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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Barbary corsairs</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Barbary_corsairs" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Barbary_corsairs" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" 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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Barbary_corsairs" title="Talk:Barbary corsairs">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (July 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Barbary corsairs, Barbary pirates, Ottoman corsairs,<a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_F._Gresh,_Tugrul_Keskin-1">[1]</a> or naval mujahideen (in Muslim sources)<a href="#cite_note-tdu-2">[2]</a> were mainly Muslim corsairs and <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> who operated from the largely independent <a href="/wiki/Barbary_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary states">Barbary states</a>. This area was known in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a>, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Slaves in Barbary could be of many ethnicities, and of many different religions, such as Christian, Jewish, or Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4">[4]</a> Their predation extended throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, south along <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> seaboard and into the North Atlantic as far north as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Iceland</a>, but they primarily operated in the western Mediterranean. In addition to seizing <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a>, they engaged in <a href="/wiki/Razzia_(military)" title="Razzia (military)">razzias</a>, raids on European coastal towns and villages, mainly in Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, but also in the British Isles,<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4">[4]</a> and Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-Toll-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg/220px-Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg/330px-Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg/440px-Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1411"></a><figcaption>A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsairs by <a href="/wiki/Laureys_a_Castro" title="Laureys a Castro">Laureys a Castro</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1681</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg/220px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg/330px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg/440px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4748"></a><figcaption>Barbaria by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Janssonius" title="Jan Janssonius">Jan Janssonius</a>, shows the coast of North Africa, an area known in the 17th century as Barbaria, c. 1650</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg/220px-British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg/330px-British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg/440px-British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="800"></a><figcaption>An Algerine pirate ship</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costumes_de_Differents_Pays,_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg/170px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg/255px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg/340px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="2100"></a><figcaption>A man from the Barbary states</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg/170px-Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg/255px-Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg/340px-Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1268"></a><figcaption>A Barbary pirate, <a href="/wiki/Pier_Francesco_Mola" title="Pier Francesco Mola">Pier Francesco Mola</a>, 1650</figcaption></figure> While such raids began after the Muslim conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in the 710s, the terms "Barbary pirates" and "Barbary corsairs" are normally applied to the raiders active from the 16th century onwards, when the frequency and range of the slavers' attacks increased. In that period, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Tunis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripoli</a> came under the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, either as directly administered provinces or as autonomous dependencies known as the Barbary states. Similar raids were undertaken from <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Salé</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9_Rovers" title="Salé Rovers">Salé Rovers</a>) and other ports in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. Barbary corsairs captured thousands of merchant ships and repeatedly raided coastal towns in Europe. As a result, residents abandoned their former villages on long stretches of coast in Spain and Italy. The raids were such a problem that coastal settlements were seldom undertaken until the 19th century. Between 1580 and 1680, corsairs were said to have captured about 850,000 people as slaves and from 1530 to 1780 as many as 1.25 million people were enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4">[4]</a> However, these numbers are estimated and provided by only one historian, Robert Davis, and have been questioned by others like David Earle.<a href="#cite_note-Earle-6">[6]</a> Some of these corsairs were European outcasts and <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converts</a> (renegade) such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ward" title="Jack Ward">John Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zymen_Danseker" title="Zymen Danseker">Zymen Danseker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Toll-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Oruç Reis</a>, the Turkish Barbarossa brothers, who took control of Algiers on behalf of the Ottomans in the early 16th century, were also notorious corsairs. The European pirates brought advanced sailing and shipbuilding techniques to the Barbary Coast around 1600, which enabled the corsairs to extend their activities into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Toll-5">[5]</a> The effects of the Barbary raids peaked in the early-to-mid-17th century. Long after Europeans had abandoned <a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">oar</a>-driven vessels in favor of sailing ships carrying tons of powerful cannon, many Barbary warships were <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> carrying a hundred or more fighting men armed with <a href="/wiki/Cutlass" title="Cutlass">cutlasses</a> and small arms. The Barbary navies were not battle fleets. When they sighted a European <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a>, they fled.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The scope of corsair activity began to diminish in the latter part of the 17th century,<a href="#cite_note-Chaney-8">[8]</a> as the more powerful European navies started to compel the Barbary states to make peace and cease attacking their shipping. However, the ships and coasts of Christian states without such effective protection continued to suffer until the early 19th century. Between 1801 and 1815, occasional incidents occurred, including two <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Wars" title="Barbary Wars">Barbary Wars</a> waged by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> against the Barbary states. Following the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1814–15, European powers agreed upon the need to suppress the Barbary corsairs entirely. The remainder of the threat was finally subdued for Europeans by the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a> in 1830 and <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">so-called "pacification"</a> by the French during the mid-to-late 19th century. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Muslim_Historical_Narratives">1.1 Muslim Historical Narratives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_Middle_Ages">1.2 The Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#16th_century">1.3 16th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#17th_century">1.4 17th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#18th%E2%80%9319th_centuries">1.5 18th–19th centuries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Barbary_slave_trade">2 Barbary slave trade</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Slave_quarters">2.1 Slave quarters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Galley_slaves">2.2 Galley slaves</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Number_of_people_enslaved">2.3 Number of people enslaved</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Legacy">2.4 Legacy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Barbary_corsairs">3 Barbary corsairs</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Barbarossa_brothers">3.1 Barbarossa brothers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Oru%C3%A7_Barbarossa">3.1.1 Oruç Barbarossa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#H%C4%B1z%C4%B1r_Hayreddin_Barbarossa">3.1.2 Hızır Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Captain_Jack_Ward">3.2 Captain Jack Ward</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Sayyida_al-Hurra">3.3 Sayyida al-Hurra</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou">3.4 Raïs Hamidou</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Other_Famous_Barbary_corsairs">3.5 Other Famous Barbary corsairs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#In_fiction">4 In fiction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Notes">6 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The Barbary corsairs were active from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval times">medieval times</a> to the 1800s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_Historical_Narratives">Muslim Historical Narratives</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Muslim Historical Narratives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Both Europeans (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Dum_Diversas" title="Dum Diversas">Dum Diversas</a>) and Muslims considered themselves to be waging holy wars against each other during this era. European and American historical sources bluntly consider these operations to be a form of piracy and that their goal was mainly to seize ships to obtain spoils, money, and slaves. Muslim sources, however, sometimes refer to the "Islamic naval jihad"—casting the conflicts as part of a sacred mission of war under Allah, differing from the more familiar form of jihad only in being waged at sea. Accounts of Andalusian Muslims being persecuted by the notoriously ruthless <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>—willingly abetted by the so-called <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">"Catholic Monarchs"</a>, who (though inaugurating what would later become Spain's "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a>") were initially faced with the post-<a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> necessity of binding their (hitherto-divided) territories together, and hence adopted a militantly Christian national identity<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>—provided more than enough justification, in Muslim eyes.