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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bs.wikipedia.org&uselang=bs" class=""><span>Donacije</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Napravi_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da" title="Predlažemo vam da napravite račun i prijavite se; međutim, to nije obavezno" class=""><span>Napravi korisnički račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Korisni%C4%8Dka_prijava&returnto=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da" title="Predlažemo vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o" 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decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"43\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/60px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/80px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"555\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\"\u003EOd 1. do 30. novembra 2024. učestvujte u projektu \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Azijski_mjesec/2024.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Azijski mjesec/2024.\"\u003E\"Azijski mjesec\"\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div 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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Građa_i_funkcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Građa_i_funkcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Građa i funkcija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Građa_i_funkcija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Građa i funkcija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Građa_i_funkcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radijalna_mreža" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radijalna_mreža"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Radijalna mreža</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radijalna_mreža-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prostorna_sumacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prostorna_sumacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prostorna sumacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prostorna_sumacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolesti_i_poremećaji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolesti_i_poremećaji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bolesti i poremećaji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolesti_i_poremećaji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dijagnostika_i_liječenje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dijagnostika_i_liječenje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dijagnostika i liječenje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dijagnostika_i_liječenje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prokrvljenost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prokrvljenost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prokrvljenost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prokrvljenost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istraživanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istraživanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Istraživanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istraživanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tangentna_mreža" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tangentna_mreža"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tangentna mreža</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tangentna_mreža-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledajte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledajte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Također pogledajte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledajte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjski_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Vanjski linkovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mrežnjača</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 75 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netvlies" title="Netvlies – afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Netvlies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شبكية – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%AB%DC%92%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A5%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܢܫܒܐ ܕܥܝܢܐ – aramejski" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܫܒܐ ܕܥܝܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Сеткавіца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сеткавіца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ретина – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ретина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F" title="অক্ষিপট – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অক্ষিপট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%95%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95" title="تۆڕینە – centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆڕینە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADtnice" title="Sítnice – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sítnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nethinde" title="Nethinde – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nethinde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netzhaut" title="Netzhaut – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Netzhaut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αμφιβληστροειδής χιτώνας – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμφιβληστροειδής χιτώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retino" title="Retino – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Retino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5rkkest" title="Võrkkest – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Võrkkest" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erretina" title="Erretina – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erretina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="شبکیه – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkkokalvo" title="Verkkokalvo – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verkkokalvo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9tine" title="Rétine – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rétine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitine" title="Reitine – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Reitine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רשתית – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רשתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="दृष्टि पटल – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दृष्टि पटल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mre%C5%BEnica_(oko)" title="Mrežnica (oko) – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mrežnica (oko)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retin" title="Retin – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Retin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receh%C3%A1rtya" title="Recehártya – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Recehártya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retino" title="Retino – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Retino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3nhimna" title="Sjónhimna – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjónhimna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%86%9C" title="網膜 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="網膜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Торлы қабық – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Торлы қабық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE" title="ರೆಟಿನಾ – kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೆಟಿನಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EB%A7%89" title="망막 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="망막" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore" title="Tore – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tore" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Тамырдуу чел – kirgiški" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тамырдуу чел" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_(anatomia)" title="Retina (anatomia) – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Retina (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinklain%C4%97" title="Tinklainė – litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tinklainė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABklene" title="Tīklene – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tīklene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Мрежница – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мрежница" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8" title="റെറ്റിന – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെറ്റിന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="दृष्टिपटल – marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दृष्टिपटल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC" title="မျက်ကြောလွှာ – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျက်ကြောလွှာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netvlies" title="Netvlies – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Netvlies" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netthinne" title="Netthinne – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Netthinne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siatk%C3%B3wka_(anatomia)" title="Siatkówka (anatomia) – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siatkówka (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retin%C4%83" title="Retină – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Retină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сетчатка – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сетчатка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierbmecuozza" title="Fierbmecuozza – sjeverni sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Fierbmecuozza" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sjeverni sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da" title="Mrežnjača – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mrežnjača" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sietnica" title="Sietnica – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sietnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mre%C5%BEnica" title="Mrežnica – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mrežnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Мрежњача – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мрежњача" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9tina" title="Rétina – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rétina" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4thinna" title="Näthinna – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Näthinna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="விழித்திரை – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விழித்திரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="จอตา – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Retina" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Челтәркатлау – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Челтәркатлау" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сітківка – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сітківка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81" title="شبکیہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شبکیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ng_m%E1%BA%A1c" title="Võng mạc – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Võng mạc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%BD%91%E8%86%9C" title="视网膜 – Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="视网膜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="רעטינע – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעטינע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%BD%91%E8%86%9C" title="视网膜 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="视网膜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E7%B6%B2%E8%86%9C" title="視網膜 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="視網膜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169342#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezičke linkove" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da" title="Prikaži stranicu sa sadržajem [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da" rel="discussion" 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dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_multilingual.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_multilingual.svg/300px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_multilingual.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_multilingual.svg/450px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_multilingual.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_multilingual.svg/600px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_multilingual.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Položaj mrežnjače u ljudskom oku: oznaka <b>14</b></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mrežnjača</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">latinski</a>: <span lang="la"><i>retina</i></span>) je unutrašnja ovojnica <a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">oka</a>. Smještena je na stražnjem dijelu <a href="/wiki/O%C4%8Dna_jabu%C4%8Dica" class="mw-redirect" title="Očna jabučica">očne jabučice</a> i njen je najvažniji dio. Sadrži vidne ćelije, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tapi%C4%87asta_%C4%87elija" title="Štapićasta ćelija">štapiće</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cepi%C4%87asta_%C4%87elija" title="Čepićasta ćelija">čunjiće</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cepi%C4%87asta_%C4%87elija" title="Čepićasta ćelija">čepiće</a> koji pomažu u prepoznavanju <a href="/wiki/Svjetlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Svjetlo">svjetla</a> i raspoznavanju <a href="/wiki/Boja" title="Boja">boja</a>. Povezane su sa živčanim vlaknima koja se udružuju u <a href="/wiki/Vidni_nerv" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidni nerv">vidni nerv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Građa_i_funkcija"><span id="Gra.C4.91a_i_funkcija"></span>Građa i funkcija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Građa i funkcija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Građa i funkcija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fiziologija" title="Fiziologija">Fiziologija</a> mrežnjače ispoljava veliku raznolikost u životinjskom carstvu, što se objašnjava različitim funkcijama koje mora obaviti. Ali se odavno zna da sve varijante slijede slične modele organizacije. Obično se, međutim, opisuje oko <a href="/wiki/Primat" title="Primat">primata</a>, najčešće ljudsko. </p><p>Mrežnjača se sastoji od naslaganih slojeva u radijalnom pravcu (od površine mrežnjače na stražnjem dijelu oka): </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Retina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retina.svg/500px-Retina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retina.svg/750px-Retina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retina.svg/1000px-Retina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Struktura mrežnjače<br />Lijevoː Ulaz svjetlosnih zrakaː Sasvim desnoː gore čepići – dolje štapići</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><b>Jednolaminatni sloj</b> fotoreceptorskih ćelija <a href="/wiki/Glutamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamat">glutamatergičnih</a> čunjića unutar <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDuta_mrlja" title="Žuta mrlja">žute mrlje</a> ili više periferno pričvršćen na <a href="/wiki/Pigment" class="mw-disambig" title="Pigment">pigmentni</a> <a href="/wiki/Epitel" title="Epitel">epitel</a> pod mrežnjačom;</li> <li><b>Vanjski pleksformni sloj</b> formiran od horizontalnih ćelija H1 i H2;</li> <li><b>Unutarnji jezgarni sloj</b> (ili interni sloj jezgra) formiran od bipolarnih ćelija i GABA-ergičnih glicinergina, više vrsta:</li> <li>* Periferne bipolne ćelije, specifični štapići, i</li> <li>* Centralne bipolna ćelije, specifični čunjići, koji imaju najmanje sljedeće pod-klase: <i>gigantski</i>, <i>difuzni</i>, <i>patuljasti</i> i <i>S-čunjići</i>;</li> <li><b>Unutrašnji pleksiformni sloj</b>, formiran od amakrinih ćelija;</li> <li><b>Ganglijski sloj</b> ćelija (više od dvadeset vrsta) čiji aksoni (~ 1,25 miliona) se ekscentrično spajaju na optički disk (uključujući i manje slojeve i nefotosenzitivne ćelije) formirajući vidni nerv.