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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Romanticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_symphony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_symphony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>City symphony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_symphony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kino-Pravda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kino-Pravda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span><i>Kino-Pravda</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kino-Pravda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newsreel_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newsreel_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Newsreel tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newsreel_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s–1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s–1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1930s–1940s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s–1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s–1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s–1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1950s–1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s–1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinéma-vérité" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinéma-vérité"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Cinéma-vérité</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinéma-vérité-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Political weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Modern documentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentaries_without_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries_without_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Documentaries without words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries_without_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narration_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narration_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Narration styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narration_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hybrid_documentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_documentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hybrid documentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_documentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Docufiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Docufiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Docufiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Docufiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fake-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fake-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fake-fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fake-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DVD_documentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DVD_documentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>DVD documentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DVD_documentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compilation_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compilation_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Compilation films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compilation_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Observational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Educational films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Translation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Translation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Translation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Working_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Working conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Some_documentary_film_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_documentary_film_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Some documentary film awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_documentary_film_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources and bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources and bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnographic_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnographic_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ethnographic film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnographic_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Documentary film</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D9%8A" title="فيلم وثائقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلم وثائقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_documental" title="Cine documental – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cine documental" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="তথ্যচিত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তথ্যচিত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documental" title="Documental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Documental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99n%C9%99dli_film" title="Sənədli film – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sənədli film" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="প্রামাণ্য চলচ্চিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রামাণ্য চলচ্চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AC-lio%CC%8Dk-ph%C3%AC%E2%81%BF" title="Kì-lio̍k-phìⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kì-lio̍k-phìⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Дакументальнае кіно – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дакументальнае кіно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Дакумэнтальнае кіно – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дакумэнтальнае кіно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Документален филм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Документален филм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentarni_film" title="Dokumentarni film – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dokumentarni film" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documental" title="Documental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Documental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_film" title="Dokumentární film – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dokumentární film" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentarfilm" title="Dokumentarfilm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dokumentarfilm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentarfilm" title="Dokumentarfilm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dokumentarfilm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentaalfilm" title="Dokumentaalfilm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dokumentaalfilm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81" title="Ντοκιμαντέρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντοκιμαντέρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documental" title="Documental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Documental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumenta_filmo" title="Dokumenta filmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dokumenta filmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumental" title="Dokumental – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dokumental" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فیلم مستند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم مستند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentaire" title="Documentaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Documentaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumint%C3%AAre" title="Dokumintêre – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dokumintêre" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scann%C3%A1n_faisn%C3%A9ise" title="Scannán faisnéise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scannán faisnéise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documental" title="Documental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Documental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%84%E7%89%87" title="記錄片 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="記錄片" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%ED%81%90%EB%A9%98%ED%84%B0%EB%A6%AC_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="다큐멘터리 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다큐멘터리 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Documentary film" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B4" title="Վավերագրական ֆիլմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վավերագրական ֆիլմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="वृत्त चित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वृत्त चित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentarni_film" title="Dokumentarni film – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dokumentarni film" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_dokumenter" title="Film dokumenter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film dokumenter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimildarmynd" title="Heimildarmynd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heimildarmynd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentario" title="Documentario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Documentario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99" title="סרט תיעודי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט תיעודי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="დოკუმენტური ფილმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დოკუმენტური ფილმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentaries" title="Documentaries – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Documentaries" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgef%C3%AElm" title="Belgefîlm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Belgefîlm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Документ кино – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Документ кино" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmo_dokumentalo" title="Filmo dokumentalo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Filmo dokumentalo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellicula_documentaria" title="Pellicula documentaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pellicula documentaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument%C4%81l%C4%81_filma" title="Dokumentālā filma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dokumentālā filma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentaire" title="Documentaire – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Documentaire" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentinis_kinas" title="Dokumentinis kinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dokumentinis kinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filma_atestante" title="Filma atestante – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Filma atestante" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentumfilm" title="Dokumentumfilm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dokumentumfilm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Документарен филм – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Документарен филм" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D9%89" title="فيلم وثائقى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلم وثائقى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem_dokumentari" title="Filem dokumentari – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filem dokumentari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Баримтат кино – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баримтат кино" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentaire" title="Documentaire – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Documentaire" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ドキュメンタリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドキュメンタリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentarfilm" title="Dokumentarfilm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dokumentarfilm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujjatli_film" title="Hujjatli film – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hujjatli film" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE" title="ਦਸਤਾਵੇਜ਼ੀ ਫ਼ਿਲਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਸਤਾਵੇਜ਼ੀ ਫ਼ਿਲਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="دستاویزی فلم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دستاویزی فلم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakiumenchri" title="Dakiumenchri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Dakiumenchri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%AF%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A" title="ភាពយន្តឯកសារ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាពយន្តឯកសារ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_dokumentalny" title="Film dokumentalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Film dokumentalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document%C3%A1rio" title="Documentário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Documentário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_documentar" title="Film documentar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Film documentar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Документальное кино – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Документальное кино" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmi_dokumentar" title="Filmi dokumentar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filmi dokumentar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducumintariu" title="Ducumintariu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ducumintariu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_documentary" title="Video documentary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Video documentary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="دستاويزي فلم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دستاويزي فلم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument%C3%A1rny_film" title="Dokumentárny film – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dokumentárny film" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentarni_film" title="Dokumentarni film – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dokumentarni film" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فیلمی بەڵگەنامەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی بەڵگەنامەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Документарни филм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Документарни филм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumentarni_film" title="Dokumentarni film – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dokumentarni film" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumenttielokuva" title="Dokumenttielokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dokumenttielokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument%C3%A4rfilm" title="Dokumentärfilm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dokumentärfilm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆவணத் திரைப்படம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆவணத் திரைப்படம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาพยนตร์สารคดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาพยนตร์สารคดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Филми мустанад – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Филми мустанад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgesel_film" title="Belgesel film – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belgesel film" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Документальний фільм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Документальний фільм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ڈاکیومنٹری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈاکیومنٹری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phim_t%C3%A0i_li%E1%BB%87u" title="Phim tài liệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phim tài liệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fime_di_racsegne" title="Fime di racsegne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fime di racsegne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%AA%E5%BD%95%E7%89%87" title="纪录片 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纪录片" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="דאקומענטארער פילם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דאקומענטארער פילם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E9%8C%84%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="紀錄電影 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紀錄電影" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E9%8C%84%E7%89%87" title="紀錄片 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紀錄片" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nonfictional motion picture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Documentary" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Documentary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Documentary (disambiguation)">Documentary (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BolexH16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg/220px-BolexH16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg/330px-BolexH16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm</a> spring-wound <a href="/wiki/Bolex" title="Bolex">Bolex</a> "H16" reflex camera – a popular entry-level camera used in film schools</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>documentary film</b> or <b>documentary</b> is a non-fictional <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">motion picture</a> intended to "document reality, primarily for instruction, education or maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">historical record</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nichols_(film_critic)" title="Bill Nichols (film critic)">Bill Nichols</a> has characterized the documentary in terms of "a <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a> practice, a cinematic tradition, and mode of audience reception [that remains] a practice without clear boundaries".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early documentary films, originally called "<a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">actuality films</a>", briefly lasted for one minute or less. Over time, documentaries have evolved to become longer in length and to include more categories. Some examples are <a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">educational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">docufiction</a>. Documentaries are very <a href="/wiki/Informational_listening" title="Informational listening">informative</a>, and are often used within schools as a resource to teach various <a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">principles</a>. Documentary filmmakers have a responsibility to be truthful to their vision of the world without intentionally misrepresenting a topic. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Social_media_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media platforms">Social media platforms</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>) have provided an avenue for the growth of the documentary-<a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">film genre</a>. These platforms have increased the distribution area and ease-of-accessibility. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unenouvellesourc00matu_0005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Unenouvellesourc00matu_0005.jpg/220px-Unenouvellesourc00matu_0005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Unenouvellesourc00matu_0005.jpg/330px-Unenouvellesourc00matu_0005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Unenouvellesourc00matu_0005.jpg/440px-Unenouvellesourc00matu_0005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>The cover of <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Matuszewski" title="Bolesław Matuszewski">Bolesław Matuszewski</a>'s 1898 book <i>Une nouvelle source de l'histoire (A New Source of History)</i>, the first publication about documentary function of cinematography</figcaption></figure> <p>Polish writer and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Matuszewski" title="Bolesław Matuszewski">Bolesław Matuszewski</a> was among those who identified the mode of documentary film. He wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema, <i>Une nouvelle source de l'histoire</i> ("A New Source of History") and <i>La photographie animée</i> ("Animated photography"). Both were published in 1898 in French and were among the earliest written works to consider the historical and documentary value of the film.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect and keep safe visual materials.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "documentary" was coined by Scottish documentary filmmaker <a href="/wiki/John_Grierson" title="John Grierson">John Grierson</a> in his review of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Flaherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Flaherty">Robert Flaherty</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Moana_(1926_film)" title="Moana (1926 film)">Moana</a></i> (1926), published in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Sun_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Sun (historical)">New York Sun</a></i> on 8 February 1926, written by "The Moviegoer" (a pen name for Grierson).<sup id="cite_ref-RFL_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFL-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grierson's principles of documentary were that cinema's potential for observing life could be exploited in a new art form; that the "original" actor and "original" scene are better guides than their fiction counterparts for interpreting the modern world; and that materials "thus taken from the raw" can be more real than the acted article. In this regard, Grierson's definition of documentary as "creative treatment of actuality"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has gained some acceptance; however, this position is at variance with Soviet film-maker <a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Dziga Vertov</a>'s credos of provocation to present "life as it is" (that is, life filmed surreptitiously), and "life caught unawares" (life provoked or surprised by the camera). </p><p>The American film critic <a href="/wiki/Pare_Lorentz" title="Pare Lorentz">Pare Lorentz</a> defines a documentary film as "a factual film which is dramatic."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others further state that a documentary stands out from the other types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion, and a specific message, along with the facts it presents.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar Betsy McLane asserted that documentaries are for filmmakers to convey their views about historical events, people, and places which they find significant.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the advantage of documentaries lies in introducing new perspectives which may not be prevalent in traditional media such as written publications and school curricula.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Documentary practice is the complex process of creating documentary projects. It refers to what people do with media devices, content, form, and production strategies to address the creative, ethical, and conceptual problems and choices that arise as they make documentaries. </p><p>Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, or personal expression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1900">Pre-1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early film (pre-1900) was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. Single-shot moments were captured on film, such as a train entering a station, a boat docking, or factory workers leaving work. These short films were called "actuality" films; the term "documentary" was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as those made by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Auguste and Louis Lumière</a>, were a minute or less in length, due to technological limitations. Examples can be viewed on YouTube. </p><p>Films showing many people (for example, leaving a factory) were often made for commercial reasons: the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment, the film showing them. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Corbett-Fitzsimmons_Fight" class="mw-redirect" title="The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight">The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight</a></i>. Using pioneering film-looping technology, <a href="/wiki/Enoch_J._Rector" title="Enoch J. Rector">Enoch J. Rector</a> presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States. </p><p>In May 1896, <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Matuszewski" title="Bolesław Matuszewski">Bolesław Matuszewski</a> recorded on film a few surgical operations in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Louis_Doyen" title="Eugène-Louis Doyen">Eugène-Louis Doyen</a> invited Matuszewski and <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Maurice" title="Clément Maurice">Clément Maurice</a> to record his surgical operations. They started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations. Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. For scientific purposes, after 1906, Doyen combined 15 of his films into three compilations, two of which survive, the six-film series <i>Extirpation des tumeurs encapsulées</i> (1906), and the four-film <i>Les Opérations sur la cavité crânienne</i> (1911). These and five other of Doyen's films survive.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gheorghe_Marinescu_-_Science_films.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gheorghe_Marinescu_-_Science_films.jpg/220px-Gheorghe_Marinescu_-_Science_films.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gheorghe_Marinescu_-_Science_films.jpg/330px-Gheorghe_Marinescu_-_Science_films.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Gheorghe_Marinescu_-_Science_films.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Frame from one of <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Marinescu" title="Gheorghe Marinescu">Gheorghe Marinescu</a>'s science films (1899)</figcaption></figure> <p>Between July 1898 and 1901, the Romanian professor <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Marinescu" title="Gheorghe Marinescu">Gheorghe Marinescu</a> made several science films in his <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a> clinic in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-marin1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marin1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Walking_Troubles_of_Organic_Hemiplegy" title="Walking Troubles of Organic Hemiplegy">Walking Troubles of Organic Hemiplegy</a></i> (1898), <i>The Walking Troubles of Organic Paraplegies</i> (1899), <i>A Case of Hysteric Hemiplegy Healed Through Hypnosis</i> (1899), <i>The Walking Troubles of Progressive Locomotion Ataxy</i> (1900), and <i>Illnesses of the Muscles</i> (1901). All these short films have been preserved. The professor called his works "studies with the help of the cinematograph," and published the results, along with several consecutive frames, in issues of <i>La Semaine Médicale</i> magazine from Paris, between 1899 and 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-marin2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marin2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, Auguste Lumière recognized the merits of Marinescu's science films: "I've seen your scientific reports about the usage of the cinematograph in studies of nervous illnesses, when I was still receiving <i>La Semaine Médicale</i>, but back then I had other concerns, which left me no spare time to begin biological studies. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me. Unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way."<sup id="cite_ref-marin3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marin3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marinescupathe_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marinescupathe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marinescuanf_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marinescuanf-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1920"><span id="1900.E2.80.931920"></span>1900–1920</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1900–1920"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_malins_z_aeroskopem_St_Eloi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_malins_z_aeroskopem_St_Eloi.jpg/250px-George_malins_z_aeroskopem_St_Eloi.