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class=site-main><article id=post-12427 class="post-12427 page type-page status-publish" itemtype=https://schema.org/CreativeWork itemscope><div class=inside-article><header class=entry-header><h1 class=entry-title itemprop=headline>Thorium</h1></header><div class=entry-content itemprop=text><div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-60 lgc-tablet-grid-60 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights"><div class=inside-grid-column><div class=su-spacer style=height:10px></div><h2>What is Thorium</h2><p>Thorium is a naturally occurring chemical element with the atomic number 90, which means there are 90 protons and 90 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for thorium is <strong>Th</strong>. Thorium was discovered in 1828 by Norwegian mineralogist Morten Thrane Esmark. Joens Jakob Berzelius, the Swedish chemist, named it <strong>after Thor</strong>, the Norse god of thunder.<p>Thorium is a naturally occurring element, and it is estimated to be about <strong>three times more abundant than <a title=Uranium href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/uranium/>uranium</a></strong>. Thorium is commonly found in monazite sands (rare earth metals containing phosphate minerals).<p>Thorium has 6 naturally occurring isotopes. All of these isotopes are <strong>unstable </strong>(radioactive), but only <sup>232</sup>Th is relatively stable with <strong>half-life of 14 billion years</strong>, which is comparable to the age of the Earth (~4.5×10<sup>9</sup> years). Isotope <sup>232</sup>Th belongs to <a title="Primordial Matter" href=http://nuclear-power.com/glossary/primordial-matter/>primordial nuclides</a> and natural thorium consists primarily of isotope <sup>232</sup>Th. Other isotopes (<sup>230</sup>Th, <sup>229</sup>Th, <sup>228</sup>Th, <sup>234</sup>Th and <sup>227</sup>Th) occur in nature as trace radioisotopes, which originate from decay of <sup>232</sup>Th, <a title="Uranium 235" href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/uranium/uranium-235/><sup>235</sup>U</a> and <a title="Uranium 238" href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/uranium/uranium-238/><sup>238</sup>U</a>.</div></div><div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-40 lgc-tablet-grid-40 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights"><div class=inside-grid-column><a href=http://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/fissile_fertile.png><img loading=eager class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12102" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/fissile_fertile.png?ezimgfmt=rs%3Adevice%2Frscb53-1" alt="Fissile / Fertile Material Cross-sections" width=300 height=144 srcset sizes ezimgfmt="rs rscb53 src ng ngcb52 srcset" importance=high fetchpriority=high></a>Fissile / Fertile Material Cross-sections. Comparison of total fission cross-sections.Source: JANIS (Java-based Nuclear Data Information Software); ENDF/B-VII.1<a href=http://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Thorium_232.png><img loading=eager class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12063" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Thorium_232.png?ezimgfmt=rs%3Adevice%2Frscb53-1" alt="Fissile / Fertile Material Cross-sections" width=300 height=206 srcset sizes ezimgfmt="rs rscb53 src ng ngcb52 srcset" importance=high fetchpriority=high></a>Source of data: JANIS (Java-based Nuclear Data Information Software); ENDF/B-VII.1</div></div><div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights"><div class=inside-grid-column><div class=su-spacer style=height:10px></div><h2>Thorium 232</h2><p><strong>Thorium 232</strong>, which alone makes up nearly all natural thorium, is the most common isotope of thorium in nature. This isotope has the<strong> longest half-life</strong> (1.4 x 10<sup>10</sup> years) of all isotopes with more than 83 protons. Its half-life is considerably longer than the age of the earth. Therefore <sup>232</sup>Th belongs to <a title="Primordial Matter" href=http://nuclear-power.com/glossary/primordial-matter/>primordial nuclides</a>.<p><sup>232</sup>Th decays via <a title="Alpha Particle" href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/alpha-particle/>alpha</a> decay into <sup>228</sup>Ra. <sup>232</sup>Th occasionally decays by spontaneous fission with a very low probability of 1.1 x 10<sup>-9</sup> %.<p><sup>232</sup>Th is a <a title="Fertile Material" href=http://nuclear-power.com/glossary/fertile-material/>fertile isotope</a>. <sup>232</sup>Th is not capable of undergoing a fission reaction after absorbing a thermal neutron. On the other hand, 232Th can be fissioned by fast neutron with energy higher than >1MeV. <sup>232</sup>Th does not also meet alternative requirements to <a title="Fissile Material" href=http://nuclear-power.com/glossary/fissile-material/>fissile materials</a>. <sup>232</sup>Th cannot sustain a <a title="Nuclear Fission" href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/>nuclear fission</a> chain reaction because too many <a title=Neutron href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/>neutrons</a> produced by fission of <sup>232</sup>Th have lower energies than the original neutron.