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href="/custom/create.html">Register</a></ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class=site-nav-bar__blur id=site-nav-blur></div> </div> </nav> </div> </div><div id=po1 class=po></div><div id=mpo></div><div id=anw class=alert-notice__wrap></div><div class=main-content-div><script> window.TAD=window.TAD||{};TAD.abtest='a'; </script><div class=bc__wrap><div class="row socrow"><div id=bc class="fixed"><div id=bct><a target=_top href="/" class=fx>Home</a>   <a target=_top href="/calendar/" class=fx>Calendar</a>   Julian Calendar</div></div></div></div><main class="article layout-grid layout-grid--article"><article class="layout-grid__main article__content"><h1 class=article__title>The Julian Calendar</h1><h4 class=article__sub-title></h4><p class=article__byline>By <a href='/company/team-editorial#vh'>Vigdis Hocken</a></p><p class=article__lead>The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 <a href="/time/ce-bce-what-do-they-mean.html">BCE</a> and replaced the Roman calendar.</p><div class=article__body><figure class="article__figure "><div class=article__img-container><img src="//c.tadst.com/gfx/600x337/julius-caesar-bust.jpg?1" width=600 height=337 title="Julius Caesar bust" alt="Ancient Roman General Julius Caesar" class=article__img srcset="//c.tadst.com/gfx/900x506/julius-caesar-bust.jpg?1 1.5x,//c.tadst.com/gfx/1200x675/julius-caesar-bust.jpg?1 2x"></div><figcaption><p class=article__img-caption>Roman general Julius Caesar.</p><p class=article__img-credit>©bigstockphoto.com</p></figcaption></figure><p class=large-link><a href="/calendar/?country=23" class=read-more>See the Julian calendar</a></p><h2>Replaced Lunar Calendar</h2><p>The Julian calendar's predecessor, the <a href="/calendar/roman-calendar.html">Roman calendar</a>, was a very complicated lunar calendar, based on <a href="/astronomy/moon/phases.html">the moon phases</a>. It required a group of people to decide when days should be added or removed in order to keep the calendar in sync with the astronomical <a href="/calendar/aboutseasons.html">seasons</a>, marked by <a href="/calendar/seasons.html">equinoxes and solstices</a>.</p><h2>First Solar Calendar</h2><p>In order to create a more standardized calendar, Julius Caesar consulted an Alexandrian astronomer named Sosigenes and created a more regulated civil calendar, a solar calendar based entirely on Earth's revolutions around the Sun, also called a <a href="/astronomy/tropical-year.html">tropical year</a>. It takes our planet on average, approximately 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 45 seconds (365.242189 days) to complete one full orbit around the Sun.</p><p class=large-link><a href="/calendar/what-is-a-calendar.html">Why did humans invent calendars?</a></p><h2>Introducing Leap Years</h2><p>A <a href="/date/common-year.html">common year</a> in the Julian calendar has 365 days divided into <a href="/calendar/months/">12 months</a>.</p><p>In the Julian calendar, every four years is a <a href="/date/leapyear.html">leap year</a>, with a leap day added to the month of February.</p><p>At the time, <a href="/calendar/months/february.html">February</a> was the last month of the year, and Leap Day was February 24.</p><p class=large-link><a href="/date/february-30.html">February 30 Was a Real Date</a></p><p>However, leap years were not observed in the first years after the reform due to a counting error. In the first years of the Julian calendar’s existence – until 12 <a href="/calendar/ce-bce-what-do-they-mean.html">Common Era</a> (CE) – every third year was a leap year due to a calculation error.</p><h2>Too Many Leap Days</h2><p>The Julian calendar's formula to calculate leap years produced a leap year every four years. This is way too often, and eventually the Julian calendar and important religious holidays, like <a href="/calendar/determining-easter-date.html">Easter</a> were several days out of sync with the fixed dates for astronomical events like <a href="/calendar/autumnal-equinox.html">equinoxes</a> and <a href="/calendar/summer-solstice.html">solstices</a>.</p><h2>Realigned With the Sun</h2><p>The <a href="/calendar/julian-gregorian-switch.html">introduction of the Gregorian calendar</a> allowed for the realignment with events like the <a href="/calendar/spring-equinox.html">Vernal equinox</a> and <a href="/calendar/winter-solstice.html">Winter solstice</a>.</p><p>The solution to this error was to replace the Julian calendar with the <a href="/calendar/gregorian-calendar.html">Gregorian calendar</a> in 1582.</p><p class=large-link><a href="/calendar/julian-gregorian-switch.html" class=read-more>Why are several days missing in 1752?</a></p><h2>The Julian Calendar in Modern Society</h2><p>Although the Gregorian calendar has become the international civil calendar, the Julian calendar was still used by some countries into the early 1900s. Some Orthodox churches <a href="/holidays/type/orthodox">still use it today</a> to calculate the dates of moveable feasts, such as the Orthodox Church in Russia. Others who still use the Julian calendar include the Berber people of North Africa and on Mount Athos.