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class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060023-speech-to-speech.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dVEgqo">Voice Agent API</span><span font-size="textXs" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-14 lnJhVG cFsKfJ">For real-time AI Agents</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC bGaVbc"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/product/text-to-speech"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 gCajMv"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 ftcNci bpvjgx"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" 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decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060077-speech-to-text.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dVEgqo">Speech to Text API</span><span font-size="textXs" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-14 lnJhVG cFsKfJ">Unmatched accuracy, speed & cost</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC bGaVbc"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/product/audio-intelligence"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 gCajMv"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 ftcNci bpvjgx"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" 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MuiButton-colorSecondary MuiButton-root MuiButton-text MuiButton-textSecondary MuiButton-sizeSmall MuiButton-textSizeSmall MuiButton-colorSecondary sc-d74559df-0 fqnlbI sc-6e03a9e4-0 iumJHL sc-3618c394-0 gxydGy css-6n9fb7" tabindex="0" type="button" __typename="ComponentCallToActionRecord" id="Xho9X9_YQj2HBRVr87BG0g" href="/learn?type=Article&page=1&category=Announcements"><span class="sc-b323b31-0 fcPowg button-label" display="inline-flex"><span>View more</span></span><style data-emotion="css kcxyz4">.css-kcxyz4{display:inherit;margin-right:-2px;margin-left:8px;}.css-kcxyz4>*:nth-of-type(1){font-size:18px;}</style><span class="MuiButton-icon MuiButton-endIcon MuiButton-iconSizeSmall css-kcxyz4"><div width="fit-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 ddioGD"><span display="inline-flex" class="sc-b323b31-0 bZmEHx"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></span></div></span></a></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 gzWdaa"><a rel="" target="" display="-webkit-box" height="100%" width="100%" class="sc-e69ac761-0 ecplwP sc-2850a57f-3 cPKdIq" href="/learn/introducing-nova-3-speech-to-text-api"><div width="100%" height="100%" id="e1wy33mNTlGk8-WqDH28_Q" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-2850a57f-1 fJWxEy ggobuO"><div width="100%" height="150px" class="sc-6293d692-0 eWcIvK"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 fvbMGK image-wrapper" width="100%" height="100%"><img alt="Introducing Nova-3: Setting a New Standard for AI-Driven Speech-to-Text" loading="lazy" width="590" height="259" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="sc-2850a57f-2 dSsmQU" style="color:transparent;object-fit:cover" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1740086862-2502-nova-3-blog-header.jpg%3Fauto%3Dformat%26w%3D590&w=640&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1740086862-2502-nova-3-blog-header.jpg%3Fauto%3Dformat%26w%3D590&w=1200&q=75 2x" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1740086862-2502-nova-3-blog-header.jpg%3Fauto%3Dformat%26w%3D590&w=1200&q=75"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 biWqHE"><span font-weight="semiBold" class="sc-b323b31-0 iNRMrC"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 320 512" color="#ffffff" class="sc-2850a57f-0 Tcnof" style="color:#ffffff" height="12" width="12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg>Introducing Nova-3: Setting a New Standard for AI-Driven Speech-to-Text</span><span class="sc-b323b31-0 jUNaqu">Published on 02/12/25</span></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></li><li height="fit-content" width="100%" tabindex="0" class="sc-6293d692-0 hEIHLV"><div width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 gbwWMz"><div height="fit-content" width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 caCSrG"><span font-size="textXl" font-weight="medium" display="block" cursor="pointer" width="100%" class="sc-b323b31-0 kzoxAi">Solutions</span><div transform="rotateX(0deg)" class="sc-ace17a57-0 fxtsZN"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 448 512" color="#A9A9AD" style="color:#A9A9AD" height="12" width="12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div pointer-events="none" class="sc-6293d692-0 sc-610ba7e0-0 fqJJID gkvAJG"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 iIvmda"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 fXUJvn"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 jbARwL"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 exshrD"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 gYFcFc"><span display="block" width="auto" class="sc-b323b31-0 gIJLbd">Use Cases</span></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldsYPN"><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/solutions/contact-centers"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" 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guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Medical Transcription</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/deepgram-for-voicebots-and-chatbots"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060265-conversational-ai.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Conversational AI</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/solutions/speech-analytics"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060282-speech-analytics.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Speech Analytics</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/solutions/media-transcription"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060298-media.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Media Transcription</span></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 bcBFEg"><a rel="" target="" class="sc-e69ac761-0 bkHGsI sc-3618c394-11 cTfqJK" href="/customers"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldePaW"><div width="28px" height="28px" class="sc-6293d692-0 sc-3618c394-1 ipShUF kXFUqt"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 fvbMGK image-wrapper" width="100%" height="100%"><img alt="Customers" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" 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class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">AI Glossary</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/about"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060599-speech-bubble.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">About</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 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alt="Transcription Tool" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="sc-3618c394-8 jzJMzZ" style="color:transparent;object-fit:cover" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060712-transcription.svg"/></div></div><span font-size="textSm" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-15 fmcyDO gpxdfo">Transcription Tool</span></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></li><li height="fit-content" width="100%" tabindex="0" class="sc-6293d692-0 hEIHLV"><div width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 gbwWMz"><div height="fit-content" width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 caCSrG"><span font-size="textXl" font-weight="medium" display="block" cursor="pointer" width="100%" class="sc-b323b31-0 kzoxAi">Developers</span><div transform="rotateX(0deg)" class="sc-ace17a57-0 fxtsZN"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 448 512" color="#A9A9AD" style="color:#A9A9AD" height="12" width="12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div pointer-events="none" class="sc-6293d692-0 sc-610ba7e0-0 fqJJID gkvAJG"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 iIvmda"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 fXUJvn"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 jbARwL"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 exshrD"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldsYPN"><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a href="https://developers.deepgram.com/documentation/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060846-documentation.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Documentation</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/learn?type=Article&page=1&category=Tutorials"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060860-tutorials.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Tutorials</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a href="https://status.deepgram.com/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060872-status.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Status</span></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 exshrD"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldsYPN"><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a rel="" target="" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe" href="/changelog"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060899-changelog.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Changelog</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a href="https://developers.deepgram.com/on-prem/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" text-decoration="none" class="sc-e69ac761-0 cCnzAI sc-3618c394-10 jycipe"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 ljypZA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-4 iNSltq iIhisP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iMdtXa kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content"><img alt="" loading="lazy" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1728060943-on-prem.svg"/></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 guuHrd"><span font-weight="medium" display="flex" tabindex="-1" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-3618c394-13 hHDluE dRVqCB">Self-Hosted Deployment</span></div></div></a></div><div width="max-content" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-3618c394-5 dMJoKC kjWGMU"><a href="https://github.com/orgs/deepgram/discussions/categories/general-help" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" 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tabindex="0" type="button" href="https://console.deepgram.com/signup" target="_self" id="108492199" __typename="ComponentCallToActionRecord"><span class="sc-b323b31-0 btXZGI button-label" display="inline-flex"><span>Sign Up</span></span></a></div></ul></div></div></div><div display="none" id="nav-overlay" height="0" class="sc-ace17a57-0 jUgQHG"></div></div></nav></div></header><section id="" width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-b22001da-2 iLVWKa eAcnIZ"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 chAbBM"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 doHfou"><a rel="" target="" href="/ai-glossary" class="sc-e69ac761-0 fobbYG"><h2 font-size="displayLg" font-family="primaryFont" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 htUWGk">AI Glossary</h2></a></div></div></section><section id="" width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-b22001da-2 hMGZHr dJJSTR"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 chAbBM"><div height="100%" width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 gKLLRj"><div height="100%" width="100%" class="sc-662dedcb-0 qCkfD"><div class="sc-6293d692-0 csGpzP"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 hhtFqm glossary-content-wrapper"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 btkfVN"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-a48d0877-0 dJCIVv zIKHU"><h1 font-size="displaySm" letter-spacing="neg2" font-weight="semiBold" font-family="primaryFont" class="sc-b323b31-0 JYZsj">Gradient Scaling</h1><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 fJkbQy"><p font-family="bodyFont" class="sc-5159831f-0 GBftN">This article delves into the intricacies of gradient scaling, explaining its mathematical foundation, addressing common optimization challenges, and highlighting its implementation in popular frameworks like PyTorch.</p></div></div></div><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-4e888a2-0 hfDdWp cifBqP"><p class="sc-5159831f-0">In the realm of machine learning and <a href="https://deepgram.com/ai-glossary/deep-learning">deep learning</a>, one significant hurdle that practitioners often encounter involves the optimization of their models. Have you ever faced the perplexing issue of your model's training process either stalling or diverging, despite meticulous tuning of hyperparameters? Surprisingly, this challenge stems from a phenomenon known as gradient underflow and overflow. Gradient scaling emerges as a pioneering solution, offering a dynamic method to adjust the scale of gradients, thereby enhancing the stability and efficiency of training deep learning models. This article delves into the intricacies of gradient scaling, explaining its mathematical foundation, addressing common optimization challenges, and highlighting its implementation in popular frameworks like PyTorch. Ready to discover how gradient scaling can revolutionize your deep learning projects by improving model convergence speed and stability? Let's embark on this enlightening journey.</p><h2 id="what-is-gradient-scaling" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 kIEulY ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">What is Gradient Scaling?</span></h2><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Gradient scaling stands out as a robust method in machine learning that dynamically adjusts the scale of gradients in the optimization process. This adjustment is crucial for preventing underflow and overflow, thereby enhancing the stability and efficiency of training <a href="https://deepgram.com/learn/deep-learning-101-building-blocks-of-machine-intelligence">deep learning</a> models. But what exactly does this entail, and how does it work?</p><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">At its core, gradient scaling involves calculating the appropriate scale for each gradient on-the-fly. This calculation is based on a mathematical concept that takes into account the magnitude of each gradient, ensuring that no value is too small (underflow) or too large (overflow) to be processed effectively.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Underflow and overflow in gradient-based optimization create significant challenges. They can halt the learning process or lead to erratic updates, respectively. Gradient scaling addresses these issues head-on, eliminating the need for extensive hyperparameter tuning that often proves both time-consuming and inefficient.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Unlike traditional gradient descent methods that apply a uniform update rule across all gradients, gradient scaling introduces a dynamic adjustment of gradient magnitudes. This flexibility is key in dealing with the varying magnitudes of gradients across features or layers in a neural network.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">For those seeking a basic understanding of how numerical values are assigned based on the relative importance of features, an explanation from Quora on the gradient scale method provides valuable insights.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">The implementation of gradient scaling in deep learning frameworks such as PyTorch is straightforward, thanks to tools like GradScaler. This utility automates the scaling process, allowing developers to focus on model architecture and data rather than the intricacies of gradient management.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">The benefits of adopting gradient scaling in your training process cannot be overstated. It significantly improves model convergence speed and stability, ensuring that your deep learning models learn efficiently and effectively, regardless of the complexity of the task at hand.