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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-When_to_cite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#When_to_cite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>When to cite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-When_to_cite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-What_to_cite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_to_cite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>What to cite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_to_cite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_to_cite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_cite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>How to cite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_cite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#How-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">explanatory essay</a> about <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry</a></b>. <br/><div style="font-size:90%;"> This page provides additional information about 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display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(chemistry)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Chemboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:InChI" title="Wikipedia:InChI">InChI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(chemistry)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_safety" title="Wikipedia:Chemical safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">References and<br/>external links</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_templates" title="Category:Chemistry templates">Templates</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_citation_templates" title="Category:Chemistry citation templates">citation</a>)</span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="When_to_cite" data-mw-thread-id="h-When_to_cite-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-When_to_cite-References"></span>When to cite<span data-mw-comment-end="h-When_to_cite-References"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: When to cite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Citations should be used whenever non-obvious information is presented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="What_to_cite" data-mw-thread-id="h-What_to_cite-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-What_to_cite-References"></span>What to cite<span data-mw-comment-end="h-What_to_cite-References"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: What to cite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research § Primary, secondary and tertiary sources</a></div> <p>General properties and characteristics should cite textbooks or reviews. The primary literature (journal articles) should be cited only where tertiary or secondary sources do not exist, or are inadequate. They should be used to illustrate examples, not to justify general statements, as their interpretation can lead to problems with our <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutral point of view</a> policy: they can also be difficult for the general reader to access. Some occasions where it is normal practice within Wikipedia chemistry to cite the primary literature include: </p> <ul><li>the first report of a discovery/synthesis of a (compound, reaction, etc.), if the citation is known;</li> <li>the report of a crystal structure determination, if we have used the atomic coordinates to create the picture (the citation may go on the image description page);</li> <li>IUPAC recommendations for chemical nomenclature and other terminology.</li></ul> <p>The secondary literature includes review articles, monographs, chemical encyclopedias and specialist textbooks. The use of the available secondary literature is <i>strongly recommended</i> to reference information on chemical safety, in preference to either (primary) journal articles or (tertiary) generalist textbooks: see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(chemistry)/Safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (chemistry)/Safety">Wikipedia:Manual of Style (chemistry)/Safety</a> for more details and examples of secondary sources. <i><a href="/wiki/Organic_Syntheses" title="Organic Syntheses">Organic Syntheses</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_Syntheses" title="Inorganic Syntheses">Inorganic Syntheses</a></i> are considered to be secondary sources rather than primary sources. </p><p>Websites are normally not considered authoritative but are sometimes appropriate. A few websites which are well regarded include: </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Reusch1999" class="citation web cs1">William Reusch (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro1.htm">"index"</a>. <i>Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Textbook+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=index&rft.date=1999&rft.au=William+Reusch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cem.msu.edu%2F~reusch%2FVirtualText%2Fintro1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Toreki" class="citation web cs1">Rob Toreki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilpi.com/organomet/">"index"</a>. <i>The Organometallic HyperTextbook</i>. Interactive Learning Paradigms, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Organometallic+HyperTextbook&rft.atitle=index&rft.au=Rob+Toreki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilpi.com%2Forganomet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>The official websites of various government bodies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>) can often provide useful information as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_cite" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_cite-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_to_cite-References"></span>How to cite<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_to_cite-References"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: How to cite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">Wikipedia:Footnotes</a></div> <p>The <ref> style of inline citations is to be used throughout chemistry and chemicals articles, preferably using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> or similar <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">citation templates</a>, although this is not mandatory. For papers published in <i><a href="/wiki/Organic_Syntheses" title="Organic Syntheses">Organic Syntheses</a></i>, there is a special citation template (<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:OrgSynth" title="Template:OrgSynth">OrgSynth</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>), which is simpler to fill in. </p><p>Citation templates have been created for a number of commonly used textbooks: some examples are given below, and the complete list can be found at <a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_citation_templates" title="Category:Chemistry citation templates">Category:Chemistry citation templates</a>. Please include page numbers or page ranges (<tt>page = </tt> or <tt>pages = </tt> parameters respectively) when using these templates. If you create a new template, please remember to categorize it in <a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_citation_templates" title="Category:Chemistry citation templates">Category:Chemistry citation templates</a> (so that others can find it and use it), and to make the name of the template specific for the edition of the textbook which is cited (to avoid future cleanup problems). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Template </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>BLB11th </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownLemayBurstenMurphy2008" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Theodore E.; Lemay, H. Eugene; Bursten, Bruce E.; Murphy, Catherine; Woodward, Patrick (2008). <i>Chemistry: The Central Science</i> (11 ed.). New York: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0136006175" title="Special:BookSources/0136006175"><bdi>0136006175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+The+Central+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=11&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0136006175&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.&rft.au=Lemay%2C+H.+Eugene&rft.au=Bursten%2C+Bruce+E.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cotton%26Wilkinson4th" title="Template:Cotton&Wilkinson4th">Cotton&Wilkinson4th</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotton,_F._AlbertWilkinson,_Geoffrey1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/F._Albert_Cotton" title="F. Albert Cotton">Cotton, F. Albert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Geoffrey</a> (1980), <i>Advanced Inorganic Chemistry</i> (4th ed.), New York: Wiley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-02775-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-02775-8"><bdi>0-471-02775-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-471-02775-8&rft.au=Cotton%2C+F.+Albert&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cotton%26Wilkinson6th" title="Template:Cotton&Wilkinson6th">Cotton&Wilkinson6th</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotton,_F._AlbertWilkinson,_GeoffreyMurillo,_Carlos_A.Bochmann,_Manfred1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/F._Albert_Cotton" title="F. Albert Cotton">Cotton, F. Albert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Geoffrey</a>; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999), <i>Advanced Inorganic Chemistry</i> (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-19957-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-19957-5"><bdi>0-471-19957-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-471-19957-5&rft.au=Cotton%2C+F.+Albert&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Murillo%2C+Carlos+A.&rft.au=Bochmann%2C+Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elschenbroich2nd </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElschenbroich,_C.Salzer,_A.1992" class="citation book cs1">Elschenbroich, C.; Salzer, A. (1992). <i>Organometallics: A Concise Introduction</i> (2nd ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527281649" title="Special:BookSources/3527281649"><bdi>3527281649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organometallics%3A+A+Concise+Introduction&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3527281649&rft.au=Elschenbroich%2C+C.&rft.au=Salzer%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elschenbroich3rd </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElschenbroich,_C.2006" class="citation book cs1">Elschenbroich, C. (2006). <i>Organometallics</i> (3rd ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-29390-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-29390-2"><bdi>978-3-527-29390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organometallics&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-527-29390-2&rft.au=Elschenbroich%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Greenwood%26Earnshaw2nd" title="Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd">Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loudon4th </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoudon2005" class="citation cs2">Loudon, G. Marc (2005), <i>Organic Chemistry</i> (4th ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511999-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511999-1"><bdi>0-19-511999-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-511999-1&rft.aulast=Loudon&rft.aufirst=G.+Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:March4th" title="Template:March4th">March4th</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch,_Jerry1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_March" title="Jerry March">March, Jerry</a> (1992), <i>Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure</i> (4th ed.), New York: Wiley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-60180-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-60180-2"><bdi>0-471-60180-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Organic+Chemistry%3A+Reactions%2C+Mechanisms%2C+and+Structure&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-471-60180-2&rft.au=March%2C+Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:McMurray3rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:McMurray3rd">McMurray3rd</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMurry1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_E._McMurry" title="John E. McMurry">McMurry, John E.