdar2016_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaevan_Gazdar2016" class="citation book cs1">Kaevan Gazdar (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xznaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT148">Feminism's Founding Fathers: The Men Who Fought for Women's Rights</a>. John Hunt Publishing. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-161-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-161-0"><bdi>978-1-78099-161-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminism%27s+Founding+Fathers%3A+The+Men+Who+Fought+for+Women%27s+Rights&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=John+Hunt+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78099-161-0&rft.au=Kaevan+Gazdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxznaDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MorganDavies2008-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MorganDavies2008_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MorganDavies2008_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._MorganP._Davies2008" class="citation book cs1">I. Morgan; P. Davies (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXjHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA227">The Federal Nation: Perspectives on American Federalism</a>. Springer. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61725-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61725-4"><bdi>978-0-230-61725-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Nation%3A+Perspectives+on+American+Federalism&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61725-4&rft.au=I.+Morgan&rft.au=P.+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXjHAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StettnerBurnett2017-29"><a href="#cite_ref-StettnerBurnett2017_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon_StettnerKristin_BurnettTravis_Hay2017" class="citation book cs1">Shannon Stettner; Kristin Burnett; Travis Hay (December 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=imhADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">Abortion: History, Politics, and Reproductive Justice after Morgentaler</a>. UBC Press. pp. 76–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3576-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3576-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-3576-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion%3A+History%2C+Politics%2C+and+Reproductive+Justice+after+Morgentaler&rft.pages=76-&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-3576-3&rft.au=Shannon+Stettner&rft.au=Kristin+Burnett&rft.au=Travis+Hay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DimhADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC-30"><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/rights_freedoms/topics/538/">Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos</a> (TV clip). Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>. December 21, 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trudeau%27s+Omnibus+Bill%3A+Challenging+Canadian+Taboos&rft.place=Canada&rft.pub=CBC&rft.date=1967-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cbc.ca%2Fpolitics%2Frights_freedoms%2Ftopics%2F538%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69, SC 1968-69, c. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Criminal Code, RSC 1970, c. C-34, s. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legacy.com/amp/obituaries/thestar/157302950">"ROBIN BADGLEY Obituary - (2012) - Toronto Star"</a>. www.legacy.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legacy.com&rft.atitle=ROBIN+BADGLEY+Obituary+-+%282012%29+-+Toronto+Star&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacy.com%2Famp%2Fobituaries%2Fthestar%2F157302950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dev-badgley-34"><a href="#cite_ref-dev-badgley_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunsmuir" class="citation book cs1">Dunsmuir, Mollie. Abortion: Constitutional and Legal Developments, Section D: The Badgley Report. Government of Canada, Law and Government Division.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion%3A+Constitutional+and+Legal+Developments%2C+Section+D%3A+The+Badgley+Report&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada%2C+Law+and+Government+Division&rft.aulast=Dunsmuir&rft.aufirst=Mollie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ann_Rauhala_1987-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ann_Rauhala_1987_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ann_Rauhala_1987_35-1">b</a> "Abortions more difficult to obtain, groups say Women must travel, borrow for procedure." Ann Rauhala. The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ont.: January 30, 1987. pg. A.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Canada_1988-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canada_1988_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canada_1988_36-1">b</a> "Abortion access widely varies across Canada." Joan Bryden. The Ottawa Citizen. January 30, 1988. pg. B.6 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "Continue clinic abortions despite law, group urges." The Globe and Mail. March 17, 1982. pg. P.8 </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisDyck2001-38"><a href="#cite_ref-LewisDyck2001_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_LewisIsabel_DyckSara_McLafferty2001" class="citation book cs1">Nancy Lewis; Isabel Dyck; Sara McLafferty (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtaHDnmMQTMC&pg=PA92">Geographies of Women's Health: Place, Diversity and Difference</a>. SUNY Press. pp. 92–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-18602-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-18602-2"><bdi>978-0-203-18602-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographies+of+Women%27s+Health%3A+Place%2C+Diversity+and+Difference&rft.pages=92-94&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-203-18602-2&rft.au=Nancy+Lewis&rft.au=Isabel+Dyck&rft.au=Sara+McLafferty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtaHDnmMQTMC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawer2008-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Sawer2008_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarian_Sawer2008" class="citation book cs1">Marian Sawer (June 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zq5OCPYG9jUC&pg=PA54">Women's movements: flourishing or in abeyance?</a>. Psychology Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46245-7"><bdi>978-0-415-46245-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+movements%3A+flourishing+or+in+abeyance%3F&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2008-06-24&rft.isbn=978-0-415-46245-7&rft.au=Marian+Sawer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZq5OCPYG9jUC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson2019-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson2019_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Stevenson2019" class="citation book cs1">Robin Stevenson (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E5WWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72">My Body My Choice: The Fight for Abortion Rights</a>. Orca Book Publishers. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4598-1714-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4598-1714-2"><bdi>978-1-4598-1714-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Body+My+Choice%3A+The+Fight+for+Abortion+Rights&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Orca+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4598-1714-2&rft.au=Robin+Stevenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE5WWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/qc/qcca/doc/1974/1974canlii1369/1974canlii1369.html">"Regina v. Morgentaler (No. 5), 1974 CanLII 1369 (QC CA)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regina+v.+Morgentaler+%28No.