</p></li></li></ul><p class="sc-5159831f-0">As we delve deeper into the importance of gradient scaling and its practical applications, it becomes clear that this methodology is not just a nice-to-have but a must-have for anyone serious about advancing their machine learning projects.</p><h2 id="why-gradient-scaling-is-important" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 kIEulY ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Why Gradient Scaling is Important</span></h2><h3 id="promoting-faster-convergence" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Promoting Faster Convergence</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Analytics Vidhya's blog on feature scaling underscores the pivotal role of gradient scaling in achieving faster convergence. By ensuring that all gradients are scaled appropriately, models reach optimal performance in a fraction of the time. This efficiency stems from the harmonious balance gradient scaling maintains among all the gradients, facilitating a smoother and quicker path to convergence.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="preventing-gradient-disappearance-or-explosion" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Preventing Gradient Disappearance or Explosion</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">A notorious challenge in training deep neural networks is the risk of gradients either vanishing into thin air or ballooning uncontrollably. Gradient scaling serves as a guardrail, keeping gradients within a safe range. This precision prevents the common pitfalls of gradient disappearance or explosion, safeguarding the integrity of the training process.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="enabling-mixedprecision-training" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Enabling Mixed-Precision Training</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">The integration of float16 operations, as highlighted by mixed-precision training practices, marks a leap towards expedited training times without compromising accuracy. Gradient scaling is the linchpin in this process, preventing underflows that could otherwise lead to loss of accuracy. This approach not only accelerates training but also maintains the high-quality standards expected of machine learning models.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="maintaining-gradient-integrity" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Maintaining Gradient Integrity</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Built In's explanation on gradient methods elaborates on how gradient scaling preserves the integrity of gradient information over extended training sessions. This steadfast maintenance ensures that each gradient contributes optimally to the learning process, culminating in models that perform with remarkable accuracy.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="impact-on-learning-rate-and-optimization-stability" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Impact on Learning Rate and Optimization Stability</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Insights from Towards Data Science on gradient descent shed light on the cascading effects of improper gradient scaling. An inadequately scaled gradient can destabilize the optimization process, leading to erratic learning rates. Gradient scaling, therefore, acts as a stabilizing force, ensuring that the learning rate progresses in a controlled manner conducive to stable optimization.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="necessity-for-complex-models-and-datasets" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Necessity for Complex Models and Datasets</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">The more intricate the model or the dataset, the more pronounced the variability in gradient magnitudes becomes. Gradient scaling is not just beneficial but necessary in these scenarios, ensuring uniformity across the gradient landscape. This uniformity is crucial for complex models to learn effectively from diverse datasets.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="enhancing-generalizability-across-environments" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Enhancing Generalizability Across Environments</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">A model's ability to perform consistently across different hardware and software setups is a testament to its robustness. Gradient scaling plays a crucial role in this aspect, ensuring that models exhibit consistent training behavior regardless of the computational environment. This adaptability enhances the model's generalizability, making it more versatile and reliable.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="reducing-computational-resources-and-energy-consumption" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Reducing Computational Resources and Energy Consumption</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">The environmental and economic implications of machine learning are increasingly coming under scrutiny. Gradient scaling addresses these concerns head-on by reducing the computational resources and energy consumption required during training. This efficiency not only benefits the planet but also makes advanced machine learning models more accessible by lowering the barrier to entry in terms of computational costs.</p></li></li></ul><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Through these multifaceted contributions, gradient scaling emerges as a cornerstone technique in the optimization of machine learning models. Its ability to ensure faster convergence, prevent common training pitfalls, and promote efficient use of computational resources underscores its indispensable role in the landscape of machine learning and deep learning.</p><h2 id="use-cases-of-gradient-scaling" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 kIEulY ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Use Cases of Gradient Scaling</span></h2><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Gradient scaling, a technique integral to the optimization of machine learning models, has found application across a broad spectrum of tasks, from enhancing the performance of neural networks in image recognition to ensuring the efficiency of models in real-time systems. Its adaptability and effectiveness in addressing the challenges of gradient-based optimization make it a cornerstone technology in both academic research and industry projects.</p><h3 id="image-recognition-nlp-and-reinforcement-learning" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Image Recognition, NLP, and Reinforcement Learning</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">WACV2022 on few-shot learning highlighted the significant benefits of gradient scaling in machine learning tasks such as image recognition, <a href="https://deepgram.com/ai-glossary/natural-language-processing">natural language processing (NLP)</a>, and <a href="https://deepgram.com/ai-glossary/deep-reinforcement-learning">reinforcement learning</a>. By dynamically adjusting the gradient scale, models achieve improved learning efficiency and accuracy, particularly in few-shot learning scenarios where data is scarce.</p></li></li></ul><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><div width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldWHw component-img-wrapper" id="bwO3yRJyTOexAC3lZ3jvCw"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iLvNR kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content" display="flex"><img alt="" title="" loading="lazy" width="1804" height="1028" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="sc-3ec8aa52-0 jTMTOn desktop-image" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain;background-size:contain;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 1804 1028'%3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='/deepgram.jpg'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="(min-width: 992px) 810px, 100vw" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1718735980-screen-shot-2024-06-18-at-11-39-33-am.png&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1718735980-screen-shot-2024-06-18-at-11-39-33-am.png&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1718735980-screen-shot-2024-06-18-at-11-39-33-am.png&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1718735980-screen-shot-2024-06-18-at-11-39-33-am.png&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1718735980-screen-shot-2024-06-18-at-11-39-33-am.png&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1718735980-screen-shot-2024-06-18-at-11-39-33-am.png&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1718735980-screen-shot-2024-06-18-at-11-39-33-am.png&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1718735980-screen-shot-2024-06-18-at-11-39-33-am.png&w=3840&q=75 3840w" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F96965%2F1718735980-screen-shot-2024-06-18-at-11-39-33-am.png&w=3840&q=75"/></div><div font-size="textSm" font-style="italic" class="sc-6293d692-0 jgEMAk"></div></div></p><h3 id="training-largescale-deep-learning-models" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Training Large-Scale Deep Learning Models</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">OpenAI's research on AI training scalability illuminates the pivotal role of gradient scaling in training large-scale deep learning models. By preventing gradient underflow and overflow, gradient scaling ensures that these colossal models can train effectively, leveraging vast amounts of data without compromising on speed or accuracy.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="medical-imaging-analysis" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Medical Imaging Analysis</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">The implementation of U-Net 3D on MRI datasets serves as a prime example of gradient scaling's utility in domain-specific applications. In medical imaging analysis, where precision is paramount, gradient scaling stabilizes the training process, allowing for the development of highly accurate diagnostic tools.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="generative-adversarial-networks-gans-and-autoencoders" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Autoencoders</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">By stabilizing the training process, gradient scaling significantly improves the performance of GANs and autoencoders. This stabilization is crucial for the generation of high-quality outputs, whether it be in creating realistic synthetic images or in data compression and reconstruction tasks.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="realtime-systems" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Real-Time Systems</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">The importance of gradient scaling extends into real-time systems, where computational efficiency and quick model adaptation are crucial. This technique allows for rapid adjustments to be made to the model in response to real-time data, ensuring optimal performance under dynamic conditions.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="mobile-and-edge-computing-devices" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Mobile and Edge Computing Devices</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Gradient scaling facilitates the use of complex neural network architectures in resource-constrained environments such as mobile and edge computing devices. By optimizing resource usage, models can run efficiently without compromising on performance, thus expanding the applicability of advanced machine learning solutions to a wider range of devices.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="academic-research" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Academic Research</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">In the realm of academic research, gradient scaling plays a key role in the exploration of new optimization techniques and neural network designs. It allows researchers to push the boundaries of what's possible in machine learning, leading to the development of more efficient, accurate, and robust models.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="industry-projects" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Industry Projects</span></h3><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">In industry projects, such as autonomous driving and <a href="https://deepgram.com/learn/what-is-asr#blog-detail-hero">speech recognition systems</a>, the accuracy and efficiency of models are of utmost importance. Gradient scaling ensures that these models perform reliably, even under the stringent demands of real-world applications, making it an indispensable tool in the development of cutting-edge technology.</p></li></li></ul><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Through these diverse applications, gradient scaling proves itself to be an invaluable component of modern machine learning, enabling advancements across various fields and industries. Its capacity to optimize the training process, enhance model performance, and facilitate the implementation of complex architectures underlines its critical role in the ongoing evolution of artificial intelligence technologies.</p><h2 id="implementing-gradient-scaling" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 kIEulY ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Implementing Gradient Scaling</span></h2><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Implementing gradient scaling in deep learning models, especially within the PyTorch framework, serves as a critical step towards achieving higher efficiency and stability during the training process. This section delves into the practical aspects of gradient scaling, providing insights and guidelines that cater to developers looking to enhance their machine learning projects.</p><h3 id="stepbystep-guide-on-implementing-gradient-scaling-in-pytorch" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Step-by-Step Guide on Implementing Gradient Scaling in PyTorch</span></h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">PyTorch offers a straightforward approach to gradient scaling through its GradScaler utility, as detailed in the WandB article. The implementation process involves:</p><ol class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-2 QuIBn eBBHJ"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Initializing the GradScaler at the start of the training process.</p></li><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Wrapping the optimization steps within the scaler.scale() function to adjust the gradients' scale dynamically.</p></li><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Using <span font-family="secondaryFont" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-42818e5a-4 hqcSqI jpHeYz">scaler.step(optimizer)</span> to update model weights based on scaled gradients.</p></li><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Applying <span font-family="secondaryFont" class="sc-b323b31-0 sc-42818e5a-4 hqcSqI jpHeYz">scaler.update()</span> at the end of each iteration to prepare the scaler for the next iteration.</p></li></ol><p class="sc-5159831f-0">This process ensures that gradients are appropriately scaled, preventing underflow and overflow issues that could hinder model training.</p><h3 id="considerations-when-choosing-the-scaling-factor" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Considerations When Choosing the Scaling Factor</span></h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Selecting the optimal scaling factor involves balancing training speed and numerical stability:</p><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Training Speed: A higher scaling factor can accelerate convergence by allowing the model to take larger steps during optimization. However, excessively high factors might lead to instability.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Numerical Stability: A lower scaling factor enhances numerical stability by reducing the risk of overflow, but it may slow down the convergence rate.