<a href="#cite_note-tdau-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/220px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="621"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/220px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/330px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/440px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>British captain witnessing the miseries of Christian slaves in Algiers, 1815</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Middle_Ages">The Middle Ages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1198, the problem of Barbary piracy and slave-taking was so significant that the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a>, a religious order, was founded to collect ransoms and even to exchange themselves as a ransom for those captured and pressed into slavery in North Africa. In the 14th century, Tunisian corsairs became enough of a threat to provoke a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Franco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> attack on <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a> in 1390 (also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Barbary_Crusade" title="Barbary Crusade">Barbary Crusade</a>"). Moorish exiles of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> pirates added to the numbers, but it was not until the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the arrival of the privateer and admiral <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a> in 1487 that the Barbary corsairs became a true menace to shipping from European Christian nations.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 16th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Preveza_(1538).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Battle of Preveza</a>, 1538</figcaption></figure> From 1559, the North African cities of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, although nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, were autonomous military republics that chose their rulers and lived by war booty captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. There are several cases of <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sinan_Reis" title="Sinan Reis">Sinan Reis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a>, who upon <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">fleeing Iberia</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>'s shipping under the Ottoman flag.<a href="#cite_note-kritzler59-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-plaut-13">[13]</a> During the first period (1518–1587), the <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbeys</a> were admirals of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">sultan</a>, commanding great fleets and conducting war operations for political ends. They were slave hunters, and their methods were ferocious. After 1587, the sole object of their successors was plundering, both on land and sea. The maritime operations were conducted by the captains, or reises, who formed a class or even a corporation. <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">Cruisers</a> were fitted out by investors and commanded by the reises. 10% of the value of the prizes was paid to the <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a> or his successors, who bore the titles of agha or <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">dey</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg/220px-Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg/220px-Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg/330px-Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg/440px-Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Barbary corsairs frequently attacked Corsica, resulting in many <a href="/wiki/Genoese_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoese tower">Genoese towers</a> being erected.</figcaption></figure> In 1544, Hayreddin captured the island of <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 2,000–7,000 inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-PLZ-16">[16]</a> In 1551, <a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a> enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island of <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman Tripolitania</a>. In 1554, corsairs under Turgut Reis sacked <a href="/wiki/Vieste" title="Vieste">Vieste</a>, beheaded 5,000 of its inhabitants, and abducted another 6,000.<a href="#cite_note-PTZ-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 17th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/220px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 189px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/220px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="189" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/330px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/440px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The work of the <a href="/wiki/Mercedarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedarians">Mercedarians</a> was in ransoming Christian slaves held in Muslim hands, Histoire de Barbarie et de ses Corsaires, 1637</figcaption></figure> In the early years of the 17th century, the Barbary states attracted English pirates, many of whom had previously operated as privateers under <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a>. Still, they found themselves unwanted by her successor <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a>. Whereas in England, these pirates were reviled, in the Barbary states, they were respected and had access to safe markets to resupply and repair their ships. Many of these pirates converted to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> A notable Christian action against the Barbary states occurred in 1607, when the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Order of Saint Stephen">Knights of Saint Stephen</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Inghirami" title="Jacopo Inghirami">Jacopo Inghirami</a>) sacked <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Bona</a> in Algeria, killing 470 and taking 1,464 captives.<a href="#cite_note-PPZ-19">[19]</a> This victory is commemorated by a series of frescoes painted by <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Poccetti" title="Bernardino Poccetti">Bernardino Poccetti</a> in the "Sala di Bona" of <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1611, Spanish galleys from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, accompanied by the galleys of the <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Knights of Malta</a>, raided the <a href="/wiki/Kerkennah_Islands" title="Kerkennah Islands">Kerkennah Islands</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and took away almost 500 Muslim captives.<a href="#cite_note-PKZ-22">[22]</a> Between 1568 and 1634, the Knights of Saint Stephen may have captured about 14,000 Muslims, with perhaps one-third taken in land raids and two-thirds taken on captured ships.<a href="#cite_note-PKZ-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> was attacked similarly. In June 1631, Murat Reis, with corsairs from Algiers and armed troops of the Ottoman Empire, stormed ashore at the little harbor village of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_County_Cork" title="Baltimore, County Cork">Baltimore, County Cork</a>. They <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">captured almost all the villagers</a> and took them away to a life of slavery in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14">[14]</a> The prisoners were destined for a variety of fates—some lived out their days chained to the oars as galley slaves. At the same time, women spent long years as <a href="/wiki/Concubines" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubines">concubines</a> in harems or within the walls of the sultan's palace. Only two of these captives ever returned to Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> was also subject to pirate raids; in 1640, 60 men, women and children were enslaved by Algerian corsairs who raided <a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> More than 20,000 captives were said to be imprisoned in Algiers alone. The rich were often able to secure release through ransom, but the poor were condemned to slavery. Their masters would, on occasion, allow them to secure freedom by professing Islam. A long list might be given of people of good social position, not only Italians or Spaniards but German or English travelers in the south, who were captives for a time.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14">[14]</a> In 1675, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> squadron led by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Narborough" title="John Narborough">John Narborough</a> negotiated a lasting peace with Tunis and, after bombarding the city to induce compliance, with Tripoli.