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<span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production and format</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_and_format-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production and format subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production_and_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cartoon_panels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartoon_panels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cartoon panels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartoon_panels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunday_comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunday_comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sunday comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunday_comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground_comic_strips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground_comic_strips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Underground comic strips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground_comic_strips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Webcomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Webcomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Webcomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Webcomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions_and_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions_and_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Conventions and genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventions_and_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Social and political influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publicity_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publicity_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Publicity and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publicity_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_in_U.S._newspaper_comic_strips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_in_U.S._newspaper_comic_strips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Issues in U.S. newspaper comic strips</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues_in_U.S._newspaper_comic_strips-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues in U.S. newspaper comic strips subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues_in_U.S._newspaper_comic_strips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_author" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_author"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Second author</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_author-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assistants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.1</span> <span>Assistants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights_to_the_strips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_to_the_strips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Rights to the strips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_to_the_strips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Comic strip</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%87%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A" title="شريط هزلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شريط هزلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tira_diaria" title="Tira diaria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tira diaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA" title="কমিক স্ট্রিপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কমিক স্ট্রিপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tira_c%C3%B2mica" title="Tira còmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tira còmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip" title="Strip – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Strip" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stribe_(tegneserie)" title="Stribe (tegneserie) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stribe (tegneserie)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comicstrip" title="Comicstrip – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Comicstrip" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Comic strip" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tira_de_prensa" title="Tira de prensa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tira de prensa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildostrio" title="Bildostrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bildostrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="داستان مصور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داستان مصور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comic strip" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%AF%B9_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%BD" title="코믹 스트립 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코믹 스트립" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komik_setrip" title="Komik setrip – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komik setrip" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striscia_a_fumetti" title="Striscia a fumetti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Striscia a fumetti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="רצועת קומיקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רצועת קומיקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_komik" title="Strip komik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Strip komik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie%C5%A1ini%C5%B3_serija" title="Piešinių serija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Piešinių serija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9psor" title="Képsor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Képsor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerang_komik" title="Lerang komik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lerang komik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krantenstrip" title="Krantenstrip – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krantenstrip" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97" title="コミック・ストリップ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コミック・ストリップ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasek_komiksowy" title="Pasek komiksowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pasek komiksowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tira_de_banda_desenhada" title="Tira de banda desenhada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tira de banda desenhada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81)" title="Стрип (комикс) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стрип (комикс)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="විකට කාටුන් තීරුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකට කාටුන් තීරුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Comic strip" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip" title="Strip – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Strip" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strippi" title="Strippi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Strippi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seriestripp" title="Seriestripp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Seriestripp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karikat%C3%BCr_band%C4%B1" title="Karikatür bandı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karikatür bandı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81)" title="Стрип (комікс) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стрип (комікс)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="کامک اسٹرپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کامک اسٹرپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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For the 2022 film, see <a href="/wiki/Funny_Pages_(film)" title="Funny Pages (film)"><i>Funny Pages</i> (film)</a>.</span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Comic_strip" title="Talk:Comic strip">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Progress_of_a_Scotsman_(BM_1868,0612.1247_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Progress_of_a_Scotsman_%28BM_1868%2C0612.1247_1%29.jpg/220px-Progress_of_a_Scotsman_%28BM_1868%2C0612.1247_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Progress_of_a_Scotsman_%28BM_1868%2C0612.1247_1%29.jpg/330px-Progress_of_a_Scotsman_%28BM_1868%2C0612.1247_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Progress_of_a_Scotsman_%28BM_1868%2C0612.1247_1%29.jpg/440px-Progress_of_a_Scotsman_%28BM_1868%2C0612.1247_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>Richard Newton <i>Progress of a Scotsman</i> 1794 (British Museum)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title">Comic strip</caption><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speech_balloon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/40px-Speech_balloon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/60px-Speech_balloon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/80px-Speech_balloon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">Speech balloon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology" title="Glossary of comics terminology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Media formats</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">Comics by country and culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentine comics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">Bande dessinées</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a>/<a href="/wiki/French_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="French comics">France</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazilian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">British comics</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Welsh-language</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canadian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Dutch comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">European comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">German comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungarian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Indian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Irish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexican comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistani comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippine comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Polish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portuguese comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South African comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spanish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thai comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_comics" title="Vietnamese comics">Vietnamese comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Community</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_collecting" title="Comic book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/64px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>comic strip</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">sequence of cartoons</a>, arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serialized</a>, with text in <a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">balloons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology#Caption" title="Glossary of comics terminology">captions</a>. Traditionally, throughout the 20th and into the 21st century, these have been published in <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>, with daily horizontal <a href="/wiki/Daily_comic_strip" title="Daily comic strip">strips printed in black-and-white</a> in newspapers, while <a href="/wiki/Sunday_newspaper" title="Sunday newspaper">Sunday papers</a> offered longer sequences in <a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">special color comics sections</a>. With the advent of the internet, online comic strips began to appear as <a href="/wiki/Webcomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcomics">webcomics</a>. </p><p>Most strips are written and drawn by a comics artist, known as a <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a>. As the word "comic" implies, strips are frequently humorous. Examples of these <a href="/wiki/Gag-a-day" title="Gag-a-day">gag-a-day</a> strips are <i><a href="/wiki/Blondie_(comic_strip)" title="Blondie (comic strip)">Blondie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bringing_Up_Father" title="Bringing Up Father">Bringing Up Father</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Marmaduke" title="Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pearls_Before_Swine_(comic_strip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls Before Swine (comic strip)">Pearls Before Swine</a></i>. In the late 1920s, comic strips expanded from their mirthful origins to feature <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure Stories">adventure stories</a>, as seen in <i><a href="/wiki/Popeye" title="Popeye">Popeye</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Easy" title="Captain Easy">Captain Easy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers" title="Buck Rogers">Buck Rogers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarzan (comics)">Tarzan</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Terry_and_the_Pirates_(comic_strip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terry