+5%29%2C+1974+CanLII+1369+%28QC+CA%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canlii.org%2Fen%2Fqc%2Fqcca%2Fdoc%2F1974%2F1974canlii1369%2F1974canlii1369.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgentaler1975-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Morgentaler1975_42-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2684/index.do">Morgentaler v The Queen, [1976] 1 SCR 616.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-12.3/page-1.html">Canadian Bill of Rights</a>, SC 1960, c. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2684/index.do#_ftn29">Morgentaler v The Queen</a>, pp. 624–637. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2684/index.do#_ftn29">Morgentaler v The Queen</a>, pp. 661–670 (Pigeon), 685 (Dickson, concurring). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2684/index.do#_ftn29">Morgentaler v The Queen</a>, pp. 659–660, 671 (Pigeon), pp. 675–681 (Dickson). </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2684/index.do#_ftn29">Morgentaler v The Queen</a>, pp. 642–655. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/a-crusader-s-legacy-how-henry-morgentaler-changed-canada-s-laws-1.1369361">"A crusader's legacy: How Henry Morgentaler changed Canada's laws"</a>. cbc.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbc.ca&rft.atitle=A+crusader%27s+legacy%3A+How+Henry+Morgentaler+changed+Canada%27s+laws&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fa-crusader-s-legacy-how-henry-morgentaler-changed-canada-s-laws-1.1369361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Now found in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/section-686.html#h-130097">Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c. C-46, s. 686(4)(b).</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/288/index.do">R v Morgentaler</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/288/index.do">R v Morgentaler</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/288/index.do">R v Morgentaler</a>, pp. 65-66. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/288/index.do">R v Morgentaler</a>, pp. 66–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "Abortion motions rejected. Govt. given little help on new law." Stephen Bindman. The Ottawa Citizen. July 29, 1988. pg. A.1.FRO </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> "Silence broken: PM is opposed to abortion on demand." Heather Bird. Toronto Star. August 3, 1988. pg. A.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> "PM, Opposition leader vague on abortion law." Portia Priegert. The Vancouver Sun. October 26, 1988. pg. B.4 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "Turner admits abortion bill may be 'best we can get'" Iain Hunter. The Ottawa Citizen. November 9, 1989. pg. A.1.FRO </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> "Abortion law passes by nine votes amid protests." Peggy Curran. The Gazette. May 30, 1990. pg. A.1.FRO </li> <li id="cite_note-torstar1-59"><a href="#cite_ref-torstar1_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd,_Paula1990" class="citation web cs1">Todd, Paula (June 13, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/436215831">"Woman bleeds to death after aborting her fetus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>. p. A3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/436215831">436215831</a>. Retrieved December 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Woman+bleeds+to+death+after+aborting+her+fetus&rft.pages=A3&rft.date=1990-06-13&rft.au=Todd%2C+Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F436215831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988">. A 20-year-old Toronto woman has died after performing an abortion on herself, probably with a coat hanger, police say. Yvonne Jurewicz of Westminster Ave. was found dead Monday night in her west-end apartment. An autopsy performed yesterday revealed Jurewicz bled to death after aborting, said Detective Sergeant Thomas Imrie, who is heading the investigation. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leg.bc.ca/content/Hansard/34th4th/34p_04s_900626a.htm#10573">"Hansard -- Tuesday, June 26, 1990 -- Morning Sitting"</a>. Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Hansard Services. Retrieved July 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislative+Assembly+of+British+Columbia&rft.atitle=Hansard+--+Tuesday%2C+June+26%2C+1990+--+Morning+Sitting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.bc.ca%2Fcontent%2FHansard%2F34th4th%2F34p_04s_900626a.htm%2310573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ont-hansard1-61"><a href="#cite_ref-ont-hansard1_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hansardindex.ontla.on.ca/hansardECAT/34-2/L046_90-4.htm">"Ontario Hansard, 13 June 1990, Oral Questions, Abortion"</a>. Ontario Hansard. June 13, 1990. Retrieved December 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ontario+Hansard%2C+13+June+1990%2C+Oral+Questions%2C+Abortion&rft.pub=Ontario+Hansard&rft.date=1990-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhansardindex.ontla.on.ca%2FhansardECAT%2F34-2%2FL046_90-4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> "Bill's loss may be blessing for Tories." Joan Ramsay. The Ottawa Citizen. February 2, 1991. pg. A.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/421/index.do">Borowski v. Canada (Attorney General), [1989] 1 SCR 342.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tremblay-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tremblay_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tremblay_64-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/515/index.do">Tremblay v. Daigle, [1989] 2 SCR 530.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/733/index.do">R. v. Sullivan, [1991] 1 SCR 489.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canlii.ca/t/1fqkz">Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v. Dobson</a>, [1999] 2 S.C.R. 753. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Kamloops v. Nielsen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2490/index.do?q=kamloops">[1984] 2 S.C.R. 2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1562/index.do">Winnipeg Child & Family Services (Northwest Area) v. G. (D.F.)</a>, [1997] 3 SCR 925. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2046507075976">"Canada abortion clinics will be open for Americans", CBC National, June 24, 2022.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clinics-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clinics_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clinics_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clinics_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clinics_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clinics_70-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clinics_70-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur" class="citation web cs1">Arthur, Joyce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcc-cdac.ca/clinics/">"List of Abortion Clinics in Canada (and some hospitals)"</a>. Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada. Retrieved October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abortion+Rights+Coalition+of+Canada&rft.atitle=List+of+Abortion+Clinics+in+Canada+%28and+some+hospitals%29&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcc-cdac.ca%2Fclinics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcc-cdac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/list-abortion-clinics-canada.pdf">PDF</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-6/section-9.html#h-151500">Canada Health Act</a>, RSC 1985, c. C-6, s. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-6/section-2.html#h-151500">Canada Health Act</a>, RSC 1985, c. C-6, s. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Act-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Act_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications/201954E?