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_malins_z_aeroskopem_St_Eloi.jpg/375px-George_malins_z_aeroskopem_St_Eloi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_malins_z_aeroskopem_St_Eloi.jpg/500px-George_malins_z_aeroskopem_St_Eloi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Malins" title="Geoffrey Malins">Geoffrey Malins</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Aeroscope" title="Aeroscope">aeroscope</a> camera during World War I</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Travelogue_(films)" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelogue (films)">Travelogue films</a> were very popular in the early part of the 20th century. They were often referred to by distributors as "scenics". Scenics were among the most popular sort of films at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important early film which moved beyond the concept of the scenic was <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Land_of_the_Head_Hunters" title="In the Land of the Head Hunters">In the Land of the Head Hunters</a></i> (1914), which embraced <a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">primitivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">exoticism</a> in a staged story presented as truthful re-enactments of the life of <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">Native Americans</a>. </p><p>Contemplation is a separate area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (March 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a> was the best-known global manufacturer of such films in the early 20th century. A vivid example is <i><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Clad_in_Snow" title="Moscow Clad in Snow">Moscow Clad in Snow</a></i> (1909). </p><p>Biographical documentaries appeared during this time, such as the feature <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eminescu-Veronica-Creang%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eminescu-Veronica-Creangă (page does not exist)">Eminescu-Veronica-Creangă</a></i> (1914) on the relationship between the writers <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Mihai Eminescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Micle" title="Veronica Micle">Veronica Micle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Creang%C4%83_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Creangă (writer)">Ion Creangă</a> (all deceased at the time of the production), released by the <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> chapter of <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a>. </p><p>Early color motion picture processes such as <a href="/wiki/Kinemacolor" title="Kinemacolor">Kinemacolor</a> (known for the feature <i><a href="/wiki/With_Our_King_and_Queen_Through_India" title="With Our King and Queen Through India">With Our King and Queen Through India</a></i> (1912)) and <a href="/wiki/Prizma" title="Prizma">Prizma</a> Color (known for <i>Everywhere With Prizma</i> (1919) and the five-reel feature <i>Bali the Unknown</i> (1921)) used travelogues to promote the new color processes. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a> concentrated primarily on getting their process adopted by Hollywood studios for fiction feature films. </p><p>Also during this period, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a>'s feature documentary film, <i>South</i> (1919) about the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> was released. The film documented the failed Antarctic expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> in 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s">1920s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1920s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romanticism">Romanticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Romanticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanook_of_the_north.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nanook_of_the_north.jpg/220px-Nanook_of_the_north.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nanook_of_the_north.jpg/330px-Nanook_of_the_north.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nanook_of_the_north.jpg/440px-Nanook_of_the_north.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Nanook_of_the_North" title="Nanook of the North">Nanook of the North</a></i> poster</figcaption></figure> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Robert J. Flaherty</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nanook_of_the_North" title="Nanook of the North">Nanook of the North</a></i> in 1922, documentary film embraced <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>. Flaherty filmed a number of heavily staged romantic documentary films during this time period, often showing how his subjects would have lived 100 years earlier and not how they lived right then. For instance, in <i>Nanook of the North</i>, Flaherty did not allow his subjects to shoot a walrus with a nearby shotgun, but had them use a harpoon instead. Some of Flaherty's staging, such as building a roofless <a href="/wiki/Igloo" title="Igloo">igloo</a> for interior shots, was done to accommodate the filming technology of the time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> tried to repeat the success of Flaherty's <i>Nanook</i> and <i>Moana</i> with two romanticized documentaries, <i><a href="/wiki/Grass_(1925_film)" title="Grass (1925 film)">Grass</a></i> (1925) and <i><a href="/wiki/Chang_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang (film)">Chang</a></i> (1927), both directed by <a href="/wiki/Merian_C._Cooper" title="Merian C. Cooper">Merian C. Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Schoedsack" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Schoedsack">Ernest Schoedsack</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_symphony">City symphony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: City symphony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></div> <p>The "<i><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">city symphony</a></i>" sub <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">film genre</a> consisted of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Avant-garde films">avant-garde films</a> during the 1920s and 1930s. These films were particularly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Art_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Art historian">art historian</a> and author <a href="/wiki/Scott_MacDonald_(media_scholar)" title="Scott MacDonald (media scholar)">Scott MacDonald</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> city symphony films can be described as, "An intersection between documentary and avant-garde film: an <i>avant-doc</i>"; however, A.L. Rees suggests regarding them as avant-garde films.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early titles produced within this genre include: <i><a href="/wiki/Manhatta" title="Manhatta">Manhatta</a></i> (New York; dir. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Strand" title="Paul Strand">Paul Strand</a>, 1921); <i><a href="/wiki/Rien_que_les_heures" title="Rien que les heures">Rien que les heures</a>/Nothing But The Hours</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_films" class="mw-redirect" title="French films">France</a>; dir. <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Cavalcanti" title="Alberto Cavalcanti">Alberto Cavalcanti</a>, 1926); <i>Twenty Four Dollar Island</i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Robert J. Flaherty</a>, 1927); <i>Moscow</i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kaufman" title="Mikhail Kaufman">Mikhail Kaufman</a>, 1927); <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tudes_sur_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Études sur Paris (page does not exist)">Études sur Paris</a></i> (dir. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Sauvage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Sauvage (page does not exist)">André Sauvage</a>, 1928); <i><a href="/wiki/De_brug" title="De brug">The Bridge</a></i> (1928) and <i><a href="/wiki/Rain_(1929_film)" title="Rain (1929 film)">Rain</a></i> (1929), both by <a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a>; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Paulo,_Sinfonia_da_Metr%C3%B3pole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="São Paulo, Sinfonia da Metrópole (page does not exist)">São Paulo, Sinfonia da Metrópole</a></i> (dir. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adalberto_Kemeny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adalberto Kemeny (page does not exist)">Adalberto Kemeny</a>, 1929), <i><a href="/wiki/Berlin:_Symphony_of_a_Metropolis" title="Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis">Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann">Walter Ruttmann</a>, 1927); <i><a href="/wiki/Man_with_a_Movie_Camera" title="Man with a Movie Camera">Man with a Movie Camera</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Dziga Vertov</a>, 1929); <i><a href="/wiki/Douro,_Faina_Fluvial" title="Douro, Faina Fluvial">Douro, Faina Fluvial</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Manoel_de_Oliveira" title="Manoel de Oliveira">Manoel de Oliveira</a>, 1931); and <i><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Two_Languages" title="Rhapsody in Two Languages">Rhapsody in Two Languages</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sparling" title="Gordon Sparling">Gordon Sparling</a>, 1934). </p><p>A city symphony film, as the name suggests, is most often based around a major <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolitan city</a> area and seeks to capture the life, events and activities of the city. It can use <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">abstract</a> cinematography (Walter Ruttman's <i>Berlin</i>) or may use <a href="/wiki/Soviet_montage_theory" title="Soviet montage theory">Soviet montage theory</a> (Dziga Vertov's, <i>Man with a Movie Camera</i>). Most importantly, a city symphony film is a form of <a href="/wiki/Cinepoetry" title="Cinepoetry">cinepoetry</a>, shot and edited in the style of a "<a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a>". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail_kaufman_on_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mikhail_kaufman_on_train.jpg/220px-Mikhail_kaufman_on_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mikhail_kaufman_on_train.jpg/330px-Mikhail_kaufman_on_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mikhail_kaufman_on_train.jpg/440px-Mikhail_kaufman_on_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>In this shot from <i><a href="/wiki/Man_with_a_Movie_Camera" title="Man with a Movie Camera">Man with a Movie Camera</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kaufman" title="Mikhail Kaufman">Mikhail Kaufman</a> acts as a cameraman risking his life in search of the best shot.</figcaption></figure> <p>The European continental tradition (<i>See:</i> <a href="/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">Realism</a>) focused on humans within human-made environments, and included the so-called city symphony films such as Walter Ruttmann's, <i>Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis</i> (of which <a href="/wiki/John_Grierson" title="John Grierson">Grierson</a> noted in an article<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that <i>Berlin,</i> represented what a documentary should not be); Alberto Cavalcanti's, <i>Rien que les heures;</i> and Dziga Vertov's <i>Man with a Movie Camera</i>. These films tend to feature people as products of their environment, and lean towards the avant-garde. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kino-Pravda"><i>Kino-Pravda</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kino-Pravda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Dziga Vertov</a> was central to the Soviet <i><a href="/wiki/Kino-Pravda" title="Kino-Pravda">Kino-Pravda</a></i> (literally, "cinematic truth") newsreel series of the 1920s. Vertov believed the camera – with its varied lenses, shot-counter shot editing, time-lapse, ability to slow motion, stop motion and fast-motion – could render reality more accurately than the human eye, and created a film philosophy from it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newsreel_tradition">Newsreel tradition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Newsreel tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreel</a> tradition is important in documentary film. Newsreels at this time were sometimes staged but were usually re-enactments of events that had already happened, not attempts to steer events as they were in the process of happening. For instance, much of the battle footage from the early 20th century was staged; the cameramen would usually arrive on site after a major battle and re-enact scenes to film them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s–1940s"><span id="1930s.E2.80.931940s"></span>1930s–1940s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1930s–1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The propagandist tradition consists of films made with the explicit purpose of persuading an audience of a point. One of the most celebrated and controversial <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">propaganda films</a> is <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></i> (1935), which chronicled the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nazi Party Congress</a> and was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. Leftist filmmakers <a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Storck" title="Henri Storck">Henri Storck</a> directed <i><a href="/wiki/Mis%C3%A8re_au_Borinage" title="Misère au Borinage">Borinage</a></i> (1931) about the Belgian coal mining region. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> directed a "<a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealist</a>" documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Land_Without_Bread" title="Land Without Bread">Las Hurdes</a></i> (1933). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pare_Lorentz" title="Pare Lorentz">Pare Lorentz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plow_That_Broke_the_Plains" title="The Plow That Broke the Plains">The Plow That Broke the Plains</a></i> (1936) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_River_(1938_film)" title="The River (1938 film)">The River</a></i> (1938) and <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Dyke" title="Willard Van Dyke">Willard Van Dyke</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_City_(1939_film)" title="The City (1939 film)">The City</a></i> (1939) are notable <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> productions, each presenting complex combinations of social and ecological awareness, government propaganda, and leftist viewpoints. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Fight" title="Why We Fight">Why We Fight</a></i> (1942–1944) series was a newsreel series in the United States, commissioned by the government to convince the U.S. public that it was time to go to war. <a href="/wiki/Constance_Bennett" title="Constance Bennett">Constance Bennett</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_la_Falaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de la Falaise">Henri de la Falaise</a> produced two feature-length documentaries, <i><a href="/wiki/Legong:_Dance_of_the_Virgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Legong: Dance of the Virgins">Legong: Dance of the Virgins</a></i> (1935) filmed in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, and <i>Kilou the Killer Tiger</i> (1936) filmed in <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>. </p><p>In Canada, the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">Film Board</a>, set up by John Grierson, was set up for the same propaganda reasons. It also created newsreels that were seen by their national governments as legitimate counter-propaganda to the psychological warfare of <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> Germany orchestrated by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basil_Wright,_Joris_Ivens,_Elmar_Klos_i_Jerzy_Toeplitz_-_Film_nr_55-56_-_1948-12-23.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Basil_Wright%2C_Joris_Ivens%2C_Elmar_Klos_i_Jerzy_Toeplitz_-_Film_nr_55-56_-_1948-12-23.JPG/220px-Basil_Wright%2C_Joris_Ivens%2C_Elmar_Klos_i_Jerzy_Toeplitz_-_Film_nr_55-56_-_1948-12-23.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Basil_Wright%2C_Joris_Ivens%2C_Elmar_Klos_i_Jerzy_Toeplitz_-_Film_nr_55-56_-_1948-12-23.JPG/330px-Basil_Wright%2C_Joris_Ivens%2C_Elmar_Klos_i_Jerzy_Toeplitz_-_Film_nr_55-56_-_1948-12-23.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Basil_Wright%2C_Joris_Ivens%2C_Elmar_Klos_i_Jerzy_Toeplitz_-_Film_nr_55-56_-_1948-12-23.JPG/440px-Basil_Wright%2C_Joris_Ivens%2C_Elmar_Klos_i_Jerzy_Toeplitz_-_Film_nr_55-56_-_1948-12-23.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2051" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Conference of "World Union of documentary films" in 1948 Warsaw featured famous directors of the era: <a href="/wiki/Basil_Wright" title="Basil Wright">Basil Wright</a> (on the left), <a href="/wiki/Elmar_Klos" title="Elmar Klos">Elmar Klos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a> (2nd from the right), and <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Toeplitz" title="Jerzy Toeplitz">Jerzy Toeplitz</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Britain, a number of different filmmakers came together under John Grierson. They became known as the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a>. Grierson, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Cavalcanti" title="Alberto Cavalcanti">Alberto Cavalcanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Watt_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Watt (director)">Harry Watt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_Wright" title="Basil Wright">Basil Wright</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Jennings" title="Humphrey Jennings">Humphrey Jennings</a> amongst others succeeded in blending propaganda, information, and education with a more poetic aesthetic approach to documentary. Examples of their work include <i>Drifters</i> (John Grierson), <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Ceylon">Song of Ceylon</a></i> (Basil Wright), <i><a href="/wiki/Fires_Were_Started" title="Fires Were Started">Fires Were Started</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Diary_for_Timothy" title="A Diary for Timothy">A Diary for Timothy</a></i> (Humphrey Jennings). Their work involved poets such as <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, composers such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, and writers such as <a href="/wiki/J._B._Priestley" title="J. B. Priestley">J. B. Priestley</a>. Among the best known films of the movement are <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Mail" title="Night Mail">Night Mail</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Coal_Face" title="Coal Face">Coal Face</a></i>. </p><p><i>Calling Mr. Smith</i> (1943) is an anti-Nazi color film<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Themerson" title="Stefan Themerson">Stefan Themerson</a> which is both a documentary and an avant-garde film against war. It was one of the first anti-Nazi films in history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s–1970s"><span id="1950s.E2.80.931970s"></span>1950s–1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1950s–1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lennart_Meri_kodus_oma_t%C3%B6%C3%B6kabinetis_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lennart_Meri_kodus_oma_t%C3%B6%C3%B6kabinetis_02.jpg/220px-Lennart_Meri_kodus_oma_t%C3%B6%C3%B6kabinetis_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lennart_Meri_kodus_oma_t%C3%B6%C3%B6kabinetis_02.jpg/330px-Lennart_Meri_kodus_oma_t%C3%B6%C3%B6kabinetis_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lennart_Meri_kodus_oma_t%C3%B6%C3%B6kabinetis_02.jpg/440px-Lennart_Meri_kodus_oma_t%C3%B6%C3%B6kabinetis_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Meri" title="Lennart Meri">Lennart Meri</a> (1929–2006), the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Republic of Estonia">President of the Republic of Estonia</a>, directed documentaries several years before his presidency. His film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Winds_of_the_Milky_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="The Winds of the Milky Way">The Winds of the Milky Way</a></i> won a silver medal at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival" title="New York Film Festival">New York Film Festival</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cinéma-vérité"><span id="Cin.C3.A9ma-v.C3.A9rit.C3.A9"></span>Cinéma-vérité</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cinéma-vérité"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a> (or the closely related <a href="/wiki/Direct_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Cinema">direct cinema</a>) was dependent on some technical advances to exist: light, quiet and reliable cameras, and portable sync sound. </p><p>Cinéma vérité and similar documentary traditions can thus be seen, in a broader perspective, as a reaction against studio-based film production constraints. Shooting on location, with smaller crews, would also happen in the <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a>, the filmmakers taking advantage of advances in technology allowing smaller, handheld cameras and synchronized sound to film events on location as they unfolded. </p><p>Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there are important differences between cinéma vérité (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Rouch" title="Jean Rouch">Jean Rouch</a>) and the North American "<a href="/wiki/Direct_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Cinema">direct cinema</a>" (or more accurately "<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_direct" class="extiw" title="fr:Cinéma direct">cinéma direct</a>"), pioneered by, among others, Canadians <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Brault" class="extiw" title="fr:Michel Brault">Michel Brault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Perrault" title="Pierre Perrault">Pierre Perrault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allan_King" title="Allan King">Allan King</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Americans <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew" title="Robert Drew">Robert Drew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Leacock" title="Richard Leacock">Richard Leacock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wiseman" title="Frederick Wiseman">Frederick Wiseman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_and_David_Maysles" title="Albert and David Maysles">Albert and David Maysles</a>. </p><p>The directors of the movement take different viewpoints on their degree of involvement with their subjects. Kopple and Pennebaker, for instance, choose non-involvement (or at least no overt involvement), and Perrault, Rouch, Koenig, and Kroitor favor direct involvement or even provocation when they deem it necessary. </p><p>The films <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_a_Summer" title="Chronicle of a Summer">Chronicle of a Summer</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Rouch" title="Jean Rouch">Jean Rouch</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Dont_Look_Back" title="Dont Look Back">Dont Look Back</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/D._A._Pennebaker" title="D. A. Pennebaker">D. A. Pennebaker</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Grey_Gardens" title="Grey Gardens">Grey Gardens</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Albert_and_David_Maysles" title="Albert and David Maysles">Albert and David Maysles</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Titicut_Follies" title="Titicut Follies">Titicut Follies</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wiseman" title="Frederick Wiseman">Frederick Wiseman</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_(film)" title="Primary (film)">Primary</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Crisis:_Behind_a_Presidential_Commitment" title="Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment">Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment</a></i> (both produced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew" title="Robert Drew">Robert Drew</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Harlan_County,_USA" title="Harlan County, USA">Harlan County, USA</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kopple" title="Barbara Kopple">Barbara Kopple</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Lonely_Boy_(film)" title="Lonely Boy (film)">Lonely Boy</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wolf_Koenig" title="Wolf Koenig">Wolf Koenig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kroitor" title="Roman Kroitor">Roman Kroitor</a>) are all frequently deemed <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">cinéma vérité</a> films. </p><p>The fundamentals of the style include following a person during a crisis with a moving, often handheld, camera to capture more personal reactions. There are no sit-down interviews, and the <a href="/wiki/Shooting_ratio" title="Shooting ratio">shooting ratio</a> (the amount of film shot to the finished product) is very high, often reaching 80 to one. From there, editors find and sculpt the work into a film. The editors of the movement – such as <a href="/wiki/Werner_Nold" title="Werner Nold">Werner Nold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Zwerin" title="Charlotte Zwerin">Charlotte Zwerin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muffie_Meyer" title="Muffie Meyer">Muffie Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Froemke" title="Susan Froemke">Susan Froemke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hovde" title="Ellen Hovde">Ellen Hovde</a> – are often overlooked, but their input to the films was so vital that they were often given co-director credits. </p><p>Famous cinéma vérité/direct cinema films include <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Raquetteurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Raquetteurs">Les Raquetteurs</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Showman</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salesman_(1969_film)" title="Salesman (1969 film)">Salesman</a></i>, <i>Near Death</i>, and <i>The Children Were Watching</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_weapons">Political weapons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s and 1970s, documentary film was often regarded as a political weapon against <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> in general, especially in Latin America, but also in a changing society. <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La Hora de los hornos</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Hour_of_the_Furnaces" title="The Hour of the Furnaces">The Hour of the Furnaces</a></i>, from 1968), directed by <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Getino" title="Octavio Getino">Octavio Getino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Solanas" title="Fernando Solanas">Fernando Solanas</a>, influenced a whole generation of filmmakers. Among the many political documentaries produced in the early 1970s was "Chile: A Special Report", public television's first in-depth expository look at the September 1973 overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> government in Chile by military leaders under <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>, produced by documentarians Ari Martinez and José Garcia. </p><p>A June 2020 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reviewed the political documentary <i>And She Could Be Next</i>, directed by Grace Lee and Marjan Safinia. The <i>Times</i> described the documentary not only as focusing on women in politics, but more specifically on women of color, their communities, and the significant changes they have wrought upon America.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_documentaries">Modern documentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern documentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Box office analysts have noted that the documentary film genre has become increasingly successful in theatrical release with films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Size_Me" title="Super Size Me">Super Size Me</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Food,_Inc." title="Food, Inc.">Food, Inc.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_(2009_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth (2009 film)">Earth</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Penguins" title="March of the Penguins">March of the Penguins</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth" title="An Inconvenient Truth">An Inconvenient Truth</a></i> among the most prominent examples. Compared to dramatic narrative films, documentaries typically have far lower budgets which makes them attractive to film companies because even a limited theatrical release can be highly profitable. </p><p>The nature of documentary films has expanded in the past 30 years from the cinéma vérité style introduced in the 1960s in which the use of portable camera and sound equipment allowed an intimate relationship between filmmaker and subject. The line blurs between documentary and narrative and some works are very personal, such as <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Riggs" title="Marlon Riggs">Marlon Riggs</a>'s <i>Tongues Untied</i> (1989) and <i>Black Is...Black Ain't</i> (1995), which mix expressive, poetic, and rhetorical elements and stresses subjectivities rather than historical materials.