</p><p>The calendar was used throughout the Roman Empire and by various Christian churches.</p><p class=large-link><a href="/news/calendar/two-easter-dates-why-so-late">The Julian Calendar delays Easter up to 35 days</a></p><h2>The Julian Period for Astronomers</h2><p>The Julian period or the Julian Day system provides astronomers with a single system of dates that could be used when working with different calendars to align different historical chronologies. It assigns a Julian Day (JD) to every year without having to worry about B.C.E or C.E. It was invented by French Scholar Joseph Justus Scaliger in 1583, who proposed that the Julian Period starts at noon on January 1, 4713 B.C.E. (Julian calendar) and lasts for 7980 years. This was determined because it is a time period long enough to include all of recorded history and includes some time in the future that would incorporate the three important calendrical cycles, the Golden Number Cycle, the Solar Cycle, and the Roman Indiction.</p><p>The Golden Number Cycle is a cycle of 19 years, while the Solar Cycle is a cycle of 28 years and the Roman Indiction repeats every 15 years. Thus the Julian Period is calculated to be 7980 years long or 2,914,695 days because 19*28*15 = 7980.</p><p class=article__htags><strong>Topics: </strong><a href="/topics/calendar">Calendar</a></p></div></article><aside class="layout-grid__sidebar article__sidebar"><figure class=figure-table><h3>The Julian Calendar</h3><table class="table table--left table--inner-borders-rows table--hover"><tbody><tr><th>Used in</th><td>The Roman Empire and some Christian churches</td></tr><tr><th>Calendar type</th><td>Solar</td></tr><tr><th>Accuracy</th><td>11 min/year or<br>1 day in 128 years</td></tr><tr><th>Number of days</th><td><a href="/date/common-year.html">Common year</a>: 365<br><a href="/date/leapyear.html">Leap year</a>: 366</td></tr><tr><th>Number of months</th><td><a href="/calendar/months/">12</a></td></tr><tr><th>Correction mechanism</th><td><a href="/date/leap-day.html">Leap day</a></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><div class="clip-block clip-block--list"><div class=blk-series><h3 class="blk-series__title clip-block__title">Calendar History</h3><ol class=blk-series__list><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/gregorian-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Gregorian Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item active"> Julian Calendar </li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/julian-gregorian-switch.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Switch from Julian to Gregorian </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/roman-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Roman Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/ce-bce-what-do-they-mean.html" class=blk-series__item-link> What Do CE and BCE Mean? </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/how-do-roman-numerals-work.html" class=blk-series__item-link> How To Write and Count Roman Numerals </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/decade.html" class=blk-series__item-link> When Do Decades Start? </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/counters/mil2000.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Did the Millennium Start in 2000 or 2001? </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/what-is-a-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> What Is a Calendar? </a></li></ol><p class=blk-series__footer><a href="/calendar/info.html" class=read-more> All About Calendars </a></p></div></div><div class="clip-block clip-block--calendar"><h3 class=clip-block__title>Create Calendar With Holidays</h3><form name=cf id=cf class="small ten" method=get action="/scripts/createcal2.php"><div class=form-row><label class="inline six"><input type=radio name=typ value=0 checked>Full year</label><input placeholder=yyyy type=text autocomplete=off tad-va=date onfocus="window.ifc&&ifc(this,'y')" pattern="[0-9]*" maxlength=4 size=9 id=boxyear name=year title="Enter year as a 4-digit number." class=six value=2024></div><div class=form-row><label class="inline six"><input type=radio name=typ value=1>Month</label><select id=month name=month class="inline six" onchange='document.cf.typ[1].checked=true'><option value=1>January</option><option value=2>February</option><option value=3>March</option><option value=4>April</option><option value=5>May</option><option value=6>June</option><option value=7>July</option><option value=8>August</option><option value=9>September</option><option value=10>October</option><option value=11 selected>November</option><option value=12>December</option></select></div><div class=form-row><select id=country name=country class="inline twelve" title="Select country"><option value=29>Australia</option><option value=27>Canada</option><option value=35>India</option><option value=32>Ireland</option><option value=30>New Zealand</option><option