#a3-1">"The Canada Health Act: An Overview"</a>. lop.parl.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lop.parl.ca&rft.atitle=The+Canada+Health+Act%3A+An+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flop.parl.ca%2Fsites%2FPublicWebsite%2Fdefault%2Fen_CA%2FResearchPublications%2F201954E%3F%23a3-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/ru-486-abortion-pill-approved-by-health-canada-1.3173515">"RU-486 abortion pill approved by Health Canada"</a>. CBC News. July 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RU-486+abortion+pill+approved+by+Health+Canada&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2Fru-486-abortion-pill-approved-by-health-canada-1.3173515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUbelacker2017" class="citation web cs1">Ubelacker, Sheryl (November 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/health/health-canada-eases-restrictions-on-abortion-pill-mifegymiso-1.3667422">"Health Canada eases restrictions on abortion pill Mifegymiso"</a>. CTVNews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTVNews&rft.atitle=Health+Canada+eases+restrictions+on+abortion+pill+Mifegymiso&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft.aulast=Ubelacker&rft.aufirst=Sheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fmobile%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-canada-eases-restrictions-on-abortion-pill-mifegymiso-1.3667422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/info/page14011.aspx">"Abortion Services"</a>. Alberta Health Services. Retrieved October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alberta+Health+Services&rft.atitle=Abortion+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albertahealthservices.ca%2Finfo%2Fpage14011.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myhealth.alberta.ca:443/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?Hwid=tw1040">"Abortion"</a>. myhealth.alberta.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myhealth.alberta.ca&rft.atitle=Abortion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyhealth.alberta.ca%3A443%2FHealth%2Fpages%2Fconditions.aspx%3FHwid%3Dtw1040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcwomens.ca/health-info/sexual-reproductive-health/abortion-services">"Abortion Services"</a>. www.bcwomens.ca. Retrieved October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bcwomens.ca&rft.atitle=Abortion+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcwomens.ca%2Fhealth-info%2Fsexual-reproductive-health%2Fabortion-services&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prochoiceactionnetwork-canada.org/abortioninfo/bc.shtml#hospitals">"THE PRO-CHOICE ACTION NETWORK"</a>. www.prochoiceactionnetwork-canada.org. Retrieved October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.prochoiceactionnetwork-canada.org&rft.atitle=THE+PRO-CHOICE+ACTION+NETWORK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prochoiceactionnetwork-canada.org%2Fabortioninfo%2Fbc.shtml%23hospitals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/tw1040">"Abortion"</a>. HealthLink BC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HealthLink+BC&rft.atitle=Abortion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthlinkbc.ca%2Fhealth-topics%2Ftw1040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womenshealthclinic.org/what-we-do/abortion/">"Abortion | Women's Health Clinic"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abortion+%26%23124%3B+Women%27s+Health+Clinic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomenshealthclinic.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fabortion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-abortion-restriction-lifted-by-premier-brian-gallant-1.2850474">"New Brunswick abortion restriction lifted by Premier Brian Gallant"</a>. CBC News. November 26, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Brunswick+abortion+restriction+lifted+by+Premier+Brian+Gallant&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnew-brunswick%2Fnew-brunswick-abortion-restriction-lifted-by-premier-brian-gallant-1.2850474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plannedparenthoodnlshc.com/clinics.html">"Clinics"</a>. Planned Parenthood - NL Sexual Health Centre. Retrieved October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planned+Parenthood+-+NL+Sexual+Health+Centre&rft.atitle=Clinics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plannedparenthoodnlshc.com%2Fclinics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nthssa.ca/en/services/northern-options-women-now">"Northern Options for Women (NOW)"</a>. Northwest Territories Health and Social Services Authority. Retrieved October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Options+for+Women+%28NOW%29&rft.pub=Northwest+Territories+Health+and+Social+Services+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nthssa.ca%2Fen%2Fservices%2Fnorthern-options-women-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nshealth.ca/abortion">"Nova Scotia Women's Choice Clinic | Nova Scotia Health Authority"</a>. www.nshealth.ca. Retrieved October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nshealth.ca&rft.atitle=Nova+Scotia+Women%27s+Choice+Clinic+%7C+Nova+Scotia+Health+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nshealth.ca%2Fabortion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irespectmyself.ca/en/having-sex/pregnancy/abortion">"Abortion | IRespectMyself"</a>. www.irespectmyself.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irespectmyself.ca&rft.atitle=Abortion+%26%23124%3B+IRespectMyself&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irespectmyself.ca%2Fen%2Fhaving-sex%2Fpregnancy%2Fabortion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/17s19">Safe Access to Abortion Services Act, 2017</a>, S.O. 2017, c. 19, Sched. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/health-pei/abortion-services">"Abortion Services"</a>. www.princeedwardisland.ca. January 31, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.princeedwardisland.ca&rft.atitle=Abortion+Services&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeedwardisland.ca%2Fen%2Finformation%2Fhealth-pei%2Fabortion-services&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/health-system-and-services/service-organization/abortion-services/">"Abortion services"</a>. www.quebec.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.quebec.ca&rft.atitle=Abortion+services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quebec.ca%2Fen%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-system-and-services%2Fservice-organization%2Fabortion-services%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2021/08/03/des-avortements-tardifs-faits-au-quebec-a-cause-de-la-covid">"Des avortements tardifs faits au Québec à cause de la COVID"</a>. August 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Des+avortements+tardifs+faits+au+Qu%C3%A9bec+%C3%A0+cause+de+la+COVID&rft.date=2021-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journaldemontreal.com%2F2021%2F08%2F03%2Fdes-avortements-tardifs-faits-au-quebec-a-cause-de-la-covid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rqhealth.ca/department/womens-health-centre/abortion-services">"Abortion Services"</a>. www.rqhealth.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rqhealth.ca&rft.atitle=Abortion+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rqhealth.ca%2Fdepartment%2Fwomens-health-centre%2Fabortion-services&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530235918/http://news.ca.msn.com/top-stories/anti-abortion-candidates-need-not-apply-in-2015-justin-trudeau-says-1">"Anti-abortion Candidates need not apply"</a>. MSN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ca.msn.com/top-stories/anti-abortion-candidates-need-not-apply-in-2015-justin-trudeau-says-1">the original</a> on May 30, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-abortion+Candidates+need+not+apply&rft.pub=MSN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ca.msn.com%2Ftop-stories%2Fanti-abortion-candidates-need-not-apply-in-2015-justin-trudeau-says-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpcassets.conservative.