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href="#Literature_in_independent_Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literature in independent Latvia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_in_independent_Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvian_Literature_after_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvian_Literature_after_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Latvian Literature after Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvian_Literature_after_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Since 1991</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_letona" title="Literatura letona – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura letona" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loty%C5%A1sk%C3%A1_literatura" title="Lotyšská literatura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lotyšská literatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettische_Literatur" title="Lettische Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lettische Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ti_kirjandus" title="Läti kirjandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Läti kirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_en_let%C3%B3n" title="Literatura en letón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura en letón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_lettone" title="Littérature lettone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature lettone" 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data-title="Literatura łotewska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Латышская литература – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латышская литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettisk_litteratur" title="Lettisk litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lettisk litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leton_edebiyat%C4%B1" title="Leton edebiyatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leton edebiyatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Латиська література – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латиська література" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q923851#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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Latvian secular literature began with <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Friedrich_Stender" title="Gotthard Friedrich Stender">Gotthard Friedrich Stender</a> who produced didactic tales or idyllic portrayals of country life.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Latvian_literature">Early Latvian literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early Latvian literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before there was a written <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian language</a>, traditions were passed along in folk songs that are still preserved. Poetry and prose was written on a small scale in the 18th century, most notably by <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Friedrich_Stender" title="Gotthard Friedrich Stender">Gotthard Friedrich Stender</a>. But Latvian literature began in earnest in the nineteenth century. <a href="/wiki/Juris_Alunans" class="mw-redirect" title="Juris Alunans">Juris Alunans</a> tried to show that deep and noble feelings could also be expressed in Latvian, which the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic-German</a> Barons regarded as a peasant tongue. Alunans' volume of poetry was published in 1856, the same year as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire's</a> <i>Les Fleurs du Mal</i>, the starting point of European <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> in poetry. The national epic, <a href="/wiki/L%C4%81%C4%8Dpl%C4%93sis" title="Lāčplēsis">Lāčplēsis</a>, published in 1888 was written by <a href="/wiki/Andrejs_Pumpurs" title="Andrejs Pumpurs">Andrejs Pumpurs</a>. </p><p>In the beginning of the 20th century, mainly through the many German and Russian connections, Latvian literature had diverging movements of <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadence</a>, and politically – <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, these movements went underground after the defeat of the largest national Latvian uprising the <a href="/wiki/1905_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 revolution">1905 revolution</a> – and the revenge from the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist">tsarist</a> regime was severe, leading to the first emigration of intellectuals from Latvia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rainis" title="Rainis">Rainis</a> was a poet, playwright, translator, and politician at the turn of the century; his classic plays <i>"Fire and Night"</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Uguns un nakts</i>, 1905) and <i>"Indulis and Ārija"</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Indulis un Ārija</i>, 1911) had a profound influence on the literary Latvian language, and the ethnic symbolism he employed in his major works has been central to Latvian <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. Rainis was the first to formulate the idea that Latvia could be, not a part of a more democratic <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> – but a sovereign state. He married <a href="/wiki/Aspazija" title="Aspazija">Aspazija</a>, also a writer, active in the feminist movement. They were exiled to inner Russia from 1897–1903, and lived in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> from 1905–1920. When they returned to an independent Latvia after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Aspazija also joined the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party" title="Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party">Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party</a>, and was a member of all sessions of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Latvia">Parliament of Latvia</a> from 1920 to 1934. </p><p>A writer who similarly to Rainis sought new ways for Latvian literature was <a href="/wiki/Viktors_Egl%C4%ABtis" title="Viktors Eglītis">Viktors Eglītis</a>. He was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolism</a> and came to represent the <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">decadent movement</a> in Latvia. In the early 20th century he aggressively introduced <a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">modernist</a> poetics in the country. Later he turned to patriotic historical fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_in_independent_Latvia">Literature in independent Latvia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literature in independent Latvia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1918 with the beginning of first period of Independence, modern literature began to emerge. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aleksandrs_%C4%8Caks" title="Aleksandrs Čaks">Aleksandrs Čaks</a> (real name Čadarainis) glorified the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> and its outskirts, romanticizing the everyday side of life, writing of poverty and prostitutes in poetry, which was previously not done. He also wrote an epic poem, <i>"Mūžības Skartie"</i>, dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_riflemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian riflemen">Latvian riflemen</a>. In 1949, when Latvia was part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Čaks was accused of writing politically incorrect works: the attacks weakened his health, and he died of heart disease on 8 February 1950. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eriks_%C4%80damsons" title="Eriks Ādamsons">Eriks Ādamsons</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilis_Cedri%C5%86%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilis Cedriņš (page does not exist)">Vilis Cedriņš</a>, were just beginning to publish at the time of the German takeover. At this time many Latvian writers went into exile, such as <a href="/wiki/Linards_Tauns" title="Linards Tauns">Linards Tauns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun%C4%81rs_Sali%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gunārs Saliņš">Gunārs Saliņš</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%81nis_Sodums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jānis Sodums (page does not exist)">Jānis Sodums</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfreds_Dzi%C4%BCums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfreds Dziļums (page does not exist)">Alfreds Dziļums</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrejs_Egl%C4%ABtis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrejs Eglītis (page does not exist)">Andrejs Eglītis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Velta_Sni%C4%B7ere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velta Sniķere (page does not exist)">Velta Sniķere</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun%C4%81rs_Janovskis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunārs Janovskis (page does not exist)">Gunārs Janovskis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agate_Nesaule" title="Agate Nesaule">Agate Nesaule</a> wrote of her experiences during this emigration. Among those who were in exile and returned to their homeland after it became independent in 1991 are poets <a href="/wiki/Astrid_Ivask" title="Astrid Ivask">Astrid Ivask</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarita_G%C5%ABtmane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarita Gūtmane (page does not exist)">Margarita Gūtmane</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberts_Muks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberts Muks (page does not exist)">Roberts Muks</a>, Andrejs Eglītis, Jānis Sodums. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latvian_Literature_after_Second_World_War">Latvian Literature after Second World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Latvian Literature after Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Latvian literary activity was split into three parts – those writers still in Latvia, those in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulags</a> (after two mass-deportations in 1941 and 1949) and writers who had fled to the West. After World War II, for some years the centre of Latvian Literature was Sweden. </p><p>In the mid 1950s young Latvian writers in exile started to publish their works in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, London and New York City. The NY Hell's Kitchen group became the leading one. Secondly, in the Soviet union <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> revealed the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a>-era crimes against humanity at the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th congress of the Communist Party</a> in 1956. In literature this led to the so-called 56 generation. In Latvia notable representatives included <a href="/wiki/Oj%C4%81rs_V%C4%81cietis" title="Ojārs Vācietis">Ojārs Vācietis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imants_Ziedonis" title="Imants Ziedonis">Imants Ziedonis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vizma_Bel%C5%A1evica" title="Vizma Belševica">Vizma Belševica</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valent%C4%ABns_J%C4%81kobsons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentīns Jākobsons (page does not exist)">Valentīns Jākobsons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knuts_Skujenieks" title="Knuts Skujenieks">Knuts Skujenieks</a> had been sent to labor camps in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and were among those who survived to return and write about their experience, along with <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Kalniete" title="Sandra Kalniete">Sandra Kalniete</a>, who was born in a Siberian labor camp to Latvian parents and became <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_Foreign_Affairs_Minister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latvian Foreign Affairs Minister (page does not exist)">Latvian Foreign Affairs Minister</a> in 2002. </p><p>Poets who remained and published in Soviet-controlled Latvia included Vizma Belševica, <a href="/wiki/Imants_Ziedonis" title="Imants Ziedonis">Imants Ziedonis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oj%C4%81rs_V%C4%81cietis" title="Ojārs Vācietis">Ojārs Vācietis</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ris_%C4%8Caklais" title="Māris Čaklais">Māris Čaklais</a>; novelists <a href="/wiki/Zigmunds_Skuji%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Zigmunds Skujiņš">Zigmunds Skujiņš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reg%C4%ABna_Ezera" title="Regīna Ezera">Regīna Ezera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberts_Bels" title="Alberts Bels">Alberts Bels</a>; and a younger generation who grew up during those times, such as poets <a href="/wiki/Kl%C4%81vs_Elsbergs" title="Klāvs Elsbergs">Klāvs Elsbergs</a> (son of Vizma Belševica), <a href="/wiki/Uldis_B%C4%93rzi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Uldis Bērziņš">Uldis Bērziņš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Aizpuriete" title="Amanda Aizpuriete">Amanda Aizpuriete</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%93ters_Br%C5%ABveris" title="Pēters Brūveris">Pēters Brūveris</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Auzi%C5%86a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Auziņa (page does not exist)">Anna Auziņa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knuts_Skujenieks" title="Knuts Skujenieks">Knuts Skujenieks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ris_Melgalvs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Māris Melgalvs (page does not exist)">Māris Melgalvs</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ra_Z%C4%81l%C4%ABte" title="Māra Zālīte">Māra Zālīte</a>, who once wrote poetry, has written musicals for the past years. </p><p>Latgalian writers include Jānis Klīdzējs, Anna Rancāne, Oskars Seiksts, Valentīns Lukaševičs, Ingrida Tārauda, Laima Muktupāvela and others. Recently the new writers have been writing in two and three languages, with texts in Russian or English appearing alongside texts in the