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id="toc-list-wrapper" class="table-of-content__wrapper"><ul id="toc-list" class="list"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Abstract</span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="column__main" data-v-01274b1d><div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div class="column__main__left" data-v-01274b1d><div id="maincontent" class="col" data-v-862424e6 data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>Impacts of development and global change on the epidemiological environment</h1> </hgroup>     <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>31 July 2008</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Gretchen%20C.%20Daily&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Gretchen C. Daily</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce> and</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Paul%20R.%20Ehrlich&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Paul R. Ehrlich</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce></span></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-2 collapse-link" data-v-99f6eb26><a href="#authors-details" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="authors-details" class="app-link collapsed app-link__text-icon app-link--secondary reverse" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-99f6eb26><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon arrow-down" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Show author details </span> </a></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-99f6eb26> <dl id="authors-details" class="authors-details collapse" data-v-2edb8da6 data-v-99f6eb26><div data-test-author="Gretchen C. Daily" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Gretchen C. Daily</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Paul R. Ehrlich" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Paul R. Ehrlich</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA</span> </span></div></dd></div>  <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-2edb8da6></dl></div></div> <div id="app-tabs" class="tabs" data-v-1d90c6ce data-v-01274b1d><div id="app-tabs-wrapper" class="tabs__wrapper" data-v-1d90c6ce><div role="navigation" aria-label="tab navigation" class="container" data-v-1d90c6ce><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#appTabs" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="appTabs" class="tabs__collapse collapsed d-sm-none d-print-none" data-v-1d90c6ce><span data-v-1d90c6ce></span> <span class="tabs-arrow-up" data-v-1d90c6ce></span> <span class="tabs-arrow-down" 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id="toc-list-mobile" class="list collapse"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Abstract</span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div> <div class="action-bar" data-v-43a4d572><div class="row items"><a href="#access-block" data-test-id="buttonGetAccess" class="get-access-link" data-v-4cc7be75 data-v-43a4d572>Get access</a>  <div class="app-dropdown d-print-none share-dropdown" data-v-fab090b8 data-v-beffd87c data-v-43a4d572><button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonShareOptions" id="share-dropdown" class="app-button dropdown-menu-button app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary" data-v-2a038744 data-v-fab090b8><img src="/core/page-component/img/share-icon.cbcfad8.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon share" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Share</span></button> <div 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<span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Cite</span></button>  <a target="_blank" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=EDE&title=Impacts%20of%20development%20and%20global%20change%20on%20the%20epidemiological%20environment&publicationDate=31%20July%202008&author=Gretchen%20C.%20Daily%2C%20Paul%20R.%20Ehrlich©right=Copyright%20%C2%A9%201996%2C%20Cambridge%20University%20Press&contentID=10.1017%2FS1355770X00000656&startPage=311&endPage=346&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=1&issueNum=3&oa=" data-test-id="buttonRightLink" class="app-link rights-link d-print-none app-link__text-icon app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-92ee52a2 data-v-43a4d572><img src="/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon rights" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Rights & Permissions </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> <div class="share-modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-43a4d572></div> <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc" class="scrollspy-content" data-v-43a4d572> <div id="sec0" class="col article-abstract sec" data-v-2fa8b348 data-v-43a4d572><div class="abstract-text-container" data-v-2fa8b348><div