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical documentaries, such as the landmark 14-hour <i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a>: America's Civil Rights Years</i> (1986 – Part 1 and 1989 – Part 2) by Henry Hampton, <i><a href="/wiki/4_Little_Girls" title="4 Little Girls">4 Little Girls</a></i> (1997) by <a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Civil War (TV series)">The Civil War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a>, and UNESCO-awarded independent film on slavery <i><a href="/wiki/500_Years_Later" title="500 Years Later">500 Years Later</a></i>, express not only a distinctive voice but also a perspective and point of views. Some films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Blue_Line_(1988_film)" title="The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)">The Thin Blue Line</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a> incorporate stylized re-enactments, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Michael Moore</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Roger_%26_Me" title="Roger & Me">Roger & Me</a></i> place far more interpretive control with the director. The commercial success of these documentaries may derive from this narrative shift in the documentary form, leading some critics to question whether such films can truly be called documentaries; critics sometimes refer to these works as "<a href="/wiki/Mondo_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondo films">mondo films</a>" or "docu-ganda."<sup id="cite_ref-csm_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csm-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, directorial manipulation of documentary subjects has been noted since the work of Flaherty, and may be endemic to the form due to problematic ontological foundations. </p><p>Documentary filmmakers are increasingly using social impact campaigns with their films.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social impact campaigns seek to leverage media projects by converting public awareness of social issues and causes into engagement and action, largely by offering the audience a way to get involved.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such documentaries include <i><a href="/wiki/Kony_2012" title="Kony 2012">Kony 2012</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salam_Neighbor" title="Salam Neighbor">Salam Neighbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gasland" title="Gasland">Gasland</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Living_on_One_Dollar" title="Living on One Dollar">Living on One Dollar</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Girl_Rising" title="Girl Rising">Girl Rising</a></i>. </p><p>Although documentaries are financially more viable with the increasing popularity of the genre and the advent of the DVD, funding for documentary film production remains elusive. Within the past decade, the largest exhibition opportunities have emerged from within the broadcast market, making filmmakers beholden to the tastes and influences of the broadcasters who have become their largest funding source.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern documentaries have some overlap with television forms, with the development of "reality television" that occasionally verges on the documentary but more often veers to the fictional or staged. The "making-of" documentary shows how a movie or a <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">computer game</a> was produced. Usually made for promotional purposes, it is closer to an advertisement than a classic documentary. </p><p>Modern lightweight digital video cameras and computer-based editing have greatly aided documentary makers, as has the dramatic drop in equipment prices. The first film to take full advantage of this change was <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kunert" title="Martin Kunert">Martin Kunert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Manes" title="Eric Manes">Eric Manes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Voices_of_Iraq" title="Voices of Iraq">Voices of Iraq</a></i>, where 150 DV cameras were sent to Iraq during the war and passed out to Iraqis to record themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Documentaries_without_words">Documentaries without words</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Documentaries without words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Films in the documentary form without words have been made. <i><a href="/wiki/Listen_to_Britain" title="Listen to Britain">Listen to Britain</a></i>, directed by Humphrey Jennings and Stuart McAllister in 1942, is a wordless meditation on wartime Britain. From 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Qatsi_trilogy" title="Qatsi trilogy">Qatsi trilogy</a> and the similar <i><a href="/wiki/Baraka_(film)" title="Baraka (film)">Baraka</a></i> could be described as visual tone poems, with music related to the images, but no spoken content. <i><a href="/wiki/Koyaanisqatsi" title="Koyaanisqatsi">Koyaanisqatsi</a></i> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Qatsi_trilogy" title="Qatsi trilogy">Qatsi trilogy</a>) consists primarily of <a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">slow motion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">time-lapse photography</a> of cities and many natural landscapes across the United States. <i>Baraka</i> tries to capture the great pulse of humanity as it flocks and swarms in daily activity and religious ceremonies. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Bodysong" title="Bodysong">Bodysong</a></i> was made in 2003 and won a British Independent Film Award for "Best British Documentary." </p><p>The 2004 film <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(2004_film)" title="Genesis (2004 film)">Genesis</a></i> shows animal and plant life in states of expansion, decay, sex, and death, with some, but little, narration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Narration_styles">Narration styles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Narration styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Voice-over narrator</dt></dl> <p>The traditional style for <a href="/wiki/Voice-over" title="Voice-over">narration</a> is to have a dedicated narrator read a script which is dubbed onto the audio track. The narrator never appears on camera and may not necessarily have knowledge of the subject matter or involvement in the writing of the script. </p> <dl><dt>Silent narration</dt></dl> <p>This style of narration uses <a href="/wiki/Intertitle" title="Intertitle">title screens</a> to visually narrate the documentary. The screens are held for about 5–10 seconds to allow adequate time for the viewer to read them. They are similar to the ones shown at the end of movies based on true stories, but they are shown throughout, typically between scenes. </p> <dl><dt>Hosted narrator</dt></dl> <p>In this style, there is a host who appears on camera, conducts interviews, and who also does voice-overs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_forms">Other forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_documentary">Hybrid documentary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hybrid documentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The release of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Blue_Line_(1988_film)" title="The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)">The Thin Blue Line</a></i> (1988) directed by <a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a> introduced possibilities for emerging forms of the hybrid documentary. Indeed, it was disqualified for an Academy Award because of the stylized recreations. Traditional documentary filmmaking typically removes signs of fictionalization to distinguish itself from fictional film genres. Audiences have recently become more distrustful of the media's traditional fact production, making them more receptive to experimental ways of telling facts. The hybrid documentary implements truth games to challenge traditional fact production. Although it is fact-based, the hybrid documentary is not explicit about what should be understood, creating an open dialogue between subject and audience.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clio_Barnard" title="Clio Barnard">Clio Barnard</a>'s <i>The Arbor</i> (2010), <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Oppenheimer" title="Joshua Oppenheimer">Joshua Oppenheimer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Act_of_Killing" title="The Act of Killing">The Act of Killing</a></i> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Mads_Br%C3%BCgger" title="Mads Brügger">Mads Brügger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Ambassador_(2011_film)" title="The Ambassador (2011 film)"><i>The Ambassador</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alma_Har%27el" title="Alma Har'el">Alma Har'el</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Beach_(film)" title="Bombay Beach (film)"><i>Bombay Beach</i></a> (2011) are a few notable examples.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Docufiction">Docufiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Docufiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a> is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hybrid" class="extiw" title="wikt:hybrid">hybrid</a> genre from two basic ones, <a href="/wiki/Fictional_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional film">fiction film</a> and documentary, practiced since the first documentary films were made. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fake-fiction">Fake-fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fake-fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary#Film" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo-documentary § Film</a></div> <p>Fake-fiction is a genre which deliberately presents real, unscripted events in the form of a fiction film, making them appear as staged. The concept was introduced<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bismuth" title="Pierre Bismuth">Pierre Bismuth</a> to describe his 2016 film <i>Where is Rocky II?</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DVD_documentary">DVD documentary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: DVD documentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A DVD documentary is a documentary film of indeterminate length that has been produced with the sole intent of releasing it for direct sale to the public on DVD, which is different from a documentary being made and released first on television or on a cinema screen (a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Film_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Film release">theatrical release</a>) and subsequently on DVD for public consumption. </p><p>This form of documentary release is becoming more popular and accepted as costs and difficulty with finding TV or theatrical release slots increases. It is also commonly used for more "specialist" documentaries, which might not have general interest to a wider TV audience. Examples are military, cultural arts, transport, sports, animals, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilation_films">Compilation films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Compilation films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compilation films were pioneered in 1927 by <a href="/wiki/Esfir_Shub" title="Esfir Shub">Esfir Schub</a> with <i>The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty</i>. More recent examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Order_(film)" title="Point of Order (film)">Point of Order!</a></i> (1964), directed by <a href="/wiki/Emile_de_Antonio" title="Emile de Antonio">Emile de Antonio</a> about the McCarthy hearings. Similarly, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Cigarette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Last Cigarette (page does not exist)">The Last Cigarette</a></i> combines the testimony of various tobacco company executives before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> with archival propaganda extolling the virtues of smoking. </p><p>Poetic documentaries, which first appeared in the 1920s, were a sort of reaction against both the content and the rapidly crystallizing grammar of the early fiction film. The poetic mode moved away from continuity editing and instead organized images of the material world by means of associations and patterns, both in terms of time and space. Well-rounded characters – "lifelike people" – were absent; instead, people appeared in these films as entities, just like any other, that are found in the material world. The films were fragmentary, impressionistic, lyrical. Their disruption of the coherence of time and space – a coherence favored by the fiction films of the day – can also be seen as an element of the modernist counter-model of cinematic narrative. The "real world" – Nichols calls it the "historical world" – was broken up into fragments and aesthetically reconstituted using film form. Examples of this style include Joris Ivens' <i>Rain</i> (1928), which records a passing summer shower over Amsterdam; <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Moholy-Nagy" title="László Moholy-Nagy">László Moholy-Nagy</a>'s <i>Play of Light: Black, White, Grey (1930)</i>, in which he films one of his own kinetic sculptures, emphasizing not the sculpture itself but the play of light around it; <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Fischinger" title="Oskar Fischinger">Oskar Fischinger</a>'s abstract animated films; Francis Thompson's <i><a href="/wiki/N.Y.,_N.Y._(film)" title="N.Y., N.Y. (film)">N.Y., N.Y.