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/04094452/d1effca7a5c8818.pdf">"Conservative Party of Canada Policy Declaration"</a> (PDF). 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511210649/https://cpcassets.conservative.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/04094452/d1effca7a5c8818.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservative+Party+of+Canada+Policy+Declaration&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpcassets.conservative.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F05%2F04094452%2Fd1effca7a5c8818.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/09/27/motion-312-votes-conservatives-mps-ministers_n_1918856.html">"Motion 312: How MPs And Ministers Voted"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a> Canada. September 27, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motion+312%3A+How+MPs+And+Ministers+Voted&rft.pub=The+Huffington+Post+Canada&rft.date=2012-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.ca%2F2012%2F09%2F27%2Fmotion-312-votes-conservatives-mps-ministers_n_1918856.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mp-s-motion-on-sex-selection-stirs-abortion-debate-1.1188154">"MP's motion on sex selection stirs abortion debate"</a>. CBC News. December 5, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=MP%27s+motion+on+sex+selection+stirs+abortion+debate&rft.date=2012-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fmp-s-motion-on-sex-selection-stirs-abortion-debate-1.1188154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2021" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Stephanie (June 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/majority-of-conservative-mps-vote-in-favour-of-defeated-sex-selective-abortion-bill-1.5453129">"Majority of Conservative MPs vote in favour of defeated sex-selective abortion bill"</a>. CTVNews. Retrieved December 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTVNews&rft.atitle=Majority+of+Conservative+MPs+vote+in+favour+of+defeated+sex-selective+abortion+bill&rft.date=2021-06-02&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fmajority-of-conservative-mps-vote-in-favour-of-defeated-sex-selective-abortion-bill-1.5453129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> LEGISinfo, Bill C-338, <a href="/wiki/39th_Canadian_Parliament" title="39th Canadian Parliament">39th Parliament</a>, 1st Session, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISINFO/index.asp?Language=E&Session=14&query=4806&List=toc">Parl.gc.ca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060714181411/http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISINFO/index.asp?Language=E&Session=14&query=4806&List=toc">Archived</a> July 14, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Accessed September 29, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMas2014" class="citation news cs1">Mas, Susana (November 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/justin-trudeau-says-filomena-tassi-agreed-to-vote-pro-choice-if-elected-in-2015-1.2854248">"Justin Trudeau says Filomena Tassi agreed to vote pro-choice if elected in 2015"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved September 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+says+Filomena+Tassi+agreed+to+vote+pro-choice+if+elected+in+2015&rft.date=2014-11-28&rft.aulast=Mas&rft.aufirst=Susana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-trudeau-says-filomena-tassi-agreed-to-vote-pro-choice-if-elected-in-2015-1.2854248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPro-Life" class="citation web cs1">Pro-Life, Vote. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voteprolife.ca/party-policy-comparison/">"Vote Pro-Life"</a>. www.voteprolife.ca. Retrieved May 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.voteprolife.ca&rft.atitle=Vote+Pro-Life&rft.aulast=Pro-Life&rft.aufirst=Vote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voteprolife.ca%2Fparty-policy-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westernwheel.ca/local-news/christian-heritage-party-highlights-abortion-issue-1530920">"Christian Heritage Party highlights abortion issue"</a>. Western Wheel. September 9, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Wheel&rft.atitle=Christian+Heritage+Party+highlights+abortion+issue&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernwheel.ca%2Flocal-news%2Fchristian-heritage-party-highlights-abortion-issue-1530920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2023" class="citation news cs1">Baxter, Dave (May 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winnipegsun.com/news/provincial/were-not-afraid-ppc-would-ban-some-abortions-bernier-announces">"'WE'RE NOT AFRAID': PPC would ban some abortions, Bernier announces"</a>. The Winnipeg Sun. Retrieved May 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Winnipeg+Sun&rft.atitle=%27WE%27RE+NOT+AFRAID%27%3A+PPC+would+ban+some+abortions%2C+Bernier+announces&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinnipegsun.com%2Fnews%2Fprovincial%2Fwere-not-afraid-ppc-would-ban-some-abortions-bernier-announces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbc_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbc_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Canadian_Press2013" class="citation web cs1">The Canadian Press (January 31, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/investigate-some-abortions-as-homicides-tory-mps-ask-rcmp-1.1322173">"Investigate some abortions as homicides, Tory MPS ask RCMP"</a>. CBC. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investigate+some+abortions+as+homicides%2C+Tory+MPS+ask+RCMP&rft.pub=CBC&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft.au=The+Canadian+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Finvestigate-some-abortions-as-homicides-tory-mps-ask-rcmp-1.1322173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-national-post-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-national-post_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-national-post_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTristin2013" class="citation web cs1">Tristin, Hopper (February 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/02/01/born-alive-dead-in-moments-grey-zone-of-live-birth-abortions-a-deep-divide-between-mps-and-physicians/">"Birth of a legal quandry[sic]: Live-birth abortions a perilous grey zone in Canada's criminal code"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Post">The National Post</a>. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birth+of+a+legal+quandry%5Bsic%5D%3A+Live-birth+abortions+a+perilous+grey+zone+in+Canada%27s+criminal+code&rft.pub=The+National+Post&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.aulast=Tristin&rft.aufirst=Hopper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2013%2F02%2F01%2Fborn-alive-dead-in-moments-grey-zone-of-live-birth-abortions-a-deep-divide-between-mps-and-physicians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vellacott-104"><a href="#cite_ref-vellacott_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVellacott2013" class="citation web cs1">Vellacott, Maurice (January 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006040739/http://leonbenoit.ca/media/Letter%20to%20RCMP%20commissioner%20to%20investigate%20born%20alive%20babies+Correction.pdf">"Letter to RCMP commissioner to investigate born alive babies"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leonbenoit.ca/media/Letter%20to%20RCMP%20commissioner%20to%20investigate%20born%20alive%20babies+Correction.