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_(c_1615)_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A French Ship and Barbary Pirates by Aert Anthonisz, c. 1615"><noscript><img alt="A French Ship and Barbary Pirates by Aert Anthonisz, c. 1615" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg/397px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="909"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 265px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg/397px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg" data-alt="A French Ship and Barbary Pirates by Aert Anthonisz, c. 1615" data-width="265" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg/595px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg/793px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A French Ship and Barbary Pirates by <a href="/wiki/Aert_Anthoniszoon" title="Aert Anthoniszoon">Aert Anthonisz</a>, c. 1615</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of a French ship of the line and two galleys of the Barbary corsairs"><noscript><img alt="Battle of a French ship of the line and two galleys of the Barbary corsairs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg/383px-Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3374" data-file-height="1588"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 256px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg/383px-Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg" data-alt="Battle of a French ship of the line and two galleys of the Barbary corsairs" data-width="256" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg/574px-Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg/765px-Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battle of a French ship of the line and two galleys of the Barbary corsairs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An action between an English ship and vessels of the Barbary Corsairs"><noscript><img alt="An action between an English ship and vessels of the Barbary Corsairs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg/234px-Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="1264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 156px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg/234px-Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg" data-alt="An action between an English ship and vessels of the Barbary Corsairs" data-width="156" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg/351px-Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg/468px-Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An action between an English ship and vessels of the Barbary Corsairs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieve Pietersz Verschuier, Dutch ships bomb Tripoli in a punitive expedition against the Barbary pirates, c. 1670"><noscript><img alt="Lieve Pietersz Verschuier, Dutch ships bomb Tripoli in a punitive expedition against the Barbary pirates, c. 1670" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff/lossy-page1-268px-Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 179px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff/lossy-page1-268px-Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff.jpg" data-alt="Lieve Pietersz Verschuier, Dutch ships bomb Tripoli in a punitive expedition against the Barbary pirates, c. 1670" data-width="179" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff/lossy-page1-402px-Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff/lossy-page1-536px-Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lieve_Pietersz_Verschuier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieve Pietersz Verschuier">Lieve Pietersz Verschuier</a>, Dutch ships bomb Tripoli in a punitive expedition against the Barbary pirates, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1670</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th–19th_centuries"> 18th–19th centuries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 18th–19th centuries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BainbridgeTribute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BainbridgeTribute.jpg/170px-BainbridgeTribute.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 218px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BainbridgeTribute.jpg/170px-BainbridgeTribute.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="218" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BainbridgeTribute.jpg/255px-BainbridgeTribute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BainbridgeTribute.jpg/340px-BainbridgeTribute.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Bainbridge" title="William Bainbridge">William Bainbridge</a> paying tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Dey</a> of Algiers, c. 1800</figcaption></figure> Piracy was enough of a problem for some states to enter the redemption business. In Denmark: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">At the beginning of the 18th century, money was collected systematically in all churches, and a so-called 'slave fund' (slavekasse) was established by the state in 1715. Funds were brought in through a compulsory insurance sum for seafarers. This institution ransomed 165 slaves between 1716 and 1736.<a href="#cite_note-madsen-27">[27]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Between 1716 and 1754, 19 ships from Denmark-Norway were captured with 208 men; piracy was thus a serious problem for the Danish merchant fleet.<a href="#cite_note-madsen-27">[27]</a></blockquote> Until the <a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American Declaration of Independence">American Declaration of Independence</a> in 1776, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> treaties with the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Africa">North African</a> states protected American ships from the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary</a> corsairs. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the Corsairs attacked American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean. However, on December 20, 1777, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_III_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed III of Morocco">Mohammed III of Morocco</a> issued a declaration recognizing America as an independent country, and stating that American merchant ships could enjoy safe passage into the Mediterranean and along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The relations were formalized with the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship</a> signed in 1786, which stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> with a foreign power. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers,_August_1816-Luny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg/220px-Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg/220px-Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg/330px-Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg/440px-Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth in August 1816, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Luny" title="Thomas Luny">Thomas Luny</a></figcaption></figure> The Barbary threat led directly to the United States founding the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> in March 1794. While the United States did secure peace treaties with the Barbary states, it was obliged to pay tribute for protection from attack. The burden was substantial: from 1795, the annual tribute paid to the <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> amounted to 20% of <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States federal government</a>'s annual expenditures.<a href="#cite_note-David_Brion_Davis,_Steven_Mintz-31">[31]</a> In 1798, an islet near <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Tunisians</a>, and more than 900 inhabitants were taken away as slaves.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/220px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6019" data-file-height="4096"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/220px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/330px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/440px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>French bombardment of Algiers by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Dupper%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Dupperé">Dupperé</a>, 13 June 1830</figcaption></figure> The Barbary states had difficulty securing uniform compliance with a total prohibition of slave-raiding, as this had been traditionally of central importance to the North African economy. Slavers continued to take captives by preying on less well-protected peoples. Algiers subsequently renewed its slave-raiding, though on a smaller scale. Europeans at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1818)" title="Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)">Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> in 1818 discussed possible retaliation. In 1824, a British fleet under Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burrard_Neale" title="Harry Burrard Neale">Harry Burrard Neale</a> bombarded Algiers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Corsair activity based in Algiers did not entirely cease until France <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria#French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French Algeria">conquered the state in 1830</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Barbary_slave_trade">Barbary slave trade</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Barbary slave trade" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></div> From bases on the Barbary Coast, North Africa, the Barbary corsairs raided ships travelling through the Mediterranean and along the northern and western coasts of Africa, plundering their cargo and enslaving the people they captured. From at least 1500, the corsairs also conducted raids along seaside towns of Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, England and as far away as Iceland, capturing men, women and children. On some occasions, settlements such as <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_County_Cork" title="Baltimore, County Cork">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> were abandoned following the raid, only being resettled many years later. Between 1609 and 1616, England alone had 466 merchant ships lost to Barbary corsairs.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_quarters">Slave quarters</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slave quarters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> At night the slaves were put into prisons called '<a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">bagnios</a>' (derived from the Italian word "bagno" for public bath, inspired by the Turks' use of Roman baths at Constantinople as prisons),<a href="#cite_note-BAGNO-34">[34]</a> which were often hot and overcrowded. Bagnios had chapels, hospitals, shops and bars run by captives.