</p></li></li></ul><p class="sc-5159831f-0">The key lies in experimenting with different values to find a balance that suits the specific requirements of your model and dataset.</p><h3 id="integrating-gradient-scaling-with-optimization-algorithms" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Integrating Gradient Scaling with Optimization Algorithms</span></h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Gradient scaling can be seamlessly integrated with popular optimization algorithms like SGD and Adam. The integration process requires minimal adjustments:</p><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">For SGD: Ensure that the learning rate and momentum are adjusted in accordance with the scaling factor to maintain consistent training dynamics.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">For Adam: Pay attention to how the scaling factor interacts with Adam's adaptive learning rate adjustments to avoid unintended effects on convergence.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="testing-and-monitoring-model-performance" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Testing and Monitoring Model Performance</span></h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Effective testing and monitoring are crucial for assessing the impact of gradient scaling on model performance:</p><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Monitor Training Metrics: Keep an eye on key performance indicators such as loss and accuracy to evaluate the effectiveness of gradient scaling.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Test Under Different Conditions: Experiment with various batch sizes, learning rates, and scaling factors to understand how gradient scaling behaves under different training scenarios.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="troubleshooting-common-pitfalls" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Troubleshooting Common Pitfalls</span></h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Implementing gradient scaling may present challenges, including memory errors or unexpected model behavior. To mitigate these issues:</p><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Memory Errors: Ensure that your hardware has sufficient memory to handle the increased computational demands. Utilize mixed-precision training to reduce memory usage.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Unexpected Model Behavior: If the model exhibits unusual behavior, adjust the scaling factor or revert to a simpler optimization strategy to isolate the issue.</p></li></li></ul><h3 id="advanced-topics-in-gradient-scaling" class="sc-4555ca6a-0 sc-42818e5a-3 cGaypB ipqlKg"><span font-weight="bold" class="sc-b323b31-0 caUwZV">Advanced Topics in Gradient Scaling</span></h3><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Exploring advanced topics in gradient scaling can further enhance training efficiency:</p><ul class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-1 dslPBO dZzOHq"><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Adaptive Gradient Scaling: Investigate techniques that dynamically adjust the scaling factor based on real-time training metrics or model performance, offering a more nuanced approach to managing gradient scale.</p></li></li><li class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-42818e5a-0 PRHwk hegRkn"><li><p class="sc-5159831f-0">Research and Development: Stay abreast of the latest research in gradient scaling to incorporate cutting-edge techniques into your projects.</p></li></li></ul><p class="sc-5159831f-0">By diligently implementing gradient scaling and staying informed about the latest advancements in the field, developers can significantly improve the training efficiency and effectiveness of their machine learning models.</p><p class="sc-5159831f-0"><div width="100%" class="sc-ace17a57-0 ldWHw component-img-wrapper" id="OcUPVLYOTdiOH90vXDPFbA"><div class="sc-ace17a57-0 sc-5f7d928-0 iLvNR kritbo image-wrapper" width="fit-content" height="fit-content" display="flex"><img alt="" title="" loading="lazy" width="1512" height="788" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="sc-3ec8aa52-0 jTMTOn desktop-image" style="color:transparent;object-fit:contain;background-size:contain;background-position:50% 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font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/mistral" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Mistral</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/xlnet" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">XLNet</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/benchmarking" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Benchmarking</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/llama-2" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Llama 2</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/sentiment-analysis" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Sentiment Analysis</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/llm-collection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">LLM Collection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/chatgpt" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">ChatGPT</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/mixture-of-experts" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Mixture of Experts</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/latent-dirichlet-allocation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/roberta" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">RoBERTa</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/rlhf" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">RLHF</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multimodal-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Multimodal AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/transformers" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Transformers</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/winnow-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Winnow Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/k-shingles" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">k-Shingles</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/flajolet-martin-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Flajolet-Martin Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/batch-gradient-descent" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Batch Gradient Descent</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cure-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">CURE Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/online-gradient-descent" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Online Gradient Descent</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/zero-shot-classification-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Zero-shot Classification Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/curse-of-dimensionality" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Curse of Dimensionality</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/backpropagation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Backpropagation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/dimensionality-reduction" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Dimensionality Reduction</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multimodal-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Multimodal Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gaussian-processes" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Gaussian Processes</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-voice-transfer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Voice Transfer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gated-recurrent-unit" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Gated Recurrent Unit</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/prompt-chaining" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Prompt Chaining</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/approximate-dynamic-programming" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Approximate Dynamic Programming</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/adversarial-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Adversarial Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/bayesian-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Bayesian Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/deep-reinforcement-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Deep Reinforcement Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/speech-to-text-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Speech-to-text models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/grounding" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Grounding</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/feedforward-neural-network" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Feedforward Neural Network</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/bert" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">BERT</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gradient-boosting-machines" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Gradient Boosting Machines (GBMs)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/retrieval-augmented-generation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/perceptron" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Perceptron</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/overfitting-underfitting" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Overfitting and Underfitting</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/large-language-model" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Large Language Model (LLM)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/graphics-processing-unit-gpu" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/diffusion-model" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Diffusion Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/classification" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Classification</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/tensor-processing-unit-tpu" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Tensor Processing Unit (TPU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-processing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Natural Language Processing (NLP)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/google-bard" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Google's Bard</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/openai-whisper" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">OpenAI Whisper</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/sequence-modeling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Sequence Modeling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/precision-and-recall" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Precision and Recall</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/semantic-kernel" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Semantic Kernel</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/fine-tuning-deep-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Fine Tuning in Deep Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gradient-scaling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 iUnKGS">Gradient Scaling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/alphago-zero" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AlphaGo Zero</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cognitive-map" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Cognitive Map</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/keyphrase-extraction" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Keyphrase Extraction</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multimodal-aI-models-and-modalities" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Multimodal AI Models and Modalities</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hidden-markov-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Hidden Markov Models (HMMs)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-hardware" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Hardware</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/deep-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Deep Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-generation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Natural Language Generation (NLG)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-understanding" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Natural Language Understanding (NLU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/tokenization" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Tokenization</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/word-embeddings" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Word Embeddings</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-and-finance" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI and Finance</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/alphago" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AlphaGo</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-recommendation-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Recommendation Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/binary-classification-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Binary Classification AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-generated-music" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Generated Music</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neuralink" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Neuralink</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-video-generation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Video Generation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/openai-sora" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">OpenAI Sora</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hooke-jeeves-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Hooke-Jeeves Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/mamba" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Mamba</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/central-processing-unit-cpu" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Central Processing Unit (CPU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/generative-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Generative AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/representation-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Representation Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-in-customer-service" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI in Customer Service</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/conditional-variational-autoencoders" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Conditional Variational Autoencoders</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/conversational-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Conversational AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/packages-glossary" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Packages</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/fundamentals" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Fundamentals</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/datasets" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Datasets</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/techniques" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Techniques</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-lifecycle-management" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Lifecycle