lang="en"><h2>Abstract</h2>  <div class="abstract-content"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>Although improvements in human health represent a crucial aspect of development worldwide, many trends associated with development and global change appear to be reducing health security. In this article, we define the human epidemiological environment and describe key biophysical, economic, sociocultural, and political factors that shape it. The potential impact upon the epidemiological environment of aspects of both development and global change are then examined: the influences of human population size, mobility, geographic distribution, and nutritional status; modernization; loss of indigenous medicinal knowledge; microbial evolution of antibiotic resistance; land conversion and biodiversity loss; agricultural intensification; stratospheric ozone depletion; and climate change. Human vulnerability to infectious disease is often strongly and deleteriously influenced by ongoing, intensifying changes in these factors. An unprecedented level of communication and cooperation between experts, institutions, and nations is required to respond to the increasing threat of epidemic disease, which points to a promising area for enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="abstract-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a></div></div>   </div>    <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Focus</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/environment-and-development-economics" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Environment and Development Economics </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/environment-and-development-economics/volume/A3D2C6B137168A6100A5E443F1F3AC95" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 1 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/environment-and-development-economics/issue/152FC9FA1592354A43D0179BF77E5428" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Issue 3 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161>, July 1996</span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, pp. 311 - 346</span> </div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X00000656" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X00000656 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> </div>  </dd></div>   <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Copyright </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161> Copyright © 1996, Cambridge University Press </div></dd></div></dl> <div id="access-block" class="d-print-none" data-v-43a4d572><div class="access-options"><h2 class="access-options__heading">Access options</h2> <span>Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. 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Daily",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Gretchen%20C.%20Daily&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e},{givenNames:"Paul R.",surname:"Ehrlich",nameStyle:bF,affiliations:[{text:bG}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Paul R. Ehrlich",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Paul%20R.%20Ehrlich&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e}]},translators:{contributors:[],label:"Translated by"}},collections:[],publishedDate:"31 July 2008",keywords:[],openPracticeBadges:[],doi:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS1355770X00000656",value:"10.1017\u002FS1355770X00000656"},copyright:{statement:["Copyright © 1996, Cambridge University Press"],holder:[E],year:[1996]},creativeCommons:e,acceptedManuscript:b,type:"article-commentary",pageRange:{range:"311 - 346",firstPage:ab,lastPage:"346"},typeDescription:"Focus",resultTypes:[],commentsCount:bH,topicsAndSubtopics:e},journal:{id:bI,title:J,titleSlug:bJ,mnemonic:"EDE",titleHistory:[],isFirstView:b,journalSlug:bJ,isCompanion:b,parentCompanionJournalName:J,associatedParentCollection:e,paymentInfo:{prices:{"£":{price:21,sku:K,skuNew:F,currency:"£"},"€":{price:24,sku:K,skuNew:F,currency:"€"},US$:{price:26,sku:K,skuNew:F,currency:"US$"},AU$:{price:41,sku:K,skuNew:F,currency:"AU$"}}},url:bK,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fenvironment-and-development-economics\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FEDE_0_0_0\u002Fenvironment-and-development-economics.