<a href="#cite_note-Barnby1966-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galley_slaves">Galley slaves</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Galley slaves" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg/220px-Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="890"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg/220px-Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg/330px-Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg/440px-Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Conquest of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> and liberation of Christian <a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">galley slaves</a> in 1535</figcaption></figure> Although the conditions in bagnios were harsh, they were better than those endured by <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a> slaves. Most Barbary galleys were at sea for around eighty to a hundred days a year, but when the slaves assigned to them were on land, they were forced to do hard manual labor. There were exceptions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">galley slaves of the Ottoman Sultan in Constantinople would be permanently confined to their galleys, and often served extremely long terms, averaging around nineteen years in the late seventeenth-century and early eighteenth-century periods. These slaves rarely got off the galley but lived there for years.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></blockquote> During this time, rowers were shackled and chained where they sat, and never allowed to leave. Sleeping (which was limited), eating, defecation and urination took place at the seat to which they were shackled. There were usually five or six rowers on each oar. Overseers would walk back and forth and whip slaves considered not to be working hard enough. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_people_enslaved">Number of people enslaved</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Number of people enslaved" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The number of slaves captured by Barbary corsairs are difficult to quantify. According to Robert Davis, between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary corsairs and sold as slaves in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> between the 16th and 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-researchnews.osu.edu-38">[38]</a> However, to extrapolate his numbers, Davis assumes the number of European slaves captured by Barbary corsairs were constant for a 250-year period, stating: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There are no records of how many men, women and children were enslaved, but it is possible to calculate roughly the number of fresh captives that would have been needed to keep populations steady and replace those slaves who died, escaped, were ransomed, or converted to Islam. On this basis it is thought that around 8,500 new slaves were needed annually to replenish numbers—about 850,000 captives over the century from 1580 to 1680. By extension, for the 250 years between 1530 and 1780, the figure could easily have been as high as 1,250,000.<a href="#cite_note-Earle-6">[6]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/220px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6392" data-file-height="3728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 128px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/220px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="128" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/330px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/440px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Slave market in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Ottoman Algeria</a>, 1684</figcaption></figure> Historians welcomed Davis's attempt to quantify the number of European slaves, but were divided as to the accuracy of the unorthodox methodology which he relied on in the absence of written records. The historian David Earle, author of The Corsairs of Malta and Barbary and The Pirate Wars, questioned Davis, saying "His figures sound a bit dodgy and I think he may be exaggerating." He cautioned that the true picture of European slaves is clouded by the fact that the corsairs also seized non-Christian whites from eastern Europe and black people from west Africa. He wouldn't "hazard a guess about their total". Professor Ian Blanchard, an expert on African trade and economic history at the University of Edinburgh, said that Davis's work was solid and that a number over a million was in line with his expectations.<a href="#cite_note-Earle-6">[6]</a> Davis notes that his calculations were based on observers reports of approximately 35,000 European Christian slaves on the Barbary Coast at any one time during the late 1500s and early 1600s, held in Tripoli, Tunis and, mostly, Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The history of Muslim enslavement of white Europeans has been cited by some as contextualising the importance of subsequent European and American enslavement of blacks. Scholar Robert Davis noted that the larger picture isn't so one-sided: during a "clash of empires... taking slaves was part of the conflict," and at the same time 2 million Europeans were enslaved by Muslims in North Africa and the Near East, 1 million Muslim slaves in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> As Dr. John Callow at University of Suffolk notes, the experience of enslavement by the Barbary corsairs preceded the Atlantic slave trade and "the memory of slavery, and the methodology of slaving, that was burned into the British consciousness was first and foremost rooted in a North African context, where Britons were more likely to be slaves than slave masters."<a href="#cite_note-Callow-41">[41]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_(Granada)_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg/160px-Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="856"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 268px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg/160px-Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg.png" data-width="160" data-height="268" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg/240px-Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg/320px-Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the town of <a href="/wiki/Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car" title="Almuñécar">Almuñécar</a>, granted by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> in 1526, showing the turbaned heads of three Barbary pirates floating in the sea</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Barbary_corsairs">Barbary corsairs</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Barbary corsairs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> According to historian, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Tinniswood" title="Adrian Tinniswood">Adrian Tinniswood</a>, the most notorious corsairs were European renegades who had learned their trade as <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>, and who moved to the Barbary Coast during peacetime to pursue their trade. These outcasts, who had converted to Islam, brought up-to-date naval expertise to the piracy business, and enabled the corsairs to make long-distance slave-catching raids as far away as <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Toll-5">[5]</a> Infamous corsair <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mainwaring" title="Henry Mainwaring">Henry Mainwaring</a>, who was initially a lawyer and pirate-hunter, later returned home to a royal pardon. Mainwaring later wrote a book about the practise of piracy in the Mediterranean, aptly titled the Discourse of Pirates. In the book, Mainwaring outlined potential methods to hunt down and eliminate piracy.<a href="#cite_note-Toll-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbarossa_brothers">Barbarossa brothers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Barbarossa brothers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oruç_Barbarossa">Oruç Barbarossa</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Oruç Barbarossa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Oruç Reis</a></div> The most famous of the corsairs in North Africa were the Barbarossa brothers, <a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Aruj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Khayr al-Din</a>. They, and two less well-known brothers all became Barbary corsairs in the service of the Ottoman Empire who later became "Kings" when they established a new state in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> known as the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> They were called the Barbarossas (Italian for Redbeards) after the red beard of Oruç, the eldest. Oruç captured the island of <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> in 1502 or 1503. He often attacked Spanish coasts and their territories on the coast of North Africa; during one failed attempt in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaia</a> in 1512 he lost his left arm to a cannonball. The eldest Barbarossa also went to capture Algiers in 1516. Well aided by his Berber allies from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kingdom of Kuku</a>, he vanquished a <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">Spanish expedition</a> intended to replace the Spanish vassal ruler of Algiers that he executed with his son along with everybody he suspected would oppose him in favor of his Spanish foes, including local <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Zayyanid</a> rulers. He was finally captured and killed by the Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Tlemcen in 1518</a>, and put on display. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hızır_Hayreddin_Barbarossa">Hızır Hayreddin Barbarossa</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hızır Hayreddin Barbarossa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/170px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="4128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 302px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/170px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="302" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/255px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/340px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ottoman admiral <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></figcaption></figure> Oruç, based mainly on land, was not the best-known of the Barbarossas. His youngest brother Hızır (later called Hayreddin or Kheir ed-Din) was a more traditional corsair. After capturing many crucial coastal areas, Hayreddin was appointed admiral-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman navy">Ottoman sultan's fleet</a>. Under his command the Ottoman Empire was able to gain and keep control of the Mediterranean for over thirty years. Barbaros Hızır Hayreddin Pasha died in 1546 of a fever, possibly the <a href="/wiki/Black_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Black death">plague</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captain_Jack_Ward">Captain Jack Ward</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Captain Jack Ward" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ward" title="Jack Ward">Jack Ward</a></div> English corsair Jack, or John, Ward was once called "beyond doubt the greatest scoundrel that ever sailed from England" by the English ambassador to Venice. Ward was a privateer for Queen Elizabeth during her war with Spain; after the end of the war, he became a corsair. With some associates he captured a ship in about 1603 and sailed it to Tunis; he and his crew converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. He was successful and became rich. He introduced heavily armed <a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">square-rigged ships</a>, used instead of galleys, to the North African area, a major reason for the Barbary's future dominance of the Mediterranean. He died of plague in 1622. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sayyida_al-Hurra">Sayyida al-Hurra</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sayyida al-Hurra" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></div> Sayyida al-Hurra was a female <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> cleric, merchant, governor of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a>, and later the wife of the sultan of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mernissi-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dict_Morocco-44">[44]</a> She was born around 1485 in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>, but was forced to flee to Morocco when she was very young to escape the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>. In Morocco, she gathered a crew largely of exiled <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>, and launched pirate expeditions against Spain and Portugal to avenge the Reconquista, protect Morocco from Christian pirates, and seek riches and glory. Sayyida al-Hurra became wealthy and renowned enough for the Sultan of Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad">Ahmad al-Wattasi</a> to make her his queen. Notably, however, she refused to marry in his capital of <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, and would not get married but in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a>, of which she was governor. This was the first and only time in history that a Moroccan monarch married away from their capital. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raïs_Hamidou">Raïs Hamidou</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Raïs Hamidou" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou" title="Raïs Hamidou">Raïs Hamidou</a></div> Hamidou ben Ali, known as Raïs Hamidou (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الرايس حميدو), or Amidon in American literature, born around 1770, and died on June 17, 1815, near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Gata" title="Cape Gata">Cape Gata</a> off the coast of southern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, was an Algerian <a href="/wiki/Barbary_corsair" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary corsair">corsair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-de_Courcy_1974_pp._187%E2%80%93196-45">[45]</a> He captured up to 200 ships during his career.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Hamidou ensured the prosperity of the <a href="/wiki/Deylik_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Deylik of Algiers">Deylik of Algiers</a>, and gave it its last glory before the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">French invasion</a>. His biography is relatively well known because the French archivist Albert Devoulx has found important documents, including a precious register of prizes opened by the authorities of the Deylik in 1765.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevoulx1859-47">[47]</a> Songs and legends have also taken hold of this charismatic character. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Famous_Barbary_corsairs">Other Famous Barbary corsairs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other Famous Barbary corsairs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a> (c. 1451–1511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ben_Hassan" title="Mohamed Ben Hassan">Mohamed Ben Hassan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1688 – 1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Pasha" title="Muhammad I Pasha">Muhammad I Pasha</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1688–1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1517–1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Gedik Ahmed Pasha">Gedik Ahmed Pasha</a> (died 1482)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Reis" title="Sinan Reis">Sinan Reis</a> (died 1546)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a> (died 1554 or 1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a> (1485–1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Pasha_(Ottoman_admiral)" title="Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)">Sinan Pasha</a> (died 1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_Muslihiddin_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis">Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis</a> (1487–c. 1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_H%C4%B1z%C4%B1r_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis">Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Salih Reis">Salih Reis</a> (c. 1488–1568)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seydi_Ali_Reis" title="Seydi Ali Reis">Seydi Ali Reis</a> (1498–1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyale_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Piyale Pasha">Piyale Pasha</a> (c. 1515–1578)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou" title="Raïs Hamidou">Raïs Hamidou</a> (1773–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu%C3%A7_Ali_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluç Ali Reis">Uluç Ali Reis</a> (1519–1587)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a> (c. 1560–1645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Danser" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon de Danser">Simon de Danser</a> or Simon Reis (c. 1579–c. 1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomo_de_Veenboer" class="mw-redirect" title="Salomo de Veenboer">Ivan-Dirkie de Veenboer</a> or Sulayman Reis (died 1620)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis the Elder</a> (c. 1534–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a> or Murat Reis the Younger (c. 1570–after 1641)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In fiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livorno,_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_(1626)_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_13-4-2006_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg/220px-Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg/220px-Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg/330px-Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg/440px-Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Livorno#Monumento_dei_quattro_mori" title="Livorno">Quattro Mori</a> ("Four Moors") by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Tacca" title="Pietro Tacca">Pietro Tacca</a>; Livorno, Italy</figcaption></figure> Barbary corsairs are protagonists in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_pantere_di_Algeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le pantere di Algeri (page does not exist)">Le pantere di Algeri</a> (the panthers of Algiers) by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Salgari" title="Emilio Salgari">Emilio Salgari</a>. They were featured in a number of other noted novels, including <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas, père</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows" title="The Wind in the Willows">The Wind in the Willows</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grahame" title="Kenneth Grahame">Kenneth Grahame</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Hawk" title="The Sea Hawk">The Sea Hawk</a> and the Sword of Islam by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Sabatini" title="Rafael Sabatini">Rafael Sabatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Algerine_Captive" title="The Algerine Captive">The Algerine Captive</a> by <a href="/wiki/Royall_Tyler" title="Royall Tyler">Royall Tyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aubrey%E2%80%93Maturin_series#Master_and_Commander" title="Aubrey–Maturin series">Master and Commander</a> by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Cycle">Baroque Cycle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Drum" title="The Walking Drum">The Walking Drum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lamour" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Lamour">Louis Lamour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle" title="Doctor Dolittle">Doctor Dolittle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lofting" title="Hugh Lofting">Hugh Lofting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsair_(Cussler_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsair (Cussler novel)">Corsair</a> by <a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanar_of_Pellucidar" title="Tanar of Pellucidar">Tanar of Pellucidar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angelique_(French_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelique (French series)">Angélique in Barbary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Golon" title="Anne Golon">Anne Golon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, the Spanish author, was captive for five years as a slave in the <a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">bagnio</a> of Algiers, and reflected his experience in some of his fictional (but not directly autobiographical) writings, including the Captive's tale in <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>, his two plays set in Algiers, El Trato de Argel (The Treaty of Algiers) and Los Baños de Argel (The Baths of Algiers), and episodes in a number of other works. In <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail" title="Die