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 6, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+RCMP+commissioner+to+investigate+born+alive+babies&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.aulast=Vellacott&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonbenoit.ca%2Fmedia%2FLetter%2520to%2520RCMP%2520commissioner%2520to%2520investigate%2520born%2520alive%2520babies%2BCorrection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEKOS_Research_Associates2010" class="citation web cs1">EKOS Research Associates (April 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekospolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/full_report_april_11.pdf">"Canadians Decisively Pro-Choice on Abortion"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415023745/http://www.ekospolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/full_report_april_11.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 15, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadians+Decisively+Pro-Choice+on+Abortion&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.au=EKOS+Research+Associates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekospolitics.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Ffull_report_april_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ispos2017-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ispos2017_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ispos2017_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ispos2017_106-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipsos.com/en-ca/news-polls/majority-continue-support-abortion-canada">"Majority Continue to Support (77%) Abortion in Canada, But Behind Sweden (87%), Belgium (87%) and France (86%)"</a>. Ipsos. Retrieved April 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ipsos&rft.atitle=Majority+Continue+to+Support+%2877%25%29+Abortion+in+Canada%2C+But+Behind+Sweden+%2887%25%29%2C+Belgium+%2887%25%29+and+France+%2886%25%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsos.com%2Fen-ca%2Fnews-polls%2Fmajority-continue-support-abortion-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatPostDART2020-107"><a href="#cite_ref-NatPostDART2020_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkey2020" class="citation news cs1">Kirkey, Sharon (January 31, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/as-abortion-debate-becomes-increasingly-polarized-poll-shows-the-views-of-many-canadians-are-more-complicated">"As abortion debate becomes increasingly polarized, poll shows the views of many Canadians are more complicated | National Post"</a>. National Post. Retrieved April 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=As+abortion+debate+becomes+increasingly+polarized%2C+poll+shows+the+views+of+many+Canadians+are+more+complicated+%7C+National+Post&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft.aulast=Kirkey&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fas-abortion-debate-becomes-increasingly-polarized-poll-shows-the-views-of-many-canadians-are-more-complicated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DART2020-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DART2020_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DART2020_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DART2020_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DART2020_108-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DART2020_108-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDART_&_Maru/Blue2020" class="citation web cs1">DART & Maru/Blue (February 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dartincom.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/PostMedia-Abortion-Feb-F-1-2020.pdf">"Abortion: A Canadian Public Perspective After Three Decades. A DART & Maru/Blue Voice Canada Pol"</a> (PDF). DART Insight and Communications. Retrieved August 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abortion%3A+A+Canadian+Public+Perspective+After+Three+Decades.+A+DART+%26+Maru%2FBlue+Voice+Canada+Pol&rft.pub=DART+Insight+and+Communications&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft.au=DART+%26+Maru%2FBlue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdartincom.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F01%2FPostMedia-Abortion-Feb-F-1-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPSOS2020-109"><a href="#cite_ref-IPSOS2020_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIpsos2020" class="citation web cs1">Ipsos (August 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipsos.com/en/globally-seven-ten-adults-favor-allowing-abortion">"Globally, seven in ten adults favor allowing abortion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IPSOS" title="IPSOS">IPSOS</a>. Retrieved August 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Globally%2C+seven+in+ten+adults+favor+allowing+abortion&rft.pub=IPSOS&rft.date=2020-08-17&rft.au=Ipsos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsos.com%2Fen%2Fglobally-seven-ten-adults-favor-allowing-abortion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanseco2022" class="citation web cs1">Canseco, Mario (May 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchco.ca/2022/05/09/abortion-canada/">"Most Canadians Reluctant to Re-Open Debate on Abortion"</a>. Research Co. Retrieved May 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Co.&rft.atitle=Most+Canadians+Reluctant+to+Re-Open+Debate+on+Abortion&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft.aulast=Canseco&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchco.ca%2F2022%2F05%2F09%2Fabortion-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorzinski2022" class="citation web cs1">Korzinski, David (November 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://angusreid.org/abortion-canada-faith-pro-choice-pro-life/">"'Pro-Choice' or 'Pro-Life'? In a debate often lacking nuance, 41% of Canadians are 'somewhere in between'"</a>. Angus Reid Institute. Retrieved April 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Angus+Reid+Institute&rft.atitle=%27Pro-Choice%27+or+%27Pro-Life%27%3F+In+a+debate+often+lacking+nuance%2C+41%25+of+Canadians+are+%27somewhere+in+between%27&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft.aulast=Korzinski&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fangusreid.org%2Fabortion-canada-faith-pro-choice-pro-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926170654/http://www.clcns.com/taxfunding.htm">"CLCNS.com"</a>. CLCNS.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clcns.com/taxfunding.htm">the original</a> on September 26, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CLCNS.com&rft.pub=CLCNS.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clcns.com%2Ftaxfunding.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3209&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2#1">"Therapeutic Abortion Survey 2006"</a>. Statcan.gc.ca. August 21, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Therapeutic+Abortion+Survey+2006&rft.pub=Statcan.gc.ca&rft.date=2009-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcgi-bin%2Fimdb%2Fp2SV.pl%3FFunction%3DgetSurvey%26SDDS%3D3209%26lang%3Den%26db%3Dimdb%26adm%3D8%26dis%3D2%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abortionincanada.ca/funding/index.html#medicallynecessary">"Abortionincanada.ca"</a>. Abortionincanada.ca. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abortionincanada.ca&rft.pub=Abortionincanada.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abortionincanada.ca%2Ffunding%2Findex.html%23medicallynecessary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prolifealberta.com/about/">"Home"</a>. Prolife Alberta. January 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prolife+Alberta&rft.atitle=Home&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprolifealberta.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSites_For_Life_-_www.sitesforlife.com" class="citation web cs1">Sites For Life - www.sitesforlife.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albertaprolife.com/">"Albertaprolife.com"</a>. Albertaprolife.