Management</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-literacy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Literacy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-monitoring" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Monitoring</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-oversight" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Oversight</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-privacy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Privacy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-prototyping" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Prototyping</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-regulation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Regulation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-resilience" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Resilience</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-bias" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Machine Learning Bias</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-life-cycle-management" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Machine Learning Life Cycle Management</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-translation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Machine Translation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/mlops" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">MLOps</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/monte-carlo-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Monte Carlo Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multi-task-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Multi-task Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/naive-bayes-classifier" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Naive Bayes Classifier</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-neuron" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Machine Learning Neuron</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pooling-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Pooling (Machine Learning)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/principal-component-analysis" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Principal Component Analysis</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-preprocessing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Machine Learning Preprocessing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/rectified-linear-unit-relu" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/reproducibility-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Reproducibility in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/restricted-boltzmann-machines" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Restricted Boltzmann Machines</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/semi-supervised-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Semi-Supervised Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/supervised-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Supervised Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/support-vector-machines-svm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Support Vector Machines (SVM)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/topic-modeling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Topic Modeling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/uncertainty-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Uncertainty in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/vanishing-and-exploding-gradients" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Vanishing and Exploding Gradients</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-interpretability" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Interpretability</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-labeling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Data Labeling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/inference-engine" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Inference Engine</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/probabilistic-models-in-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Probabilistic Models in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/f1-score-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">F1 Score in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/expectation-maximization" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Expectation Maximization</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/beam-search-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Beam Search Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/embedding-layer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Embedding Layer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/differential-privacy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Differential Privacy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-poisoning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Data Poisoning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/causal-inference" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Causal Inference</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/capsule-neural-network" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Capsule Neural Network</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/attention-mechanisms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Attention Mechanisms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/domain-adaptation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Domain Adaptation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/evolutionary-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Evolutionary Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/contrastive-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Contrastive Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/explainable-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Explainable AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/affective-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Affective AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/semantic-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Semantic Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-augmentation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Data Augmentation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/convolutional-neural-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Convolutional Neural Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cognitive-computing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Cognitive Computing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/end-to-end-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">End-to-end Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/prompt-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Prompt Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/double-descent" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Double Descent</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/model-drift" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Model Drift</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-radiance-fields" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Neural Radiance Fields</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/regularization" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Regularization</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-querying" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Natural Language Querying (NLQ)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/foundation-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Foundation Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/forward-propagation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Forward Propagation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/f2-score" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">F2 Score</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-ethics" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Ethics</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/transfer-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Transfer Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-alignment" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Alignment</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/whisper-v3" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Whisper v3</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/whisper-v2" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Whisper v2</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/semi-structured-data" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Semi-structured data</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-hallucinations" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Hallucinations</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/emergent-behavior" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Emergent Behavior</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/matplotlib" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Matplotlib</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/numpy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">NumPy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/scikit-learn" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Scikit-learn</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/scipy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">SciPy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/keras" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Keras</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/tensorflow" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">TensorFlow</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/seaborn-python-package" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Seaborn Python Package</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pytorch" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">PyTorch</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-toolkit-nltk" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pandas" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Pandas</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ego-4d" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Ego 4D</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/the-pile" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">The Pile</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/common-crawl-datasets" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Common Crawl Datasets</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/squad" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">SQuAD</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/intelligent-document-processing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Intelligent Document Processing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hyperparameter-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Hyperparameter Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/Markov-decision-process" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Markov Decision Process</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/graph-neural-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Graph Neural Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-architecture-search" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Neural Architecture Search</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ablation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Ablation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/knowledge-distillation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Knowledge Distillation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/model-interpretability" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Model Interpretability</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/out-of-distribution-detection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Out-of-Distribution Detection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/recurrent-neural-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Recurrent Neural Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/active-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Active Learning (Machine Learning)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/imbalanced-data" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Imbalanced Data</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/loss-function" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Loss Function</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/unsupervised-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Unsupervised Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-and-big-data" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI and Big Data</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/adagrad" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AdaGrad</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/clustering-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Clustering Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/parametric-neural-networks%C2%A0" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Parametric Neural Networks </a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/acoustic-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Acoustic Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/articulatory-synthesis" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Articulatory Synthesis</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/concatenative-synthesis" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Concatenative Synthesis</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/grapheme-to-phoneme-conversion-g2p" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion (G2P)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/homograph-disambiguation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Homograph Disambiguation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-text-to-speech-ntts" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Neural Text-to-Speech (NTTS)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/voice-cloning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Voice Cloning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/autoregressive-model" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Autoregressive Model</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/candidate-sampling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Candidate Sampling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-algorithmic-trading" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Machine Learning in Algorithmic Trading</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-creativity" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Computational Creativity</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/context-aware-computing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Context-Aware Computing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-emotion-recognition" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Emotion Recognition</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Knowledge Representation and Reasoning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/metacognitive-learning-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Metacognitive Learning Models </a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/synthetic-data-for-ai-training" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Synthetic Data for AI Training</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-speech-enhancement" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Speech Enhancement</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/counterfactual-explanations-in-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Counterfactual Explanations in AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/eco-friendly-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Eco-friendly AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/feature-store-for-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Feature Store for Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/generative-teaching-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Generative Teaching Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/human-centered-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Human-centered AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/metaheuristic-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Metaheuristic Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/statistical-relational-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Statistical Relational Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cognitive-architectures" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Cognitive Architectures</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-phenotyping" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Computational Phenotyping</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/continuous-learning-systems" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Continuous Learning Systems</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/deepfake-detection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Deepfake Detection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/one-shot-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">One-Shot Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/quantum-machine-learning-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Quantum Machine Learning Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/self-healing-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Self-healing AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/semantic-search-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Semantic Search Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/artificial-super-intelligence" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Artificial Super Intelligence</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-guardrails" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">AI Guardrails</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/limited-memory-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Limited Memory AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/chatbots" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Chatbots</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/diffusion" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Diffusion</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hidden-layer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Hidden Layer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/instruction-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Instruction Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/objective-function" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Objective Function</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pretraining" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Pretraining</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/symbolic-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Symbolic AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/auto-classification" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Auto Classification</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/composite-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Composite AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-lingustics" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Computational Linguistics</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-semantics" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Computational Semantics</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-drift" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Data Drift</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/named-entity-recognition" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Named Entity Recognition</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/few-shot-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Few Shot Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multitask-prompt-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Multitask Prompt Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/part-of-speech-tagging" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Part-of-Speech Tagging</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/random-forest" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Random Forest</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/validation-data-set" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Validation Data Set</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/test-data-set" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Test Data Set</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-style-transfer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Neural Style Transfer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/incremental-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Incremental Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/bias-variance-tradeoff" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Bias-Variance Tradeoff</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multi-agent-systems" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Multi-Agent Systems</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neuroevolution" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Neuroevolution</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/spike-neural-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Spike Neural Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/federated-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Federated Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/human-in-the-loop-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 kmKRMV">Human-in-the-Loop AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" 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print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css ak4akz">.css-ak4akz{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;outline:0;border:0;margin:0;border-radius:0;padding:0;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;vertical-align:middle;-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;font-family:var(--font-inter, sans-serif);font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.75rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;min-width:64px;padding:6px 8px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css ak4akz">.css-ak4akz{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;outline:0;border:0;margin:0;border-radius:0;padding:0;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;vertical-align:middle;-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;font-family:var(--font-inter, sans-serif);font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.75rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;min-width:64px;padding:6px 8px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css ak4akz">.css-ak4akz{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;outline:0;border:0;margin:0;border-radius:0;padding:0;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;vertical-align:middle;-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;font-family:var(--font-inter, sans-serif);font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.75rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;min-width:64px;padding:6px 8px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-q0kznr:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-q0kznr:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><style data-emotion="css ak4akz">.css-ak4akz{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;outline:0;border:0;margin:0;border-radius:0;padding:0;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;vertical-align:middle;-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;font-family:var(--font-inter, sans-serif);font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.75rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;min-width:64px;padding:6px 8px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media print{.css-ak4akz{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;}}.css-ak4akz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-ak4akz:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-ak4akz::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:content-box;padding:1px;}.css-ak4akz:hover{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background-color:transparent;}.css-ak4akz:focus-visible{color:#ffffff;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;outline:2px solid #687EF7;outline-offset:3px;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{color:#96A2FF;opacity:0.5;}</style><button class="MuiButtonBase-root 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-q0kznr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0, 224, 98, 0.04);}@media (hover: none){.css-q0kznr:hover{background-color:transparent;}}.css-q0kznr.Mui-disabled{color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);}.css-q0kznr::before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:-1px;left:-1px;z-index:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms ease-in-out;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out,background-position 400ms 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0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;transition:background-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,box-shadow 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,border-color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms,color 250ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0ms;color:#00E062;min-width:0;text-transform:capitalize;font-weight:600;border-radius:4px;font-size:1rem;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem;-webkit-transition:unset;transition:unset;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;font-size:1rem;line-height:2;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;color:#79AFFA;padding:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-ak4akz::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;}.css-ak4akz.Mui-disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:default;}@media 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href="/ai-glossary/ai-emotion-recognition" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Emotion Recognition</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-speech-enhancement" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Speech Enhancement</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/artificial-super-intelligence" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Artificial Super Intelligence</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-guardrails" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Guardrails</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/auto-classification" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Auto Classification</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/association-rule-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Association Rule Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/autoencoder" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Autoencoder</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/accuracy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Accuracy in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-detection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Detection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-robustness" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Robustness</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-safety" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Safety</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-scalability" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Scalability</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-simulation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Simulation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-standards" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Standards</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-steering" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Steering</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ai-transparency" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">AI Transparency</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/augmented-intelligence" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Augmented Intelligence</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/applications" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Applications</a></li><li data-letter="B" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">B</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/benchmarking" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Benchmarking</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/batch-gradient-descent" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Batch Gradient Descent</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/backpropagation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Backpropagation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/bayesian-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Bayesian Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/bert" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">BERT</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/binary-classification-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Binary Classification AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/beam-search-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Beam Search Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/bias-variance-tradeoff" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Bias-Variance Tradeoff</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/boosting" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Boosting in Machine Learning</a></li><li data-letter="C" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">C</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/chess-bots" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Chess bots</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/chatgpt" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">ChatGPT</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cure-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">CURE Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/curse-of-dimensionality" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Curse of Dimensionality</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/classification" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Classification</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cognitive-map" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Cognitive Map</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/central-processing-unit-cpu" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Central Processing Unit (CPU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/conditional-variational-autoencoders" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Conditional Variational Autoencoders</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/conversational-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Conversational AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/causal-inference" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Causal Inference</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/capsule-neural-network" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Capsule Neural Network</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/contrastive-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Contrastive Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/convolutional-neural-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Convolutional Neural Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cognitive-computing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Cognitive Computing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/common-crawl-datasets" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Common Crawl Datasets</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/clustering-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Clustering Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/concatenative-synthesis" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Concatenative