Latvian or Latgalian literary languages. Every year the latest Latgalian is published in a Latgalian Literary almanac. Since 1990 books written in the Latgalian literary language have been published mainly by the Publishing House of the Culture Centre of <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a>, run by Jānis Elksnis (Rēzekne). </p><p>First-generation children born to Latvian parents in exile who became writers include <a href="/wiki/Sven_Birkerts" title="Sven Birkerts">Sven Birkerts</a>, poet <a href="/wiki/Juris_Kronbergs" title="Juris Kronbergs">Juris Kronbergs</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margita_G%C5%ABtmane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margita Gūtmane (page does not exist)">Margita Gūtmane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Since_1991">Since 1991</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Since 1991"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The youngest generation of Latvian writers includes <a href="/wiki/Inga_%C4%80bele" title="Inga Ābele">Inga Ābele</a>, poet, novelist and playwright; poets <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edv%C4%ABns_Raups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edvīns Raups (page does not exist)">Edvīns Raups</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andris_Akmenti%C5%86%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andris Akmentiņš (page does not exist)">Andris Akmentiņš</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C4%93teris_Draguns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pēteris Draguns (page does not exist)">Pēteris Draguns</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduards_Aivars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduards Aivars (page does not exist)">Eduards Aivars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana_Langa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liana Langa (page does not exist)">Liana Langa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Auzi%C5%86a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Auziņa (page does not exist)">Anna Auziņa</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_V%C4%93rdi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Kārlis Vērdiņš">Kārlis Vērdiņš</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marts_Puj%C4%81ts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marts Pujāts (page does not exist)">Marts Pujāts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inga_Gaile" title="Inga Gaile">Inga Gaile</a>; prose writers include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauls_Bankovskis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pauls Bankovskis (page does not exist)">Pauls Bankovskis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%81nis_Einfelds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jānis Einfelds (page does not exist)">Jānis Einfelds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gundega_Rep%C5%A1e" title="Gundega Repše">Gundega Repše</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andra_Neiburga" title="Andra Neiburga">Andra Neiburga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laima_Muktup%C4%81vela" title="Laima Muktupāvela">Laima Muktupāvela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krist%C4%ABne_Ulberga" title="Kristīne Ulberga">Kristīne Ulberga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nora_Ikstena" title="Nora Ikstena">Nora Ikstena</a>. </p><p>The Latvian Literature Center was founded in 2002 to foster international recognition of and access to Latvian fiction, poetry, plays and children's literature. After 2015, its functions were overtaken by the <i>Latvian Literature</i> platform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Latvian-literature">"Latvian literature | History, Poetry & Prose | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Latvian+literature+%7C+History%2C+Poetry+%26+Prose+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FLatvian-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVāvere2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vāvere, Vera (8 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diena.lv/raksts/pasaule/krievija/viktors-eglitis-cildinatais-un-pulgotais-dekadents-12149359">"Viktors Eglītis – cildinātais un pulgotais dekadents"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Diena" title="Diena">Diena</a></i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diena&rft.atitle=Viktors+Egl%C4%ABtis+%E2%80%93+cildin%C4%81tais+un+pulgotais+dekadents&rft.date=2004-10-08&rft.aulast=V%C4%81vere&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diena.lv%2Fraksts%2Fpasaule%2Fkrievija%2Fviktors-eglitis-cildinatais-un-pulgotais-dekadents-12149359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ruth Spiers. "Latvian Literature". Anthony Thorlby (ed). <a href="/wiki/The_Penguin_Companion_to_Literature" title="The Penguin Companion to Literature">The Penguin Companion to Literature</a>. Penguin Books. 1969. Volume 2 (European Literature). Pages 461 and 462.</li> <li>"Latvian literature" in Chris Murray (ed). The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing Limited. 1994. Reprinted 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85986-047-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85986-047-2">978-1-85986-047-2</a>. Page 299.</li> <li>Jānis Andrups and Vitauts Kalve. Translated by Ruth Spiers. <i>Latvian Literature</i>. M Goppers. Stockholm. 1954. Google Books: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nb8jAAAAMAAJ">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNwcAAAAIAAJ">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001231632">HathiTrust</a></li> <li>Rolfs Ekmanis. Latvian Literature under the Soviets, 1940–1975. Nordland Publishing Company. Belmont, Massachusetts. 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kq9iAAAAMAAJ">Google Books</a></li> <li>Aleksis Rubulis (ed). Latvian Literature. Daugavas Vanags. Toronto. 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PLQNAAAAIAAJ">Google Books</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829164713/http://learning.lib.vt.edu/slav/lit_authors_latvian.html">Latvian literature and authors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latvianliterature.lv/">platform Latvian Literature </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodika.lndb.lv/#periodicalItems;periodicalId=163475379523752464886984172677290518074">All 11 issues (1960–1965) of "Zintis – The Quarterly American Latvian Magazine for Art, Literature and Science"</a>, presented by the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian National Library">Latvian National Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Latvia_articles405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latvia_topics" title="Template:Latvia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latvia_topics" title="Template talk:Latvia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latvia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latvia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latvia_articles405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Ancient Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Polish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Russian Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Latvian_National_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Latvian