and the Pirates (comic strip)">Terry and the Pirates</a></i>. In the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap-opera</a>-continuity strips such as <i><a href="/wiki/Judge_Parker" title="Judge Parker">Judge Parker</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Worth" title="Mary Worth">Mary Worth</a></i> gained popularity. Because "comic" strips are not always funny, cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a> has suggested that <a href="/wiki/Sequential_art" title="Sequential art">sequential art</a> would be a better <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>-neutral name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner2008xi–xii_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner2008xi–xii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comic strips have appeared inside American magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1924%E2%80%931950)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1924–1950)">Liberty</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Boys' Life">Boys' Life</a></i>, but also on the front covers, such as the <i>Flossy Frills</i> series on <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Weekly" title="The American Weekly">The American Weekly</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sunday_magazine" title="Sunday magazine">Sunday newspaper supplement</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_comic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British comic">UK</a> and the rest of Europe, comic strips are also serialized in <i>comic book magazines</i>, with a strip's story sometimes continuing over three pages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a> using a sequence of pictures has existed through history. One medieval European example in textile form is the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>. Printed examples emerged in 19th-century Germany and in mid 18th-century England, where some of the first <a href="/wiki/Satirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirical">satirical</a> or humorous <a href="/wiki/Sequential_art" title="Sequential art">sequential narrative</a> drawings were produced. <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>'s 18th-century English caricature include both narrative sequences, such as <i><a href="/wiki/A_Rake%27s_Progress" title="A Rake's Progress">A Rake's Progress</a></i>, and single panels. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_pauperum" title="Biblia pauperum">Biblia pauperum</a></i> ("Paupers' Bible"), a tradition of picture <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bibles</a> beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, sometimes depicted Biblical events with words spoken by the figures in the <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures</a> written on scrolls coming out of their mouths—which makes them to some extent ancestors of the modern cartoon strips. </p><p>In China, with its traditions of <a href="/wiki/Block_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Block printing">block printing</a> and of the incorporation of text with image, experiments with what became <i><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">lianhuanhua</a></i> date back to 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opinions_on_The_Divorce_Bill_Met_DP884659.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Opinions_on_The_Divorce_Bill_Met_DP884659.jpg/220px-Opinions_on_The_Divorce_Bill_Met_DP884659.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Opinions_on_The_Divorce_Bill_Met_DP884659.jpg/330px-Opinions_on_The_Divorce_Bill_Met_DP884659.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Opinions_on_The_Divorce_Bill_Met_DP884659.jpg/440px-Opinions_on_The_Divorce_Bill_Met_DP884659.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3740" data-file-height="2908" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Rowlandson after G.M.Woodward. <i>Opinions on the Divorce Bill</i> 1800 (Metropolitan Museum, New York)</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the modern English language comic strip can be traced to the efflorescence of caricature in late 18th century London. English caricaturists such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Newton_(caricaturist)" title="Richard Newton (caricaturist)">Richard Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Moutard_Woodward" title="George Moutard Woodward">George Woodward</a> developed sophisticated caricature styles using strips of expressive comic figures with captions that could be read left to right to cumulative effect, as well as business models for advertising and selling cheap comic illustration on regular subscription. </p><p>Other leading British caricaturists produced strips as well; for example <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> in <i>Democracy;-or-a Sketch of the Life of Buonaparte</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His contemporary <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Thomas Rowlandson</a> used strips as early as 1784 for example in <i>The Loves of the Fox and the Badger</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rowlandson may also be credited with inventing the first internationally recognized comic strip character: <i>Doctor Syntax</i> whose picaresque journeys through England were told through a series of comic etchings, accompanied by verse. Original published in parts between 1809 and 1811 in <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ackermann" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Ackermann">Rudolf Ackermann</a>'s <i>Poetical Magazine</i>, in book form <i>The Tour of Doctor Syntax in search of the picturesque</i> ran to 9 editions between 1812 and 1819, spun off two sequels, a prequel, numerous pirate imitations and copies including French, German, Danish and translations. His image was available on pottery, textiles wallpaper and other merchandise. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Wife!_MET_DP884189.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/My_Wife%21_MET_DP884189.jpg/220px-My_Wife%21_MET_DP884189.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/My_Wife%21_MET_DP884189.jpg/330px-My_Wife%21_MET_DP884189.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/My_Wife%21_MET_DP884189.jpg/440px-My_Wife%21_MET_DP884189.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3677" data-file-height="2606" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Rowlandson <i>My Wife</i> 1815 (Metropolitan Museum New York)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Caricature_Magazine_or_Hudibrastic_Mirror" title="The Caricature Magazine or Hudibrastic Mirror">The Caricature Magazine or Hudibrastic Mirror</a>, an influential English comic series published in London between 1807 and 1819 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tegg" title="Thomas Tegg">Thomas Tegg</a> included some satirical stories in comic strip format such as <i>The Adventures of Johnny Newcome</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first newspaper comic strips appeared in North America in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Kid" title="The Yellow Kid">The Yellow Kid</a></i> is usually credited as one of the first <b>newspaper strips</b>. However, the art form combining words and pictures developed gradually and there are many examples which led up to the comic strip. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Glasgow_Looking_Glass" title="The Glasgow Looking Glass">The Glasgow Looking Glass</a> was the first mass-produced publication to tell stories using illustrations and is regarded as the world's first comic strip. It satirised the political and social life of Scotland in the 1820s. It was conceived and illustrated by William Heath. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> author and caricature artist <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_T%C3%B6pffer" title="Rodolphe Töpffer">Rodolphe Töpffer</a> (Geneva, 1799–1846) is considered the father of the modern comic strips. His illustrated stories such as <i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_Mr._Vieux_Bois" title="Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois">Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois</a></i> (1827), first published in the US in 1842 as <i>The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck</i> or <i>Histoire de Monsieur Jabot</i> (1831), inspired subsequent generations of German and American comic artists. In 1865, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> painter, author, and caricaturist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Busch" title="Wilhelm Busch">Wilhelm Busch</a> created the strip <i><a href="/wiki/Max_and_Moritz" title="Max and Moritz">Max and Moritz</a></i>, about two trouble-making boys, which had a direct influence on the American comic strip. <i>Max and Moritz</i> was a series of seven severely moralistic tales in the vein of German children's stories such as <i><a href="/wiki/Struwwelpeter" title="Struwwelpeter">Struwwelpeter</a></i> ("Shockheaded Peter"). In the story's final act, the boys, after perpetrating some mischief, are tossed into a sack of grain, run through a mill, and consumed by a flock of geese (without anybody mourning their demise). <i>Max and Moritz</i> provided an inspiration for German immigrant <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Dirks" title="Rudolph Dirks">Rudolph Dirks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who created the <i><a href="/wiki/Katzenjammer_Kids" class="mw-redirect" title="Katzenjammer Kids">Katzenjammer Kids</a></i> in 1897—a strip starring two German-American boys visually modelled on <i>Max and Moritz</i>. Familiar comic-strip iconography such as stars for pain, sawing logs for snoring, speech balloons, and thought balloons originated in Dirks' strip.<sup id="cite_ref-toon_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hugely popular, <i>Katzenjammer Kids</i> occasioned one of the first comic-strip copyright ownership suits in the history of the medium. When Dirks left <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a> for the promise of a better salary under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a>, it was an unusual move, since cartoonists regularly deserted Pulitzer for Hearst. In a highly unusual court decision, Hearst retained the rights to the name "Katzenjammer Kids", while creator Dirks retained the rights to the characters. Hearst promptly hired <a href="/wiki/Harold_Knerr" title="Harold Knerr">Harold Knerr</a> to draw his own version of the strip. Dirks renamed his version <i>Hans and Fritz</i> (later, <i>The Captain and the Kids</i>). Thus, two versions distributed by rival syndicates graced the <a href="/wiki/Comics_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics page">comics pages</a> for decades. Dirks' version, eventually distributed by <a href="/wiki/United_Feature_Syndicate" title="United Feature Syndicate">United Feature Syndicate</a>, ran until 1979. </p><p>In the United States, the great popularity of <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a> sprang from the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism#Origins:_Pulitzer_vs._Hearst" title="Yellow journalism">newspaper war (1887 onwards) between Pulitzer and Hearst</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Bears" title="The Little Bears">The Little Bears</a></i> (1893–96) was the first <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> comic strip with recurring characters, while the first color comic supplement was published by the <i>Chicago Inter-Ocean</i> sometime in the latter half of 1892, followed by the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal_American" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Journal American">New York Journal</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s first color Sunday comic pages in 1897. On January 31, 1912, Hearst introduced the nation's first full daily comic page in his <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal_American" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Journal American">New York Evening Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of this newspaper rivalry and the rapid appearance of comic strips in most major American newspapers is discussed by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Gordon_(historian)" title="Ian Gordon (historian)">Ian Gordon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200214_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200214-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous events in newspaper comic strips have reverberated throughout society at large, though few of these events occurred in recent years, owing mainly to the declining use of continuous storylines on newspaper comic strips, which since the 1970s had been waning as an entertainment form.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1903 to 1905 <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Verbeek" title="Gustave Verbeek">Gustave Verbeek</a>, wrote his comic series "The UpsideDowns of Old Man Muffaroo and Little Lady Lovekins". These comics were made in such a way that one could read the 6 panel comic, flip the book and keep reading. He made 64 such comics in total. </p><p>The longest-running American comic strips are: </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Katzenjammer_Kids" title="The Katzenjammer Kids">The Katzenjammer Kids</a></i> (1897–2006; 109 years)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_Alley_(comic_strip)" title="Gasoline Alley (comic strip)">Gasoline Alley</a></i> (1918–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not!" title="Ripley's Believe It or Not!">Ripley's Believe It or Not!