</a> (1992), <i>Organic Chemistry</i> (3rd ed.), Belmont: Wadsworth, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-16218-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-16218-5"><bdi>0-534-16218-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Chemistry&rft.place=Belmont&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-534-16218-5&rft.aulast=McMurry&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Merck12th" title="Template:Merck12th">Merck12th</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudavari1996" class="citation cs2">Budavari, Susan, ed. (1996), <i><a href="/wiki/Merck_Index" title="Merck Index">The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals</a></i> (12th ed.), Merck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0911910123" title="Special:BookSources/0911910123"><bdi>0911910123</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merck+Index%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Chemicals%2C+Drugs%2C+and+Biologicals&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Merck&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0911910123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:OrgSynth" title="Template:OrgSynth">OrgSynth</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td>Various; see <a href="/wiki/Template:OrgSynth/doc" title="Template:OrgSynth/doc">Template:OrgSynth/doc</a> for details </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:RubberBible53rd" title="Template:RubberBible53rd">RubberBible53rd</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast,_R._C.1972" class="citation book cs1">Weast, R. C., ed. (1972). <i>Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (53rd ed.). Cleveland, OH: Chemical Rubber Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+OH&rft.edition=53rd&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Co.&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:RubberBible83rd" title="Template:RubberBible83rd">RubberBible83rd</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2002" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2002). <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (83rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0483-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0483-0"><bdi>0-8493-0483-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.edition=83rd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8493-0483-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:RubberBible86th" title="Template:RubberBible86th">RubberBible86th</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Stryer5th" title="Template:Stryer5th">Stryer5th</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStryerBerg,_J._M.Tymoczko,_J._L.2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lubert_Stryer" title="Lubert Stryer">Stryer, L.</a>; Berg, J. M.; Tymoczko, J. L. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=stryer.TOC"><i>Biochemistry</i></a> (5th ed.), New York: W. H. Freeman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716746840" title="Special:BookSources/0716746840"><bdi>0716746840</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0716746840&rft.aulast=Stryer&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Berg%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Tymoczko%2C+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Fcall%3Dbv.View..ShowTOC%26rid%3Dstryer.TOC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Ullmann%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Ullmann's">Ullmann's</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:VogelOrganic5th" title="Template:VogelOrganic5th">VogelOrganic5th</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurniss,_B._S.Hannaford,_A._J.Smith,_P._W._G.Tatchell,_A._R.1989" class="citation cs2">Furniss, B. S.; Hannaford, A. J.; Smith, P. W. G.; Tatchell, A. R. (1989), <i>Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry</i> (5th ed.), Harlow: Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-46236-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-46236-3"><bdi>0-582-46236-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vogel%27s+Textbook+of+Practical+Organic+Chemistry&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-582-46236-3&rft.au=Furniss%2C+B.+S.&rft.au=Hannaford%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+P.+W.+G.&rft.au=Tatchell%2C+A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:VogelQualitative5th" title="Template:VogelQualitative5th">VogelQualitative5th</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelSvehla,_G.1979" class="citation cs2">Vogel, Arthur I.; Svehla, G. (1979), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vogelstextbookof0000voge_h4d4"><i>Vogel's Textbook of Macro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis</i></a></span> (5th ed.), London: Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-44367-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-44367-9"><bdi>0-582-44367-9</bdi></a> – via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vogel%27s+Textbook+of+Macro+and+Semimicro+Qualitative+Inorganic+Analysis&rft.place=London&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-582-44367-9&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Arthur+I.&rft.au=Svehla%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvogelstextbookof0000voge_h4d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:VogelQuantitative6th" title="Template:VogelQuantitative6th">VogelQuantitative6th</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendham,_J.Denney,_R._C.Barnes,_J._D.Thomas,_M._J._K.2000" class="citation cs2">Mendham, J.; Denney, R. C.; Barnes, J. D.; Thomas, M. J. K. (2000), <i>Vogel's Quantitative Chemical Analysis</i> (6th ed.), New York: Prentice Hall, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-22628-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-22628-7"><bdi>0-582-22628-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vogel%27s+Quantitative+Chemical+Analysis&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-582-22628-7&rft.au=Mendham%2C+J.&rft.au=Denney%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+M.+J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FChemistry%2FReferences+and+external+links" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">Wikipedia:External links</a></div> <p>Avoid adding external links to general sites. Rather, link to the particular article which is relevant. There is absolutely no need to link every national or state regulatory body for a regulated chemical. Instead, use them as inline references in the body of the article, if necessary. </p><p>A certain number of frequently used sites have their own templates for the external link. Note that some of these templates need parameters to specify a link to a specific page on the website; read the documentation for the individual template for more details. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Template </th> <th>Link </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nist" title="Template:Nist">nist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td>Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. 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