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height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=SQL" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=SQL" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=SQL" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=SQL" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Standardisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pemakaian_dasar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemakaian_dasar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pemakaian dasar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pemakaian_dasar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pemakaian dasar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pemakaian_dasar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_Definition_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_Definition_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Data Definition Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_Definition_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CREATE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CREATE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>CREATE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CREATE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_Manipulation_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_Manipulation_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Data Manipulation Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_Manipulation_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SELECT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SELECT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>SELECT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SELECT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fungsi_aggregat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungsi_aggregat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Fungsi aggregat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungsi_aggregat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subquery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subquery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>Subquery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subquery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-INSERT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#INSERT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>INSERT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-INSERT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UPDATE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UPDATE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>UPDATE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UPDATE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DELETE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DELETE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>DELETE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DELETE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">SQL</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 85 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A9" title="لغة الاستعلامات المهيكلة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الاستعلامات المهيكلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2" title="এসকিউএল – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এসকিউএল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktuurp%C3%A4ringukeel" title="Struktuurpäringukeel – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Struktuurpäringukeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اس‌کیوال – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌کیوال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga_Strucht%C3%BArtha_Iarratas" title="Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="ऍसक्यूऍल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऍसक्यूऍल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD." title="എസ്.ക്യു.എൽ. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്.ക്യു.എൽ." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8.%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਐੱਸ.ਕਿਊ.ਐੱਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐੱਸ.ਕਿਊ.ਐੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایس کیو ایل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கட்டமைப்புள்ள வினவு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டமைப்புள்ள வினவு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Tetun" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษาสอบถามเชิงโครงสร้าง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสอบถามเชิงโครงสร้าง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایس کیو ایل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="SQL" 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/SQL"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/SQL" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/SQL" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&oldid=25984181" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=SQL&id=25984181&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSQL"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSQL"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=SQL"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=SQL&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Structured_Query_Language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47607" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk nama kelompok lawak di Indonesia, lihat <a href="/wiki/SQL_(lawak)" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL (lawak)">SQL (lawak)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25990039">.mw-parser-output .ib-video-game .infobox-label{white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em}.mw-parser-output .ib-video-game .infobox-above{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .vg{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Picto_infobox_gamepad.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid transparent;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-b{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="box-shadow: 1px 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35);border-radius: 2px;; line-height:1.2"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="background-color:#def0ff;border-top:2px solid gray; border-bottom:2px solid gray;font-size:130%; line-height: normal">SQL</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><center></center></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:SQL_ANATOMY_wiki.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SQL_ANATOMY_wiki.svg/300px-SQL_ANATOMY_wiki.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SQL_ANATOMY_wiki.svg/450px-SQL_ANATOMY_wiki.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SQL_ANATOMY_wiki.svg/600px-SQL_ANATOMY_wiki.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="252" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47607?uselang=id#P18" title="Edit nilai pada Wikidata"><img alt="Edit nilai pada Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size:90%;"><div style="text-align:center; line-height:normal"> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: pre-line; width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Paradigma_pemrograman" title="Paradigma pemrograman">Paradigma</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-paradigm_programming_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multi-paradigm programming language (halaman belum tersedia)">Multi-paradigma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: pre-line; width:33%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desain_Perangkat_Lunak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desain Perangkat Lunak (halaman belum tersedia)">Dirancang oleh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_D._Chamberlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald D. Chamberlin (halaman belum tersedia)">Donald D. Chamberlin</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_F._Boyce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond F. Boyce (halaman belum tersedia)">Raymond F. Boyce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: pre-line; width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Progammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Progammer">Pengembang</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: pre-line; width:33%">Rilis perdana</th><td class="infobox-data">1974</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Daur_hidup_rilis_perangkat_lunak" title="Daur hidup rilis perangkat lunak">Rilis stabil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:2023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL:2023 (halaman belum tersedia)">SQL:2023</a> / Juni 2023<span class="noprint">; 16 bulan lalu</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-06</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: pre-line; width:33%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tipe_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tipe sistem (halaman belum tersedia)">Tipe sistem</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Static_typing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Static typing (halaman belum tersedia)">Statis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strong_typing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strong typing (halaman belum tersedia)">kuat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: pre-line; width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_operasi" title="Sistem operasi">Sistem operasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: pre-line; width:33%">Situs web</th><td class="infobox-data"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=45498">"ISO/IEC 9075-1:2008: Information technology – Database languages – SQL – Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework)"</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+9075-1%3A2008%3A+Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Database+languages+%E2%80%93+SQL+%E2%80%93+Part+1%3A+Framework+%28SQL%2FFramework%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D45498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: pre-line; width:33%">Repositori</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/76583.html">www<wbr />.iso<wbr />.org<wbr />/standard<wbr />/76583<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#def0ff;font-size:100%; line-height: normal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Implementasi_bahasa_pemrograman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Implementasi bahasa pemrograman (halaman belum tersedia)">Implementasi</a> utama</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#def0ff;font-size:100%; line-height: normal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialek_(komputer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialek (komputer) (halaman belum tersedia)">Dialek</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">SQL-86, SQL-89, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL-92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL-92 (halaman belum tersedia)">SQL-92</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL:1999 (halaman belum tersedia)">SQL:1999</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL:2003 (halaman belum tersedia)">SQL:2003</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL:2008 (halaman belum tersedia)">SQL:2008</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:2011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL:2011 (halaman belum tersedia)">SQL:2011</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#def0ff;font-size:100%; line-height: normal">Terpengaruh oleh</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datalog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datalog (halaman belum tersedia)">Datalog</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#def0ff;font-size:100%; line-height: normal">Mempengaruhi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agena_(programming_language)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agena (programming language) (halaman belum tersedia)">Agena</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Query_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Common Query Language (halaman belum tersedia)">CQL</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_Integrated_Query&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Language Integrated Query (halaman belum tersedia)">LINQ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" title="Windows PowerShell">Windows PowerShell</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:80%;text-align:left;height:20px;padding-top:0.2em;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Sunting kotak info" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=top&editintro="><b>Sunting kotak info</b></a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Templat:Infobox_programming_language" title="Templat:Infobox programming language">L</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Infobox_programming_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Infobox programming language (halaman belum tersedia)">B</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Infobox_programming_language/doc" title="Bantuan penggunaan templat ini"><img alt="Info templat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/10px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/15px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/20px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Bantuan penggunaan templat ini</figcaption></figure></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">SQL</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><br />Structured Query Language</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ekstensi berkas</th><td class="infobox-data"><code>.sql</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Multipurpose_Internet_Mail_Extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension">Jenis MIME</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>application/x-sql</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dikembangkan<br />oleh</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rilis pertama</th><td class="infobox-data">1986<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday published updated">1986</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rilis terbaru</th><td class="infobox-data">SQL:2008 / 2008<span class="noprint">; 16 tahun lalu</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2008</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jenis format</th><td class="infobox-data">Basis data</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Standar" class="mw-redirect" title="Standar">Standar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ISO/IEC 9075</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Situs_web" title="Situs web">Situs web</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-Ars_Technica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ars_Technica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>SQL</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Inggris">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span><small> <small><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5f\/En-us-SQL.ogg\/En-us-SQL.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"simak"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"id","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-SQL.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/En-us-SQL.ogg/En-us-SQL.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Putar audio" title="Putar audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">simak</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:En-us-SQL.ogg" title="Berkas:En-us-SQL.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></small></small></span> <i>S-Q-L</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Inggris">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> "sequel"; <b>Structured Query Language</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-chamberlin2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamberlin2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_pemrograman" title="Bahasa pemrograman">bahasa</a> yang digunakan untuk mengakses <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Basis_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Basis data">basis data</a> <a href="/wiki/RDBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="RDBMS">relasional</a>. Bahasa ini secara <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> merupakan bahasa standar yang digunakan dalam manajemen basis data relasional. Saat ini hampir semua <a href="/wiki/Server_basis_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Server basis data">server basis data</a> yang ada mendukung bahasa ini untuk melakukan manajemen datanya. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sejarah SQL dimulai dari artikel seorang peneliti dari <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> bernama Jhonny Oracle yang membahas tentang ide pembuatan <a href="/wiki/Basis_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Basis data">basis data</a> relasional pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Juni" title="Juni">Juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>. Artikel ini juga membahas kemungkinan pembuatan bahasa standar untuk mengakses data dalam basis data tersebut. Bahasa tersebut kemudian diberi nama <b>SEQUEL</b> (<u>S</u>tructured <u>E</u>nglish <u>Que</u>ry <u>L</u>anguage). </p><p>Setelah terbitnya artikel tersebut, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> mengadakan proyek pembuatan basis data relasional berbasis bahasa SEQUEL. Akan tetapi, karena permasalahan hukum mengenai penamaan SEQUEL, IBM pun mengubahnya menjadi <b>SQL</b>. Implementasi basis data relasional dikenal dengan <i>System/R</i>. </p><p>Di akhir tahun <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>-an, muncul perusahaan bernama <a href="/wiki/Oracle" class="mw-disambig" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> yang membuat <a href="/wiki/Server_basis_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Server basis data">server basis data</a> populer yang bernama sama dengan nama perusahaannya. Dengan naiknya kepopuleran John Oracle, maka SQL juga ikut populer sehingga saat ini menjadi standar <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> bahasa dalam manajemen basis data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardisasi">Standardisasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Standardisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Standardisasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standardisasi SQL dimulai pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a>, ditandai dengan dikeluarkannya standar SQL oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=ANSI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANSI (halaman belum tersedia)">ANSI</a>. Standar ini sering disebut dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL86 (halaman belum tersedia)">SQL86</a>.Standar tersebut kemudian diperbaiki pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a> kemudian diperbaiki lagi pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>. Versi terakhir dikenal dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL92 (halaman belum tersedia)">SQL92</a>. Pada tahun 1999 dikeluarkan standar baru yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL99 (halaman belum tersedia)">SQL99</a> atau disebut juga SQL99, akan tetapi kebanyakan implementasi mereferensi pada SQL92. </p><p>Saat ini sebenarnya tidak ada server basis data yang 100% mendukung SQL92. Hal ini disebabkan masing-masing server memiliki dialek masing-masing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pemakaian_dasar">Pemakaian dasar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Pemakaian dasar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pemakaian dasar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secara umum, SQL terdiri dari dua bahasa, yaitu <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_Definition_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Data Definition Language (halaman belum tersedia)">Data Definition Language</a></i> (DDL) dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_Manipulation_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Data Manipulation Language (halaman belum tersedia)">Data Manipulation Language</a></i> (DML). Implementasi DDL dan DML berbeda untuk tiap <a href="/wiki/Sistem_manajemen_basis_data" title="Sistem manajemen basis data">sistem manajemen basis data</a> (SMBD),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namun secara umum implementasi tiap bahasa ini memiliki bentuk standar yang ditetapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=ANSI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANSI (halaman belum tersedia)">ANSI</a>. Artikel ini akan menggunakan bentuk paling umum yang dapat digunakan pada kebanyakan SMBD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_Definition_Language">Data Definition Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Data Definition Language" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Data Definition Language"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DDL digunakan untuk mendefinisikan, mengubah, serta menghapus <a href="/wiki/Basis_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Basis data">basis data</a> dan objek-objek yang diperlukan dalam basis data, misalnya <a href="/wiki/Tabel" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tabel">tabel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=View&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="View (halaman belum tersedia)">view</a>, <a href="/wiki/User" class="mw-redirect" title="User">user</a>, dan sebagainya. Secara umum, DDL yang digunakan adalah <code>CREATE</code> untuk membuat objek baru, <code>USE</code> untuk menggunakan objek, <code>ALTER</code> untuk mengubah objek yang sudah ada, dan <code>DROP</code> untuk menghapus objek. DDL biasanya digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Administrator" title="Administrator">administrator</a> basis data dalam pembuatan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Program">aplikasi</a> basis data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CREATE"><code>CREATE</code></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: CREATE" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: CREATE"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><code>CREATE</code> digunakan untuk membuat basis data maupun objek-objek basis data. SQL yang umum digunakan adalah: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DATABASE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_basis_data</span> </pre></div> <p><code>CREATE DATABASE</code> membuat sebuah basis data baru. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_tabel</span> </pre></div> <p><code>CREATE TABLE</code> membuat tabel baru pada basis data yang sedang aktif. Secara umum, perintah ini memiliki bentuk </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="n">nama_tabel</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="err">]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_field1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tipe_data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">constraints</span><span class="err">][</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_field2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tipe_data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="err">]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> <p>atau </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="n">nama_tabel</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="err">]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_field1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tipe_data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_field2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tipe_data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="err">]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="k">CONSTRAINT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_field</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">constraints</span><span class="err">]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> <p>dengan: </p><p><i>nama_field</i> adalah nama <a href="/wiki/Kolom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolom">kolom</a> (<i>field</i>) yang akan dibuat. Beberapa sistem manajemen basis data mengizinkan penggunaan spasi dan karakter nonhuruf pada nama kolom. </p><p><i>tipe_data</i> tergantung implementasi sistem manajemen basis data. Misalnya, pada <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>, tipe data dapat berupa <code>VARCHAR</code>, <code>TEXT</code>, <code>BLOB</code>, <code>ENUM</code>, dan sebagainya. </p><p><i>constraints</i> adalah batasan-batasan yang diberikan untuk tiap kolom. Ini juga tergantung implementasi sistem manajemen basis data, misalnya <code>NOT NULL</code>, <code>UNIQUE</code>, dan sebagainya. Ini dapat digunakan untuk mendefinisikan <a href="/wiki/Kunci_primer" title="Kunci primer">kunci primer</a> (<i>primary key</i>) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunci_asing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunci asing (halaman belum tersedia)">kunci asing</a> (<i>foreign key</i>). </p><p>Satu tabel boleh tidak memiliki kunci primer sama sekali, namun sangat disarankan mendefinisikan paling tidak satu kolom sebagai kunci primer. </p><p>Contoh: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">user</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">username</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">VARCHAR</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CONSTRAINT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">PRIMARY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">passwd</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">VARCHAR</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tanggal_lahir</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">DATETIME</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> <p>akan membuat tabel <code>user</code> seperti berikut: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><u>username</u> </th> <th>passwd </th> <th>tanggal_lahir </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_Manipulation_Language">Data Manipulation Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Data Manipulation Language" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Data Manipulation Language"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DML digunakan untuk memanipulasi data yang ada dalam suatu tabel. Perintah yang umum dilakukan adalah: </p> <ul><li><code>SELECT</code> untuk menampilkan data</li> <li><code>INSERT</code> untuk menambahkan data baru</li> <li><code>UPDATE</code> untuk mengubah data yang sudah ada</li> <li><code>DELETE</code> untuk menghapus data</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SELECT"><code>SELECT</code></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: SELECT" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: SELECT"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><code>SELECT</code> adalah perintah yang paling sering digunakan pada SQL, sehingga kadang-kadang istilah <i>query</i> dirujukkan pada perintah <code>SELECT</code>.<code>SELECT</code> digunakan untuk menampilkan data dari satu atau lebih tabel, biasanya dalam sebuah basis data yang sama. Secara umum, perintah <code>SELECT</code> memiliki bentuk lengkap:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">QUERY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BUDIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Cilegon</span><span class="p">.</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">nama_tabel</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="n">nama_field1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alias1</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_field2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="err">]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_tabel1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alias1</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="k">INNER</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">LEFT</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">RIGHT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tabel2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="n">kondisi_penghubung</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="err">]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_tabel3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alias3</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="err">]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="n">kondisi</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="err">]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_field1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="k">ASC</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">DESC</span><span class="err">][</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_field2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="k">ASC</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">DESC</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="err">]]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="k">GROUP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_field1</span><span class="err">[</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nama_field2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="err">]]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="k">HAVING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="n">kondisi_aggregat</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="err">]</span> </pre></div> <p>dengan: </p> <ul><li><i>kondisi</i> adalah syarat yang harus dipenuhi suatu data agar ditampilkan.</li> <li><i>kondisi_aggregat</i> adalah syarat khusus untuk <a href="#Fungsi_aggregat">fungsi aggregat</a>.</li></ul> <p>Kondisi dapat dihubungkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Operator_logika" title="Operator logika">operator logika</a>, misalnya <code>AND</code>, <code>OR</code>, dan sebagainya. </p><p>Contoh: </p><p>Diasumsikan terdapat tabel <code>user</code> yang berisi data sebagai berikut. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><u>username</u> </th> <th>passwd </th> <th>tanggal_lahir </th> <th>jml_transaksi </th> <th>total_transaksi </th></tr> <tr> <td>Aris </td> <td>6487AD5EF </td> <td>09-09-1987 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>10.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Budi </td> <td>97AD4erD </td> <td>01-01-1994 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charlie </td> <td>548794654 </td> <td>06-12-1965 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>312.150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daniel </td> <td>FLKH947HF </td> <td>24-04-1980 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Erik </td> <td>94RER54 </td> <td>17-08-1945 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>50.000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Contoh 1: Tampilkan seluruh data. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">user</span> </pre></div> <p>Contoh 2: Tampilkan pengguna yang tidak pernah bertransaksi. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">user</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">total_transaksi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span> </pre></div> <p>Contoh 3: Tampilkan username pengguna yang bertransaksi kurang dari 10 dan nilainya lebih dari 1.000. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">username</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">user</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">jml_transakai</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">total_transaksi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1000</span> </pre></div> <p>Contoh 4: Tampilkan total nominal transaksi yang sudah terjadi. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">SUM</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">total_transaksi</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">total_nominal_transaksi</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">user</span> </pre></div> <p>Contoh 5: Tampilkan seluruh data diurutkan berdasarkan jumlah transaksi terbesar ke terkecil. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">user</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">jml_transaksi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DESC</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fungsi_aggregat">Fungsi aggregat</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Fungsi aggregat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fungsi aggregat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beberapa SMBD memiliki fungsi aggregat, yaitu fungsi-fungsi khusus yang melibatkan sekelompok data (aggregat). Secara umum fungsi aggregat adalah: </p> <ul><li><code>SUM</code> untuk menghitung total nominal data</li> <li><code>COUNT</code> untuk menghitung jumlah kemunculan data</li> <li><code>AVG</code> untuk menghitung rata-rata sekelompok data</li> <li><code>MAX</code> dan <code>MIN</code> untuk mendapatkan nilai maksimum/minimum dari sekelompok data.