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203104403/http://www.albertaprolife.com/">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albertaprolife.com&rft.pub=Albertaprolife.com&rft.au=Sites+For+Life+-+www.sitesforlife.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albertaprolife.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weneedalaw.ca/">"Home"</a>. We Need A Law.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=We+Need+A+Law&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweneedalaw.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abortionincanada.ca/">"AbortionInCanada.ca"</a>. AbortionInCanada.ca. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AbortionInCanada.ca&rft.pub=AbortionInCanada.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abortionincanada.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actionlife.org/">"Actionlife.org"</a>. Actionlife.org. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Actionlife.org&rft.pub=Actionlife.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actionlife.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/thousands-attend-march-for-life-downtown-1.3923289">"Thousands attend March for Life downtown"</a>. Ottawa. May 10, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ottawa&rft.atitle=Thousands+attend+March+for+Life+downtown&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawa.ctvnews.ca%2Fthousands-attend-march-for-life-downtown-1.3923289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104135312/http://vueweekly.com/article.php?id=7735">"Vueweekly.com"</a>. Vueweekly.com. January 23, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vueweekly.com/article.php?id=7735">the original</a> on January 4, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vueweekly.com&rft.pub=Vueweekly.com&rft.date=2008-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vueweekly.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D7735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/abortion-rights-significant-moments-in-canadian-history-1.787212">"CBC.ca"</a>. CBC.ca. May 21, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120045649/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/01/13/f-abortion-timeline.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBC.ca&rft.pub=CBC.ca&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fabortion-rights-significant-moments-in-canadian-history-1.787212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rt-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rt_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rt_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rt_123-2">c</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_viol.htm">Violence and harassment at U.S. abortion clinics</a>." ReligiousTolerance.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/831489.stm">"AMERICAS | Canada abortion doctor stabbed"</a>. BBC News. July 13, 2000. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=AMERICAS+%26%23124%3B+Canada+abortion+doctor+stabbed&rft.date=2000-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F831489.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachael_Johnstone2017" class="citation book cs1">Rachael Johnstone (September 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s-EyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">After Morgentaler: The Politics of Abortion in Canada</a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3441-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3441-4"><bdi>978-0-7748-3441-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Morgentaler%3A+The+Politics+of+Abortion+in+Canada&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-3441-4&rft.au=Rachael+Johnstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds-EyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Tatalovich2015" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Tatalovich (May 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kphzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">The Politics of Abortion in the United States and Canada: A Comparative Study</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45538-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45538-7"><bdi>978-1-317-45538-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Abortion+in+the+United+States+and+Canada%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45538-7&rft.au=Raymond+Tatalovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkphzCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon_Stettner2016" class="citation book cs1">Shannon Stettner (August 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Po_lDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Without Apology: Writings on Abortion in Canada</a>. Athabasca University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77199-159-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77199-159-9"><bdi>978-1-77199-159-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Without+Apology%3A+Writings+on+Abortion+in+Canada&rft.pub=Athabasca+University+Press&rft.date=2016-08-26&rft.isbn=978-1-77199-159-9&rft.au=Shannon+Stettner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPo_lDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li>Richer, Karine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.565953/publication.html">Abortion in Canada: Twenty years after R. v. Morgentaler</a>. Parliament of Canada, Law and Government Division. PRB-08-22E.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcc-cdac.ca/clinics/">List of abortion clinics in Canada</a> at the Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nafcanada.org/abortion-coverage-region/">List of abortion clinics in Canada</a> at the National Abortion Federation</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion_in_North_America" title="Template:Abortion in North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion_in_North_America" title="Template talk:Abortion in North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion_in_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion in North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a> in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Abortion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Barbados" title="Abortion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belize" title="Abortion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Abortion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cuba" title="Abortion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Abortion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_El_Salvador" title="Abortion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guatemala" title="Abortion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Honduras" title="Abortion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nicaragua" title="Abortion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Panama" title="Abortion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Abortion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Abortion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Abortion in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sint_Maarten" title="Abortion in Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Abortion in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion" title="Template:Abortion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion" title="Template talk:Abortion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_abortion" title="Definitions of abortion">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion" title="History of abortion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methods_of_abortion" title="Category:Methods of abortion">Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">Abortion debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_aspects_of_the_abortion_debate" title="Philosophical aspects of the abortion