</li></ol> <p>Mrežnjača je, s druge strane, ima dvostruku arhitektonsku organizaciju: kružnu i i tangentnu. </p> <ul><li>Fotoreceptori, bipolarne ćelije (kao i neke amakrine ćelije unutrašnjeg pleksiformnog sloja) i gangliona definiraju radijalne mreže, dok</li> <li>ćelije unutrašnjeg i vanjskog pleksiformnoog sloja grade tangentne mreže.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radijalna_mreža"><span id="Radijalna_mre.C5.BEa"></span>Radijalna mreža</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Radijalna mreža"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Radijalna mreža"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Gamme_luminance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gamme_luminance.svg/500px-Gamme_luminance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gamme_luminance.svg/750px-Gamme_luminance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gamme_luminance.svg/1000px-Gamme_luminance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption> Raspon osvjetljenja za vizuelne sisteme<br />Tranzicija iz noći u dan prati povećanje intenziteta svjetla od 50 milijardi puta. <br />Da bi se prilagodili ovom značajno dinamičnom rasponu, <a href="/wiki/Sisar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisar">sisarska</a> mrežnjača ima dvije vrste fotoreceptora, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tapi%C4%87asta_%C4%87elija" title="Štapićasta ćelija">štapiće</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cepi%C4%87asta_%C4%87elija" title="Čepićasta ćelija">čepiće</a>. Štapići su vrlo osjetljivi na najmanje osvjetljenja i omogućavaju noćni vid, ali se u sumraku brzo zasite. Čunjići onda preuzimaju ulogu glavnih fotoreceptora.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Cone_cell_gangl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cone_cell_gangl.svg/300px-Cone_cell_gangl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cone_cell_gangl.svg/450px-Cone_cell_gangl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cone_cell_gangl.svg/600px-Cone_cell_gangl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption> Funkcijske veze između bipolnih ćelija čunjića ON/OFF i ganglionskih ćelija ON/OFF. Čepić je u središtu receptivnog polja.</figcaption></figure> <p>U zavisnosti od intenziteta svjetlosti, bit će angažirane tri djelomično različite, kako bi se osigurao prijenos <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotona</a> svjetla na receptore, a prijenos akcijskih potencijala sa ganglijskih ćelija. </p><p>receptora, a prijenos akcionih potencijala od strane ganglijskih ćelija. </p> <ul><li>Za dnevno gledanje, fotorecepcija se uglavnom odvija u centralnom dijelu žute mrlje:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Aktiviraju se i sukcesivno povezuju hemijske <a href="/wiki/Sinapsa" title="Sinapsa">sinapse</a>:</dd></dl> <p>čepići → bipolne ćelije ON/OFF → Ganglijske ćelije ON/OFF. </p> <dl><dd>Nakon prezentacije svjetlosnih zraka u centru receptivnog polja između vremena T1 i T2.</dd></dl> <p>Na hiperpolarizirani čepić i štapić glutamat u manjim količinama. To dovodi do postupnog aktiviranja ćelije u ON bipolnom centru i dipolne inaktivacije bipolarnih ćelija u OFF centru. Ovi suprotno bipolarni odgovori se objašnjavaju činjenicom da su oni ispoljavaju na njihovoj površini raznih <a href="/wiki/Glutamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamat">glutamat</a> receptora (GLU): bipolni ON imaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabotropni_receptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metabotropni receptor (stranica ne postoji)">metabotropne receptore</a> Glu u kombinaciji sa G proteinom (mGluR6 ); OFF bipolne ćelije ispoljavaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionotropni_receptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionotropni receptor (stranica ne postoji)">ionotropne receptore</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=AMPA_receptora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMPA receptora (stranica ne postoji)">AMPA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kainat_receptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kainat receptor (stranica ne postoji)">kainatne</a>). Recptori mGluR6 zatvorili Na+ kanali na taj način hiperpolariziraju ćelije. Ali, ovdje smanjenje glutamata izaziva suprotnu dipolnu aktivaciju. </p> <dl><dd>Bipolne ćelije, kao što čunjići ocjenjuju električne odgovore. U retini, ganglionske ćelije samo odgovaraju <a href="/wiki/Akcijski_potencijal" title="Akcijski potencijal">akcijskim potencijalima</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Za noćni vid (ili skotoptički vid), uglavnom u perifernim zoni.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Scotopic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Scotopic.svg/300px-Scotopic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Scotopic.svg/450px-Scotopic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Scotopic.svg/600px-Scotopic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption> Štapići u skotoptičnom gledanju</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Aktiviraju se i sukcesivno povezuju hemijske i električne <a href="/wiki/Sinapsa" title="Sinapsa">sinapse</a>: štapići, ON bipolne ćelije, amakrine ćelije A (II) i specifične bipolne ćelije čunjića i ganglijskih ćelija ili direktno iz ćelija OFF ganglija u specifične čunjeve.</dd></dl> <p>Drugim riječima, centralni čunjići su u stanju mirovanja, a bipolni i ganglijski čunjići stimuliraju periferne štapiće preko amakrinih ćelijaː → čepići (1) C. bipolarni ON → štapići (2) C. sve amakrine → (3) c akson. → bipolni čepić (4) C. ganglijski ON/OFF. </p><p>Štapići se sastoji 4 sinapsne veze sa dvije jakde konvergencijske poente: 20 do 50 štapića konvergiraju na svakoj bipolnoj ćelija štapića (CBB) i od 20 do 25 CBB približava svakoj amakrinoj ćeliji AII. Sve u svemu, signale od najmanje hiljadu štapića konvergiraju u jednu ćeliju gangliona.