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fenvironment-and-development-economics\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:b,latestTitle:J,latestId:bI,hasPastTitle:b,issue:{id:"152FC9FA1592354A43D0179BF77E5428",number:bL,title:"Issue 3",publishedDate:"July 1996",printPublishTimestamp:836182800000,url:bM},volume:{id:"A3D2C6B137168A6100A5E443F1F3AC95",number:A,title:"Volume 1",publishedDate:"May 1996",printPublishTimestamp:830908800000,url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fenvironment-and-development-economics\u002Fvolume\u002FA3D2C6B137168A6100A5E443F1F3AC95"}},abstract:{textAbstracts:[{title:"Abstract",content:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlthough improvements in human health represent a crucial aspect of development worldwide, many trends associated with development and global change appear to be reducing health security. In this article, we define the human epidemiological environment and describe key biophysical, economic, sociocultural, and political factors that shape it. The potential impact upon the epidemiological environment of aspects of both development and global change are then examined: the influences of human population size, mobility, geographic distribution, and nutritional status; modernization; loss of indigenous medicinal knowledge; microbial evolution of antibiotic resistance; land conversion and biodiversity loss; agricultural intensification; stratospheric ozone depletion; and climate change. Human vulnerability to infectious disease is often strongly and deleteriously influenced by ongoing, intensifying changes in these factors. An unprecedented level of communication and cooperation between experts, institutions, and nations is required to respond to the increasing threat of epidemic disease, which points to a promising area for enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",lang:bN}]},content:{html:a,tableOfContent:[],footnotes:[],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{id:"manual_ref-1",displayNumber:a,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAdler\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ET.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1994\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ETick threats: new diseases brought to you by your neighborhood ticks\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EScience News\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E146\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan 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class=\"source\"\u003EScience\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E261\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E546\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E547\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Malaria: focus on mosquito genes' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.8393586\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Malaria: focus on mosquito genes' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Malaria%3A+focus+on+mosquito+genes&author=Aldhous+P.&publication+year=1993&journal=Science&volume=261&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.8393586&pages=546-547\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Malaria: focus on mosquito genes' 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Viruses","1992","unknown","Nature","Oxford University Press","1990","264","New England Journal of Medicine","1991","Environmental Change and Human Health","1989","1988","Journal of Infectious Diseases","1","Scientific American","New Scientist","Population, Resources, Environment: Issues in Human Ecology","Cambridge University Press","S1355770X00000656","1979","1981","1974","Environment and Development Economics","article_ede_ind_pur","342","American Scientist","Journal of Theoretical Biology","Perspectives in Biology and Medicine","257","343","Wiley","265","1986","BioScience","5","Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy","American Journal of Epidemiology","Annals of Internal Medicine","1987","Population Studies","American Journal of Public Health","2","311","45","Adaptation in Cultural Evolution: An Approach to Medical Anthropology","1970","341","Infectious Diseases of Humans","The World’s Pharmaceutical Industries: An International Perspective on Innovation, Competition, and Policy","Nutrition, Disease Resistance, and Immune function","1984","30","Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet","Harvard University Press","162","A World Geography of Human Diseases","1977","Silent Spring","1971","Health and the Rise of Civilization","Our Stolen Future","362","Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems","Biodiversity Conservation","The Social Dimensions of AIDS: Method and Theory","An Inquiry into Well-being and Destitution","63","382","Tapeworms and Jewish Grandmothers","Global Warming and Biodiversity","Fighting Infection","The Hungry Future","The Machinery of Nature","Simon & Schuster","W.H. Freeman","The Population Explosion","The Process of Evolution","Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment","The Stork and the Plow: The Equity Answer to the Human Dilemma","82","Understanding Infectious Disease","Evolution of Infectious Disease","Biodiversity","National Academy Press","The Biology of Animal Viruses","The