debate">Philosophical aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">Anti-abortion movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_mental_health" title="Abortion and mental health">Abortion and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_human_personhood" title="Beginning of human personhood">Beginning of human personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_pregnancy_controversy" title="Beginning of pregnancy controversy">Beginning of pregnancy controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion%E2%80%93breast_cancer_hypothesis" title="Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis">Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_under_communism" title="Abortion under communism">Abortion under communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_pregnancy_center" title="Crisis pregnancy center">Crisis pregnancy center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_aspects_of_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical aspects of abortion">Ethical aspects of abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_abortion" title="Genetics and abortion">Genetics and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalized_abortion_and_crime_effect" title="Legalized abortion and crime effect">Legalized abortion and crime effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Libertarian perspectives on abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit_of_viability" class="mw-redirect" title="Limit of viability">Limit of viability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's rights">Men's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_care" title="Post-abortion care">Post-abortion care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_counseling" title="Sidewalk counseling">Sidewalk counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_towards_abortion" title="Societal attitudes towards abortion">Societal attitudes towards abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Socialist perspectives on abortion">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termination_for_medical_reasons" title="Termination for medical reasons">Termination for medical reasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_abortion" title="Toxic abortion">Toxic abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Algeria" title="Abortion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Angola" title="Abortion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Benin" title="Abortion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Botswana" title="Abortion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Abortion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cameroon" title="Abortion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Abortion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Abortion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chad" title="Abortion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Comoros" title="Abortion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Abortion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Eswatini" title="Abortion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Gabon" title="Abortion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Gambia" title="Abortion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ghana" title="Abortion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guinea" title="Abortion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kenya" title="Abortion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lesotho" title="Abortion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia" title="Abortion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Madagascar" title="Abortion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malawi" title="Abortion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mauritius" title="Abortion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Namibia" title="Abortion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal" title="Abortion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Seychelles" title="Abortion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Abortion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Africa" title="Abortion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tanzania" title="Abortion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Togo" title="Abortion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uganda" title="Abortion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zambia" title="Abortion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Abortion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Afghanistan" title="Abortion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Armenia" title="Abortion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Abortion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bahrain" title="Abortion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bangladesh" title="Abortion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bhutan" title="Abortion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brunei" title="Abortion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cambodia" title="Abortion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_East_Timor" title="Abortion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Abortion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iran" title="Abortion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Japan" title="Abortion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Korea" title="Abortion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Korea" title="Abortion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Laos" title="Abortion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Qatar" title="Abortion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Singapore" title="Abortion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Taiwan" title="Abortion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Turkey" title="Abortion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vietnam" title="Abortion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Yemen" title="Abortion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Europe" title="Abortion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Andorra" title="Abortion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Austria" title="Abortion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belarus" title="Abortion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Abortion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bulgaria" title="Abortion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Croatia" title="Abortion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Denmark" title="Abortion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Estonia" title="Abortion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Germany" title="Abortion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hungary" title="Abortion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Italy" title="Abortion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Latvia" title="Abortion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Abortion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lithuania" title="Abortion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Luxembourg" title="Abortion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malta" title="Abortion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Moldova" title="Abortion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Monaco" title="Abortion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Montenegro" title="Abortion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Abortion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Norway" title="Abortion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Poland" title="Abortion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Portugal" title="Abortion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Romania" title="Abortion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_San_Marino" title="Abortion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Serbia" title="Abortion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovakia" title="Abortion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovenia" title="Abortion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Abortion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belize" title="Abortion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Abortion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cuba" title="Abortion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Abortion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_El_Salvador" title="Abortion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guatemala" title="Abortion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Honduras" title="Abortion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nicaragua" title="Abortion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Panama" title="Abortion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Abortion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Abortion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Fiji" title="Abortion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kiribati" title="Abortion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Abortion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Zealand" title="Abortion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Abortion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Samoa" title="Abortion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Abortion in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tonga" title="Abortion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tuvalu" title="Abortion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vanuatu" title="Abortion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina" title="Abortion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bolivia" title="Abortion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chile" title="Abortion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colombia" title="Abortion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ecuador" title="Abortion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guyana" title="Abortion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Paraguay" title="Abortion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Suriname" title="Abortion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uruguay" title="Abortion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Venezuela" title="Abortion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_case_law" title="Category:Abortion case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_constitutional_law" title="Category:Abortion constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion#Legal:_History_of_abortion_law" title="History of abortion">History of abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law#National_laws" title="Abortion law">Laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_protection_of_access_to_abortion" title="Legal protection of access to abortion">Buffer zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_abortion" title="Conscientious objection to abortion">Conscientious objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-week_abortion_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-week abortion ban">Six-week bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consent#Abortion" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion#Legal_restrictions_on_later_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Parental involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion#Men_and_abortion_in_law" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Spousal consent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">Vacuum aspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">Dilation and evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">Dilation and curettage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">Intact D&X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy_abortion" title="Hysterotomy abortion">Hysterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instillation_abortion" title="Instillation abortion">Instillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_extraction" title="Menstrual extraction">Menstrual extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">Medical abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">Abortifacient drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_abortion" title="Buddhism and abortion">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_abortion" title="Hinduism and abortion">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_abortion" title="Islam and abortion">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_abortion" title="Scientology and abortion">Scientology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion" title="Category:Abortion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Canada&oldid=1259040194">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Canada&oldid=1259040194</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_in_Canada" title="Category:Abortion in Canada">Abortion in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_law_in_Canada" title="Category:Health law in Canada">Health law in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_human_rights_in_Canada" title="Category:History of human rights in Canada">History of human rights in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_in_Canada" title="Category:Women in Canada">Women in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_by_country" title="Category:Abortion by country">Abortion by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_medicine_in_Canada" title="Category:History of medicine in Canada">History of medicine in Canada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2017" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2017">Use mdy dates from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 01:24 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Canada&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cb68bdc4d-trg6t","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.378","walltime":"1.691","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7183,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":234174,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13719,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":356156,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1384.045 1 -total"," 52.24% 723.028 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.50% 256.005 57 Template:Cite_web"," 14.60% 202.084 19 Template:Cite_book"," 9.53% 131.833 1 Template:Lang"," 7.97% 110.263 1 Template:Healthcare_in_Canada_sidebar"," 7.69% 106.442 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.63% 91.728 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.74% 51.789 13 Template:Flag"," 3.62% 50.078 1 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.783","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20816811,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-59b954b7fb-lfhht","timestamp":"20241207152445","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Abortion in Canada","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abortion_in_Canada","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4668451","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4668451","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-28T06:25:43Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T01:24:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d0\/Red_leaf_with_white_cross3.svg-removebg-preview_%281%29.png","headline":"termination of pregnancy in Canada"}</script> </body> </html>