</a></i> (1957), a <a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">city symphony</a> film; and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Chris Marker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sans_Soleil" title="Sans Soleil">Sans Soleil</a></i> (1982). </p><p>Expository documentaries speak directly to the viewer, often in the form of an authoritative commentary employing voiceover or titles, proposing a strong argument and point of view. These films are rhetorical, and try to persuade the viewer. (They may use a rich and sonorous male voice.) The (voice-of-God) commentary often sounds "objective" and omniscient. Images are often not paramount; they exist to advance the argument. The rhetoric insistently presses upon us to read the images in a certain fashion. Historical documentaries in this mode deliver an unproblematic and "objective" account and interpretation of past events. </p><p>Examples: TV shows and films like <i><a href="/wiki/Biography_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biography (TV series)">Biography</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Most_Wanted" title="America's Most Wanted">America's Most Wanted</a></i>, many science and nature documentaries, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_(miniseries)" title="The Civil War (miniseries)">The Civil War</a></i> (1990), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shock_of_the_New" title="The Shock of the New">The Shock of the New</a></i> (1980), <a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">John Berger</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></i> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>'s wartime <i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Fight" title="Why We Fight">Why We Fight</a></i> series, and <a href="/wiki/Pare_Lorentz" title="Pare Lorentz">Pare Lorentz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plow_That_Broke_the_Plains" title="The Plow That Broke the Plains">The Plow That Broke the Plains</a></i> (1936). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observational">Observational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Observational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creating_documentary_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Creating_documentary_01.jpg/220px-Creating_documentary_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Creating_documentary_01.jpg/330px-Creating_documentary_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Creating_documentary_01.jpg/440px-Creating_documentary_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>Film team at <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Dar_es_Salaam" title="Port of Dar es Salaam">Port of Dar es Salaam</a> with two ferries</figcaption></figure> <p>Observational documentaries attempt to spontaneously observe their subjects with minimal intervention. Filmmakers who worked in this subgenre often saw the poetic mode as too abstract and the expository mode as too didactic. The first observational docs date back to the 1960s; the technological developments which made them possible include mobile lightweight cameras and portable sound recording equipment for synchronized sound. Often, this mode of film eschewed voice-over commentary, post-synchronized dialogue and music, or re-enactments. The films aimed for immediacy, intimacy, and revelation of individual human character in ordinary life situations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Documentary_mode" title="Documentary mode">Documentary mode</a></div> <p><b>Participatory documentaries</b> believe that it is impossible for the act of filmmaking to not influence or alter the events being filmed. What these films do is emulate the approach of the anthropologist: participant-observation. Not only is the filmmaker part of the film, we also get a sense of how situations in the film are affected or altered by their presence. Nichols: "The filmmaker steps out from behind the cloak of voice-over commentary, steps away from poetic meditation, steps down from a fly-on-the-wall perch, and becomes a social actor (almost) like any other. (Almost like any other because the filmmaker retains the camera, and with it, a certain degree of potential power and control over events.)" The encounter between filmmaker and subject becomes a critical element of the film. Rouch and Morin named the approach cinéma vérité, translating Dziga Vertov's kinopravda into French; the "truth" refers to the truth of the encounter rather than some absolute truth. </p><p><b>Reflexive documentaries</b> do not see themselves as a transparent window on the world; instead, they draw attention to their own constructedness, and the fact that they are representations. How does the world get represented by documentary films? This question is central to this subgenre of films. They prompt us to "question the authenticity of documentary in general." It is the most self-conscious of all the modes, and is highly skeptical of "realism". It may use Brechtian alienation strategies to jar us, in order to "defamiliarize" what we are seeing and how we are seeing it. </p><p><b>Performative documentaries</b> stress subjective experience and emotional response to the world. They are strongly personal, unconventional, perhaps poetic and/or experimental, and might include hypothetical enactments of events designed to make us experience what it might be like for us to possess a certain specific perspective on the world that is not our own, e.g. that of black, gay men in Marlon Riggs's <i>Tongues Untied</i> (1989) or Jenny Livingston's <i>Paris Is Burning</i> (1991). This subgenre might also lend itself to certain groups (e.g. women, ethnic minorities, gays and lesbians, etc.) to "speak about themselves". Often, a battery of techniques, many borrowed from fiction or avant-garde films, are used. Performative docs often link up personal accounts or experiences with larger political or historical realities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_films">Educational films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Educational films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Documentaries are shown in schools around the world in order to educate students. Used to introduce various topics to children, they are often used with a school lesson or shown many times to reinforce an idea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation">Translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several challenges associated with translation of documentaries. The main two are working conditions and problems with terminology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_conditions">Working conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Working conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Documentary translators very often have to meet tight deadlines. Normally, the translator has between five and seven days to hand over the translation of a 90-minute programme. Dubbing studios typically give translators a week to translate a documentary, but in order to earn a good salary, translators have to deliver their translations in a much shorter period, usually when the studio decides to deliver the final programme to the client sooner or when the broadcasting channel sets a tight deadline, e.g. on documentaries discussing the latest news.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another problem is the lack of postproduction script or the poor quality of the transcription. A correct transcription is essential for a translator to do their work properly, however many times the script is not even given to the translator, which is a major impediment since documentaries are characterised by "the abundance of terminological units and very specific proper names".<sup id="cite_ref-Matamala,_A._2009_pp._109-120_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matamala,_A._2009_pp._109-120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the script is given to the translator, it is usually poorly transcribed or outright incorrect making the translation unnecessarily difficult and demanding because all of the proper names and specific terminology have to be correct in a documentary programme in order for it to be a reliable source of information, hence the translator has to check every term on their own. Such mistakes in proper names are for instance: "Jungle Reinhard instead of Django Reinhart, Jorn Asten instead of Jane Austen, and Magnus Axle instead of Aldous Huxley".<sup id="cite_ref-Matamala,_A._2009_pp._109-120_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matamala,_A._2009_pp._109-120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of translation of a documentary programme requires working with very specific, often scientific terminology. Documentary translators are not usually specialists in a given field. Therefore, they are compelled to undertake extensive research whenever asked to make a translation of a specific documentary programme in order to understand it correctly and deliver the final product free of mistakes and inaccuracies. Generally, documentaries contain a large number of specific terms, with which translators have to familiarise themselves on their own, for example: </p> <blockquote> <p>The documentary <i>Beetles, Record Breakers</i> makes use of 15 different terms to refer to beetles in less than 30 minutes (longhorn beetle, cellar beetle, stag beetle, burying beetle or gravediggers, sexton beetle, tiger beetle, bloody nose beetle, tortoise beetle, diving beetle, devil's coach horse, weevil, click beetle, malachite beetle, oil beetle, cockchafer), apart from mentioning other animals such as horseshoe bats or meadow brown butterflies.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>This poses a real challenge for the translators because they have to render the meaning, i.e. find an equivalent, of a very specific, scientific term in the target language and frequently the narrator uses a more general name instead of a specific term and the translator has to rely on the image presented in the programme to understand which term is being discussed in order to transpose it in the target language accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, translators of minorised languages often have to face another problem: some terms may not even exist in the target language. In such cases, they have to create new terminology or consult specialists to find proper solutions. Also, sometimes the official nomenclature differs from the terminology used by actual specialists, which leaves the translator to decide between using the official vocabulary that can be found in the dictionary, or rather opting for spontaneous expressions used by real experts in real life situations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_film" title="Dance film">Dance film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_documentary_films" title="List of documentary films">List of documentary films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_documentary_film_festivals" title="List of documentary film festivals">List of documentary film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_documentary_television_channels" title="List of documentary television channels">List of documentary television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directors_and_producers_of_documentaries" title="List of directors and producers of documentaries">List of directors and producers of documentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_film" title="Outline of film">Outline of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_video" title="Participatory video">Participatory video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cinema" title="Political cinema">Political cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-access_television" title="Public-access television">Public-access television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsored_film" title="Sponsored film">Sponsored film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Visual anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cinema" title="Women's cinema">Women's cinema</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_documentary_film_awards">Some documentary film awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Some documentary film awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grierson_Awards" title="Grierson Awards">Grierson Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature">Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Joris Ivens Award">Joris Ivens Award</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Documentary_Film_Festival_Amsterdam" title="International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam">International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam</a> (IDFA), (named after <a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a>)</li> <li>Filmmaker Award, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead_Film_Festival" title="Margaret Mead Film Festival">Margaret Mead Film Festival</a></li> <li>Grand Prize, <a href="/wiki/Visions_du_R%C3%A9el" title="Visions du Réel">Visions du Réel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/;jsessionid=D17BEB75B4625B02AC28B5B9C051D98D?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F56332">"Oxford English Dictionary"</a>. <i>oed.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180425234317/http://www.oed.com/;jsessionid=D17BEB75B4625B02AC28B5B9C051D98D?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F56332">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oed.com&rft.atitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2F%3Bjsessionid%3DD17BEB75B4625B02AC28B5B9C051D98D%3FauthRejection%3Dtrue%26url%3D%252Fview%252FEntry%252F56332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nichols_(film_critic)" title="Bill Nichols (film critic)">Nichols, Bill</a> (1998). "Foreword to the new and expanded edition". In <a href="/wiki/Barry_Keith_Grant" title="Barry Keith Grant">Grant, Barry Keith</a>; Sloniowski, Jeannette (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixLCAgAAQBAJ"><i>Documenting the Documentary: Close Readings of Documentary Film and Video</i></a>. Contemporary approaches to film and media series. Detroit: Wayne State University Press (published 2013). p. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814339725" title="Special:BookSources/9780814339725"><bdi>9780814339725</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>Even after the word 'documentary' began to designate something that looked like a filmmaking practice, a cinematic tradition, and mode of audience reception, it remains, to this day, a practice without clear boundaries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword+to+the+new+and+expanded+edition&rft.btitle=Documenting+the+Documentary%3A+Close+Readings+of+Documentary+Film+and+Video&rft.place=Detroit&rft.series=Contemporary+approaches+to+film+and+media+series&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780814339725&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DixLCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott MacKenzie, Film Manifestos and Global Cinema Cultures: A Critical Anthology, Univ of California Press 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520957411" title="Special:BookSources/9780520957411">9780520957411</a>, p.520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Chapman, "Film and History. Theory and History" part "Film as historical source" p.73–75, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137367327" title="Special:BookSources/9781137367327">9781137367327</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFL-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RFL_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Curthoys" title="Ann Curthoys">Ann Curthoys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Lake" title="Marilyn Lake">Marilyn Lake</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JE6YM8jcRucC&q=john+grierson+documentary+1926&pg=PA151">Connected worlds: history in transnational perspective, Volume 2004</a> p.151. Australian National University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry, Iris. "The Documentary Film, Prospect and Retrospect." The Bulletin of the Museum of Modern Art 13:2 (December 1945), 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/hfilm/MORRIS.html">"History/Film"</a>. <i>wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326133344/https://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/hfilm/MORRIS.