Plague Makers","Introduction to Integrated Pest Management","The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World out of Balance","Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods","Effects of Meteorological Factors upon Parasites","Urban Growth and Violence: Will the Future Resemble the Past?","Global Warming: The Greenpeace Report","Diet and Disease in Traditional Developing Societies","Ozone Depletion: Health and Environmental Consequences","The Cambridge World History of Human Disease","Germs that Won’t Die","1982","Public Health and Human Ecology","Extinction Rates","Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States","Infections in Intravenous Drug Abusers","The Antibiotic Paradox","The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage, or Nemesis?, Princeton","The Origins of Human Disease","Plagues and Peoples","Manson’s Tropical Diseases","Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities","New World\u002FNew Mind: Moving Towards Conscious Evolution","Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of Rwanda","World Population Data Sheet","Man’s Impact on the global Environment","The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States","On the Mode of Transmission of Cholera","The Evolution of Human Sexuality","The Earth as Transformed by Human Action","State of the World’s Children 1992","The Prospects of World Urbanization, Revised as of 1984–85","Human Development Report","The International Organization of Hunger","Climate Change: Science, Impacts and Policy","The Diversity of Life","Health Sector Policy Paper","World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment","World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health","World Resources 1987","Impacts of development and global change on the epidemiological environment","western","Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA",0,"E9B1601107D6892A3F330585355FE062","environment-and-development-economics","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fenvironment-and-development-economics","3","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fenvironment-and-development-economics\u002Fissue\u002F152FC9FA1592354A43D0179BF77E5428","en","Tick threats: new diseases brought to you by your neighborhood ticks","Science News","44","10.2307\u002F3978466","Malaria: focus on mosquito genes","261","10.1126\u002Fscience.8393586","Fighting parasites on a shoestring","1859","10.1126\u002Fscience.8009209","Critical regions, a profile of Honduras","10.1016\u002F0140-6736(93)92758-L","Horizontal gene transfer","Antibiotic resistance: mechanisms preventing antibiotics from killing bacteria are appearing much faster than ways to control resistance","83","320","The population biology of infectious diseases. Part I","280","10.1038\u002F280361a0","10.1093\u002Foso\u002F9780198545996.001.0001","The spread of Hiv-1 in Africa: sexual contact patterns and the predicted demographic impact of Aids","10.1038\u002F352581a0","The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease","10.1126\u002Fscience.8503006","Measles periodicity and community size","Journal of the Royal Statistical Society","48","10.2307\u002F2342553","Infectious disease surveillance: a crumbling foun-dation","10.1126\u002Fscience.8153621","Measles endemicity in insular populations: critical community size and its implications","207","10.1016\u002F0022-5193(66)90161-5","Infectious diseases in primitive societies","10.1126\u002Fscience.163483","Why did they die?","1740","10.1126\u002Fscience.1465610","An explanation of high death rates among New World peoples when in contact with Old World diseases","37","292","10.1353\u002Fpbm.1994.0030","Beyond chloroquine: implications of drug resistance for evaluating malaria therapy efficacy and treatment policy in Africa","10.1093\u002Finfdis\u002F167.4.932","Tuberculosis: commentary on a reemergent killer","1055","10.1126\u002Fscience.257.5073.1055","Climate change and periodic epidemic malaria","1440","10.1016\u002FS0140-6736(94)92569-0","244","Academic Press","The return of the big killer","Parasites on the move","10.1126\u002Fscience.265.5177.1469","Immunodeficiency in undernutrition and overnutririon","Nutrition Reviews","39","10.1111\u002Fj.1753-4887.1981.tb07446.x","Nutrition, immunity, and infection: present knowledge and future directions","691","Agricultural production and malaria resurgence in Central America and India","10.1038\u002F293181a0","Infectious disease problems of narcotic addicts","Archives of Internal Medicine","309","10.1001\u002Farchinte.1971.00310200145021","Bumps on the vaccine road","10.1126\u002Fscience.8073271","Epidemiology of drug resistance: implications for a post-antimicrobial era","10.1126\u002Fscience.257.5073.1050","Yale University Press","Vector biology and the control of malaria in Africa","10.1126\u002Fscience.8009215","The