CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.thehindu.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92970c06f8c85cd5',cH: 'k4fBtNp2oPkQ2g24uDmbNiLTYgStVIA9Fm2pVDlxgmM-1743499608-1.2.1.1-VGp0zR_NpWwuF8I6KK2ltxsZqQf4svVqmtMyFSeBN6aNzY._G6wXWdsBNzsevEaS',cUPMDTk: "\/archive\/web\/2015\/06\/?__cf_chl_tk=avzZ8PbFkaKmUu5XZPsrU9_Gkbl9bxpVO3m2RLOW7Xw-1743499608-1.0.1.1-VoFsgaE_1uDYcGCjrirvZTSGJUPRlIO4Htze6Lb5Xx0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1743499608',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/archive\/web\/2015\/06\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=avzZ8PbFkaKmUu5XZPsrU9_Gkbl9bxpVO3m2RLOW7Xw-1743499608-1.0.1.1-VoFsgaE_1uDYcGCjrirvZTSGJUPRlIO4Htze6Lb5Xx0",md: "qSlh3Qh3JE0lzWRE3A1YM.qdrov2pP_qX52EKJuZF98-1743499608-1.2.1.1-Q81ZxYNG3xvrNrNJOb3oSNhUtLA.obaSq.i5SgYJFBCJ2cicb09J5Jd3gQ9n3fe58w9gsVU0yondIgULvE_rgmk6.bqo3HJvzoyN.HCpn.I6xRXlVgbdwSdpD3nhZ6Mqi3IeVCip13MPJ2ePRLRf2uGAR9_fjZ_10oOA_hXFVP4NHVv2MEvNmntrwA.ek5WnGw2pBgli4BfqhLVPaNYENabMLFWd0s4j_GfpHv8Vv4ZUZtCa6bgE9PJz376gA3QHTDicG9lVngmrwfarImUnuCyEgdRq.amRgCTgCCY3vhQ46xjinQMYcQojc6B7Y9gla6FELM0jTZgfjJqfvT7coFGSbPjvzZ51lz85EXAHpAfFrK6zoByiWEh2y3O16_JH1Bm3z4L5NrFQ.82dVQ_CC7RGNT9OP6pmD63HmrIe1pm8IUGJQT224XexULbhIdVVDCfsNCB4FQKeVeWxnoNKFqd_nUw7Whove7yYdGsjr5849M9V2o5_oeRrUBIbM1VKaPpW3dOF7ZktFmVduPRrnDo77oocH81z1vKJHydNwY39N3xcmZRJ1._7YjoHdtvSoh4WI68LEeiBbAbjbSGDhjlwP8xtg44.khY.WTmNAJg6gwaiGiWcrrP_EXefcgygtnLVDxssZQDNnY61C0n5nrdyRowmnmdIzrx_jopyGGMwVgD1KAqLl70DaKAWQ0UJZh0nvYtEjK.FpCaVocKErobJQlRml7KEVcgH686HG5ht.I01lS9RkA01KFWftsNpOSLcslMUiFMHS.sWsZ50M2Orp1izV1M3vZVFAp8Idm55LM0lfmdOnWF21_YG7fNMUrQF29Q.X_f0QTwXQ5QYNz_1b6uy0KPxJby9ku4QcVh4kmgG.BBcBlVk..1ljVh2WKutDTxoVdve9xg8_WCU9gLDY6cJ_t29sfqE11GlqxdaSMLRMUory96E5avL9ZgW_oLHidrZ368c6nHRBdoXXETc3fQ9PWWoJKJyvOCS4VwhgC.038ofqAKzIV7OjS7PRgsmB8idVYcpLAOI4xZOMrWE9T7203YNuUYzUuKlM1PRxHvOJ_bCb4BmnZPC_vI76fZhxZP.NZ7hbRLfLT3HUcPTmvRg3bfCoJ1_zGvVw4ItauNDip.pG68NKYxUuU5xxRTe5CUDX2iv4biPP.InxQ7J29xkL.I7P_EZPUr24J.STrFIib63TCwS9TB4pG.ScCcCluURFnoPWVeLVgQ_NVC3GL.GWhJ.nTXQAACKVbP9hCpwYxXrr5prfhuCBY6q",mdrd: "59cfm4_mDLJ3OBNQUw7gO9XEIxfts_LDACa3D.avoKg-1743499608-1.2.1.1-ZfIN6cyYLXz9kLkfl76e4eD_yV_BPpkjpkFoumhI4M998gt0ONDVSDIUi2bU6UMIlGm_1Qh9mPsyLwe.KRqnixjV3soif2jt85ldro6GgJjMylDkoSiMco4l7LbXFHhBQmoH90.HkqvHxKJgQcTGVlAksxfsNHGH4KpkFZMCIuzUZ0d4V35wcDfYtyfN7qZ9hMCmCEdV_.4fQdPKY3bSNhb88xFQfHcLO.1gmJjKi8yDvu3q5qMGEcwRr3yl92FPO4dNK_VohqKjiV6W7ObaIvT6V_ICHkl2f_HW0nr3esZtLmPuEn7f.MJNbzDbQadvyuIN1m3WHh_HYLKffEktSSZi0PNVxkvXamadWGRE3QGiw0hVo1tg_YpbtSNrSLr8WujlD4zTAJKGXh6VcZ02GjZ7DAEXR4uzF3xi6kR8ipyzs1GH94GB5CRcqar_YEg6Sgji0cI1WSun2VV5GVHZfpxDslwoOaM7zydrwPNMbxx4ctxPOnjoos5gfWzLFmV9DeghEIHhsyY9DP460RtAIgmR56z5mP72dO5CPBcMSx0exjaTRacU.p2_n2PvHJIBVHUBoTkAFRX33b6klr8ofJ3UUsuB_JFzhPWt8t9C7TGI20Ov7SHCRt35OuE4IF.KmWOwgSHSRpy_12HGZTgnS6iOGVL5Sl1Dm980XHVAPYfJpchKS2Pn6pV5RHkaROauT0k2FIpwUkpDei7q3YetJdVX4EvHT3J97h0Q_faGD8oO._sQD_JmGhVSuESY9ORfogdfO1yHM.EdJBztC7IAkCqlQrDxhApGamMtPdePB5e02NW9jbftDgkz47mIBRHPW0lCfwp8DnraMi0Np3xXSySHHEIt5K3zGDigBAYIoDa2xxKKWaq1W40Qcdta1yPkgY8RSM2Pv3Jq6QTorAan5oFrw1O86cdyO8HX.zo06nU9VJD8M8YhQ.8UpmXtMai9PcgnFdqrHbOPLnf5IAIvRrcu6CP3Qb0GU.7Vv5rvhxa2Kahn5zehsuKv7JmE8qxlsE4Ix5M_dCStfG2iQrR_sh8eEwmnIDF.5nt1uVmQpSAT3qDIlXv4Ywgw1g.h.W1CLIveu.mQszCNvaVV5iNKnTSZ.e22pMPxzE1rfD8JjlsZJee.DCx45c9GL752qIpNuoIW7SwC1BbSCf72I2a1cQu7kvc9MpCIhqa0lHoSD_9subWUdARWsspRPiZd4huQkkbU.WFOW_Hts4wvJ0XtDRw3hqY7TkP54ofm4pN7M7EN03Ok7iBycmsSVsxhIvxvVLGpx2469Muwi3rE.EpxbXu3fRlwcPuTGFCRBUjpit_Mzc65.Hj7S..9OUk6HmAxNJrSeJ3W7BabK2xDzWLODkyN8NiHLAhAHXy7H_by4O8bl9y67VFT4Fb8eLWJ5ieG4YOq3ZKBqBRYpULFBi0sB3qG767.ecA1Rnn2UaCIzAhqjzKZrLxDMFQGltOp14gPu_LBP41R0MBeiFh.inseonsNIhFgVMXFY9pY7w8_qnRXZIoaZsGH6mgV7z5ng5s2jFemQYtTD0yuutm4CgjNqjUT1BqxvjtzfJ.RzDk0.NA4hVnI1kzaxfjkZvdai.iIHVCclRZzb2GpstXkAqDGTYbAVns4kew0Ltr.j1z9KKBs3F2gnI0KzesM8ojE6h0HzKiskAoW84VeHU7pgAKH6dw8WQHjU.7iXMl32SexrO1ZhJDeXA20sAmmx5uIGUGJHS0rI_OHfz6mfeS7yTNNjWw.xHCrlKrFKYCXqrYsdXHw6PY07jsPAOhZuSfq6qbey85feJhPjsBtRDA7y5pTsEBgBdDmEBQmS8j15nxtNBGD1vCTbAht5mEacbk1qCL7JhdNUSiDNy3VGhMorJNj0q4GAhEX5OsFAvEAA2P9nH9vqkYIDJDurQot354qXDqP8sB4KqE99eh.3pGTL2p97NLB1lI8gIzRhsU16KCSyPYioPDGLsw.EqaHBheqruGJGgD6nQa6ljnR.mDQYdCISCNJVWSDsjfYbXVj.lPGrXumN33xyu8RL0q4RY5FRHi74pla305jEdec7v1v2yj_fvb85TBo4l7Vyazopn4CX9U"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92970c06f8c85cd5';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/archive\/web\/2015\/06\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=avzZ8PbFkaKmUu5XZPsrU9_Gkbl9bxpVO3m2RLOW7Xw-1743499608-1.0.1.1-VoFsgaE_1uDYcGCjrirvZTSGJUPRlIO4Htze6Lb5Xx0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>