<sup id="cite_ref-tayl_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tayl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Osim toga, štapići mogu odgovoriti na stimulaciju jednog fotona, a potrebno je najmanje stotinu da bi se dobio odgovor iz čepića. Ova organizacija značajno povećava amplitude signala i osigurava dobru osjetljivost pri slabom osvjetljenju. </p> <dl><dd>Na svjetlu, štapići kao i čunjići sue repolariziraju srazmjerno intenzitetu svjetla. Prijenos na bipolne ćelije je onda postepen, bez praga. Tako je samo iz retine ganglijskih stanica koje stvaraju akcijski potencijal.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Viđenje u sumraku (ili mezopični vid):</li></ul> <dl><dd>Ova vrsta vida uključuje periferne štapiće koji, kroz horizontalne sinapse, aktiviraju centralne čunjiće, koji bi inače mirovali zbog niskog intenziteta svjetlosti. Ovo rezultira u održavanju aktivnosti mreža kje su uključene u dnevno viđenje.</dd> <dd>Strogo govoreći, ovaj tip mreže je prilično tangentni a ne radijalni, a dijelom je odgovoran za gubitak ugaone rezolucije (ali i gubitka razlikovnja boja) prilikom gledanja tamnih područja slike, čak i u dnevnim posmatranjima.</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#25fde9" align="center"><b>Retino-tektni sistem<br /> relej: gornji kolikulus bez projekcija na korteks</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#87e990" align="center"><b>Genikulo-prugasti sistem<br />releji: bočno koljenasto tijelo sa projekcijom na primarni vidni korteks (prugasti korteks i V1)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Periferna mrežnjača</th> <th>Centralna mrežnjača </th></tr> <tr> <td>Aktivacija štapića</td> <td>Aktivacija čepića (čunjića) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Odnosi konvergencije</td> <td>Odnosi pojedinačne aktivnosti </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ganglijski tip M (magaćelijski: veliko, široko polje prijema, fazna adaptacija)</td> <td>P-tip ganglija (parvoćelijski: mala veličina, malo polje prijema, tonirana adaptacija). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Visoka osjetljivost</td> <td>Niska osjetljivost </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mala snaga diskriminacije</td> <td>Visoka oštrina vida </td></tr> <tr> <td>Obrađuje informacije o pokretima</td> <td>Obrađuje informacije koje se odnose na oblik i boju </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uloga: Otkrivanje informacija</td> <td>Uloga: Potvrđivanje informacija </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prostorna_sumacija">Prostorna sumacija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Prostorna sumacija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Prostorna sumacija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Receptive_field.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Receptive_field.png/300px-Receptive_field.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="549" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Receptive_field.png 1.5x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>On-centri i off-centri u mrežnici</figcaption></figure> <p>Za razliku, od fotografske kamere, mrežnjača nešalje sliku jednostavno u mozak. Ona je prostorno kodira, kako bi stala u ograničeni kapacitet vidnog nerva. Kompresija je potrebna zato što postoji 100 puta više fotoreceptorskih od ganglijskih ćelija i što uklanja korelaciju dolaznih slika. Kao štio je gore naglašeno, postoje dvije vrste centara koje okružuju strukture u mrežnjači: ON i OFF centri. ON centri imaju pozitivno podraženi centar i negativno podraženu okolinu, dok su OFF centri suprotno usmjereni. Pozitivno se podraživanje zove ‘’’ekscitacija, a negativno: ‘’inhibicija. Ovi centri nisu fizički da bi se mogli vidjeti bojenjem uzoraka tkiva ili ispitivanjem anatomije. Oni su centri logičke strukture (tj. matematički sažetak) u tom smislu da ovise o jačini veze između bipolnih i ganglijskih stanica. Smatra se da je snaga veze između ćelija uvjetovana brojem i vrstom ionskih kanala ugrađenih u sinapse između ganglijskih i bipolnih ćelija.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Periferne strukture su matematički ekvivalent <a href="/wiki/Algoritam" title="Algoritam">algoritama</a> rubne detekcije koje koriste računarni programeri kako bi izdvojili ili pojačali rubove na digitalnoj fotografiji. Tako I mrežnjača poboljšava detekcijeu rubova objekata unutar svog vidnog polja. Primjerice, na slici psa, mačke i kuće, rubovi tih objekata sadrže najviše informacija. Za više funkcije mozga (ili računara) izdvajanje i klasificiranje tih posmatranih predmeta, neophodno je da mrežnjača najprije diferencira različite objekate ukupnog prizora. </p><p>Kao primjer može se uzeti da matrica je u srcu računarskog algoritma koji implementira rubnu detekciju. Ona je ekvivalent strukturi koja okružuje centar. U ovom primjeru, svaki element unutar matrice bi bio povezan s jednim fotoreceptorom, a u središtu je receptor koji se trenutno obrađuje. Središnji fotoreceptor je pomnožen s +1 faktorom težine. Okolni fotoreceptori su "najbliži susjedi" centru i pomnoženi su s -1 / 8 vrijednosti. Od tih elemenata, izračuna se konačni zbir od devet. Sumacija se ponavlja za svaki fotoreceptor u slici, premještanjem u lijevo do kraja reda, a zatim prema dolje na slijedeći red. Kada su svi ulazi od devet fotoreceptora iste vrijednosti, ukupni zbroj ove matrice je nula. Rezultat nula ukazuje da je slika ujednačena (tj. ne mijenja se) unutar tog malog dijela. Negativni ili pozitivni zbirovi znače da se nešto mijenjalo unutar tog malog dijela od devet fotoreceptora.