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id="toc-Iron_and_steel_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_and_steel_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Iron and steel chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_and_steel_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of steel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses of steel</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Steel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 145 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-145" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">145 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staal" title="Staal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Staal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahl" title="Stahl – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stahl" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="इस्पात – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इस्पात" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B0" title="فولاذ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فولاذ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acero" title="Acero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Acero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilechi" title="Cilechi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cilechi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE" title="তীখা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তীখা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceru" title="Aceru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aceru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepotijy" title="Kuarepotijy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepotijy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polad" title="Polad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="پولاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پولاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="ইস্পাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইস্পাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waja" title="Waja – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Waja" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C7%B9g-thih" title="Kǹg-thih – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kǹg-thih" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Ҡорос – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡорос" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сталь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сталь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сталь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сталь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Стомана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стомана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čelik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir" title="Dir – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dir" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ган булад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ган булад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer" title="Acer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Хурçă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хурçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocel" title="Ocel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ocel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisa" title="Chisa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chisa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur" title="Dur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stål" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahl" title="Stahl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stal" title="Stal – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Stal" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teras" title="Teras – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teras" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Χάλυβας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάλυβας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Steel" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acero" title="Acero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctalo" title="Ŝtalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altzairu" title="Altzairu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Altzairu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فولاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فولاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Steel" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acier" title="Acier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiel" title="Stiel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stiel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C3%A2r" title="Açâr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Açâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruach_(miotal)" title="Cruach (miotal) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cruach (miotal)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A0ilinn" title="Stàilinn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Stàilinn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceiro" title="Aceiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aceiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%B2%A0" title="강철 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강철" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karfe" title="Karfe – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Karfe" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Պողպատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պողպատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="इस्पात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्पात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wocl" title="Wocl – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wocl" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čelik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalo" title="Stalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja" title="Baja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciero" title="Aciero – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aciero" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Æндон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æндон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1l" title="Stál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acciaio" title="Acciaio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acciaio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%94" title="פלדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waja" title="Waja – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Waja" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiyee" title="Asiyee – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Asiyee" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81" title="ಉಕ್ಕು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಕ್ಕು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ფოლადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოლადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Болат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Болат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuma_cha_pua" title="Chuma cha pua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuma cha pua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asye" title="Asye – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Asye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asy%C3%A9" title="Asyé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Asyé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Болот – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Болот" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чаннан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чаннан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalybs" title="Chalybs – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chalybs" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93rauds" title="Tērauds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tērauds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stol" title="Stol – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plienas" title="Plienas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plienas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staol" title="Staol – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Staol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aser" title="Aser – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aser" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gasta" title="gasta – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gasta" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzal" title="Azzal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Azzal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A9l" title="Acél – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Acél" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Челик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Челик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%E1%BB%B3" title="Tsỳ – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsỳ" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉരുക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉരുക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="पोलाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ბულათი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბულათი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluli" title="Keluli – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keluli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja" title="Baja – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Baja" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7o" title="Aço – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Aço" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ган – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ган" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AD" title="သံမဏိ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံမဏိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staal_(legering)" title="Staal (legering) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staal (legering)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoal" title="Stoal – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Stoal" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="स्टिल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्टिल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="स्टील – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्टील" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%BC" title="鋼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鋼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acciare" title="Acciare – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Acciare" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stial" title="Stial – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stial" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stål" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stål" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acièr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4" title="ଇସ୍ପାତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇସ୍ପାତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%CA%BBlat" title="Poʻlat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Poʻlat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਇਸਪਾਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਪਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فولاد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فولاد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiil" title="Stiil – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Stiil" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assel" title="Assel – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Assel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staal" title="Staal – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Staal" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stal" title="Stal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7o" title="Aço – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aço" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C8%9Bel" title="Oțel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oțel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiru" title="Asiru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Asiru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сталь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сталь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ыстаал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ыстаал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Steel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eliku" title="Çeliku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çeliku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzaru" title="Azzaru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Azzaru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A" title="වානේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වානේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اسٽيل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسٽيل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C4%BE" title="Oceľ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oceľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeklo" title="Jeklo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jeklo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%A7" title="پۆڵا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆڵا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Челик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Челик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čelik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A4s" title="Teräs – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teräs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stål" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asero" title="Asero – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asero" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="எஃகு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எஃகு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfed" title="Anfed – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anfed" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87" title="Корыч – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Корыч" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81" title="ఉక్కు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉక్కు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="เหล็กกล้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหล็กกล้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%B8_%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87elik" title="Çelik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çelik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D2%A3" title="Каң – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Каң" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сталь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сталь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فولاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فولاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="پولات – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پولات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asal" title="Asal – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Asal" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teraz" title="Teraz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Teraz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9p" title="Thép – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thép" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A4s" title="Teräs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Teräs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoal" title="Stoal – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Stoal" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asero" title="Asero – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asero" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A2" title="钢 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钢" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tai_O_steel_bridge_3.jpg/500px-Tai_O_steel_bridge_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Steel bridge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_Ustron_-_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Poland_Ustron_-_museum.jpg/250px-Poland_Ustron_-_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Poland_Ustron_-_museum.jpg/375px-Poland_Ustron_-_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Poland_Ustron_-_museum.jpg/500px-Poland_Ustron_-_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Some old <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machines</a> made from steel</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Steel</b> is <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> mixed with carbon and sometimes other <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>. It is harder and stronger than iron. <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> with more than 1.7% <a href="/wiki/Percent" class="mw-redirect" title="Percent">percent</a> carbon by <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a> is named <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>. Steel is different from <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a>, which has little or no carbon. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Making_steel">Making steel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Making steel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Making steel"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steel has a long history. People in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> were making small amounts of steel more than 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">years</a> ago. It was very expensive and was often used to make <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knives" class="mw-redirect" title="Knives">knives</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, steel could be made only in small amounts since the processes took a long time. </p><p>In the time since, there have been many changes to the way steel is made. In about the year 1610 steel started to be made in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, and the way it was made got better and cheaper over the next 100 years. Cheap steel helped start the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The first industrial <a href="/wiki/Converter_(metallurgy)" title="Converter (metallurgy)">Converter (metallurgy)</a> for making cheap steel was the <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessemer converter">Bessemer converter</a>, followed by Siemens-Martin open-hearth process. </p><p>Today the most common way of making steel is the basic-oxygen process. The converter is a large <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnip</a>-shaped vessel. Liquid raw iron called "<a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>" is poured in and some <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap</a> metal is added in to balance the heat. <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> is then blown into the iron. The oxygen burns off the extra carbon and other impurities. Then enough carbon is added to make the carbon contents as wanted. The liquid steel is then poured. It can be either <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" title="Casting (metalworking)">cast</a> into molds or rolled into sheets, slabs, beams and other so-called "long products", such as <a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">railway track</a>s. Some special steels are made in <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a> furnaces. </p><p>Steel is most often made by <a href="/wiki/Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Machines">machines</a> in huge buildings called <i><a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mills</a></i>. It is a very cheap metal and is used to make many things. Steel is used in making buildings and bridges, and all kinds of machines. Almost all <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a> and cars are today made from steel. When a steel object is old, or it is broken beyond repair, it is called <i><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap</a></i>. It can be melted down and re-shaped into a new object. Steel is <i>recyclable</i> material; that is, the same steel can be used and re-used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iron_and_steel_chemistry">Iron and steel chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Iron and steel chemistry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Iron and steel chemistry"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steel is a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and often some <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>. </p><p>Every <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">material</a> is made up of <a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a> which are very small parts. Some <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> hold together quite well, which is what makes some <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">materials</a> hard. Something made of pure iron is softer than steel because the atoms can slip over one another. If other atoms like <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> are added, they are different from iron atoms and stop the iron atoms from sliding apart so easily. This makes the metal stronger and harder. </p><p>Changing the amount of carbon (or other atoms) added to steel will change those things that are interesting and useful about the metal. These are called the <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">properties</a> of the steel. Some properties are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">Hardness</a></li> <li>How easily it bends</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">Ductility</a>: can it be made into thin wires?</li> <li>Is it <a href="/wiki/Magnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic">magnetic</a>? Can a <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> pick it up?</li> <li>Will it <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrode</a>)?</li></ul> <p>Steel with more carbon is harder and stronger than pure iron, but it also breaks more easily (<a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/brittle" class="extiw" title="wikt:brittle">brittle</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_steel">Types of steel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Types of steel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Types of steel"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are thousands of steel types, each made of different amounts of different chemical elements. </p><p>All steels have some elements that have a bad effect, such as phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S). Steel makers take out as much P and S as possible. </p><p><b>Plain carbon steels</b> are made only of iron, carbon, and undesired elements. They fall into three general groups. Plain carbon steel with 0.05 to 0.2% carbon does not harden by <a href="/wiki/Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">heat treating</a>. <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a> it is simple, so it is used for shipbuilding, boilers, pipes, fence wire and other purposes where low cost is important. Plain steels are used for springs, gears, and engine parts. Plain carbon steel with 0.45 to 0.8% carbon is used for very hard items such as shears and machine tools. </p> <p><b>Alloy steels</b> are plain <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a> with metals such as <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> (B), <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (Mn), <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> (Cr), <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> (Ni), <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> (Mo), <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> (W), and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> (Co) added. These give other properties than plain carbon steel. Alloy steels are made for specialized purposes. For example, chromium can be added to make <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, which does not rust easily, or boron can be added to make very hard steel that is also not brittle.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_wire_rope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Steel_wire_rope.png/220px-Steel_wire_rope.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Steel_wire_rope.png/330px-Steel_wire_rope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Steel_wire_rope.png/440px-Steel_wire_rope.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>Steel <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cable" title="Cable">cable</a>, made of many thin steel <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wires</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_of_steel">Uses of steel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Uses of steel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Uses of steel"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a huge number of things that people make from steel. It is one of the most common and useful metals. A lot of items made from iron in the past are now made of steel. Some of them are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">Machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor">Motors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail tracks">Rails</a> for <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li>Bars for making reinforced <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a></li> <li>Hulls of <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a> and large <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Car">Car</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">train</a> bodies</li> <li>Major appliances</li> <li><a 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