value=9>United Kingdom</option><option value=1>United States</option><option value=160>Afghanistan</option><option value=93>Albania</option><option value=123>Algeria</option><option value=207>American Samoa</option><option value=97>Andorra</option><option value=127>Angola</option><option value=217>Anguilla</option><option value=221>Antigua and Barbuda</option><option value=37>Argentina</option><option value=102>Armenia</option><option value=177>Aruba</option><option value=29>Australia</option><option value=36>Austria</option><option value=85>Azerbaijan</option><option value=110>Bahamas</option><option value=133>Bahrain</option><option value=233>Bangladesh</option><option value=112>Barbados</option><option value=83>Belarus</option><option value=31>Belgium</option><option value=193>Belize</option><option value=148>Benin</option><option value=113>Bermuda</option><option value=198>Bhutan</option><option value=53>Bolivia</option><option value=86>Bosnia and Herzegovina</option><option value=144>Botswana</option><option value=33>Brazil</option><option value=224>British Virgin Islands</option><option value=79>Brunei</option><option value=73>Bulgaria</option><option value=165>Burkina Faso</option><option value=166>Burundi</option><option value=140>Cambodia</option><option value=134>Cameroon</option><option value=27>Canada</option><option value=157>Cape Verde</option><option value=111>Cayman Islands</option><option value=167>Central African Republic</option><option value=161>Chad</option><option value=43>Chile</option><option value=41>China</option><option value=46>Colombia</option><option value=172>Comoros</option><option value=84>Congo DR</option><option value=208>Cook Islands</option><option value=58>Costa Rica</option><option value=28>Croatia</option><option value=51>Cuba</option><option value=189>Curaçao</option><option value=94>Cyprus</option><option value=3>Czechia</option><option value=2>Denmark</option><option value=153>Djibouti</option><option value=229>Dominica</option><option value=52>Dominican Republic</option><option value=49>Ecuador</option><option value=80>Egypt</option><option value=55>El Salvador</option><option value=61>Equatorial Guinea</option><option value=168>Eritrea</option><option value=72>Estonia</option><option value=81>Ethiopia</option><option value=219>Falkland Islands</option><option value=175>Faroe Islands</option><option value=180>Fiji</option><option value=24>Finland</option><option value=5>France</option><option value=235>French Guiana</option><option value=205>French Polynesia</option><option value=150>Gabon</option><option value=149>Gambia</option><option value=87>Georgia</option><option value=8>Germany</option><option value=118>Ghana</option><option value=119>Gibraltar</option><option value=11>Greece</option><option value=138>Greenland</option><option value=22>Gregorian calendar</option><option value=182>Grenada</option><option value=236>Guadeloupe</option><option value=188>Guam</option><option value=50>Guatemala</option><option value=191>Guernsey</option><option value=169>Guinea</option><option value=173>Guinea-Bissau</option><option value=227>Guyana</option><option value=103>Haiti</option><option value=54>Honduras</option><option value=42>Hong Kong</option><option value=12>Hungary</option><option value=88>Iceland</option><option value=35>India</option><option value=65>Indonesia</option><option value=75>Iran</option><option value=109>Iraq</option><option value=32>Ireland</option><option value=234>Isle of Man</option><option value=34>Israel</option><option value=13>Italy</option><option value=125>Ivory Coast</option><option value=117>Jamaica</option><option value=26>Japan</option><option value=192>Jersey</option><option value=44>Jordan</option><option value=23>Julian calendar</option><option value=82>Kazakhstan</option><option value=105>Kenya</option><option value=194>Kiribati</option><option value=120>Kosovo</option><option value=108>Kuwait</option><option value=136>Kyrgyzstan</option><option value=176>La Réunion</option><option value=200>Laos</option><option value=89>Latvia</option><option value=121>Lebanon</option><option value=163>Lesotho</option><option value=129>Liberia</option><option value=124>Libya</option><option value=96>Liechtenstein</option><option value=90>Lithuania</option><option value=17>Luxembourg</option><option value=186>Macau</option><option value=156>Madagascar</option><option value=162>Malawi</option><option value=69>Malaysia</option><option value=201>Maldives</option><option value=152>Mali</option><option value=95>Malta</option><option value=213>Marshall Islands</option><option value=181>Martinique</option><option value=210>Mauritania</option><option value=143>Mauritius</option><option value=171>Mayotte</option><option value=40>Mexico</option><option value=211>Micronesia</option><option value=91>Moldova</option><option value=99>Monaco</option><option value=185>Mongolia</option><option value=101>Montenegro</option><option value=220>Montserrat</option><option value=106>Morocco</option><option value=126>Mozambique</option><option value=190>Myanmar</option><option