Synthesis</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/candidate-sampling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Candidate Sampling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-creativity" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Computational Creativity</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/context-aware-computing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Context-Aware Computing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/counterfactual-explanations-in-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Counterfactual Explanations in AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cognitive-architectures" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Cognitive Architectures</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-phenotyping" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Computational Phenotyping</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/continuous-learning-systems" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Continuous Learning Systems</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/chatbots" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Chatbots</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/composite-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Composite AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-lingustics" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Computational Linguistics</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/computational-semantics" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Computational Semantics</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/collaborative-filtering" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Collaborative Filtering</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/corpus" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Corpus in NLP</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/confirmation-bias" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Confirmation Bias in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/confidence-intervals" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Confidence Intervals in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/cross-validation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Cross Validation in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/clustering" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Clustering in Machine Learning</a></li><li data-letter="D" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">D</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/dall-e" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Dall-E</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/distilbert" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">DistilBERT</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/dimensionality-reduction" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Dimensionality Reduction</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/deep-reinforcement-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Deep Reinforcement Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/diffusion-model" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Diffusion Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/deep-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Deep Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/datasets" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Datasets</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-labeling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Data Labeling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/differential-privacy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Differential Privacy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-poisoning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Data Poisoning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/domain-adaptation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Domain Adaptation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-augmentation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Data Augmentation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/double-descent" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Double Descent</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/deepfake-detection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Deepfake Detection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/diffusion" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Diffusion</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-drift" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Data Drift</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/data-scarcity" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Data Scarcity</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/decision-tree" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Decision Tree</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/decision-intelligence" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Decision Intelligence</a></li><li data-letter="E" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">E</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/expectation-maximization" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Expectation Maximization</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/embedding-layer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Embedding Layer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/evolutionary-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Evolutionary Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/explainable-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Explainable AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/end-to-end-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">End-to-end Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/emergent-behavior" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Emergent Behavior</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ego-4d" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Ego 4D</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/eco-friendly-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Eco-friendly AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ensemble-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Ensemble Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/entropy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Entropy in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/epoch" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Epoch in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ethical-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Ethical AI</a></li><li data-letter="F" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">F</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/flajolet-martin-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Flajolet-Martin Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/feedforward-neural-network" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Feedforward Neural Network</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/fine-tuning-deep-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Fine Tuning in Deep Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/fundamentals" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Fundamentals</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/f1-score-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">F1 Score in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/foundation-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Foundation Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/forward-propagation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Forward Propagation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/f2-score" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">F2 Score</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/feature-store-for-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Feature Store for Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/few-shot-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Few Shot Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/federated-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Federated Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/feature-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Feature Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/feature-selection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Feature Selection</a></li><li data-letter="G" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 fvIpti">G</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gradient-clipping" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Gradient Clipping</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/generative-adversarial-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gaussian-processes" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Gaussian Processes</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gated-recurrent-unit" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Gated Recurrent Unit</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/grounding" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Grounding</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gradient-boosting-machines" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Gradient Boosting Machines (GBMs)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/graphics-processing-unit-gpu" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/google-bard" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Google's Bard</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/gradient-scaling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 ezFGlW">Gradient Scaling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/generative-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Generative AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/graph-neural-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Graph Neural Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/grapheme-to-phoneme-conversion-g2p" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion (G2P)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/generative-teaching-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Generative Teaching Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/genetic-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Genetic Algorithms in AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/ground-truth" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Ground Truth in Machine Learning</a></li><li data-letter="H" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">H</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hyperparameters" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Hyperparameters</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hidden-markov-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Hidden Markov Models (HMMs)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hooke-jeeves-algorithm" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Hooke-Jeeves Algorithm</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hyperparameter-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Hyperparameter Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/homograph-disambiguation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Homograph Disambiguation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/human-centered-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Human-centered AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hidden-layer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Hidden Layer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/human-in-the-loop-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Human-in-the-Loop AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/hybrid-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Hybrid AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/human-augmentation-with-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Human Augmentation with AI</a></li><li data-letter="I" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">I</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/inference-engine" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Inference Engine</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/intelligent-document-processing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Intelligent Document Processing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/imbalanced-data" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Imbalanced Data</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/instruction-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Instruction Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/incremental-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Incremental Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/information-retrieval" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Information Retrieval</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/image-recognition" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Image Recognition</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/imagenet" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">ImageNet</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/inductive-bias" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Inductive Bias</a></li><li data-letter="K" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">K</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/k-shingles" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">k-Shingles</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/keyphrase-extraction" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Keyphrase Extraction</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/keras" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Keras</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/knowledge-distillation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Knowledge Distillation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Knowledge Representation and Reasoning</a></li><li data-letter="L" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">L</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/llama-2" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Llama 2</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/llm-collection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">LLM Collection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/latent-dirichlet-allocation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/large-language-model" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Large Language Model (LLM)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/loss-function" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Loss Function</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/limited-memory-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Limited Memory AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/learning-rate" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Learning Rate</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/learning-to-rank" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Learning To Rank</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/logits" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Logits</a></li><li data-letter="M" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">M</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/midjourney-image-generation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Midjourney (Image Generation)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/mistral" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Mistral</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/mixture-of-experts" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Mixture of Experts</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multimodal-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Multimodal AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multimodal-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Multimodal Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multimodal-aI-models-and-modalities" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Multimodal AI Models and Modalities</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/mamba" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Mamba</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-bias" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Learning Bias</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-life-cycle-management" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Learning Life Cycle Management</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-translation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Translation</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/mlops" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">MLOps</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/monte-carlo-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Monte Carlo Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multi-task-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Multi-task Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-neuron" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Learning Neuron</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-preprocessing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Learning Preprocessing</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/model-drift" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Model Drift</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/matplotlib" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Matplotlib</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/Markov-decision-process" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Markov Decision Process</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/model-interpretability" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Model Interpretability</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/machine-learning-algorithmic-trading" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Machine Learning in Algorithmic Trading</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/metacognitive-learning-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Metacognitive Learning Models </a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/metaheuristic-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Metaheuristic Algorithms</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multitask-prompt-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Multitask Prompt Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/multi-agent-systems" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Multi-Agent Systems</a></li><li data-letter="N" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">N</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-processing" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Natural Language Processing (NLP)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-generation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Natural Language Generation (NLG)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-understanding" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Natural Language Understanding (NLU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neuralink" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Neuralink</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/naive-bayes-classifier" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Naive Bayes Classifier</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-radiance-fields" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Neural Radiance Fields</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-querying" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Natural Language Querying (NLQ)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/numpy" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">NumPy</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/natural-language-toolkit-nltk" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-architecture-search" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Neural Architecture Search</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-text-to-speech-ntts" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Neural Text-to-Speech (NTTS)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/named-entity-recognition" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Named Entity Recognition</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neural-style-transfer" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Neural Style Transfer</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/neuroevolution" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Neuroevolution</a></li><li data-letter="O" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">O</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/online-gradient-descent" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Online Gradient Descent</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/overfitting-underfitting" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Overfitting and Underfitting</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/openai-whisper" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">OpenAI Whisper</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/openai-sora" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">OpenAI Sora</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/out-of-distribution-detection" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Out-of-Distribution Detection</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/one-shot-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">One-Shot Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/objective-function" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Objective Function</a></li><li data-letter="P" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">P</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/prompt-engineering" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Prompt Engineering</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/prompt-chaining" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Prompt Chaining</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/perceptron" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Perceptron</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/precision-and-recall" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Precision and Recall</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/packages-glossary" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Packages</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pooling-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Pooling (Machine Learning)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/principal-component-analysis" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Principal Component Analysis</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/probabilistic-models-in-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Probabilistic Models in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/prompt-tuning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Prompt Tuning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pytorch" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">PyTorch</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pandas" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Pandas</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/parametric-neural-networks%C2%A0" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Parametric Neural Networks </a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/pretraining" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Pretraining</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/part-of-speech-tagging" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Part-of-Speech Tagging</a></li><li data-letter="Q" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">Q</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/quantum-machine-learning-algorithms" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Quantum Machine Learning Algorithms</a></li><li data-letter="R" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">R</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/rule-based-ai" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Rule-Based AI</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/roberta" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">RoBERTa</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/rlhf" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">RLHF</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/retrieval-augmented-generation" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/representation-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Representation Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/rectified-linear-unit-relu" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU)</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/reproducibility-machine-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Reproducibility in Machine Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/restricted-boltzmann-machines" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Restricted Boltzmann Machines</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/regularization" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Regularization</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/recurrent-neural-networks" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Recurrent Neural Networks</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/random-forest" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Random Forest</a></li><li data-letter="S" class="sc-ace17a57-0 eTCxuy"><div width="100%" class="sc-6293d692-0 jWSoNY"><span font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" class="sc-b323b31-0 jgUCVJ">S</span></div><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/sentiment-analysis" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Sentiment Analysis</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/speech-to-text-models" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Speech-to-text models</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/sequence-modeling" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Sequence Modeling</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/semantic-kernel" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Semantic Kernel</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/semi-supervised-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Semi-Supervised Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/supervised-learning" class="sc-e69ac761-0 dsCZKx">Supervised Learning</a><a rel="" target="" font-size="textLg" font-weight="medium" href="/ai-glossary/support-vector-machines-svm" 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Deepgram</span></div></div></div></footer></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"slug":["gradient-scaling"],"pageData":{"templateGlossary":{"__typename":"TemplateGlossaryRecord","id":"cAfXc4ZdScKxdEoktJQW2Q","seo":null,"slug":"gradient-scaling","title":"Gradient Scaling","categoryPage":false,"excerpt":{"__typename":"TemplateGlossaryModelExcerptField","value":{"schema":"dast","document":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"This article delves into the intricacies of gradient scaling, explaining its mathematical foundation, addressing common optimization challenges, and highlighting its implementation in popular frameworks like PyTorch."}]}]}}},"body":{"__typename":"TemplateGlossaryModelBodyField","blocks":[],"links":[{"__typename":"ComponentImageRecord","id":"bwO3yRJyTOexAC3lZ3jvCw","caption":"Want a glimpse into the cutting-edge of AI technology? Check out [the top 10 research papers on computer vision](https://deepgram.com/learn/top-10-most-influential-arxiv-papers-in-ai-computer-vision) (arXiv)!","imageDesktop":{"__typename":"FileField","id":"Zvlj7laWQ2-GMCojoWU7gg","title":null,"filename":"screen-shot-2024-06-18-at-11-39-33-am.png","size":2982888,"alt":null,"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1718735980-screen-shot-2024-06-18-at-11-39-33-am.png","width":1804,"height":1028},"imageMobile":null,"link":""},{"__typename":"ComponentImageRecord","id":"OcUPVLYOTdiOH90vXDPFbA","caption":"Mixture of Experts (MoE) is a method that presents an efficient approach to dramatically increasing a model’s capabilities without introducing a proportional amount of computational overhead. To learn more, check out [this guide](https://deepgram.com/learn/mixture-of-experts-ml-model-guide)!","imageDesktop":{"__typename":"FileField","id":"cnmz5FWiQv2S--QFhqNL-g","title":null,"filename":"screen-shot-2024-06-16-at-2-06-22-am.png","size":2233720,"alt":null,"url":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/96965/1718528786-screen-shot-2024-06-16-at-2-06-22-am.png","width":1512,"height":788},"imageMobile":null,"link":""}],"value":{"schema":"dast","document":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In the realm of machine learning and "},{"url":"https://deepgram.com/ai-glossary/deep-learning","type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"deep learning"}]},{"type":"span","value":", one significant hurdle that practitioners often encounter involves the optimization of their models. Have you ever faced the perplexing issue of your model's training process either stalling or diverging, despite meticulous tuning of hyperparameters? Surprisingly, this challenge stems from a phenomenon known as gradient underflow and overflow. Gradient scaling emerges as a pioneering solution, offering a dynamic method to adjust the scale of gradients, thereby enhancing the stability and efficiency of training deep learning models. This article delves into the intricacies of gradient scaling, explaining its mathematical foundation, addressing common optimization challenges, and highlighting its implementation in popular frameworks like PyTorch. Ready to discover how gradient scaling can revolutionize your deep learning projects by improving model convergence speed and stability? Let's embark on this enlightening journey."}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"What is Gradient Scaling?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Gradient scaling stands out as a robust method in machine learning that dynamically adjusts the scale of gradients in the optimization process. This adjustment is crucial for preventing underflow and overflow, thereby enhancing the stability and efficiency of training "},{"url":"https://deepgram.com/learn/deep-learning-101-building-blocks-of-machine-intelligence","type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"deep learning"}]},{"type":"span","value":" models. But what exactly does this entail, and how does it work?"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"At its core, gradient scaling involves calculating the appropriate scale for each gradient on-the-fly. This calculation is based on a mathematical concept that takes into account the magnitude of each gradient, ensuring that no value is too small (underflow) or too large (overflow) to be processed effectively."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Underflow and overflow in gradient-based optimization create significant challenges. They can halt the learning process or lead to erratic updates, respectively. Gradient scaling addresses these issues head-on, eliminating the need for extensive hyperparameter tuning that often proves both time-consuming and inefficient."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Unlike traditional gradient descent methods that apply a uniform update rule across all gradients, gradient scaling introduces a dynamic adjustment of gradient magnitudes. This flexibility is key in dealing with the varying magnitudes of gradients across features or layers in a neural network."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"For those seeking a basic understanding of how numerical values are assigned based on the relative importance of features, an explanation from Quora on the gradient scale method provides valuable insights."