</a></i> (1918–present)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barney_Google_and_Snuffy_Smith" title="Barney Google and Snuffy Smith">Barney Google and Snuffy Smith</a></i> (1919–present)</li> <li><i>Thimble Theater/<a href="/wiki/Popeye" title="Popeye">Popeye</a></i> (1919–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blondie_(comic_strip)" title="Blondie (comic strip)">Blondie</a></i> (1930–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dick_Tracy" title="Dick Tracy">Dick Tracy</a></i> (1931–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alley_Oop" title="Alley Oop">Alley Oop</a></i> (1932–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bringing_Up_Father" title="Bringing Up Father">Bringing Up Father</a></i> (1913–2000; 87 years)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Orphan_Annie" title="Little Orphan Annie">Little Orphan Annie</a></i> (1924–2010; 86 years)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Most newspaper comic strips are syndicated; a <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip_syndication" title="Comic strip syndication">syndicate</a> hires people to write and draw a strip and then distributes it to many newspapers for a fee. Some newspaper strips begin or remain exclusive to one newspaper. For example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pogo_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogo (comics)">Pogo</a></i> comic strip by <a href="/wiki/Walt_Kelly" title="Walt Kelly">Walt Kelly</a> originally appeared only in the <i><a href="/wiki/PM_(newspaper)" title="PM (newspaper)">New York Star</a></i> in 1948 and was not picked up for syndication until the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newspaper comic strips come in two different types: <a href="/wiki/Daily_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily strip">daily strips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunday_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday strip">Sunday strips</a>. In the United States, a daily strip appears in newspapers on weekdays, Monday through Saturday, as contrasted with a Sunday strip, which typically only appears on Sundays. Daily strips usually are printed in black and white, and Sunday strips are usually in color. However, a few newspapers have published daily strips in color, and some newspapers have published Sunday strips in black and white. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_(1896).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_%281896%29.jpg/220px-Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_%281896%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_%281896%29.jpg/330px-Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_%281896%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_%281896%29.jpg/440px-Cover_of_Illustrated_Chips_298_%281896%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Chips" title="Illustrated Chips">Illustrated Chips</a></i> (1896). Harmsworth titles enjoyed a monopoly of comics in the UK until the emergence of <a href="/wiki/DC_Thomson" title="DC Thomson">DC Thomson</a> comics in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Making his first appearance in the British magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Judy_(satirical_magazine)" title="Judy (satirical magazine)">Judy</a></i> by writer and fledgling artist <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles H. Ross">Charles H. Ross</a> in 1867, <a href="/wiki/Ally_Sloper" title="Ally Sloper">Ally Sloper</a> is one of the earliest comic strip characters and he is regarded as the first recurring character in comics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highly popular character was spun off into his own comic, <i><a href="/wiki/Ally_Sloper%27s_Half_Holiday" title="Ally Sloper's Half Holiday">Ally Sloper's Half Holiday</a></i>, in 1884. </p><p>While in the early 20th century comic strips were a frequent target for detractors of "yellow journalism", by the 1920s the medium became wildly popular. While radio, and later, television surpassed newspapers as a means of entertainment, most comic strip characters were widely recognizable until the 1980s, and the "funny pages" were often arranged in a way they appeared at the front of Sunday editions. In 1931, George Gallup's first poll had the comic section as the most important part of the newspaper, with additional surveys pointing out that the comic strips were the second most popular feature after the picture page. During the 1930s, many comic sections had between 12 and 16 pages, although in some cases, these had up to 24 pages. </p><p>The popularity and accessibility of strips meant they were often clipped and saved; authors including <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> have written about their childhood collections of clipped strips. Often posted on <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board" title="Bulletin board">bulletin boards</a>, clipped strips had an ancillary form of distribution when they were faxed, photocopied or mailed. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Linda White recalled, "I followed the adventures of <i><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Winkle" title="Winnie Winkle">Winnie Winkle</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moon_Mullins" title="Moon Mullins">Moon Mullins</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dondi" title="Dondi">Dondi</a></i>, and waited each fall to see how <a href="/wiki/Lucy_van_Pelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy van Pelt">Lucy</a> would manage to trick <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Brown" title="Charlie Brown">Charlie Brown</a> into trying to kick that football. (After I left for college, my father would clip out that strip each year and send it to me just to make sure I didn't miss it.)"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_format">Production and format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production and format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two conventional formats for newspaper comics are strips and single gag panels. The strips are usually displayed horizontally, wider than they are tall. Single panels are square, circular or taller than they are wide. Strips usually, but not always, are broken up into several smaller panels with continuity from panel to panel. A horizontal strip can also be used for a single panel with a single gag, as seen occasionally in <a href="/wiki/Mike_Peters_(cartoonist)" title="Mike Peters (cartoonist)">Mike Peters</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose_and_Grimm" title="Mother Goose and Grimm">Mother Goose and Grimm</a></i>. </p><p>Early daily strips were large, often running the entire width of the newspaper, and were sometimes three or more inches high.<sup id="cite_ref-archive_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, a newspaper page included only a single daily strip, usually either at the top or the bottom of the page. By the 1920s, many newspapers had a comics page on which many strips were collected together. During the 1930s, the original art for a daily strip could be drawn as large as 25 inches wide by six inches high.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over decades, the daily strips became smaller and smaller, until by 2000, four standard daily strips could fit in an area once occupied by a single daily strip.<sup id="cite_ref-archive_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As strips have become smaller, the number of panels have been reduced. </p><p>Proof sheets were the means by which syndicates provided newspapers with black-and-white line art for the reproduction of strips (which they arranged to have colored in the case of Sunday strips). <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Libraries#Comic_Art_Collection" title="Michigan State University Libraries">Michigan State University Comic Art Collection</a> librarian Randy Scott describes these as "large sheets of paper on which newspaper comics have traditionally been distributed to subscribing newspapers. Typically each sheet will have either six daily strips of a given title or one Sunday strip. Thus, a week of <i><a href="/wiki/Beetle_Bailey" title="Beetle Bailey">Beetle Bailey</a></i> would arrive at the <i><a href="/wiki/Lansing_State_Journal" title="Lansing State Journal">Lansing State Journal</a></i> in two sheets, printed much larger than the final version and ready to be cut apart and fitted into the local comics page."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comic strip historian <a href="/wiki/Allan_Holtz" title="Allan Holtz">Allan Holtz</a> described how strips were provided as <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(printing)" title="Matrix (printing)">mats</a> (the plastic or cardboard trays in which molten metal is poured to make plates) or even plates ready to be put directly on the printing press. He also notes that with electronic means of distribution becoming more prevalent printed sheets "are definitely on their way out."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_Enterprise_Association" title="Newspaper Enterprise Association">NEA Syndicate</a> experimented briefly with a two-tier daily strip, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Hawks" title="Star Hawks">Star Hawks</a></i>, but after a few years, <i>Star Hawks</i> dropped down to a single tier.<sup id="cite_ref-toon_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, the two-tier strip is the standard publication style of most daily strips like <i><a href="/wiki/Spike_and_Suzy" title="Spike and Suzy">Spike and Suzy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Nero" title="The Adventures of Nero">Nero</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They appear Monday through Saturday; until 2003 there were no Sunday papers in Flanders.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last decades, they have switched from black and white to color. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartoon_panels">Cartoon panels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cartoon panels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panel_(comics)" title="Panel (comics)">Panel (comics)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatlocloistered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Hatlocloistered.jpg/350px-Hatlocloistered.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/32/Hatlocloistered.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Hatlo" title="Jimmy Hatlo">Jimmy Hatlo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/They%27ll_Do_It_Every_Time" title="They'll Do It Every Time">They'll Do It Every Time</a></i> was often drawn in the two-panel format as seen in this 1943 example.</figcaption></figure> <p>Single panels usually, but not always, are not broken up and lack continuity. The daily <i><a href="/wiki/Peanuts" title="Peanuts">Peanuts</a></i> is a strip, and the daily <i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_the_Menace_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis the Menace (U.S.)">Dennis the Menace</a></i> is a single panel. <a href="/wiki/J._R._Williams_(cartoonist)" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. Williams (cartoonist)">J. R. Williams</a>' long-run <i><a href="/wiki/Out_Our_Way" title="Out Our Way">Out Our Way</a></i> continued as a daily panel even after it expanded into a Sunday strip, <i><a href="/wiki/Out_Our_Way" title="Out Our Way">Out Our Way with the Willets</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Hatlo" title="Jimmy Hatlo">Jimmy Hatlo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/They%27ll_Do_It_Every_Time" title="They'll Do It Every Time">They'll Do It Every Time</a></i> was often displayed in a two-panel format with the first panel showing some deceptive, pretentious, unwitting or scheming human behavior and the second panel revealing the truth of the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-toon_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sunday_comics">Sunday comics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sunday comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday comics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squirrelcage1337.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/Squirrelcage1337.jpg" decoding="async" width="395" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gene_Ahern" title="Gene Ahern">Gene Ahern</a>'s <i>The Squirrel Cage</i> (January 3, 1937), an example of a <a href="/wiki/Topper_(comic_strip)" title="Topper (comic strip)">topper</a> strip which is better remembered than the strip it accompanied, Ahern's <i><a href="/wiki/Room_and_Board_(comic_strip)" title="Room and Board (comic strip)">Room and Board</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newadvflossy12641.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/Newadvflossy12641.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="350" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Russell Patterson and Carolyn Wells' <i>New Adventures of Flossy Frills</i> (January 26, 1941), an example of comic strips on <a href="/wiki/Sunday_magazine" title="Sunday magazine">Sunday magazines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sunday newspapers traditionally included a special color section. Early Sunday strips (known colloquially as "the funny papers", shortened to "the funnies"), such as <i><a href="/wiki/Thimble_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Thimble Theatre">Thimble Theatre</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Orphan_Annie" title="Little Orphan Annie">Little Orphan Annie</a></i>, filled an entire newspaper page, a format known to collectors as <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip_formats" title="Comic strip formats">full page</a>. Sunday pages during the 1930s and into the 1940s often carried a secondary strip by the same artist as the main strip. No matter whether it appeared above or below a main strip, the extra strip was known as the <a href="/wiki/Topper_(comic_strip)" title="Topper (comic strip)">topper</a>, such as <i>The Squirrel Cage</i> which ran along with <i><a href="/wiki/Room_and_Board_(comic_strip)" title="Room and Board (comic strip)">Room and Board</a></i>, both drawn by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Ahern" title="Gene Ahern">Gene Ahern</a>. </p><p>During the 1930s, the original art for a Sunday strip was usually drawn quite large. For example, in 1930, <a href="/wiki/Russ_Westover" title="Russ Westover">Russ Westover</a> drew his <i><a href="/wiki/Tillie_the_Toiler" title="Tillie the Toiler">Tillie the Toiler</a></i> Sunday page at a size of 17" × 37".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, the cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Fisher" title="Dudley Fisher">Dudley Fisher</a> launched the innovative <i><a href="/wiki/Right_Around_Home" title="Right Around Home">Right Around Home</a></i>, drawn as a huge single panel filling an entire Sunday page. </p><p>Full-page strips were eventually replaced by strips half that size. Strips such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom" title="The Phantom">The Phantom</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Terry_and_the_Pirates_(comic_strip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terry and the Pirates (comic strip)">Terry and the Pirates</a></i> began appearing in a format of two strips to a page in full-size newspapers, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Times_Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Times Picayune">New Orleans Times Picayune</a></i>, or with one strip on a tabloid page, as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a></i>. When Sunday strips began to appear in more than one format, it became necessary for the cartoonist to allow for rearranged, cropped or dropped panels. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, because of paper shortages, the size of Sunday strips began to shrink. After the war, strips continued to get smaller and smaller because of increased paper and printing costs. The last full-page comic strip was the <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Valiant" title="Prince Valiant">Prince Valiant</a></i> strip for 11 April 1971. </p><p>Comic strips have also been published in Sunday newspaper magazines. <a href="/wiki/Russell_Patterson" title="Russell Patterson">Russell Patterson</a> and Carolyn Wells' <i>New Adventures of Flossy Frills</i> was a continuing strip series seen on Sunday magazine covers. Beginning January 26, 1941, it ran on the front covers of Hearst's <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Weekly" title="The American Weekly">American Weekly</a></i> newspaper magazine supplement, continuing until March 30 of that year. Between 1939 and 1943, four different stories featuring Flossy appeared on <i>American Weekly</i> covers. </p><p>Sunday comics sections employed offset color printing with multiple print runs imitating a wide range of colors. Printing plates were created with four or more colors—traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a>: cyan, magenta, yellow and "K" for black. With a screen of tiny dots on each printing plate, the dots allowed an image to be printed in a <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> that appears to the eye in different gradations. The semi-opaque property of <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> allows halftone dots of different colors to create an optical effect of full-color imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Underground_comic_strips">Underground comic strips</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Underground comic strips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The decade of the 1960s saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Underground_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground newspaper">underground newspapers</a>, which often carried comic strips, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fritz_the_Cat" title="Fritz the Cat">Fritz the Cat</a></i> and <i>The <a href="/wiki/Fabulous_Furry_Freak_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers">Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Zippy_the_Pinhead" title="Zippy the Pinhead">Zippy the Pinhead</a></i> initially appeared in underground publications in the 1970s before being syndicated.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Bloom_County" title="Bloom County">Bloom County</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Doonesbury" title="Doonesbury">Doonesbury</a></i> began as strips in college newspapers under different titles, and later moved to national syndication. <a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">Underground comic strips</a> covered subjects that are usually taboo in newspaper strips, such as sex and drugs. Many underground artists, notably <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_Bode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaughn Bode">Vaughn Bode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_O%27Neill" title="Dan O'Neill">Dan O'Neill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Shelton" title="Gilbert Shelton">Gilbert Shelton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a> went on to draw comic strips for magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Lampoon_(magazine)" title="National Lampoon (magazine)">National Lampoon</a></i>, and Pete Millar's <i><a href="/wiki/CARtoons_Magazine" title="CARtoons Magazine">CARtoons</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Jay_Lynch" title="Jay Lynch">Jay Lynch</a> graduated from undergrounds to alternative weekly newspapers to <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_(magazine)" title="Mad (magazine)">Mad</a></i> and children's books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Webcomics">Webcomics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Webcomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></div> <p><i>Webcomics</i>, also known as <i>online comics</i> and <i>internet comics</i>, are <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a> that are available to read on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Internet</a>. Many are exclusively published online, but the majority of traditional newspaper comic strips have some Internet presence. <a href="/wiki/King_Features" class="mw-redirect" title="King Features">King Features Syndicate</a> and other syndicates often provide archives of recent strips on their websites. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Scott_Adams" title="Scott Adams">Scott Adams</a>, creator of <i><a href="/wiki/Dilbert" title="Dilbert">Dilbert</a></i>, include an email address in each strip.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions_and_genres">Conventions and genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conventions and genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most comic strip characters do not age throughout the strip's life, but in some strips, like <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Johnston" title="Lynn Johnston">Lynn Johnston</a>'s award-winning <i><a href="/wiki/For_Better_or_For_Worse" title="For Better or For Worse">For Better or For Worse</a></i>, the characters age as the years pass. The first strip to feature aging characters was <i><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_Alley_(comic_strip)" title="Gasoline Alley (comic strip)">Gasoline Alley</a></i>. </p><p>The history of comic strips also includes series that are not humorous, but tell an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramatic</a> story. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom" title="The Phantom">The Phantom</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Valiant" title="Prince Valiant">Prince Valiant</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dick_Tracy" title="Dick Tracy">Dick Tracy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Worth_(comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Worth (comic)">Mary Worth</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Modesty_Blaise" title="Modesty Blaise">Modesty Blaise</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Orphan_Annie" title="Little Orphan Annie">Little Orphan Annie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon" title="Flash Gordon">Flash Gordon</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarzan (comics)">Tarzan</a></i>. Sometimes these are spin-offs from <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>, for example <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(comic_strip)" title="Superman (comic strip)">Superman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(comic_strip)" title="Batman (comic strip)">Batman</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_(comic_strip)" title="The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip)">The Amazing Spider-Man</a></i>. </p><p>A number of strips have featured animals as main characters. Some are non-verbal (<i><a href="/wiki/Marmaduke" title="Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Angriest_Dog_in_the_World" title="The Angriest Dog in the World">The Angriest Dog in the World</a></i>), some have verbal thoughts but are not understood by humans, (<i><a href="/wiki/Garfield" title="Garfield">Garfield</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Snoopy" title="Snoopy">Snoopy</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Peanuts" title="Peanuts">Peanuts</a></i>), and some <a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">can converse with humans</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bloom_County" title="Bloom County">Bloom County</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calvin_and_Hobbes" title="Calvin and Hobbes">Calvin and Hobbes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mutts_(comic_strip)" title="Mutts (comic strip)">Mutts</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Dog_(comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen Dog (comic)">Citizen Dog</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Buckles_(comics)" title="Buckles (comics)">Buckles</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Get_Fuzzy" title="Get Fuzzy">Get Fuzzy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pearls_Before_Swine_(comic_strip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls Before Swine (comic strip)">Pearls Before Swine</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pooch_Cafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pooch Cafe">Pooch Cafe</a></i>). Other strips are centered entirely on animals, as in <i>Pogo</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck" title="Donald Duck">Donald Duck</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Gary_Larson" title="Gary Larson">Gary Larson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Far_Side" title="The Far Side">The Far Side</a></i> was unusual, as there were no central characters. Instead <i>The Far Side</i> used a wide variety of characters including humans, monsters, <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">aliens</a>, chickens, cows, <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(genus)" title="Amoeba (genus)">amoebas</a>, and more. John McPherson's <i><a href="/wiki/Close_to_Home_(comic_strip)" title="Close to Home (comic strip)">Close to Home</a></i> also uses this theme, though the characters are mostly restricted to humans and real-life situations. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Miller" title="Wiley Miller">Wiley Miller</a> not only mixes human, animal, and fantasy characters, but also does several different comic strip continuities under one umbrella title, <i><a href="/wiki/Non_Sequitur_(comic_strip)" title="Non Sequitur (comic strip)">Non Sequitur</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Thaves" title="Bob Thaves">Bob Thaves</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Frank_and_Ernest_(comic_strip)" title="Frank and Ernest (comic strip)">Frank & Ernest</a></i> began in 1972 and paved the way for some of these strips, as its human characters were manifest in diverse forms—as animals, vegetables, and minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-toon_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_political_influence">Social and political influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social and political influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The comics have long held a distorted mirror to contemporary society, and almost from the beginning have been used for political or social commentary. This ranged from the conservative slant of Harold Gray's <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Orphan_Annie" title="Little Orphan Annie">Little Orphan Annie</a></i> to the unabashed <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberalism</a> of Garry Trudeau's <i><a href="/wiki/Doonesbury" title="Doonesbury">Doonesbury</a></i>. Al Capp's <i><a href="/wiki/Li%27l_Abner" title="Li'l Abner">Li'l Abner</a></i> espoused liberal opinions for most of its run, but by the late 1960s, it became a mouthpiece for Capp's repudiation of the counterculture. </p><p><i>Pogo</i> used animals to particularly devastating effect, caricaturing many prominent politicians of the day as animal denizens of Pogo's Okeefenokee Swamp. In a fearless move, Pogo's creator Walt Kelly took on <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> in the 1950s, caricaturing him as a bobcat named Simple J. Malarkey, a megalomaniac who was bent on taking over the characters' birdwatching club and rooting out all undesirables. Kelly also defended the medium against possible government regulation in the <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthy era</a>. At a time when comic books were coming under fire for supposed sexual, violent, and subversive content, Kelly feared the same would happen to comic strips. Going before the Congressional subcommittee, he proceeded to charm the members with his drawings and the force of his personality. The comic strip was safe for satire. </p><p>During the early 20th century, comic strips were widely associated with publisher <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>, whose papers had the largest circulation of strips in the United States. Hearst was notorious for his practice of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a>, and he was frowned on by readers of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> and other newspapers which featured few or no comic strips. Hearst's critics often assumed that all the strips in his papers were fronts for his own political and social views. Hearst did occasionally work with or pitch ideas to cartoonists, most notably his continued support of <a href="/wiki/George_Herriman" title="George Herriman">George Herriman</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Krazy_Kat" title="Krazy Kat">Krazy Kat</a></i>. An inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Bill_Watterson" title="Bill Watterson">Bill Watterson</a> and other cartoonists, <i>Krazy Kat</i> gained a considerable following among intellectuals during the 1920s and 1930s. </p><p>Some comic strips, such as <i>Doonesbury</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mallard_Fillmore" title="Mallard Fillmore">Mallard Fillmore</a></i>, may be printed on the <a href="/wiki/Editorial_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial page">editorial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Op-ed_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-ed page">op-ed page</a> rather than the comics page because of their regular political commentary. For example, the August 12, 1974 <i><a href="/wiki/Doonesbury" title="Doonesbury">Doonesbury</a></i> strip was awarded a <a href="/wiki/1975_Pulitzer_Prize" title="1975 Pulitzer Prize">1975 Pulitzer Prize</a> for its depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dilbert" title="Dilbert">Dilbert</a></i> is sometimes found in the business section of a newspaper instead of the comics page because of the strip's commentary about <a href="/wiki/Office_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Office politics">office politics</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tank_McNamara" title="Tank McNamara">Tank McNamara</a></i> often appears on the sports page because of its subject matter. <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Johnston" title="Lynn Johnston">Lynn Johnston</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/For_Better_or_For_Worse" title="For Better or For Worse">For Better or For Worse</a></i> created an uproar when Lawrence, one of the strip's supporting characters, came out of the closet.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publicity_and_recognition">Publicity and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Publicity and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The world's longest comic strip is 88.9-metre (292 ft) long and on display at <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> as part of the London Comedy Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The London Cartoon Strip was created by 15 of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain's</a> best known cartoonists and depicts the history of London. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuben Award">Reuben</a>, named for cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Rube_Goldberg" title="Rube Goldberg">Rube Goldberg</a>, is the most prestigious award for U.S. comic strip artists. Reuben awards are presented annually by the <a href="/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society" title="National Cartoonists Society">National Cartoonists Society</a> (NCS). </p><p>In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> issued a series of commemorative stamps, <a href="/wiki/Comic_Strip_Classics" title="Comic Strip Classics">Comic Strip Classics</a>, marking the comic-strip centennial. </p><p>Today's strip artists, with the help of the NCS, enthusiastically promote the medium, which since the 1970s (and particularly the 1990s) has been considered to be in decline due to numerous factors such as changing tastes in humor and entertainment, the waning relevance of newspapers in general and the loss of most foreign markets outside English-speaking countries. One particularly humorous example of such promotional efforts is the <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip_switcheroo" title="Comic strip switcheroo">Great Comic Strip Switcheroonie</a>, held in 1997 on April Fool's Day, an event in which dozens of prominent artists took over each other's strips. <i>Garfield</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Jim Davis, for example, switched with <i><a href="/wiki/Blondie_(comic_strip)" title="Blondie (comic strip)">Blondie</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Stan Drake, while Scott Adams (<i>Dilbert</i>) traded strips with Bil Keane (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Family_Circus" title="The Family Circus">The Family Circus</a></i>). </p><p>While the 1997 Switcheroonie was a one-time publicity stunt, an artist taking over a feature from its originator is an old tradition in newspaper cartooning (as it is in the comic book industry). In fact, the practice has made possible the longevity of the genre's more popular strips. Examples include <i>Little Orphan Annie</i> (drawn and plotted by Harold Gray from 1924 to 1944 and thereafter by a succession of artists including <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Starr" title="Leonard Starr">Leonard Starr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pepoy" title="Andrew Pepoy">Andrew Pepoy</a>), and <i>Terry and the Pirates</i>, started by Milton Caniff in 1934 and picked up by <a href="/wiki/George_Wunder" title="George Wunder">George Wunder</a>. </p><p>A business-driven variation has sometimes led to the same feature continuing under a different name. In one case, in the early 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Don_Flowers" title="Don Flowers">Don Flowers</a>' <i>Modest Maidens</i> was so admired by William Randolph Hearst that he lured Flowers away from the Associated Press and to King Features Syndicate by doubling the cartoonist's salary, and renamed the feature <i>Glamor Girls</i> to avoid legal action by the AP. The latter continued to publish <i>Modest Maidens</i>, drawn by Jay Allen in Flowers' style.<sup id="cite_ref-toon_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_in_U.S._newspaper_comic_strips">Issues in U.S. newspaper comic strips</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Issues in U.S. newspaper comic strips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_newspapers" title="Decline of newspapers">As newspapers have declined</a>, the changes have affected comic strips. Jeff Reece, lifestyle editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Florida_Times-Union" title="The Florida Times-Union">The Florida Times-Union</a></i>, wrote, "Comics are sort of the '<a href="/wiki/Third_rail_(metaphor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third rail (metaphor)">third rail</a>' of the newspaper."<sup id="cite_ref-eandp_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eandp-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early decades of the 20th century, all <a href="/wiki/Sunday_comic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday comic">Sunday comics</a> received a full page, and daily strips were generally the width of the page. The competition between papers for having more cartoons than the rest from the mid-1920s, the growth of large-scale newspaper advertising during most of the thirties, paper <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the decline on news readership (as television newscasts began to be more common) and <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> (which has caused higher printing costs) beginning during the fifties and sixties led to Sunday strips being published on smaller and more diverse formats. As newspapers have reduced the page count of Sunday comic sections since the late 1990s (by the 2010s, most sections have only four pages, with the back page not always being destined for comics) has also led to further downsizes. </p><p>Daily strips have suffered as well. Before the mid-1910s, there was not a "standard" size", with strips running the entire width of a page or having more than one tier. By the 1920s, strips often covered six of the eight columns occupied by a traditional broadsheet paper. During the 1940s, strips were reduced to four columns wide (with a "transition" width of five columns). As newspapers became narrower beginning in the 1970s, strips have gotten even smaller, often being just three columns wide, a similar width to the one most daily panels occupied before the 1940s. </p><p>In an issue related to size limitations, Sunday comics are often bound to rigid <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip_formats" title="Comic strip formats">formats</a> that allow their panels to be rearranged in several different ways while remaining readable. Such formats usually include throwaway panels at the beginning, which some newspapers will omit for space. As a result, cartoonists have less incentive to put great efforts into these panels. <i><a href="/wiki/Garfield" title="Garfield">Garfield</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mutts_(comic_strip)" title="Mutts (comic strip)">Mutts</a></i> were known during the mid-to-late 80s and 1990s respectively for their throwaways on their Sunday strips, however both strips now run "generic" title panels. </p><p>Some cartoonists have complained about this, with Walt Kelly, creator of <i><a href="/wiki/Pogo_(comic_strip)" title="Pogo (comic strip)">Pogo</a>,</i> openly voicing his discontent about being forced to draw his Sunday strips in such rigid formats from the beginning. Kelly's heirs opted to end the strip in 1975 as a form of protest against the practice. Since then, <i><a href="/wiki/Calvin_and_Hobbes" title="Calvin and Hobbes">Calvin and Hobbes</a></i> creator <a href="/wiki/Bill_Watterson" title="Bill Watterson">Bill Watterson</a> has written extensively on the issue, arguing that size reduction and dropped panels reduce both the potential and freedom of a cartoonist. After a lengthy battle with his syndicate, Watterson won the privilege of making half page-sized Sunday strips where he could arrange the panels any way he liked. Many newspaper publishers and a few cartoonists objected to this, and some papers continued to print <i>Calvin and Hobbes</i> at small sizes. <a href="/wiki/Opus_(comic_strip)" title="Opus (comic strip)"><i>Opus</i></a> won that same privilege years after <i>Calvin and Hobbes</i> ended, while <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Miller" title="Wiley Miller">Wiley Miller</a> circumvented further downsizes by making his <i><a href="/wiki/Non_Sequitur_(comic_strip)" title="Non Sequitur (comic strip)">Non Sequitur</a></i> Sunday strip available only in a vertical arrangement. Most strips created since 1990, however, are drawn in the unbroken "third-page" format. Few newspapers still run half-page strips, as with <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Valiant" title="Prince Valiant">Prince Valiant</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4gar_the_Horrible" title="Hägar the Horrible">Hägar the Horrible</a></i> in the front page of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reading_Eagle" title="Reading Eagle">Reading Eagle</a></i> Sunday comics section until the mid-2010s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Format">Format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the success of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gumps" title="The Gumps">The Gumps</a></i> during the 1920s, it became commonplace for strips (comedy- and adventure-laden alike) to have lengthy stories spanning weeks or months. The "Monarch of Medioka" story in <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Gottfredson" title="Floyd Gottfredson">Floyd Gottfredson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_(comic_strip)" title="Mickey Mouse (comic strip)"><i>Mickey Mouse</i> comic strip</a> ran from September 8, 1937, to May 2, 1938. Between the 1960s and the late 1980s, as <a href="/wiki/Television_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Television news">television news</a> relegated newspaper reading to an occasional basis rather than daily, syndicators were abandoning long stories and urging cartoonists to switch to simple daily gags, or week-long "storylines" (with six consecutive (mostly unrelated) strips following a same subject), with longer storylines being used mainly on adventure-based and dramatic strips. Strips begun during the mid-1980s or after (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Get_Fuzzy" title="Get Fuzzy">Get Fuzzy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Over_the_Hedge" title="Over the Hedge">Over the Hedge</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_(comic_strip)" title="Monty (comic strip)">Monty</a></i>, and others) are known for their heavy use of storylines, lasting between one and three weeks in most cases. </p><p>The writing style of comic strips changed as well after World War II. With an increase in the number of college-educated readers, there was a shift away from slapstick comedy and towards more cerebral humor. Slapstick and visual gags became more confined to Sunday strips, because as <i>Garfield</i> creator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Davis_(cartoonist)" title="Jim Davis (cartoonist)">Jim Davis</a> put it, "Children are more likely to read Sunday strips than dailies." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_author">Second author</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Second author"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many older strips are no longer drawn by the original cartoonist, who has either died or retired. Such strips are known as "<a href="/wiki/Zombie_strip" title="Zombie strip">zombie strips</a>". A cartoonist, paid by the syndicate or sometimes a relative of the original cartoonist, continues writing the strip, a tradition that became commonplace in the early half of the 20th century. <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4gar_the_Horrible" title="Hägar the Horrible">Hägar the Horrible</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Frank_and_Ernest_(comic_strip)" title="Frank and Ernest (comic strip)">Frank and Ernest</a></i> are both drawn by the sons of the creators. Some strips which are still in affiliation with the original creator are produced by small teams or entire companies, such as Jim Davis' <i>Garfield</i>, however there is some debate if these strips fall in this category. </p><p>This act is commonly criticized by modern cartoonists including Watterson and <i>Pearls Before Swine'</i>s <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Pastis" title="Stephan Pastis">Stephan Pastis</a>. The issue was addressed in six consecutive <i>Pearls</i> strips in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Schulz" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Schulz">Charles Schulz</a>, of <i><a href="/wiki/Peanuts" title="Peanuts">Peanuts</a></i> fame, requested that his strip not be continued by another cartoonist after his death. He also rejected the idea of hiring an inker or letterer, comparing it to a golfer hiring a man to make his putts. Schulz's family has honored his wishes and refused numerous proposals by syndicators to continue <i>Peanuts</i> with a new author. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assistants">Assistants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Assistants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the consolidation of newspaper comics by the first quarter of the 20th century, most cartoonists have used a group of assistants (with usually one of them credited). However, quite a few cartoonists (e.g.: <a href="/wiki/George_Herriman" title="George Herriman">George Herriman</a> and Charles Schulz, among others) have done their strips almost completely by themselves; often criticizing the use of assistants for the same reasons most have about their editors hiring anyone else to continue their work after their retirement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights_to_the_strips">Rights to the strips</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rights to the strips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, syndicates <a href="/wiki/Creator_ownership_in_comics" title="Creator ownership in comics">owned the creators' work</a>, enabling them to continue publishing the strip after the original creator retired, left the strip, or died. This practice led to the term "legacy strips", or more pejoratively "<a href="/wiki/Zombie_strip" title="Zombie strip">zombie strips</a>". Most syndicates signed creators to 10- or even 20-year contracts. (There have been exceptions, however, such as <a href="/wiki/Bud_Fisher" title="Bud Fisher">Bud Fisher</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mutt_and_Jeff" title="Mutt and Jeff">Mutt and Jeff</a></i> being an early—if not the earliest—case in which the creator retained ownership of his work.) Both these practices began to change with the 1970 debut of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Press_Syndicate" title="Universal Press Syndicate">Universal Press Syndicate</a>, as the company gave cartoonists a 50-percent ownership share of their work. <a href="/wiki/Creators_Syndicate" title="Creators Syndicate">Creators Syndicate</a>, founded in 1987, granted artists full rights to the strips,<sup id="cite_ref-Superhero_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Superhero-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> something that Universal Press did in 1990, followed by <a href="/wiki/King_Features" class="mw-redirect" title="King Features">King Features</a> in 1995. By 1999 both <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Media_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribune Media Services">Tribune Media Services</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Feature" class="mw-redirect" title="United Feature">United Feature</a> had begun granting ownership rights to creators (limited to new and/or hugely popular strips).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in the late 1940s, the national syndicates which distributed newspaper comic strips subjected them to very strict censorship. <i><a href="/wiki/Li%27l_Abner" title="Li'l Abner">Li'l Abner</a></i> was censored in September 1947 and was pulled from the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Press">Pittsburgh Press</a> by <a href="/wiki/E.W._Scripps_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="E.W. Scripps Company">Scripps-Howard.</a> The controversy, as reported in <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, centered on Capp's portrayal of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a>. Said Edward Leech of Scripps, "We don't think it is good editing or sound citizenship to picture the Senate as an assemblage of freaks and crooks... boobs and undesirables."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As comics are easier for children to access compared to other types of media, they have a significantly more rigid censorship code than other media. Stephan Pastis has lamented that the "unwritten" censorship code is still "stuck somewhere in the 1950s". Generally, comics are not allowed to include such words as "damn", "sucks", "screwed", and "hell", although there have been exceptions such as the September 22, 2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose_and_Grimm" title="Mother Goose and Grimm">Mother Goose and Grimm</a></i> in which an elderly man says, "This nursing home food sucks," and a pair of <i>Pearls Before Swine</i> comics from January 11, 2011, with a character named Ned using the word "crappy".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naked backsides and shooting guns cannot be shown, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Dilbert" title="Dilbert">Dilbert</a></i> cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Adams" title="Scott Adams">Scott Adams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such comic strip taboos were detailed in <a href="/wiki/Dave_Breger" title="Dave Breger">Dave Breger</a>'s book <i>But That's Unprintable</i> (Bantam, 1955). </p><p>Many issues such as <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcotics">narcotics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> cannot or can very rarely be openly discussed in strips, although there are exceptions, usually for <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, as in <i>Bloom County</i>. This led some cartoonists to resort to <a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendre</a> or dialogue children do not understand, as in <a href="/wiki/Greg_Evans_(cartoonist)" title="Greg Evans (cartoonist)">Greg Evans</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Luann_(comic_strip)" title="Luann (comic strip)">Luann</a></i>. Another example of wordplay to get around censorship is a July 27, 2016 <a href="/wiki/Pearls_Before_Swine_(comics)" title="Pearls Before Swine (comics)">Pearls Before Swine</a> strip that features Pig talking to his sister, and says the phrase "I SIS!" repeatedly after correcting his sister's grammar. The strip then cuts to a scene of a NSA wiretap agent, following a scene of Pig being arrested by the FBI saying "Never correct your sister's grammar", implying that the CIA mistook the phrase "I SIS" with "<a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Younger cartoonists have claimed commonplace words, images, and issues should be allowed in the comics, considering that the pressure on "clean" humor has been a chief factor for the declining popularity of comic strips since the 1990s (Aaron McGruder, creator of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boondocks_(comic_strip)" title="The Boondocks (comic strip)">The Boondocks</a></i>, decided to end his strip partly because of censorship issues, while the <i><a href="/wiki/Popeye" title="Popeye">Popeye</a></i> daily comic strip ended in 1994 after newspapers objected to a storyline they considered to be a satire on abortion). Some of the taboo words and topics are mentioned daily on television and other forms of visual media. Webcomics and comics distributed primarily to college newspapers are much freer in this respect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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strips">List of British comic strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cartoonists" title="List of cartoonists">List of cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_comic_strips" title="List of newspaper comic strips">List of newspaper comic strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_humor#Comic_strips" title="Military humor">Military humor comic strips</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner2008xi–xii-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner2008xi–xii_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner2008">Eisner 2008</a>, pp. xi–xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nico-wong.over-blog.net/article-15817717.html">"histoire de la bande dessinée chinoise, les lianhuanhua (1)"</a> [History of Chinese comics: lianhuanhua] (in French). 2008-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-10</span></span>. <q>[...] le quotidien Shenbao (申报) publie dès 1884 un supplément intitulé Magazine dla vie quotidienne, les mœurs et les coutumes en Chine à une époque où les photographies sont encore rares. [Translation: ... from 1884 the daily <i>Shenbao</i> (申报) published a supplement called "Magazine of the Studio of carved stone" (点石斋画报) which contained series of narrative images done with the <i>baimiao</i> technique. So this allowed the newspaper to enhance its readability by illustrating contemporary events at home and abroad, or by depicting daily life and behavior and customs in China at a time when photographs still remained uncommon.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=histoire+de+la+bande+dessin%C3%A9e+chinoise%2C+les+lianhuanhua+%281%29&rft.date=2008-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nico-wong.over-blog.net%2Farticle-15817717.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Gillray1800" class="citation book cs1">James Gillray (1800). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1851-0901-1030"><i>Democracy;-or-a Sketch of the Life of Buonaparte</i></a> (hand-coloured etching). British Museum. 1851,0901.1030.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy%3B-or-a+Sketch+of+the+Life+of+Buonaparte.&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=1800&rft.au=James+Gillray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FP_1851-0901-1030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Rowlandson1784" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Rowlandson (1784). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1868-0808-5095"><i>The loves of the fox and the badger, - or the coalition wedding</i></a> (hand-coloured etching). British Museum. 1868,0808.5095.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+loves+of+the+fox+and+the+badger%2C+-+or+the+coalition+wedding.&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=1784&rft.au=Thomas+Rowlandson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FP_1868-0808-5095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1872-1012-5010"><i>Adventures of Johnny Newcome Plate1 1</i></a> (paper). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003973207">the original</a> on May 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Editor+%26+Publisher&rft.atitle=Comics-Page+Changes+Can+Come+at+a+Price&rft.date=2009-05-14&rft.aulast=Moynihan&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.editorandpublisher.com%2Feandp%2Fnews%2Farticle_display.jsp%3Fvnu_content_id%3D1003973207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comics.com/pearls_before_swine/?DateAfter=2005-09-19&DateBefore=2009-12-18&Order=d.DateStrip+ASC&PerPage=10&x=36&y=15&Search=blondie"><i>Pearls Before Swine</i></a> at Comics.