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="1"> <tbody><tr><td bgcolor="lightyellow">-1/8</td><td bgcolor="lightyellow">-1/8</td><td bgcolor="lightyellow">-1/8 </td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="lightyellow">-1/8</td><td bgcolor="lightblue"> +1 </td><td bgcolor="lightyellow">-1/8 </td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="lightyellow">-1/8</td><td bgcolor="lightyellow">-1/8</td><td bgcolor="lightyellow">-1/8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Takva matrica je samo približna slika onoga što se stvarno događa unutar mrežnjače. </p> <ul><li>Prvo, prethodni primjer se zove "uravnoteženi". Pojam uravnotežen znači da je zbir negativnih jednak zbroju pozitivnih vrijednosti, kako bi se savršeno poništile, a ganglijske ćelije nisu gotovo nikada savršeno uravnotežene.</li> <li>Drugo, tabela je četverugaona, dok su okolne strukture mrežnjače kružne.</li> <li>Treće, neuroni djeluju pod uticajem impulsa koji putuju niz aksone nervnih ćelija, a kompjuteri sebaziraju na jednom broju koji je u biti konstanta pojedinog unosa piksela. Pritom je ačunarski i piksel u biti ekvivalent biološkog fotoreceptora.</li> <li>Četvrto, retina sve izračune obavlja istovremeno, dok računar obrađuje svaki piksel pojedinačno I nema ponavljanja i namještanja izračuna kao u računaru. Konačno, vodoravne i amakrine ćelije imaju također važnu ulogu u ovom procesu, ali ovdje nisu spomenute.</li></ul> <p>Slijedi primjer unosa slike i načina modificiranja rubnom detekcijom. </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Edge-detection-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Edge-detection-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="672" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </p><p>Nakon prostornog šifrirana slike u perifernim strukturama, signal se šalje iz optičkog nerva (preko aksona ganglijskih stanica) putem hijazme glavnog vidnog nerva do lateralnih genikulatnih jezgri (LGN). Tačna funkcija LGN još nije poznata. Signal iz LGN tada putuje do primarne vidne kore (V1 korteks). </p><p>Pojednostavljeni put signala: fotoreceptori → bipolarne stanice→ ganglija→ hijazma → LGN→ V1 korteks (kora velikog mozga). </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:ERP_-_optic_cabling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ERP_-_optic_cabling.jpg/500px-ERP_-_optic_cabling.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ERP_-_optic_cabling.jpg/750px-ERP_-_optic_cabling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/ERP_-_optic_cabling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bolesti_i_poremećaji"><span id="Bolesti_i_poreme.C4.87aji"></span>Bolesti i poremećaji</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Bolesti i poremećaji"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bolesti i poremećaji"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na građu I funkciju mrežnjače mogu uticati mnoge nasljedne i stečene bolesti ili poremećaji. Neki od njih su slijedeće. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Retinitis_pigmentosa" title="Retinitis pigmentosa">Retinitis pigmentosa</a></b> je grupa skupina genetičkih bolesti koje utiču na mrežnjaču i uzrokuju gubitak noćnog i perifernog vida.</li> <li><b>Degeneracija makula</b> je naziv koji opisuje grupu bolesti koje karakterizira gubitak centralnog vida zbog ssmrti ili oštećenja ćelija makule.</li> <li><b>Distrofija čunjića i štapića</b> uključuje brojne bolesti, u kojima je gubitak vida uzrokovan poremećajima čunjića i / ili štapića.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ablacija" title="Ablacija">Ablacija</a></b> ili odignuće mrežnjače se ogleda u pojavi da se ona odlijepi od sudovnjače. Nekadašnji oblik puncture je zastario način liječenja.</li> <li><b>Hipertenzijska i dijabeteska retinopatija</b> (usljed povećanog krvnog pritiska I šećerne bolesti) mogu uzrokovati oštećenja malih krvnih sudova koji prokrvljuju mrežnjaču.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastom" title="Retinoblastom">Retinoblastom</a></b> je <a href="/wiki/Tumor" title="Tumor">tumor</a> mrežnjače.</li> <li>Bolesti mrežnice u pasa obuhvataju displaziju retine, progresivnu atrofiju retine i naglo stečenu degeneraciju.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dijagnostika_i_liječenje"><span id="Dijagnostika_i_lije.C4.8Denje"></span>Dijagnostika i liječenje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Dijagnostika i liječenje"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Dijagnostika i liječenje"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raspoloživo je mnogo različitih instrumenata za dijagnosticiranje bolesti i poremećaja koji utiču na mrežnicu. Za pregled e se standardno koristi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oftalmoskop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oftalmoskop (stranica ne postoji)">oftalmoskop</a>. Odnedavno se koristi I adaptivna optika za prikaz pojedinih štapića i čunjića ‘’<a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>. Firma koja je utemeljena u Škotskoj razvila je tehnologiju koja omogućuje liječnicima promatranje cijele mrenjače bez neprijatnosti za pacijenta. </p><p>Za indirektno mjerenje električne aktivnosti mrežnice koristi se elektroretinogram, na koji utiču pojedine bolesti. Relativno nova tehnologija, koja postaje široko dostupna, je optički koherentna tomografija. Ta neinvazivna tehnika omogućava dobivanje 