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The implementation of gradient scaling in deep learning frameworks such as PyTorch is straightforward, thanks to tools like GradScaler. This utility automates the scaling process, allowing developers to focus on model architecture and data rather than the intricacies of gradient management."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The benefits of adopting gradient scaling in your training process cannot be overstated. It significantly improves model convergence speed and stability, ensuring that your deep learning models learn efficiently and effectively, regardless of the complexity of the task at hand."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"As we delve deeper into the importance of gradient scaling and its practical applications, it becomes clear that this methodology is not just a nice-to-have but a must-have for anyone serious about advancing their machine learning projects."}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Why Gradient Scaling is Important"}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Promoting Faster Convergence"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Analytics Vidhya's blog on feature scaling underscores the pivotal role of gradient scaling in achieving faster convergence. By ensuring that all gradients are scaled appropriately, models reach optimal performance in a fraction of the time. This efficiency stems from the harmonious balance gradient scaling maintains among all the gradients, facilitating a smoother and quicker path to convergence."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Preventing Gradient Disappearance or Explosion"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"A notorious challenge in training deep neural networks is the risk of gradients either vanishing into thin air or ballooning uncontrollably. Gradient scaling serves as a guardrail, keeping gradients within a safe range. This precision prevents the common pitfalls of gradient disappearance or explosion, safeguarding the integrity of the training process."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Enabling Mixed-Precision Training"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The integration of float16 operations, as highlighted by mixed-precision training practices, marks a leap towards expedited training times without compromising accuracy. Gradient scaling is the linchpin in this process, preventing underflows that could otherwise lead to loss of accuracy. This approach not only accelerates training but also maintains the high-quality standards expected of machine learning models."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Maintaining Gradient Integrity"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Built In's explanation on gradient methods elaborates on how gradient scaling preserves the integrity of gradient information over extended training sessions. This steadfast maintenance ensures that each gradient contributes optimally to the learning process, culminating in models that perform with remarkable accuracy."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Impact on Learning Rate and Optimization Stability"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Insights from Towards Data Science on gradient descent shed light on the cascading effects of improper gradient scaling. An inadequately scaled gradient can destabilize the optimization process, leading to erratic learning rates. Gradient scaling, therefore, acts as a stabilizing force, ensuring that the learning rate progresses in a controlled manner conducive to stable optimization."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Necessity for Complex Models and Datasets"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The more intricate the model or the dataset, the more pronounced the variability in gradient magnitudes becomes. Gradient scaling is not just beneficial but necessary in these scenarios, ensuring uniformity across the gradient landscape. This uniformity is crucial for complex models to learn effectively from diverse datasets."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Enhancing Generalizability Across Environments"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"A model's ability to perform consistently across different hardware and software setups is a testament to its robustness. Gradient scaling plays a crucial role in this aspect, ensuring that models exhibit consistent training behavior regardless of the computational environment. This adaptability enhances the model's generalizability, making it more versatile and reliable."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Reducing Computational Resources and Energy Consumption"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The environmental and economic implications of machine learning are increasingly coming under scrutiny. Gradient scaling addresses these concerns head-on by reducing the computational resources and energy consumption required during training. This efficiency not only benefits the planet but also makes advanced machine learning models more accessible by lowering the barrier to entry in terms of computational costs."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Through these multifaceted contributions, gradient scaling emerges as a cornerstone technique in the optimization of machine learning models. Its ability to ensure faster convergence, prevent common training pitfalls, and promote efficient use of computational resources underscores its indispensable role in the landscape of machine learning and deep learning."}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Use Cases of Gradient Scaling"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Gradient scaling, a technique integral to the optimization of machine learning models, has found application across a broad spectrum of tasks, from enhancing the performance of neural networks in image recognition to ensuring the efficiency of models in real-time systems. Its adaptability and effectiveness in addressing the challenges of gradient-based optimization make it a cornerstone technology in both academic research and industry projects."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Image Recognition, NLP, and Reinforcement Learning"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"WACV2022 on few-shot learning highlighted the significant benefits of gradient scaling in machine learning tasks such as image recognition, "},{"url":"https://deepgram.com/ai-glossary/natural-language-processing","type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"natural language processing (NLP)"}]},{"type":"span","value":", and "},{"url":"https://deepgram.com/ai-glossary/deep-reinforcement-learning","type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"reinforcement learning"}]},{"type":"span","value":". By dynamically adjusting the gradient scale, models achieve improved learning efficiency and accuracy, particularly in few-shot learning scenarios where data is scarce."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"item":"bwO3yRJyTOexAC3lZ3jvCw","type":"inlineItem"}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Training Large-Scale Deep Learning Models"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"OpenAI's research on AI training scalability illuminates the pivotal role of gradient scaling in training large-scale deep learning models. By preventing gradient underflow and overflow, gradient scaling ensures that these colossal models can train effectively, leveraging vast amounts of data without compromising on speed or accuracy."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Medical Imaging Analysis"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The implementation of U-Net 3D on MRI datasets serves as a prime example of gradient scaling's utility in domain-specific applications. In medical imaging analysis, where precision is paramount, gradient scaling stabilizes the training process, allowing for the development of highly accurate diagnostic tools."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Autoencoders"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"By stabilizing the training process, gradient scaling significantly improves the performance of GANs and autoencoders. This stabilization is crucial for the generation of high-quality outputs, whether it be in creating realistic synthetic images or in data compression and reconstruction tasks."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Real-Time Systems"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The importance of gradient scaling extends into real-time systems, where computational efficiency and quick model adaptation are crucial. This technique allows for rapid adjustments to be made to the model in response to real-time data, ensuring optimal performance under dynamic conditions."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Mobile and Edge Computing Devices"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Gradient scaling facilitates the use of complex neural network architectures in resource-constrained environments such as mobile and edge computing devices. By optimizing resource usage, models can run efficiently without compromising on performance, thus expanding the applicability of advanced machine learning solutions to a wider range of devices."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Academic Research"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In the realm of academic research, gradient scaling plays a key role in the exploration of new optimization techniques and neural network designs. It allows researchers to push the boundaries of what's possible in machine learning, leading to the development of more efficient, accurate, and robust models."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Industry Projects"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In industry projects, such as autonomous driving and "},{"url":"https://deepgram.com/learn/what-is-asr#blog-detail-hero","type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"speech recognition systems"}]},{"type":"span","value":", the accuracy and efficiency of models are of utmost importance. Gradient scaling ensures that these models perform reliably, even under the stringent demands of real-world applications, making it an indispensable tool in the development of cutting-edge technology."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Through these diverse applications, gradient scaling proves itself to be an invaluable component of modern machine learning, enabling advancements across various fields and industries. Its capacity to optimize the training process, enhance model performance, and facilitate the implementation of complex architectures underlines its critical role in the ongoing evolution of artificial intelligence technologies."}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Implementing Gradient Scaling"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Implementing gradient scaling in deep learning models, especially within the PyTorch framework, serves as a critical step towards achieving higher efficiency and stability during the training process. This section delves into the practical aspects of gradient scaling, providing insights and guidelines that cater to developers looking to enhance their machine learning projects."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Step-by-Step Guide on Implementing Gradient Scaling in PyTorch"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"PyTorch offers a straightforward approach to gradient scaling through its GradScaler utility, as detailed in the WandB article. The implementation process involves:"}]},{"type":"list","style":"numbered","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Initializing the GradScaler at the start of the training process."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Wrapping the optimization steps within the scaler.scale() function to adjust the gradients' scale dynamically."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Using "},{"type":"span","marks":["code"],"value":"scaler.step(optimizer)"},{"type":"span","value":" to update model weights based on scaled gradients."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Applying "},{"type":"span","marks":["code"],"value":"scaler.update()"},{"type":"span","value":" at the end of each iteration to prepare the scaler for the next iteration."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"This process ensures that gradients are appropriately scaled, preventing underflow and overflow issues that could hinder model training."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Considerations When Choosing the Scaling Factor"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Selecting the optimal scaling factor involves balancing training speed and numerical stability:"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Training Speed: A higher scaling factor can accelerate convergence by allowing the model to take larger steps during optimization. However, excessively high factors might lead to instability."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Numerical Stability: A lower scaling factor enhances numerical stability by reducing the risk of overflow, but it may slow down the convergence rate."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The key lies in experimenting with different values to find a balance that suits the specific requirements of your model and dataset."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Integrating Gradient Scaling with Optimization Algorithms"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Gradient scaling can be seamlessly integrated with popular optimization algorithms like SGD and Adam. The integration process requires minimal adjustments:"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"For SGD: Ensure that the learning rate and momentum are adjusted in accordance with the scaling factor to maintain consistent training dynamics."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"For Adam: Pay attention to how the scaling factor interacts with Adam's adaptive learning rate adjustments to avoid unintended effects on convergence."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Testing and Monitoring Model Performance"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Effective testing and monitoring are crucial for assessing the impact of gradient scaling on model performance:"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Monitor Training Metrics: Keep an eye on key performance indicators such as loss and accuracy to evaluate the effectiveness of gradient scaling."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Test Under Different Conditions: Experiment with various batch sizes, learning rates, and scaling factors to understand how gradient scaling behaves under different training scenarios."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Troubleshooting Common Pitfalls"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Implementing gradient scaling may present challenges, including memory errors or unexpected model behavior. To mitigate these issues:"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Memory Errors: Ensure that your hardware has sufficient memory to handle the increased computational demands. Utilize mixed-precision training to reduce memory usage."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Unexpected Model Behavior: If the model exhibits unusual behavior, adjust the scaling factor or revert to a simpler optimization strategy to isolate the issue."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Advanced Topics in Gradient Scaling"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Exploring advanced topics in gradient scaling can further enhance training efficiency:"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Adaptive Gradient Scaling: Investigate techniques that dynamically adjust the scaling factor based on real-time training metrics or model performance, offering a more nuanced approach to managing gradient 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