National Awakening">The First Latvian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Current" title="New Current">New Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen" title="Latvian Riflemen">Latvian Riflemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Latvia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany">by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">by the Soviet Union (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Latvia" title="Soviet deportations from Latvia">Soviet deportations from Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia#Modern_history" title="History of Latvia">Post independence</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia" title="Geography of Latvia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia#Climate" title="Geography of Latvia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_regions_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural regions of Latvia">Cultural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Latvia" title="Category:Lakes of Latvia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Latvia" title="List of protected areas of Latvia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Latvia" title="List of rivers of Latvia">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Latvia" title="Elections in Latvia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Latvia" title="Foreign relations of Latvia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Latvia" title="Government of Latvia">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_institutions_in_Latvia" title="Government institutions in Latvia">Government institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Latvia" title="Human rights in Latvia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Latvia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Latvia" title="Language policy in Latvia">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Latvia" title="Law enforcement in Latvia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Latvia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Latvia" title="List of political parties in Latvia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima"><i>Saeima</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_Latvia" title="Statistical regions of Latvia">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Latvia" title="Agriculture in Latvia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Latvia" title="Energy in Latvia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian euro coins">Latvian euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Riga Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Latvia" title="Tourism in Latvia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Latvia" title="Transport in Latvia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Latvia" title="Category:Society of Latvia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia" title="Demographics of Latvia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Latvia" title="Health in Latvia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Latvia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Latvia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Latvia" title="Crime in Latvia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia#Immigration" title="Demographics of Latvia">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Latvia" title="Public holidays in Latvia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievs,_sv%C4%93t%C4%AB_Latviju!" title="Dievs, svētī Latviju!">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia" title="Coat of arms of Latvia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Latvia" title="Flag of Latvia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian names</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_pottery" title="Latvian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Latvia" title="Sport in Latvia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Latvia" title="Television in Latvia">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Latvia" title="Outline of Latvia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latvia" title="Category:Latvia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latvia" title="Portal:Latvia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_literature23" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_literature" title="Template:European literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_literature" title="Template talk:European literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_literature23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_literature" title="Abkhaz literature">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_literature" title="Aragonese literature">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_literature" title="Aromanian literature">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_literature" title="Asturian literature">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_literature" title="Basque literature">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_literature" title="Belgian literature">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian literature">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_literature" title="Bulgarian literature">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_literature" title="Chuvash literature">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature" title="Crimean Tatar literature">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_literature" title="Cypriot literature">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature" title="Danish literature">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-language_literature" title="Dutch-language literature">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English <span style="font-size:85%;">(Anglo-Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_literature" title="Middle English literature">Middle English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_literature" title="Estonian literature">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_literature" title="Faroese literature">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_literature" title="Flemish literature">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_literature" title="Frisian literature">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_literature" title="Friulian literature">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagauz_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gagauz literature (page does not exist)">Gagauz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Гагаузская литература">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-language_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-language literature">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_literature" title="Georgian literature">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German 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