<p>Isotope <sup>232</sup>Th is key material in the thorium fuel cycle. Radiative capture of a neutron leads to the formation of fissile <a title="Uranium 233" href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/uranium/uranium-233/><sup>233</sup>U</a>. This process is called <a title="Nuclear Breeding" href=http://nuclear-power.com/glossary/nuclear-breeding/>nuclear fuel breeding</a>.</div></div><div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights"><div class=inside-grid-column> <div class="su-accordion su-u-trim"><div class="su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed" data-scroll-offset=0><div class=su-spoiler-title tabindex=0 role=button><span class=su-spoiler-icon></span>Uranium 233 breeding</div><div class="su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim"><img class=mathtex-equation-editor src="https://chart.apis.google.com/chart?cht=tx&chl=n%2B_%7B90%7D%5E%7B232%7D%5Ctextrm%7BTh%7D%20%20%7B%5Crightarrow%7D%20_%7B90%7D%5E%7B232%7D%5Ctextrm%7BTh%7D%2B%5Cgamma%20%5Crightarrow%20%20_%7B91%7D%5E%7B233%7D%5Ctextrm%7BPa%7D%20%5Crightarrow%20%20_%7B92%7D%5E%7B233%7D%5Ctextrm%7BU%7D" alt="n+_{90}^{232}\textrm{Th} {\rightarrow} _{90}^{232}\textrm{Th}+\gamma \rightarrow _{91}^{233}\textrm{Pa} \rightarrow _{92}^{233}\textrm{U}" align=absmiddle ezimgfmt="rs rscb53 src ng ngcb52"><p><strong><sup>232</sup>Th</strong> is the predominant isotope of natural thorium. If this <strong>fertile material</strong> is loaded in the <a title="Nuclear Reactor" href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/>nuclear reactor</a>, the nuclei of <strong><sup>232</sup>Th</strong> absorb a neutron and become nuclei of <strong><sup>233</sup>Th</strong>. The half-life of <strong><sup>233</sup>Th</strong> is approximately <strong>21.8 minutes</strong>. <strong><sup>233</sup>Th</strong> decays (negative beta decay) to <strong><sup>233</sup>Pa</strong> (protactinium), whose half-life is <strong>26.97 days</strong>. <strong><sup>233</sup>Pa</strong> decays (negative beta decay) to <a title="Uranium 233" href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/uranium/uranium-233/><strong><sup>233</sup>U</strong></a>, that is <strong>very good fissile material</strong>. On the other hand proposed reactor designs must attempt to physically isolate the protactinium from further neutron capture before beta decay can occur.</div></div></div><div class="su-divider su-divider-style-dotted" style="margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999"></div><div class=su-spacer style=height:10px></div></div></div><div class="su-divider su-divider-style-default" style="margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999"></div><div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights"><div class=inside-grid-column><h2>See previous:</h2><p>Plutonium<a href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/plutonium/ class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style=color:#606060;background-color:#fff;border-color:#ccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px target=_self><span style="color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#fff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0 0 0 #000;-moz-text-shadow:0 0 0 #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0 0 0 #000000"><i class="sui sui-link" style=font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d></i></span></a></div></div><div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights"><div class=inside-grid-column><h2>See above:</h2><p>Nuclear Fuel<a href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/ class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style=color:#606060;background-color:#fff;border-color:#ccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px target=_self><span style="color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#fff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0 0 0 #000;-moz-text-shadow:0 0 0 #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0 0 0 #000000"><i class="sui sui-link" style=font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d></i></span></a></div></div><div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights"><div class=inside-grid-column><h2>See next:</h2><a href class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style=color:#606060;background-color:#fff;border-color:#ccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px target=_self><span style="color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#fff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0 0 0 #000;-moz-text-shadow:0 0 0 #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0 0 0 #000000"><i class="sui sui-link" style=font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d></i></span></a></div></div></div></div></article></main></div><div id=left-sidebar class="widget-area sidebar is-left-sidebar grid-30 tablet-grid-30 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent pull-70 tablet-pull-70" itemtype=https://schema.org/WPSideBar itemscope><div 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