epidemiology of multiple-clone Plasmodium falci-parum infections in Gambian patients","Parasitology","10.1017\u002FS0031182000059217","Infections with Herpes Simplex viruses","10.1056\u002FNEJM198603133141105","Importation of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and other exotic mosquito species into the United States in used tires from Asia","Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association","4","142","Funding crunch hobbles antibiotic resistance research","363","10.1126\u002Fscience.8153617","Restoring value to the world’s degraded lands","10.1126\u002Fscience.269.5222.350","10.2307\u002Fj.ctt5vm5bn.49","An exploratory model of the impact of rapid climate change on the world food situation","Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","Population, sustainability, and Earth’s carrying capacity","10.2307\u002F1311995","Optimum human population size","Population and Environment","10.1007\u002FBF02211719","Praeger","Rainfall and epizootic Rift Valley fever","Bulletin of the World Health Organization","943","Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes","10.1126\u002Fscience.8153624","HIV infection in Zaire","An eriologic study of hemoglo-binuria and blackwater fever in the Kivu Mountains, Zaire","Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop","Biodiversity and human health","Trends in Ecology and Evolution","391","1985","10.1016\u002FS0169-5347(00)89151-X","Alkaloid and predation patterns in Colorado lupine populations","Oecologia","10.1007\u002FBF00360510","10.4159\u002Fharvard.9780674330399","A simulation model of the population dynamics and evolution of myxomatosis","Ecological Monographs","10.2307\u002F1943014","1972","Impact of population growth","171","10.1126\u002Fscience.171.3977.1212","Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution","Evolution","10.2307\u002F2406212","Proceedings of the colloquium on chemical ecology","Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA","10.1073\u002Fpnas.92.1.1","Cholera and the environment","339","10.1016\u002F0140-6736(92)90766-V","Commentary: pestilence and poverty—historical transitions and the great pandemics","American Journal of Preventive Medicine","263","10.1016\u002FS0749-3797(18)30815-8","Environmental factors in disease surveillance","10.1016\u002FS0140-6736(94)92570-4","Marine ecosystems","10.1016\u002F0140-6736(93)92191-U","Cultural vectors, virulence, and the emergence of evolutionary epidemiology","Oxford Surveys of Evolutionary Biology","215","10.1093\u002Foso\u002F9780195060584.001.0001","Plenum","10.1007\u002F978-1-4615-9212-9","A new arbovirus from Aedes albopictus, an Asian mosquito established in the United States","10.1126\u002Fscience.2270489","Pattern of exposure and measles mortality in Senegal","10.1093\u002Finfdis\u002F161.6.1088","In-vitro resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to qinghaosu derivatives in West Africa","850","851","10.1016\u002FS0140-6736(94)92049-4","10.1007\u002F978-1-4684-6429-0_7","Human mycoses: drugs and targets for emerging pathogens","10.1126\u002Fscience.8153622","Aminoglycoside resistance and aminoglycoside usage: ten years of experience in one hospital","10.1128\u002FAAC.35.7.1284","Exploring new strategies to fight drug-resistant microbes","10.1126\u002Fscience.257.5073.1036","Researchers fret over neglect of 600 million patients","256","10.1126\u002Fscience.256.5060.1135","American Association for the Advancement of Science","Epidemic cholera in the Americas","10.1126\u002Fscience.1598586","Antigenic diversity and the transmission dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum","10.1126\u002Fscience.8310293","The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in U.S. hospitals","10.1093\u002Foxfordjournals.aje.a113990","10.1093\u002Foso\u002F9780195074444.003.0027","Population structure and the evolution of virulence in nema-tode parasites of fig wasps","10.1126\u002Fscience.259.5100.1442","Human population and the global environment","Drug-resistant Salmonella from animals fed antimicrobials","617","622","10.1056\u002FNEJM198409063111001","Lessons from Legionnaires disease","10.7326\u002F0003-4819-90-4-704","Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: an emerging infectious disease","262","10.1126\u002Fscience.8235607","Evaluation of mechanical transmission of HIV by the African soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata","AIDS","10.1097\u002F00002030-199303000-00006","The anthropology of infectious disease","Annual Review of Anthropology","19","10.1146\u002Fannurev.an.19.100190.000513","Ozone depletion and the immune system","10.1016\u002F0140-6736(93)92131-C","10.1093\u002Foso\u002F9780195074444.003.0005","Human disease and the evolution of pathogen virulence","24","10.1016\u002FS0022-5193(86)80222-3","10.1017\u002FCHOL9780521332866","Agent of