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pare+Lorentz+Film+Library+%E2%80%93+FDR+and+Film&rft.date=2011-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparelorentzcenter.net%2Ffdr_film.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Ward2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Larry Ward (Fall 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903000916/http://commfaculty.fullerton.edu/lward/375/PDF375/375INTRO.pdf">"Introduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Communication Faculty</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commfaculty.fullerton.edu/lward/375/PDF375/375INTRO.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Faculty&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=375%3A+Documentary+Film+%26+Television&rft.pages=4%2C+slide+12&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Larry+Ward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commfaculty.fullerton.edu%2Flward%2F375%2FPDF375%2F375INTRO.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLane2012" class="citation book cs1">McLane, Betsy A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/new-history-of-documentary-film-9781441124579/"><i>A New History of Documentary Film</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York and London: Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2457-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2457-9"><bdi>978-1-4411-2457-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758646930">758646930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Documentary+Film&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758646930&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-2457-9&rft.aulast=McLane&rft.aufirst=Betsy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fus%2Fnew-history-of-documentary-film-9781441124579%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddardMarcus2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stoddard, Jeremy D.; Marcus, Alan S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/375952">"More Than "Showing What Happened": Exploring the Potential of Teaching History with Film"</a>. <i>The High School Journal</i>. <b>93</b> (2): 83–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhsj.0.0044">10.1353/hsj.0.0044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-5157">1534-5157</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145665551">145665551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+High+School+Journal&rft.atitle=More+Than+%22Showing+What+Happened%22%3A+Exploring+the+Potential+of+Teaching+History+with+Film&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-90&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145665551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1534-5157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhsj.0.0044&rft.aulast=Stoddard&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rft.au=Marcus%2C+Alan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F375952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Ford, Robert Hammond: Polish Film: A Twentieth Century History. McFarland, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476608037" title="Special:BookSources/9781476608037">9781476608037</a>, p.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaptista2005" class="citation journal cs1">Baptista, Tiago (November 2005). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Il faut voir le maître": A Recent Restoration of Surgical Films by E.-L. Doyen, 1859–1916". <i>Journal of Film Preservation</i> (70).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Film+Preservation&rft.atitle=%22Il+faut+voir+le+ma%C3%AEtre%22%3A+A+Recent+Restoration+of+Surgical+Films+by+E.-L.+Doyen%2C+1859%E2%80%931916&rft.issue=70&rft.date=2005-11&rft.aulast=Baptista&rft.aufirst=Tiago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marin1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marin1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Dumitrescu" title="Mircea Dumitrescu">Mircea Dumitrescu</a>, <i>O privire critică asupra filmului românesc</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-9153-93-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-9153-93-5">978-973-9153-93-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marin2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marin2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rîpeanu, Bujor T. <i>Filmul documentar 1897–1948</i>, Bucharest, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-7839-40-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-7839-40-4">978-973-7839-40-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marin3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marin3_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ţuţui, Marian, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cncinema.abt.ro/Files/Documents/fls-258.doc">A short history of the Romanian films</a></i> at the Romanian National Cinematographic Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411014620/http://www.cncinema.abt.ro/Files/Documents/fls-258.doc">Archived</a> 11 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marinescupathe-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marinescupathe_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525185831/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=71342">"The Works of Gheorghe Marinescu"</a>. <i>British Pathe</i>. 1967. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=71342">the original</a> on 25 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Pathe&rft.atitle=The+Works+of+Gheorghe+Marinescu&rft.date=1967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D71342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marinescuanf-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marinescuanf_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cncinema.abt.ro/Files/Movies/fls-271.avi">Excerpts of prof. dr. Marinescu's science films</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226113120/http://www.cncinema.abt.ro/Files/Movies/fls-271.avi">Archived</a> 26 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Hansen" title="Miriam Hansen">Miriam Hansen</a>, <i>Babel and Babylon: Spectatorship in American Silent Film</i>, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2011" class="citation book cs1">Rees, A.L. (2011). <i>A History of Experimental Film and Video</i> (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84457-436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84457-436-0"><bdi>978-1-84457-436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Experimental+Film+and+Video&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84457-436-0&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_MacDonald_(media_scholar)" title="Scott MacDonald (media scholar)">MacDonald, Scott</a> (2010). "Avant-Doc: Eight Intersections". <i>Film Quarterly</i>. <b>64</b> (2): 50–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Ffq.2010.64.2.50">10.1525/fq.2010.64.2.50</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/fq.2010.64.2.50">10.1525/fq.2010.64.2.50</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Avant-Doc%3A+Eight+Intersections.&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50-57&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Ffq.2010.64.2.50&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Ffq.2010.64.2.50%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grierson, John. 'First Principles of Documentary', in Kevin Macdonald & Mark Cousins (eds.) Imagining Reality: The Faber Book of Documentary. London: Faber and Faber, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.org.uk/work/calling-mr-smith1">"Calling Mr. Smith – LUX"</a>. <i>lux.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180425234317/https://lux.org.uk/work/calling-mr-smith1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lux.org.uk&rft.atitle=Calling+Mr.+Smith+%E2%80%93+LUX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flux.org.uk%2Fwork%2Fcalling-mr-smith1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/cAXbMp/rqGRLe9">"Calling Mr Smith – Centre Pompidou"</a>. <i>centrepompidou.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131024033/https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/cAXbMp/rqGRLe9">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Where+is+Rocky+II%3F+The+10-year+desert+hunt+for+Ed+Ruscha%27s+missing+boulder&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Campion&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F11%2Fwhere-is-rocky-ii-ed-ruscha-mojave-desert-film-pierre-bismuth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matamala, A. (2009). Main Challenges in the Translation of Documentaries. In J. Cintas (Ed.), New Trends in Audiovisual Translation (pp. 109–120). 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Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matamala, A. (2009). Main Challenges in the Translation of Documentaries. In J. Cintas (Ed.), New Trends in Audiovisual Translation (pp. 109–120). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, p. 113–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matamala, A. (2009). Main Challenges in the Translation of Documentaries. In J. Cintas (Ed.), New Trends in Audiovisual Translation (pp. 109–120). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, p. 114–115</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_bibliography">Sources and bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources and bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Aitken, Ian (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-445-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-445-0">978-1-57958-445-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Barnouw" title="Erik Barnouw">Barnouw, Erik</a>. <i>Documentary: A History of the Non-Fiction Film</i>, 2nd rev. ed. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507898-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507898-5">978-0-19-507898-5</a>. Still a useful introduction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Burnett" title="Ron Burnett">Ron Burnett</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rburnett.ecuad.ca/archive/2008/8/29/reflections-on-the-documentary-cinema.html">"Reflections on the Documentary Cinema"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209145300/http://rburnett.ecuad.ca/archive/2008/8/29/reflections-on-the-documentary-cinema.html">Archived</a> 9 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Burton, Julianne (ed.). <i>The Social Documentary in Latin America</i>. Pittsburgh, Penn.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-3621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-3621-3">978-0-8229-3621-3</a>.</li> <li>Dawson, Jonathan. "Dziga Vertov".</li> <li>Ellis, Jack C., and Betsy A. McLane. "A New History of Documentary Film." New York: Continuum International, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1750-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1750-3">978-0-8264-1750-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1751-0">978-0-8264-1751-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Godmilow" title="Jill Godmilow">Godmilow, Jill</a>: <i>Kill the Documentary. A Letter to Filmmakers, Students and Scholars</i>, Foreword by Bill Nichols, Columbia UP, New York 2022</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_A._Goldsmith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David A. Goldsmith (page does not exist)">Goldsmith, David A.</a> <i>The Documentary Makers: Interviews with 15 of the Best in the Business</i>. Hove, East Sussex: RotoVision, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88046-730-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88046-730-2">978-2-88046-730-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaycken2015" class="citation book cs1">Gaycken, Oliver (2015). <i>Devices of Curiosity: Early Cinema and Popular Science</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986070-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986070-8"><bdi>978-0-19-986070-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devices+of+Curiosity%3A+Early+Cinema+and+Popular+Science&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-986070-8&rft.aulast=Gaycken&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocumentary+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Klotman, Phyllis R. and Culter, Janet K.(eds.). <i>Struggles for Representation: African American Documentary Film and Video</i> Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21347-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21347-1">978-0-253-21347-1</a>.</li> <li>Leach, Jim, and Jeannette Sloniowski (eds.). <i>Candid Eyes: Essays on Canadian Documentaries</i>. Toronto; Buffalo: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4732-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4732-8">978-0-8020-4732-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8299-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8299-2">978-0-8020-8299-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nichols_(film_critic)" title="Bill Nichols (film critic)">Nichols, Bill</a>. <i>Introduction to Documentary</i>, Bloomington, Ind.: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33954-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33954-6">978-0-253-33954-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21469-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21469-0">978-0-253-21469-0</a>.</li> <li>Nichols, Bill. <i>Representing Reality: Issues and Concepts in Documentary</i>. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34060-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34060-3">978-0-253-34060-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20681-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20681-7">978-0-253-20681-7</a>.</li> <li>Nornes, Markus. <i>Forest of Pressure: Ogawa Shinsuke and Postwar Japanese Documentary</i>. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4907-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4907-5">978-0-8166-4907-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4908-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4908-2">978-0-8166-4908-2</a>.</li> <li>Nornes, Markus. <i>Japanese Documentary Film: The Meiji Era through Hiroshima</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4045-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4045-4">978-0-8166-4045-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4046-1">978-0-8166-4046-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rotha" title="Paul Rotha">Rotha, Paul</a>, <i>Documentary diary; An Informal History of the British Documentary Film, 1928–1939</i>. New York: Hill and Wang, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-3933-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-3933-3">978-0-8090-3933-3</a>.</li> <li>Saunders, Dave. <i>Direct Cinema: Observational Documentary and the Politics of the Sixties</i>. London: Wallflower Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905674-16-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905674-16-9">978-1-905674-16-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905674-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905674-15-2">978-1-905674-15-2</a>.</li> <li>Saunders, Dave. <i>Documentary: The Routledge Film Guidebook</i>. London: Routledge, 2010.</li> <li>Tobias, Michael. <i>The Search for Reality: The Art of Documentary Filmmaking</i>. Studio City, CA: Michael Wiese Productions 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941188-62-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-941188-62-0">0-941188-62-0</a></li> <li>Walker, Janet, and Diane Waldeman (eds.). <i>Feminism and Documentary</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3006-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3006-6">978-0-8166-3006-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3007-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3007-3">978-0-8166-3007-3</a>.</li> <li>Wyver, John. <i>The Moving Image: An International History of Film, Television & Radio</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Basil_Blackwell" title="Basil Blackwell">Basil Blackwell</a> Ltd. in association with the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-15529-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-15529-4">978-0-631-15529-4</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/doco/biblio.htm">Murdoch.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311065227/http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/doco/biblio.htm">Archived</a> 11 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Documentary – reading list</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnographic_film">Ethnographic film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ethnographic film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Emilie de Brigard, "The History of Ethnographic Film," in <i>Principles of Visual Anthropology</i>, ed. Paul Hockings. Berlin and New York City : Mouton de Gruyter, 1995, pp. 13–43.</li> <li>Leslie Devereaux, "Cultures, Disciplines, Cinemas," in <i>Fields of Vision. Essays in Film Studies, Visual Anthropology and Photography</i>, ed. Leslie Devereaux & Roger Hillman. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, pp. 329–339.</li> <li>Faye Ginsburg, Lila Abu-Lughod and Brian Larkin (eds.), <i>Media Worlds: Anthropology on New Terrain</i>. Berkeley, CA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23231-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23231-0">978-0-520-23231-0</a>.</li> <li>Anna Grimshaw, <i>The Ethnographer's Eye: Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology</i>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77310-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77310-2">978-0-521-77310-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_G._Heider" title="Karl G. Heider">Karl G. Heider</a>, <i>Ethnographic Film</i>. Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>, 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_de_Heusch" title="Luc de Heusch">Luc de Heusch</a>, <i>Cinéma et Sciences Sociales</i>, Paris: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, 1962. Published in English as <i>The Cinema and Social Science. A Survey of Ethnographic and Sociological Films</i>. UNESCO, 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a>, <i>Signatures of the Visible</i>. New York & London: Routledge, 1990.</li> <li>Pierre-L. Jordan, <i>Premier Contact-Premier Regard</i>, Marseille: Musées de Marseille. Images en Manoeuvres Editions, 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Leroi-Gourhan" title="André Leroi-Gourhan">André Leroi-Gourhan</a>, "Cinéma et Sciences Humaines. Le Film Ethnologique Existe-t-il?," <i>Revue de Géographie Humaine et d'Ethnologie</i> 3 (1948), pp. 42–50.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_MacDougall" title="David MacDougall">David MacDougall</a>, <i>Transcultural Cinema</i>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01234-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01234-6">978-0-691-01234-6</a>.</li> <li>David MacDougall, "Whose Story Is It?," in <i>Ethnographic Film Aesthetics and Narrative Traditions</i>, ed. Peter I. Crawford and Jan K. Simonsen. Aarhus, Intervention Press, 1992, pp. 25–42.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatimah_Tobing_Rony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatimah Tobing Rony (page does not exist)">Fatimah Tobing Rony</a>, <i>The Third Eye: Race, Cinema and Ethnographic Spectacle</i>. Durham, NC: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1840-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1840-8">978-0-8223-1840-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sadoul" title="Georges Sadoul">Georges Sadoul</a>, <i>Histoire Générale du Cinéma</i>. Vol. 1, <i>L'Invention du Cinéma 1832–1897</i>. Paris: Denöel, 1977, pp. 73–110.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Sorlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Sorlin (page does not exist)">Pierre Sorlin</a>, <i>Sociologie du Cinéma</i>, Paris: Aubier Montaigne, 1977, pp. 7–74.</li> <li>Charles Warren, "Introduction, with a Brief History of Nonfiction Film," in <i>Beyond Document. Essays on Nonfiction Film</i>, ed. Charles Warren. Hanover and London: <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press" title="Wesleyan University Press">Wesleyan University Press</a>, 1996, pp. 1–22.</li> <li>Ismail Xavier, "Cinema: Revelação e Engano", in <i>O Olhar</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span>, ed. Adauto Novaes. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1993, pp. 367–384.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Documentary_films" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Documentary films">Documentary films</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_films_by_genre_and_themes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Films_by_genre" title="Template:Films by genre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Films_by_genre" title="Template talk:Films by genre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Films_by_genre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Films by genre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_films_by_genre_and_themes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a> by <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genre</a> and themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_action_films" title="Lists of action films">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_films" title="List of martial arts films">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_films" title="List of mixed martial arts films">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_adventure_films" title="Lists of adventure films">Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pirate films">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film#Notable_films" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_feature_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of animated feature films">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_avant-garde_films" title="Lists of avant-garde films">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biographical_films" title="List of biographical films">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blaxploitation_films" title="List of blaxploitation films">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_films" title="List of children's films">Children's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_films" title="List of Christian films">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comedy_films" title="Lists of comedy films">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Parody_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Parody films">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_crime_films" title="Lists of crime films">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_documentary_films" title="List of documentary films">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drama_films" title="List of drama films">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_films" title="List of economics films">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_drama_films_and_series_set_in_Near_Eastern_and_Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_erotic_films" title="Lists of erotic films">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">Sword and sorcery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_horror_films" title="List of comedy horror films">Comedy horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiday horror">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vampire_films" title="List of vampire films">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="Lists of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_melodrama_films" title="List of melodrama films">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mockumentaries" title="List of mockumentaries">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monster_movies" title="List of monster movies">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant-monster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_films_by_year" title="List of musical films by year">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mystery_films" title="List of mystery films">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_noir_titles" title="List of film noir titles">Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-noir_films" title="List of neo-noir films">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_films" title="List of religious films">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romance_films" title="List of romance films">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantic_comedy_films" title="List of romantic comedy films">Romantic comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satirical_films" title="List of satirical films">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap_appearances_in_media#Films" title="Body swap appearances in media">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_action_films" title="List of science fiction action films">Sci-fi action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_comedy_films" title="List of science fiction comedy films">Sci-fi comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Sci-fi horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_superhero_films" title="List of American superhero films">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction#Time_travel_in_films" title="List of time travel works of fiction">Time travel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film#Films" title="Spy film">Spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_films" title="List of sports films">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teen_films" title="List of teen films">Teen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_thriller_films" title="Lists of thriller films">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_erotic_thriller_films" title="List of erotic thriller films">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_films_and_TV_specials" title="List of war films and TV specials">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Western_films" title="Lists of Western films">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Euro-Western_films" title="List of Euro-Western films">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaghetti_Westerns" title="List of spaghetti Westerns">Spaghetti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrative" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrative" title="Template:Narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrative" title="Template talk:Narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93204#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93204#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93204#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/896079/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4012653-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Documentary films"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85088115">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Films documentaires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11947584m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Films documentaires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11947584m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="dokumentární film"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135150&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="dokumentární filmy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127366&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000246896&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000084135&P_CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810614990405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550968405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637220">NARA</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10628858">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&oldid=1255441362">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Documentary_film&oldid=1255441362</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Documentary_film" title="Category:Documentary film">Documentary film</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Film genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Investigative_journalism" title="Category:Investigative journalism">Investigative journalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_journalism" 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