</li></ul> <p>Fungsi aggregat digunakan pada bagian <code>SELECT</code>. Syarat untuk fungsi aggregat diletakkan pada bagian <code><b>HAVING</b></code>, bukan <code>WHERE</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subquery">Subquery</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Subquery" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Subquery"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adakalanya <i>query</i> dapat menjadi kompleks, terutama jika melibatkan lebih dari satu tabel dan/atau fungsi aggregat. Beberapa SMBD mengizinkan penggunaan <i>subquery</i>. Contoh: </p><p>Tampilkan username pengguna yang memiliki jumlah transaksi terbesar. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">username</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">user</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">jml_transaksi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MAX</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">jml_transaksi</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">user</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="INSERT"><code>INSERT</code></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: INSERT" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: INSERT"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Untuk menyimpan data dalam tabel digunakan sintaks: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">NAMA_TABLE</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">DAFTAR_FIELD</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">VALUES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">DAFTAR_NILAI</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> <p>Contoh: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TEST</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NAMA</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ALAMAT</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">PASSWORD</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">VALUES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'test'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'alamat'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'pass'</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UPDATE"><code>UPDATE</code></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: UPDATE" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: UPDATE"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Untuk mengubah data menggunakan sintax: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">UPDATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">NAMA_TABLE</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">NAMA_KOLOM</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">NILAI</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">KONDISI</span><span class="err">]</span> </pre></div> <p>Contoh: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">UPDATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Msuser</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"123456"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"abc"</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DELETE"><code>DELETE</code></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: DELETE" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: DELETE"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Untuk menghapus data dipergunakan sintaks: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DELETE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">nama_table</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">Where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">KONDISI</span><span class="err">]</span> </pre></div> <p>Contoh: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DELETE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TEST</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">NAMA</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'test'</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/76584.html">"ISO/IEC 9075-2:2023"</a>. <i>ISO.org</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Juni 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">31 Agustus</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO.org&rft.atitle=ISO%2FIEC+9075-2%3A2023&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F76584.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ars_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Paul, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arstechnica.com/business/news/2005/10/msh.ars/4">"A guided tour of the Microsoft Command Shell"</a>. Ars Technica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+guided+tour+of+the+Microsoft+Command+Shell&rft.pub=Ars+Technica&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2F2005%2F10%2Fmsh.ars%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ars_Technica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ars_Technica_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=45498">"ISO/IEC 9075-1:2008: Information technology – Database languages – SQL – Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework)"</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+9075-1%3A2008%3A+Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Database+languages+%E2%80%93+SQL+%E2%80%93+Part+1%3A+Framework+%28SQL%2FFramework%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D45498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Beaulieu, Alan (April 2009). Mary E Treseler, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/learningsql0000beau_p5d6"><i>Learning SQL</i></a> (edisi ke-2nd). Sebastapol, CA, USA: O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-596-52083-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-596-52083-0">978-0-596-52083-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+SQL&rft.place=Sebastapol%2C+CA%2C+USA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2009-04&rft.isbn=978-0-596-52083-0&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flearningsql0000beau_p5d6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chamberlin2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chamberlin2001_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chamberlin, Donald D. (2001-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107215">"Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-01-14</span></span>. <q>We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody’s lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for Structured Query Language, and the product was known as SQL/DS.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Donald+D.+Chamberlin&rft.date=2001-10-03&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=Donald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconservancy.umn.edu%2Fhandle%2F11299%2F107215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASQL" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Troels Arvin, 2007-05-26, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://troels.arvin.dk/db/rdbms/">http://troels.arvin.dk/db/rdbms/</a> Comparison of different SQL implementations</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata-kata_yang_dilindungi_di_SQL" class="mw-redirect" title="Kata-kata yang dilindungi di SQL">Kata-kata yang dilindungi di SQL</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sql.org/">SQL Org</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1keydata.com/sql/sql.html">SQL Tutorial</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Mike Chapple, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://databases.about.com/od/sql/a/sqlfundamentals.htm"><i>SQL Fundamentals</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222225300/http://databases.about.com/od/sql/a/sqlfundamentals.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-02-22 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> MySQL AB, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/index.html">MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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