Entführung aus dem Serail">Die Entführung aus dem Serail</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a>), two European ladies are discovered in a Turkish harem, presumably captured by Barbary corsairs. <a href="/wiki/Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossini">Rossini</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/L%27italiana_in_Algeri" title="L'italiana in Algeri">L'italiana in Algeri</a> is based on the capture of several slaves by Barbary corsairs led by the <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_treaties" title="Barbary treaties">Barbary treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_beauty" title="Circassian beauty">Circassian beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Corsairs of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi (warrior)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">History of slavery in the Muslim world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islamic views on slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_conquests,_sieges_and_landings" title="List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings">List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathurin_Romegas" title="Mathurin Romegas">Mathurin Romegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Morisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Morocco–United States relations">Morocco–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Scotland" title="Piracy in Scotland">Piracy in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery in the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Geoffrey_F._Gresh,_Tugrul_Keskin-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_F._Gresh,_Tugrul_Keskin_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_F._Gresh,_Tugrul_Keskin2018" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey F. Gresh, Tugrul Keskin (2018). US Foreign Policy in the Middle East From American Missionaries to the Islamic State. Routledge. p. 1985. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-16962-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-16962-2"><bdi>978-1-351-16962-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Middle+East+From+American+Missionaries+to+the+Islamic+State&rft.pages=1985&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-16962-2&rft.au=Geoffrey+F.+Gresh%2C+Tugrul+Keskin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdu-2"><a href="#cite_ref-tdu_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFسرهنك1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">سرهنك, المير ألاي إسماعيل (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-1mcAAACAAJ&q=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9">تاريخ الدولة العثمانية</a> (in Arabic). دار الفكر الحديث للطبع والنشر.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%D9%83&rft.aufirst=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A+%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-1mcAAACAAJ%26q%3D%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AB%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1841" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Hugh (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gvpLAQAAMAAJ&dq=barbary+coast+berber&pg=PA5">The Encyclopædia of Geography: Comprising a Complete Description of the Earth, Physical, Statistical, Civil, and Political</a>. Lea and Blanchard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Geography%3A+Comprising+a+Complete+Description+of+the+Earth%2C+Physical%2C+Statistical%2C+Civil%2C+and+Political&rft.pub=Lea+and+Blanchard&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgvpLAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dbarbary%2Bcoast%2Bberber%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Davis2011" class="citation web cs1">Robert Davis (2011-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml">"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 27 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.au=Robert+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toll-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toll_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toll_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toll_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toll_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toll_5-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/books/review/Toll-t.html">Review of Pirates of Barbary</a> by Ian W. Toll, The New York Times, 12 Dec. 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Earle-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earle_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earle_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earle_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2004" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory (2004-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/mar/11/highereducation.books">"New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. 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Europäische Geschichte Online (EGO) / European History Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527001128/https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/the-spanish-century">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europ%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+Online+%28EGO%29+%2F+European+History+Online&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Century&rft.date=2024-09-11&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieg-ego.eu%2Fen%2Fthreads%2Fmodels-and-stereotypes%2Fthe-spanish-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdau-10"><a href="#cite_ref-tdau_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFareed" class="citation book cs1">Fareed, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6150666">تاريخ الدولة العلية العثمانية</a>. 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Anchor. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1952-4"><bdi>978-0-7679-1952-4</bdi></a>. 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Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598841572" title="Special:BookSources/9781598841572"><bdi>9781598841572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Wars+of+the+Early+American+Republic%2C+1783%E2%80%931812%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History+%26%2391%3B3+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9781598841572&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsApvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts, Thomas Barclay (1728–1793): Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary, Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2002/html/18995.htm">"Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2007-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Milestones+of+American+Diplomacy%2C+Interesting+Historical+Notes%2C+and+Department+of+State+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fs%2Fd%2Frm%2Frls%2Fperfrpt%2F2002%2Fhtml%2F18995.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Brion_Davis,_Steven_Mintz-31"><a href="#cite_ref-David_Brion_Davis,_Steven_Mintz_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Brion_Davis,_Steven_Mintz2000" class="citation book cs1">David Brion Davis, Steven Mintz (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGFMCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA222">The Boisterous Sea of Liberty A Documentary History of America from Discovery through the Civil War</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511669-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511669-4"><bdi>978-0-19-511669-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boisterous+Sea+of+Liberty+A+Documentary+History+of+America+from+Discovery+through+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511669-4&rft.au=David+Brion+Davis%2C+Steven+Mintz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGFMCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PA45">Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800</a>. Robert Davis (2004). p.45. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-4551-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-4551-9">1-4039-4551-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Rees Davies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1 July 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-BAGNO-34"><a href="#cite_ref-BAGNO_34-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bagnio">Definition of "bagnio" from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a>. Accessed 23 February 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnby1966-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Barnby1966_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._G._Barnby1966" class="citation book cs1">H. G. Barnby (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLsiAAAAMAAJ">The Prisoners of Algiers: An Account of the Forgotten American-Algerian War 1785-1797</a>. Oxford U.P. pp. 45–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prisoners+of+Algiers%3A+An+Account+of+the+Forgotten+American-Algerian+War+1785-1797&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=1966&rft.au=H.+G.+Barnby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRLsiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkin2006" class="citation book cs1">Ekin, Des (2006). The Stolen Village – Baltimore and the Barbary Pirates. OBrien. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-955-8"><bdi>978-0-86278-955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stolen+Village+%E2%80%93+Baltimore+and+the+Barbary+Pirates&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=OBrien&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86278-955-8&rft.aulast=Ekin&rft.aufirst=Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Davis, Robert. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1403945519">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-researchnews.osu.edu-38"><a href="#cite_ref-researchnews.osu.edu_38-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">"When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Research News, Ohio State University </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-39"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Robert (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabmeier2020" class="citation news cs1">Grabmeier, Jeff (2020-03-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.osu.edu/why-is-a-16-year-old-book-on-slavery-so-popular-now/">"Why is a 16-year-old book on slavery so popular now?"