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Superhero-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Superhero_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatina_Alexander1987" class="citation news cs1">Katina Alexander (June 14, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/14/business/a-superhero-for-cartoonists.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"A Superhero For Cartoonists?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 34<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 29, 1947. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804275,00.html">the original</a> on October 23, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Tain%27t+Funny&rft.date=1947-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C804275%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grimmy.com/comics.php">"Mother Goose and Grimm/Mike Peters Website"</a>. Grimmy.com. 1994-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mother+Goose+and+Grimm%2FMike+Peters+Website&rft.pub=Grimmy.com&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grimmy.com%2Fcomics.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115200207/http://comics.com/pearls_before_swine/2011-01-10/">"Pearls Before Swine Comic Strip, January 10, 2011 on GoComics.com"</a>. Comics.com. January 10, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comics.com/pearls_before_swine/2011-01-10/">the original</a> on January 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pearls+Before+Swine+Comic+Strip%2C+January+10%2C+2011+on+GoComics.com&rft.pub=Comics.com&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomics.com%2Fpearls_before_swine%2F2011-01-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110124191330/http://comics.com/pearls_before_swine/2011-01-11/">"Pearls Before Swine Comic Strip, January 11, 2011 on GoComics.com"</a>. Comics.com. January 11, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comics.com/pearls_before_swine/2011-01-11/">the original</a> on January 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pearls+Before+Swine+Comic+Strip%2C+January+11%2C+2011+on+GoComics.com&rft.pub=Comics.com&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomics.com%2Fpearls_before_swine%2F2011-01-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2007-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2007_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams2007">Adams 2007</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Adams" title="Scott Adams">Adams, Scott</a> (2007). <i>Stick to Drawing Comics, Monkey Brain!: Cartoonist Ignores Helpful Advice</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-185-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-185-2"><bdi>978-1-59184-185-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stick+to+Drawing+Comics%2C+Monkey+Brain%21%3A+Cartoonist+Ignores+Helpful+Advice&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59184-185-2&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisner2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Eisner, Will</a> (2008). <i>Comics and Sequential Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33126-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33126-4"><bdi>978-0-393-33126-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics+and+Sequential+Art&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33126-4&rft.aulast=Eisner&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2002" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Ian (2002). <i>Comic Strips and Consumer Culture: 1890–1945</i>. Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-856-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56098-856-8"><bdi>1-56098-856-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comic+Strips+and+Consumer+Culture%3A+1890%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-56098-856-8&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackbeard1977" class="citation book cs1">Blackbeard, Bill, ed. (1977). <i>The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution Press">Smithsonian Institution Press</a>/Harry N. Abrams.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smithsonian+Collection+of+Newspaper+Comics&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press%2FHarry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastelli2003" class="citation book cs1">Castelli, Alfredo (2003). <i>Here We Are Ggain: 1895-1919: the First 25 Years of American Newspaper Comics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+We+Are+Ggain%3A+1895-1919%3A+the+First+25+Years+of+American+Newspaper+Comics&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Castelli&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gordon, Ian. <i>Comic Strips and Consumer Culture</i> (1998) <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution Press">Smithsonian Institution Press</a></li> <li>Goulart, Ron. <i>Encyclopedia of American Comics</i></li> <li>Goulart, Ron. <i>The Funnies</i></li> <li>Goulart, Ron. <i>The Adventurous Decade</i></li> <li>Holtz, Allan. <i>American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide</i>. (2012) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11756-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11756-7">978-0-472-11756-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Horn" title="Maurice Horn">Horn, Maurice</a>. <i>The World Encyclopedia of Comics</i>. (1976) <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea House">Chelsea House</a>, (1982) <a href="/wiki/Avon_(publishers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avon (publishers)">Avon</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877540304" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877540304">978-0877540304</a></li> <li>Horn, Maurice. <i>The World Encyclopedia of Cartoons</i> (Chelsea House, 1979) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877541219" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877541219">978-0877541219</a> – 6 volumes</li> <li>Horn, Maurice. <i>100 Years of American Newspaper Comics</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gramercy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramercy Books">Gramercy Books</a>, 1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0517124475" title="Special:BookSources/978-0517124475">978-0517124475</a></li> <li>Koenigsberg, Moses. <i>King News</i>, Moses Koenigsberg</li> <li>Mott, Frank Luther. <i>American Journalism</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbinsYronwode1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trina_Robbins" title="Trina Robbins">Robbins, Trina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Yronwode" title="Catherine Yronwode">Yronwode, Catherine</a> (1985). <i>Women and the Comics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipse Books">Eclipse Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913035-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-913035-01-7"><bdi>0-913035-01-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Comics&rft.pub=Eclipse+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-913035-01-7&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Trina&rft.au=Yronwode%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins1993" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Trina (1993). <i>A Century of Women Cartoonists</i>. Kitchen Sink Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87816-206-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87816-206-2"><bdi>0-87816-206-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Women+Cartoonists&rft.pub=Kitchen+Sink+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-87816-206-2&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Trina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robinson, Jerry. <i>The Comics</i></li> <li>Sheridan, Martin. <i>Comics And Their Creators</i></li> <li>Stein, Daniel and Jan-Noel Thon, eds. <i>From Comic Strips to Graphic Novels. Contributions to the Theory and History of Graphic Narrative</i>. Berlin/Boston 2015.</li> <li>Tebbell. <i>The Compact History of the American Newspaper</i></li> <li>Strickler, Dave. <i>Syndicated Comic Strips and Artists</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2004" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Brian (2004). <i>The Comics: Before 1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams">Harry N. Abrams</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-4970-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-4970-9"><bdi>0-8109-4970-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comics%3A+Before+1945&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8109-4970-9&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2002" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Brian (2002). <i>The Comics: After 1945</i>. Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3481-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-3481-7"><bdi>0-8109-3481-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comics%3A+After+1945&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8109-3481-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmo_Scott_Watson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elmo Scott Watson (page does not exist)">Watson, Elmo Scott</a>. <i>A History of Newspaper Syndicates in the United States</i>, Elmo Scott Watson</li> <li>Waugh, Coulton. <i>The Comics</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_strip&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Comic_strips" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Comic strips">Comic strips</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuben.org/news/">National Cartoonists Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014001549/http://www.reuben.org/news/">Archived</a> 2012-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamant1982" class="citation news cs1">Diamant, Anita (June 1, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1982-06-08_11_23/page/n34/mode/1up">"The rabbit died: Joanie's pregnancy, plus cubist breasts and other funnies feminism"</a>. <i>The Boston Phoenix</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Phoenix&rft.atitle=The+rabbit+died%3A+Joanie%27s+pregnancy%2C+plus+cubist+breasts+and+other+funnies+feminism&rft.date=1982-06-01&rft.aulast=Diamant&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_boston-phoenix_1982-06-08_11_23%2Fpage%2Fn34%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiffer,_PaulWare,_Hames" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Leiffer, Paul; Ware, Hames (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323073609/http://www.bpib.com/comicsproj/">"The Comic Strip Project"</a>. Archived from the original on March 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Comic+Strip+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpib.com%2Fcomicsproj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brian1981" class="citation news cs1">O'Brian, Dave (2 June 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1981-06-02_10_22/page/n10/mode/1up">"Panel Discussions and Comic Truths"</a>. <i>The Boston Phoenix</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Phoenix&rft.atitle=Panel+Discussions+and+Comic+Truths&rft.date=1981-06-02&rft.aulast=O%27Brian&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_boston-phoenix_1981-06-02_10_22%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaschal2023" class="citation news cs1">Paschal, Belinda M. (September 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2023/09/24/comic-strips-history-and-impact-on-american-culture-still-relevant/70843528007/">"See you in the funny papers: Comic strips' evolution as a uniquely American art form"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbus_Dispatch" title="The Columbus Dispatch">The Columbus Dispatch</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Columbus+Dispatch&rft.atitle=See+you+in+the+funny+papers%3A+Comic+strips%27+evolution+as+a+uniquely+American+art+form&rft.date=2023-09-24&rft.aulast=Paschal&rft.aufirst=Belinda+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coloradoan.