disease contracted from green monkeys","10.1126\u002Fscience.160.3830.888","Finding ‘sustainable’ ways to prevent parasitic diseases","10.1126\u002Fscience.8009210","Rapid emergence of a focal epidemic of Lyme disease in coastal Massachusetts","10.1056\u002FNEJM198901193200301","10.1093\u002Foso\u002F9780198548294.001.0001","Potential health effects of global climatic and environmental changes","10.1056\u002FNEJM198912073212305","Evolution of plague virulence","473","10.1038\u002F334473a0","Playing antibiotic pool: time to tally the score","10.1056\u002FNEJM198409063111009","10.1007\u002F978-1-4899-6042-9","Active efflux mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance","36","10.1128\u002FAAC.36.4.695","Climatic warming and increased malaria incidence in Rwanda","10.1016\u002FS0140-6736(94)91586-5","Randomized trial of artesunate and mefloquine alone and in sequence for acute uncomplicated faltiparum malaria","10.1016\u002F0140-6736(92)90276-9","Medical responsibility and the global environ-ment","113","10.7326\u002F0003-4819-113-6-467","The analysis of equilibrium in malaria","Tropical Diseases Bulletin","The Bubonic Plague","10.1038\u002Fscientificamerican0288-118","An interpretation of the modern rise of population in Europe","10.1080\u002F00324728.1972.10405908","An interpretation of the decline of mortality in England and Wales during the twentieth century","10.1080\u002F00324728.1975.10412707","The health impacts of global climate change: grappling with scenarios, predictive models, and multiple uncertainties","Ecosystem Health","Doubleday","1976","10.1093\u002Foso\u002F9780195074444.003.0003","Immunological modulation and evasion by helminth parasites in human populations","10.1038\u002F365797a0","Malaria and climate: sensitivity of malaria potential transmission to climate","Ambio","Russian chaos breeds diphtheria outbreak","10.1126\u002Fscience.7878458","10.1093\u002Foso\u002F9780195074444.003.0006","The population biology of infectious diseases","10.1038\u002F280455a0","How a mysterious disease laid low Europe’s masses","Smithsonian","Rift valley fever in Egypt: an overview of the epizootic in 1977 and 1978","Controversies in Epidemiology and Biostatistics","1978","Diseases for our future","10.2307\u002F1310972","Malaria pathogenesis","10.1126\u002Fscience.8009217","Will we survive?","10.1038\u002Fscientificamerican0993-136","The schistosomiasis problem in Egypt","American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","10.4269\u002Fajtmh.1982.31.87","10.1093\u002Foso\u002F9780195074444.003.0013","Chimpanzee outbreak heats up search for Ebola origin","10.1126\u002Fscience.7754392","Emerging viruses: defining the rules for viral traffic","10.1353\u002Fpbm.1991.0038","10.1093\u002Foso\u002F9780195074444.003.0002","Aircraft transmission of influenza a","10.1093\u002Foxfordjournals.aje.a112781","10.1093\u002Foso\u002F9780195074444.003.0022","The crisis in antibiotic resistance","10.1126\u002Fscience.257.5073.1064","Genetic identification of a hantavirus associated with an outbreak of acute respiratory illness","10.1126\u002Fscience.8235615","Prevention of drug access to bacterial targets: permeability barriers and active efflux","388","10.1126\u002Fscience.8153625","Flesh-eating bacteria: not new, but still worrisome","10.1126\u002Fscience.8209244","Malaria vaccines: multiple targets","10.1126\u002Fscience.8073276","Conspecificity of the ricks Ixodes scapularis and I. dam-mini (Acari: Ixodidae)’","Journal of Medical Entomology","10.1093\u002Fjmedent\u002F30.1.54","10.1093\u002Foso\u002F9780195074444.003.0021","Global alert over malaria","The evolution of virulence","10.1038\u002F362500a0","Policy Implications of Possible Effects of Pesticides on the Immune System","Disease and death in the New World","10.1126\u002Fscience.2479984","Vector-borne diseases, models, and global change","10.1016\u002F0140-6736(93)92367-3","U.S. may be threatened by epidemic of dengue","New York Times International","Commentary: methods women can use that may prevent sexually transmitted disease, including Hiv","10.2105\u002FAJPH.82.11.1473","Virucides in prevention of HIV infection","Sexually Transmitted Diseases","10.1097\u002F00007435-199301000-00008","Barrier contraceptives and sexually transmitted diseases in women: a comparison of female-dependent methods and condoms","10.2105\u002FAJPH.82.5.669","Antibodies to phocine distemper virus in Canadian seals","Veterinary Record","10.1136\u002Fvr.130.23.514","Microbial cell walls and resistance of bacteria and fungi to antibiotics and biocides","10.1093\u002Finfdis\u002F168.5.1339","Fish farming and influenza pandemics","10.1038\u002F331215a0","Global climate change and infectious diseases","Environmental Health Perspectives","10.1289\u002Fehp.9196171","Antibiotic resistance in the tropics. 3. 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