</a>. Ohio State University News. Retrieved 2022-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+State+University+News&rft.atitle=Why+is+a+16-year-old+book+on+slavery+so+popular+now%3F&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft.aulast=Grabmeier&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.osu.edu%2Fwhy-is-a-16-year-old-book-on-slavery-so-popular-now%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callow-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Callow_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallow2017" class="citation journal cs1">Callow, John (2017-01-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0268117X.2016.1250227">"British captives and slaves in North Africa"</a>. The Seventeenth Century. 32 (1): 103–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0268117X.2016.1250227">10.1080/0268117X.2016.1250227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-117X">0268-117X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164633295">164633295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seventeenth+Century&rft.atitle=British+captives+and+slaves+in+North+Africa&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164633295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0268-117X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0268117X.2016.1250227&rft.aulast=Callow&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F0268117X.2016.1250227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2012" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael H. (2012-11-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewMoAn4cNqMC&dq=barbarossa+established+a+state+algiers&pg=PA180">Causes and Consequences of Human Migration: An Evolutionary Perspective</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01286-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01286-8"><bdi>978-1-107-01286-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causes+and+Consequences+of+Human+Migration%3A+An+Evolutionary+Perspective&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01286-8&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewMoAn4cNqMC%26dq%3Dbarbarossa%2Bestablished%2Ba%2Bstate%2Balgiers%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mernissi-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Mernissi_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMernissi1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Mernissi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima Mernissi">Mernissi, Fatima</a> (July 30, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8toAmyqmN0C">The Forgotten Queens of Islam</a>. Univ of Minnesota Press. pp. 18–19, 115, 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2439-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2439-3"><bdi>978-0-8166-2439-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Queens+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19%2C+115%2C+193&rft.pub=Univ+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1997-07-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2439-3&rft.aulast=Mernissi&rft.aufirst=Fatima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8toAmyqmN0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dict_Morocco-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Dict_Morocco_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkBoum2006" class="citation book cs1">Park, Thomas Kerlin; Boum, Aomar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8KiCl5-MxMMC&pg=PA316">Historical dictionary of Morocco</a>. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5341-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5341-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-5341-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+Morocco&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5341-6&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kerlin&rft.au=Boum%2C+Aomar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8KiCl5-MxMMC%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Courcy_1974_pp._187–196-45"><a href="#cite_ref-de_Courcy_1974_pp._187%E2%80%93196_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Courcy1974" class="citation journal cs1">de Courcy, J. (1974). "RAÏS HAMIDOU: THE LAST OF THE GREAT ALGERIAN CORSAIRS". The Mariner's Mirror. 60 (2). Informa UK Limited: 187–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.1974.10657964">10.1080/00253359.1974.10657964</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-3359">0025-3359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=RA%C3%8FS+HAMIDOU%3A+THE+LAST+OF+THE+GREAT+ALGERIAN+CORSAIRS&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00253359.1974.10657964&rft.issn=0025-3359&rft.aulast=de+Courcy&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBEAUCARNOTDUMOULIN2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">BEAUCARNOT, Jean-Louis; DUMOULIN, Frédéric (2015-06-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bw68CQAAQBAJ&q=rais+hamidou+200+voiliers&pg=PT106">Dictionnaire étonnant des célébrités</a> (in French). edi8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7540-7767-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7540-7767-5"><bdi>978-2-7540-7767-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+%C3%A9tonnant+des+c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brit%C3%A9s&rft.pub=edi8&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.isbn=978-2-7540-7767-5&rft.aulast=BEAUCARNOT&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft.au=DUMOULIN%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbw68CQAAQBAJ%26q%3Drais%2Bhamidou%2B200%2Bvoiliers%26pg%3DPT106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevoulx1859-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevoulx1859_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDevoulx1859">Devoulx 1859</a>. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Clissold, Stephen. 1976. "Christian Renegades and Barbary Corsairs." History Today 26, no. 8: 508–515. Historical Abstracts.</li> <li>Davis, Robert C., Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-71966-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-71966-2">0-333-71966-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevoulx1859" class="citation book cs1">Devoulx, Albert (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tamelaht.unblog.fr/files/2007/08/raishamidou.pdf">Le raïs Hamidou: notice biographique sur le plus célèbre corsaire algérien du XIIIe siècle de l'hégire</a> (PDF). Dubos Frères.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+ra%C3%AFs+Hamidou%3A+notice+biographique+sur+le+plus+c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre+corsaire+alg%C3%A9rien+du+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+de+l%27h%C3%A9gire&rft.pub=Dubos+Fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Devoulx&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftamelaht.unblog.fr%2Ffiles%2F2007%2F08%2Fraishamidou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Earle, Peter. The Pirate Wars. Thomas Dunne. 2003. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Forester, C. S. The Barbary Pirates. Random House. 1953. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Heers, Jacques. The Barbary Corsairs: Warfare in the Mediterranean, 1480–1580. Greenhill Books. 2003. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Konstam, Angus. A History of Pirates. Lyons Press. 1999. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Kristensen, Jens Riise. Barbary To and Fro Ørby Publishing. 2005. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Leiner, Frederick C. The End of Barbary Terror: America's 1815 War against the Pirates of North Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2006. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Lambert, Frank. The Barbary Wars: American Independence in the Atlantic World. Hill & Wang, 2005. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Lloyd, Christopher. 1979. "Captain John Ward: Pirate." History Today 29, no. 11; p. 751.</li> <li>Matar, Nabil. 2001. "The Barbary Corsairs, King Charles I and the Civil War." Seventeenth Century 16, no. 2; pp. 239–258.</li> <li>Pryor, John H., Geography, Technology, and WarStudies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34424-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34424-7">0-521-34424-7</a></li> <li>Severn, Derek. "The Bombardment of Algiers, 1816." History Today 28, no. 1 (1978); pp. 31–39.</li> <li>Silverstein, Paul A. 2005. "The New Barbarians: Piracy and Terrorism on the North African Frontier." CR: The New Centennial Review 5, no. 1; pp. 179–212.</li> <li>Travers, Tim, Pirates: A History. Tempus Publishing, Gloucestershire. 2007. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007115647/http://worldnavies.glt.pl/">World Navies</a></li> <li>To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth of the U.S. Navy and Marines. Annapolis, MD : Naval Institute Press, 2001 [1991] [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Clark, G. N. "The Barbary Corsairs in the Seventeenth Century." Cambridge Historical Journal 8#1 (1944): 22–35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020800">online</a>.</li> <li>Gawalt, Gerard W. "America and the Barbary pirates: An international battle against an unconventional foe." (Library of Congress, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125639/http://solaleworks.com/islam/America_and_the_Barbary_Pirates.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>London, Joshua E. Victory in Tripoli: How America's War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44415-2">978-0-471-44415-2</a></li> <li>Sofka, James R. "The Jeffersonian idea of national security: commerce, the Atlantic balance of power, and the Barbary war, 1786–1805." Diplomatic History 21.4 (1997): 519–544. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24913335">online</a></li> <li>Turner, Robert F. "President Thomas Jefferson and the Barbary Pirates." in Bruce A Elleman, et al. eds. Piracy and Maritime Crime: Historical and Modern Case Studies (2010): 157–172. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528074506/https://cnsl.virginia.edu/sites/cnsl.virginia.edu/files/Turner-Jefferson-Barbary-Pirates-NWC-2010.pdf">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Tinniswood" title="Adrian Tinniswood">Adrian Tinniswood</a>, Pirates of Barbary: Corsairs, Conquests and Captivity in the Seventeenth-Century Mediterranean, 343 pp. Riverhead Books, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-774-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-774-3">978-1-59448-774-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/books/review/Toll-t.html">NY Times review</a></li> <li>White, Joshua M.Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean (Stanford University Press, 2017). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-50360-252-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-50360-252-6">978-1-50360-252-6</a>.</li> <li>White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One Million European Slaves by Giles Milton (Sceptre, 2005)</li> <li>Zacks, Richard. The pirate coast : Thomas Jefferson, the first marines and the secret mission of 1805 Hyperion, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4013-0849-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4013-0849-X">1-4013-0849-X</a></li> <li>Christian slaves, Muslim masters : white slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800 by Robert C. Davis. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-71966-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-71966-4">978-0-333-71966-4</a></li> <li>Piracy, Slavery and Redemption: Barbary Captivity Narratives from Early Modern England by D. J. Vikus (Columbia University Press, 2001)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obrien.ie/Book632.cfm">The Stolen Village: Baltimore and the Barbary Pirates by Des Ekin</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-955-8">978-0-86278-955-8</a></li> <li>Skeletons on the Zahara: A True Story of Survival by Dean King, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-15935-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-15935-2">0-316-15935-2</a></li> <li>Oren, Michael. "Early American Encounters in the Middle East", in Power, Faith, and Fantasy. New York: Norton, 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoot2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Boot" title="Max Boot">Boot, Max</a> (2002). The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00720-2"><bdi>978-0-465-00720-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Savage+Wars+of+Peace%3A+Small+Wars+and+the+Rise+of+American+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00720-2&rft.aulast=Boot&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+corsairs" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lambert, Frank. The Barbary Wars. New York: Hill and Wang, 2005.</li> <li>Whipple, A. B. C. To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth of the U.S. Navy and Marines. Bluejacket Books, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-966-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-966-2">1-55750-966-2</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webpages.free-online.co.uk/ksj/malta.html">Knights Hospitaller of St. John – Order of St John of Jerusalem Malta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/essay/war/bp/bar-pir.html">The Barbary Pirates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/mar/11/highereducation.books">New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121021536/http://www.barbarywarfare.com/">Barbary Warfare</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clements.umich.edu/exhibits/online/barbary/barbary-introduction.php">The Barbary Wars at the Clements Library</a>:An online exhibit on the Barbary Wars with images and transcriptions of primary documents from the period.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/essay/war/bp/bp-abw.html">American Barbary Wars</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&oldid=1271386262">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&oldid=1271386262</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_corsairs&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 January 2025, at 21:00 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbaryse_seerowers" title="Barbaryse seerowers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Barbaryse seerowers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="جهاد بحري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاد بحري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirater%C3%ADa_berberisca" title="Piratería berberisca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Piratería berberisca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99rb%C9%99r_d%C9%99niz_quldurlar%C4%B1" title="Bərbər dəniz quldurları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bərbər dəniz quldurları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بربر دنیز قولدورلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بربر دنیز قولدورلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Берберскія карсары – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Берберскія карсары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Берберски пирати – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Берберски пирати" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria_barbaresca" title="Pirateria barbaresca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pirateria barbaresca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r-ladron_Barbari" title="Môr-ladron Barbari – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr-ladron Barbari" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbaresken-Korsaren" title="Barbaresken-Korsaren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barbaresken-Korsaren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Βερβερίνοι πειρατές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βερβερίνοι πειρατές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirater%C3%ADa_berberisca" title="Piratería berberisca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piratería berberisca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbereskaj_piratoj" title="Berbereskaj piratoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Berbereskaj piratoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirata_amazig" title="Pirata amazig – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pirata amazig" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="دزدان دریایی بربر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دزدان دریایی بربر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbaresques" title="Barbaresques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barbaresques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%94%EB%A6%AC_%ED%95%B4%EC%A0%81" title="바르바리 해적 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바르바리 해적" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Barbary pirates" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberski_korsari" title="Berberski korsari – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Berberski korsari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajak_laut_Barbaria" title="Bajak laut Barbaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bajak laut Barbaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3r%C3%A6ningjar_fr%C3%A1_Barbar%C3%ADinu" title="Sjóræningjar frá Barbaríinu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjóræningjar frá Barbaríinu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsari_barbareschi" title="Corsari barbareschi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corsari barbareschi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%93%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שודדי ים ברברים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שודדי ים ברברים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber%C5%B3_piratai" title="Berberų piratai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Berberų piratai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_kal%C3%B3zok" title="Berber kalózok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Berber kalózok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Берберски пирати – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Берберски пирати" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="قرصنة البربر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قرصنة البربر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanun_Barbar" title="Lanun Barbar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lanun Barbar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarijse_zeerovers" title="Barbarijse zeerovers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Barbarijse zeerovers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A" title="バルバリア海賊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルバリア海賊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbareskpirater" title="Barbareskpirater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barbareskpirater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraci_berberyjscy" title="Piraci berberyjscy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piraci berberyjscy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratas_da_Barb%C3%A1ria" title="Piratas da Barbária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Piratas da Barbária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Берберские пираты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берберские пираты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirat%C3%ABt_berber%C3%AB" title="Piratët berberë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Piratët berberë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Берберски гусари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Берберски гусари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberski_korsari" title="Berberski korsari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Berberski korsari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbareskit" title="Barbareskit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Barbareskit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbareskpirater" title="Barbareskpirater – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barbareskpirater" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="โจรสลัดบาร์บารี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โจรสลัดบาร์บารี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi_korsanlar" title="Berberi korsanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Berberi korsanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Берберські корсари – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берберські корсари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E8%B4%BC" title="巴巴里海贼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴巴里海贼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A" title="巴巴里海賊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴巴里海賊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97" title="巴巴里海盗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴巴里海盗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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