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2023%2F09%2F24%2Fcomic-strips-history-and-impact-on-american-culture-still-relevant%2F70843528007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComic+strip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719050622/http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/comic.htm">Comic Art Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartoons.osu.edu">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library and 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics" title="Template talk:Comics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comics514" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology" title="Glossary of comics terminology">Glossary of comics terminology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_comic" title="Ashcan comic">Ashcan comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">Limited series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_(comics)" title="One-shot (comics)">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongoing_series" title="Ongoing series">Ongoing series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comic strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip_formats" title="Comic strip formats">Comic strip formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_comic_strip" title="Daily comic strip">Daily comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">Lianhuanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topper_(comic_strip)" title="Topper (comic strip)">Topper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Mobile comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_comic" title="Film comic">Film comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comics" title="Silent comics">Silent comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_comics" title="Text comics">Text comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_creators" title="List of comics creators">Creators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cartoonists" title="List of cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comic_book_editors" title="Category:Comic book editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">Inkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Letterers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoonist" title="Editorial cartoonist">Editorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_editorial_cartoonists" title="List of editorial cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minicomics_creators" title="List of minicomics creators">Minicomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_webcomic_creators" title="List of webcomic creators">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics_creators" title="List of American comics creators">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_cartoonists" title="List of Jewish American cartoonists">Jewish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_comics_creators" title="List of Australian comics creators">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comics_creators" title="List of Canadian comics creators">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_comic_creators" title="List of Cuban comic creators">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_comics_creators" title="List of Filipino comics creators">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Macedonian_comics_creators" title="List of Macedonian comics creators">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Female comics creators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_comics_creators" title="List of female comics creators">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_comics" title="List of years in comics">Years in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Golden Age of Comic Books">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Silver Age of Comic Books">Silver Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Bronze Age of Comic Books">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Modern Age of Comic Books">Modern Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_from_the_Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books">events</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_webcomics" title="History of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a><br />and narratology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_comics" title="Abstract comics">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_comics" title="Adult comics">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropomorphic_comics" title="List of anthropomorphic comics">Anthropomorphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographical comics">Autobiographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_comics" title="Celebrity comics">Celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Comics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_poetry" title="Comics poetry">Comics poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_comics" title="Crime comics">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_comics" title="List of dystopian comics">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_comics" title="Erotic comics">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_medicine" title="Graphic medicine">Graphic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_comics" title="Non-fiction comics">Non-fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_comics" title="Romance comics">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romance_comics" title="List of romance comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_humor_comics" title="Teen humor comics">Teen humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_comics" title="War comics">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wrestling-based_comic_books" title="List of wrestling-based comic books">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(comics)" title="Decompression (comics)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(comics)" title="Masking (comics)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_(vagrant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue (vagrant)">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_comics" title="Widescreen comics">Widescreen comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotypes_in_comics" title="Ethnic stereotypes in comics">Ethnic stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_webcomics" title="Gender and webcomics">Gender and webcomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in comics">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_American_mainstream_comics" title="LGBT themes in American mainstream comics">American mainstream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_black_people_in_comics" title="Portrayal of black people in comics">Portrayal of black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_characters_in_comics" title="African characters in comics">African characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hawkeye_Initiative" title="The Hawkeye Initiative">The Hawkeye Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Refrigerators">Women in Refrigerators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics" title="List of American comics">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">China and Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua" title="List of manhua">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_comics" title="List of Indian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhwa" title="List of manhwa">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_comics" title="List of Philippine comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh" class="mw-redirect" title="Truyện tranh">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">France and Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Franco-Belgian_comics_series" title="List of Franco-Belgian comics series">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_comics" title="List of Italian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_comics" title="List of Spanish comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comics" title="Lists of comics">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books" title="List of comic books">Comic books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_comic_strips" title="List of newspaper comic strips">Comic strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">Manga magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_webcomics" title="Lists of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_fiction" title="List of comics based on fiction">Based on fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_films" title="List of comics based on films">Based on films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_television_programs" title="List of comics based on television programs">Based on television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_video_games" title="List of comics based on video games">Based on video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Best-selling comic series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_manga_magazines_by_circulation" title="List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation">manga magazines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books_on_CD/DVD" title="List of comic books on CD/DVD">Comic books on CD/DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_and_comic_strips_made_into_feature_films" title="List of comics and comic strips made into feature films">Comics and comic strips made into feature films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_solicited_but_never_published" title="List of comics solicited but never published">Comics solicited but never published</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_limited_series" title="List of limited series">Limited series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections and<br /> museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Comic_Strip_Center" title="Belgian Comic Strip Center">Belgian Comic Strip Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum" title="Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoon_Museum" title="National Cartoon Museum">National Cartoon Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cartoon_Archive" title="British Cartoon Archive">British Cartoon Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_%26_Cartoon_Museum_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel">Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Art_Museum" title="Cartoon Art Museum">Cartoon Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cartoon_Museum" title="The Cartoon Museum">The Cartoon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Waring#Comic_strip_collection" title="Fred Waring">Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibiteca_Antonio_Gobbo" title="Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo">Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Libraries#Comic_Art_Collection" title="Michigan State University Libraries">Michigan State University Comic Art Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comic_and_Cartoon_Art" title="Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art">Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ToonSeum" title="ToonSeum">ToonSeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_%26_Pictures_Museum" title="Words & Pictures Museum">Words & Pictures Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Cartoon_Studies" title="Center for Cartoon Studies">Center for Cartoon Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kubert_School" title="The Kubert School">The Kubert School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic_Book_Arts" title="Academy of Comic Book Arts">Academy of Comic Book Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Canadian_Cartoonists" title="Association of Canadian Cartoonists">Association of Canadian Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers" title="Association of Comics Magazine Publishers">Association of Comics Magazine Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Cartoonists%27_Association" title="Australian Cartoonists' Association">Australian Cartoonists' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Art_Professional_Society" title="Comic Art Professional Society">Comic Art Professional Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society" title="National Cartoonists Society">National Cartoonists Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samahang_Kartunista_ng_Pilipinas" title="Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas">Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical and<br /> academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_des_Critiques_et_des_journalistes_de_Bande_Dessin%C3%A9e" title="Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée">Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Comic_Book_Creator_Awards_Association" title="Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association">Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_the_Study_of_Comics" title="Canadian Society for the Study of Comics">Canadian Society for the Study of Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_%26_Fantasy_Art_Amateur_Press_Association" title="Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association">Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_Studies_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics Studies Society">Comics Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequart_Organization" title="Sequart Organization">Sequart Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Serieakademien" title="Svenska Serieakademien">Svenska Serieakademien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charitable and<br /> outreach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic-Book_Fans_and_Collectors" title="Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors">Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Amateur_Press_Association_(comics)" title="British Amateur Press Association (comics)">British Amateur Press Association (comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Club_des_bandes_dessin%C3%A9es" title="Le Club des bandes dessinées">Club des bandes dessinées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Book Legal Defense Fund">Comic Book Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Legends_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund">Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Comics_Society" title="Finnish Comics Society">Finnish Comics Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Lulu" title="Friends of Lulu">Friends of Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hero_Initiative" title="The Hero Initiative">The Hero Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeric_Foundation" title="Xeric Foundation">Xeric Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" 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