value=130>Namibia</option><option value=215>Nauru</option><option value=187>Nepal</option><option value=204>New Caledonia</option><option value=30>New Zealand</option><option value=57>Nicaragua</option><option value=158>Niger</option><option value=77>Nigeria</option><option value=237>Norfolk Island</option><option value=183>North Korea</option><option value=92>North Macedonia</option><option value=225>Northern Mariana Islands</option><option value=18>Norway</option><option value=135>Oman</option><option value=64>Pakistan</option><option value=212>Palau</option><option value=60>Panama</option><option value=202>Papua New Guinea</option><option value=56>Paraguay</option><option value=47>Peru</option><option value=67>Philippines</option><option value=14>Poland</option><option value=15>Portugal</option><option value=114>Puerto Rico</option><option value=107>Qatar</option><option value=151>Republic of the Congo</option><option value=19>Romania</option><option value=20>Russia</option><option value=128>Rwanda</option><option value=232>Saint Barthélemy</option><option value=170>Saint Helena</option><option value=226>Saint Kitts and Nevis</option><option value=218>Saint Lucia</option><option value=231>Saint Martin</option><option value=228>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</option><option value=222>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option><option value=206>Samoa</option><option value=98>San Marino</option><option value=174>São Tomé and Príncipe</option><option value=74>Saudi Arabia</option><option value=147>Senegal</option><option value=38>Serbia</option><option value=154>Seychelles</option><option value=164>Sierra Leone</option><option value=63 selected>Singapore</option><option value=230>Sint Maarten</option><option value=39>Slovakia</option><option value=45>Slovenia</option><option value=209>Solomon Islands</option><option value=137>Somalia</option><option value=62>South Africa</option><option value=70>South Korea</option><option value=146>South Sudan</option><option value=16>Spain</option><option value=116>Sri Lanka</option><option value=145>Sudan</option><option value=178>Suriname</option><option value=155>Swaziland</option><option value=21>Sweden</option><option value=10>Switzerland</option><option value=132>Syria</option><option value=71>Taiwan</option><option value=197>Tajikistan</option><option value=115>Tanzania</option><option value=68>Thailand</option><option value=25>The Netherlands</option><option value=199>Timor-Leste</option><option value=159>Togo</option><option value=195>Tonga</option><option value=104>Trinidad and Tobago</option><option value=122>Tunisia</option><option value=4>Turkey</option><option value=196>Turkmenistan</option><option value=223>Turks and Caicos Islands</option><option value=214>Tuvalu</option><option value=179>U.S. Virgin Islands</option><option value=139>Uganda</option><option value=76>Ukraine</option><option value=66>United Arab Emirates</option><option value=9>United Kingdom</option><option value=1>United States</option><option value=59>Uruguay</option><option value=184>Uzbekistan</option><option value=203>Vanuatu</option><option value=100>Vatican City</option><option value=48>Venezuela</option><option value=78>Vietnam</option><option value=216>Wallis and Futuna</option><option value=131>Yemen</option><option value=142>Zambia</option><option value=141>Zimbabwe</option></select></div><div class=form-row><input type=submit value="View Calendar"></div></form></div><div class="clip-block clip-block--list"><div class=blk-series><h3 class="blk-series__title clip-block__title">Calendars Worldwide</h3><ol class=blk-series__list><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/gregorian-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Gregorian Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item active"> Julian Calendar </li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/hindu-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Hindu Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/buddhist-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Buddhist Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/islamic-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Islamic Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/jewish-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Jewish Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/persian-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Persian Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/about-chinese.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Chinese Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/bahai-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Baháʼí Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/tamil-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Tamil Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item "><a href="/calendar/coptic-calendar.html" class=blk-series__item-link> Coptic Calendar </a></li><li class="blk-series__item 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