3D volumetrijskog ili tomograma poprečnog presjeka visoke rezolucije – za prikaz fine strukture histoloških mrežnjače. Liječenje ovisi o vrsti bolest i/ili prirodi poremećaja. Pokušana je i transplantacija mrežnjače, ali bez puno uspjeha. Na MIT-u, Sveučilištu Južne Kalifornije i Sveučilištu Novog Južnog Walesa, u razvoju je izrada umjetne mrežnjače: stvara se takav implantat koji će zaobići fotoreceptore mrežnjače i direktno stimulirati nervne ćelije signalima iz digitalnog fotoaparata. </p><p>OCT sken mrežnice na 800 nm sa aksijalnom rezolucijom od 3 µm </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prokrvljenost">Prokrvljenost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Prokrvljenost"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Prokrvljenost"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Retinography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Retinography.jpg/200px-Retinography.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Retinography.jpg/300px-Retinography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Retinography.jpg/400px-Retinography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>Snimak mrežnice kroz zjenicu</figcaption></figure> <p>Mrežnjača je bogato isprepletena krvnim sudovima. Njihov raspored je krajnje specifičan i obilježavajući za svaku osobu. Ta jedinstvena struktura i krvnih sudova u koristi se za biometrijsku identifikaciju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istraživanje"><span id="Istra.C5.BEivanje"></span>Istraživanje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak "Istraživanje"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Istraživanje"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George Wald, Haldan Keffer Hartline i Ragnar Granit dobili su <a href="/wiki/1967" class="mw-redirect" title="1967">1967</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada" title="Nobelova nagrada">Nobelovu nagradu</a> za fiziologiju ili medicinu za istraživanje mrežnjače. </p><p>U nedavnoj studiji na Univerzitetu Pensilvanije izračunata je približna propusnost ljudske mrežnječe od 8,75 megabita u sekundi, dok ona kod zamorca prenosi 875 kilobita. </p><p>Na Univerzitetu i Očnoj bolnici Moorfields u Londonu, <a href="/wiki/2006" class="mw-redirect" title="2006">2006</a>. pokazali su da fotoreceptorska ćelija može biti uspješno transplantirana uoko <a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1" title="Miš">miša</a> ako su donorske ćelije u kritičnoj fazi razvoja. Nedavno su Ader i suradnici u Dublinu, pomoću <a href="/wiki/Elektronski_mikroskop" title="Elektronski mikroskop">elektronskog mikroskopa</a>, pokazali da transplantirani fotoreceptori formiraju <a href="/wiki/Sinapsa" title="Sinapsa">sinapsne</a> veze. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tangentna_mreža"><span id="Tangentna_mre.C5.BEa"></span>Tangentna mreža</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak "Tangentna mreža"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Tangentna mreža"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>U vanjskom pleksiformnom i unutrašnjem jezgarnom sloju: <dl><dd>Horizontalne ćelije <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%93-aminobuterna_kiselina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Γ-aminobuterna kiselina (stranica ne postoji)">GABA-ergična</a>, u kontaktu sa štapićima i čunjićima, međusobno lokalno povezivanje zahvaljujući raskrsnicama, i sudjelovanje u generiranju antagonizma centar / periferija.</dd></dl></li> <li>U pleksiformnom unutrašnjem sloju: <dl><dd>Postoje mnoge klase amakrinih ćelija, kao što su amakrine ćelije A I. A II koje se uključuju u složenu mrežu s bipolarnim i ganglijskim ćelijama, ali također <a href="/wiki/Dopamin" title="Dopamin">dopaminskim</a> ćelijama ili interpleksiformnim ćelijama kojima se uređuje djelovanje horizontalnih ćelija, na primjer.</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledajte"><span id="Tako.C4.91er_pogledajte"></span>Također pogledajte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak "Također pogledajte"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Također pogledajte"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">Oko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Culo" title="Čulo">Čulo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall J. E., Guyton A. C. (2006): Textbook of medical physiology, 11th edition. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, Mo, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-7216-0240-1" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-7216-0240-1">0-7216-0240-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Međedović S., Maslić E., Hadžiselimović R. (2000): Biologija 2. Svjetlost, Sarajevo, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/9958-10-222-6" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/9958-10-222-6">9958-10-222-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warrell D. A., Cox T. M., Firth J. D. (2010): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://otm.oxfordmedicine.com/">The Oxford Textbook of Medicine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321002102/http://otm.oxfordmedicine.com/">Arhivirano</a> 21. 3. 2012. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (5th ed.). Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mader S. S. (2000): Human biology. McGraw-Hill, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-07-290584-0" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-07-290584-0">0-07-290584-0</a>; <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-07-117940-2" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-07-117940-2">0-07-117940-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloomfield S. A., Dacheux R. F. (2001)ː Rod vision: Pathways and processingin the mammalian retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 20 (3)ː 351-384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tayl-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tayl_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor W. R., Smith R. G. (2004): Transmission of scotopic signals from the rod to rod-bipolar cell in the mammalian retina, Vision Research, 44: 3269-3276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meister M., Berry M. J. (1999): The neural code of the retina. Neuron 22 (3): 435–50. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80700-X. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10197525?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10197525</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodieck R. W. (1965): Quantitative analysis of cat retinal ganglion cell response to visual stimuli". Vision Res. 5 (11): 583–601. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(65)90033-7. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5862581?dopt=Abstract">PMID 5862581</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wandell B. A. (1995): Foundations of vision. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-87893-853-2" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-87893-853-2">0-87893-853-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawkins R. (1986). The Blind Watchmaker. Longman, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-582-44694-5" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-582-44694-5">0-582-44694-5</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjski_linkovi">Vanjski linkovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak "Vanjski linkovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mre%C5%BEnja%C4%8Da&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Vanjski linkovi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314135325/http://neuro.med.harvard.edu/site/dh/index.html">Eye, Brain, and Vision - online book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webvision.med.utah.edu">Webvision: The neural organization of the vertebrate retina</a>. Salt Lake City, Utah: John Moran Eye Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techreview.com/articles/04/09/demo0904.asp">Demo: Artificial Retina</a>, MIT Technology Review.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/17768">Successful photoreceptor </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bionic.gsbme.unsw.edu.au/">Australian Vision Prosthesis Group</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812123500/http://bionic.gsbme.unsw.edu.au/">Arhivirano</a> 12. 8. 2011. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retinacentral.org">RetinaCentral</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074043/https://retinacentral.org/">Arhivirano</a> 16. 12. 2018. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Genetics and Diseases of the Human Retina at University of Würzburg</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=neurosci.figgrp.740">Retinal layers image.</a> NeuroScience 2nd Ed at United States National Library of Medicine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/neuroscience/jeremy-nathans-part-1a.html">Jeremy Nathans's seminars: "The Vertebrate Retina: Structure, Function, and Evolution"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/sand/main?mpid=54&event=displaySum">Retina - Cell Centered Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072215/http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMRetina.html">Miniaturbildübersicht Netzhaut von Säugetieren</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229005325/http://wbmo.mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de/~teuler/">Dendritic Processing in the Retina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511194122/http://www.mpih-frankfurt.mpg.de/global/Bilder/NAd.pdf#search=%22das%20ist%20die%20Netzhaut%20W%C3%A4ssle%22.">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050021/http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMHRetina.html">elektronenmikroskopische Bilder der menschlichen Netzhaut</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webvision.med.utah.edu/"><i>The Organization of the Retina and Visual System</i>.</a> Webvision, Webseite des <i>John Moran Eye Centers</i> der Universität Utah zu nahezu allen Aspekten der Säugerretina</li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Preuzeto iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mrežnjača&oldid=3605247">https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mrežnjača&oldid=3605247</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Anatomija" title="Kategorija:Anatomija">Anatomija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Oftalmologija" title="Kategorija:Oftalmologija">Oftalmologija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Oko" title="Kategorija:Oko">Oko</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Sakrivene kategorije: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Kategorija:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Pages_using_PMID_magic_links" title="Kategorija:Pages using PMID magic links">Pages using PMID magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena na datum 10 maj 2024 u 00:35.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">slobodnom licencom Autorstvo-Dijeliti pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uvjeti. 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